@tomiilig 14mimQltmHimlih Qfim JoiiJmdwtmVtm(22/12/1944 22/12/2018}
NHAN THAN NGUOI PHAM TOI NHJN TU QUY DjNH VE TiNH TIET TANG NANG, G l k NHE TRACH NHIEM
HiNH SU TRONG B 6 LUAT HiNH sir NAM 2015
HO TRQNG NGU PHAM UYEN THY*
Tom t4t: ViSc su^ d6i, bd sung cac quy dinh v l tinh tiet giam nhe, tinh tilt tang n^ng trdch nhi^m hinh sir cd y nghia quan tr9ng trong thyrc hien chinh sach hinh sy doi mdi va dap ung yen cau ciia thyc tien dau tranh phong, chong tgi ph^m. Bai viet tac gia nghien cihi ve nhSn than ngirdi pham t^i d y a tr^n co sd cac quy dinh mdi v l tinh tilt tang nang, giam nh^ trach n h i | m hinh sy trong Bd lu^t Hinh sy nam 2015, sua dSi, b l sung nam 2017.
Tic khoa: Nhdn thdn nguai phgm tgi; tinh tiet tdng ndng, gidm nhe trdch nhiem hinh sw.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 05/12/2018; ngdy bien tap xong: 06/12/2018; ngdy duyet bdi:
06/12/2018.
1. Quy dinh ve tinh tiet tang n^ng, giam nhe t r a c h nhiem hinh sir trong B$
luat H i n h s y n a m 2015
Tai khodn 1 Didu 51 Bd ludt Hinh sy nam 2015, sira ddi, bd sung nam 2017 (ggi tat la BLHS nam 2015) da bd sung nhidu quy dinh lien quan den tinh tiet giam nhe trdch nhiem hinh sy, ddng thdi tai khodn 2 Dieu 5 1 , nhd lam luat cdn quy dinh: "Khi quyet dinh hinh phat. Tod dn ed the coi... tinh tiet khac Id tinh tidt giam nhe, nhung phdi ghi rd ly do giam nhe trong bdn an".
Ciing tai khoan 3 Didu 51 BLHS nam 2015 quy dinh: "Cdc tinh tilt gidm nhe da dugc BLHS quy dinh la dau hieu dinh tgi hoac dinh khung thi khdng dugc coi la tinh tiet gidm nhe trong khi quydt dinh hinh phat".
Ve cae tinh tidt tang nang trdch nhiem hinh sy dugc quy dinh tai D i l u 52 BLHS
*Giao sw, Tiin si, nguyen Phd Glim ddc Hgc vien Canh sit nhin din.
** Nghien cwu sinh, Tda in nhin dan thinh phd Ho Chi hAinh.
Tap chi S624(thangl2/Z018)^N_KJEMSAT I 1 1
NCHIEN CW - TRAO DOI
nam 2015 vd khang dinh chi cd cae tinh tiet dugc quy dinh trong dilu luat mdi la tinh tiet tang nang trach nhidm hinh su, ddng thdi, nhiing tinh tilt da la d i u hieu dinh tgi hoac dinh khung hinh phat thi khdng duge coi la tinh tiet tang nang trach nhidm hinh sy.
Cac tinh tiet giam nhe, tang nang trdch nhiem hinh sy ed thd vi nhu nhiing dgi lugng bd sung dd can dong miic do nguy hidm cua nhan than ngudi pham tdi khi quyet dinh miic do trach nhidm hinh sy eiia hg. Mat khac, nhdn thiic v l nhan than ngudi pham tdi cung chinh la ca sd ly luan va CO sd thyc tidn quan trgng d l nhd ldp phap lugng tinh ede tmh tilt gidm nhe hay tmh tiet tang nang trach nhiem hinh sy va ehu the ap dung phap luat can nhic dp dung hgp ly nhit cdc quy dinh vdo vu vide vd cd nhan ngudi pham tdi cy the.
Cac tinh tiet giam nhe trdch nhiem hinh sy nhu: Ngudi phgm tdi la ngudi du 70 tudi trd ldn (diem o khoan 1 Dieu 51);
ngudi pham tdi Id ngudi khuydt tat nang hoae khuyet tat dac biet nang (dilm p khodn I Didu 51); ngudi pham tdi Id cha, me, vg, chdng, con ciia liet sy, ngudi cd edng vdi cdch mgng (didm x khodn 1 Didu 51) vd tinh tiet: Pham tdi ddi vdi ngudi khuyet tat ngng hoac khuylt tat dge biet nang (dilm k khoan 1 Dilu 52) - day la nhiing thay ddi dang chu y trong sira ddi, bd sung BLHS nam 2015.
Ngoai ra, BLHS nam 2015 cd thay ddi trong xu Iy hinh sy ddi vdi ngudi phgm tdi tu du 14 tudi den dudi 16 tudi. Theo quy dinh, nhiing ngudi nay chi phdi chiu trdch nhidm hinh sy gidi hgn trong 28 tgi danh da liet ke ma khdng phai chiu trach nhidm hinh sy vd mgi tdi pham r i t
nghiem trgng do cd y hoae tdi phgm dac bidt nghiem trgng nhu BLHS nam 1999.
Ngoai vide bd sung Tdi sir dung ngudi dudi 16 tudi vao mue dich khieu dam (Dieu 147) vd tdch tgi mua bdn, danh trao hoac ehidm dogt tre em thdnh ba tdi (mua ban ngudi dudi 16 mdi - Didu 151, danh trdo ngudi dudi 01 tudi - D i l u 152 va chiem doat ngudi dudi 16 tudi - Dilu 153), ede tinh tiet dinh tgi, dinh khung hinh phat tang nang lien quan d i n nhan than ngudi phgm tgi eiing dugc sira ddi, bd sung.
Day la nhung ndi dung mdi lien quan den nhan than ngudi pham tdi ein dugc danh gia tdc ddng thd nao ddn hdnh vi pham tdi vd phdng ngira tmh hinh tgi phgm.
Nhan thdn ngudi phgm tdi, theo quan niem cua chiing tdi Id tong hgp nhimg ddc tinh cd nhdn the hien bdn tinh xd hgi cd biet cua nguai phgm tgi da dug-c hinh thdnh trong nhimg dieu kien. hodn cdnh nhdt dinh, du&i su tdc dong cua nhieu yeu to tieu cue bdt loi xd hgi cua moi truang gia dinh, nhd trudng vd egng dong xd hgi.
2. Nghien ciru n h a n t h a n ngiroi pham toi tu- toi p h a m ma tuy va tdi phsim xam p h a m so- hiru t r e n dia b a n t h a n h ph6 H i Chi Minh
Qua khao sdt d thanh phd Hd Chi Minh cho thay, co cau tinh hinh tdi phgm phan anh rat rd sy khae bidt cua ede y l u td nhdn than ngudi phgm tgi theo c a c i u theo hoan cdnh gia dinh, kinh t l gia dmh (thu nhap)...
Ngudi sdng trong gia dinh ddng con, it dugc quan tam, cham sde va ngudi sdng trong gia dinh it con (con teai duy nhit, con lit trong gia dinh) dugc nudng chilu la nhiing nhan td tidu eye quan trgng gdp
Tap chi
1 2 I K I E M S A T _ / So 24(thang 12/2018)
&mnwim74namQ(mfttMlafi(iimdMiihm^
phdn dua hg vdo con dudng pham tdi.
Nghien ciiu hodn cdnh gia dinh ciia nhiing ngudi phgm tdi ma tiiy vd t^i xam pham sd huu trdn dia ban thanh phd Hd Chi Minh', cho thiy: Cd 51,65% ddi tugng sdng trong gia dinh cd hoan cdnh kinh td khd khan vd ed tir 3 eon trd len; cd 15,18% ddi tugng cd hoan canh gia dinh bd me ly hdn, bd hoac me di tu phdi sdng vdi anh, chi, ong, ba tir nhd; ed 12,77%
ddi tugng xuat than trong gia dinh phiic tap, ed ngudi than trong gia dinh cd tien dn, tidn sy (trong do phan ldn ngudi than ed tien an, tidn sy pham tdi vd ma tiiy); ed 7,17% ddi tugng sdng trong cdc gia dinh thidu sy quan tam, cham sde, giao due con cai; cd 6,28% ddi tugng cd gia dinh binh thudng, day du vg, chdng, cha me nhung trinh do hgc van ciia bd, me, anh chi em thap; ed 4,95% ddi tugng sinh sdng trong cdc gia dinh qud nudng chieu con cdi; cd 1,96% ddi tugng sinh sdng trong cac gia dinh thudng xuydn cai, chiri, danh dap lan nhau.
Rd rang, mdi trudng gia dinh cd tac ddng manh me ldn qud trinh hinh thanh nhan than ngudi phgm tdi. Hodn ednh gia dinh da tdc ddng khdng nhd tdi viec hinh thanh, phat tridn nhdn cdch ngudi pham tdi vd ma tiiy, chang ban nhu: Thu nhdt, gia dinh qua nghidm khac hogc gia dinh thieu sy quan tam cham sde va gido due; thie hai, cd nhirng gia dinh gido due con khdng diing phuong phap nhu nudng chidu, thda man vd nguyen tac nhung ddi hdi cua con;
1. Nghien cihi ho sa 200 vu an (100 \ ^ ^ tpi ma tiiy va 100 vu xam pham scr huu), dugc lya chpn ngau nhien trong s6 57.423 vu pham t§i hinh sir tren dia b ^ thanh pho H6 Chi Minh gial doan 2008 - 2017.
thii- ba, gia dinh cau tnic khdng hodn hao, nhit la trong trudng hgp bd me ly di nhau hoac cdch xa nhau; thu tu, hien nay khdng it gia dinh chu quan thidu trdch nhi^m trong vide giao due con cai; thu ndm, gia dinh khdng hgnh phiic, ede thdnh vien thudng xuydn danh, ehiri nhau.
Ben cgnh do, cac ydu td mdi trudng giao due cung cd tae dgng rat manh den qua trinh hinh thanh nhan than ngudi pham tdi, do la: Nhd trudng ehua chii trgng giao due dgo dire, phap ludt va ky nang sdng; sy phdn bidt ddi xir cua thay cd, ndi dung hgc tap nang nd, phuang phap khdng phu hgp, tinh trang bao lye hgc dudng; sy qudn ly long leo, khdng cd hoac cd nhung khdng dat hidu qud vd su phdi hgp giua nhd trudng vdi gia dinh, xa hdi trong viec gido due tre em.
Thyc tien ciing da khang dinh vai trd cua mdi tnrdng xa hdi (nhdm khdng chinh thiie) ddi vdi qua trinh hinh thdnh nhdn cdch ngudi phgm tdi. Trudc hdt la cac ydu td mdi trudng van hda, tu tudng, dgo diic sinh boat xung quanh ddi tugng.
Nhan than ngudi pham tdi Id khdi niem bao ham tat ca cac dau hidu ma lugt hinh sy quy dinh ed vd chu the thdng thudng ciing nhu chii the dac bidt ciia tdi phgm.
Tuy nhidn, khi tidp can nhdn than ngudi pham tdi thi cdc nhd nghien cim bao gid ciing nhin thay, phan tieh mdt td hgp rdng hon, chi tidt hon ede ddu hieu thd hien ban tinh cd nhan cua ngudi phgm tgi.
Chang hgn, ddu hidu dg tudi trong nhan than ngudi pham tdi khdng chi Id ylu td xde dinh nang lyc hdnh vi ciia con ngudi (Tudi chiu trach nhidm hinh sy - Dilu 12 BLHS) md cdn duge xem la mdt dac diem cd Iidn quan tdi nhiing biln ddi vl
So 24(thang 1 2 ^ 8 ) \
Tap chi _KIEMSAT I 1 3
NGHIEN CW - TRAO DOI
tam, sinh ly, kinh nghiem sdng vd cdc vai trd, vi thi xa hgi khae nhau. Dac dilm tam ly (diu hieu ben trong) cua nhan than ngudi pham tdi Id ca ddi sdng tam ly, sy hinh thanh va phat trien nhan each eua hg vdi tat ca nhihig cam xiic, tinh cdm, y chi, xu hudng, tinh cdch thdi quen, nhu cau, ude vgng... Cdn trong chii the eiia tdi phgm chu yeu xem xet ede dau hieu ly tri va y ehi bidu hidn d kha nang nhdn thirc vd didu chinh hdnh vi, lam ca sd xae dinh nang lyc trach nhidm hinh sy vd ldi cua mgt ngudi khi hg thye hidn hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hgi .
Tuy nhidn, dii quan niem thd nao ve nhan than ngudi pham tgi thi tir thyc tidn tu phdp hinh su d thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh eho thdy, cdc quy dinh ctia BLHS nam 2015 da phdn dnh khai quat vd diing dan nhu eau sii dyng phap lugt hinh su de danh gid miic do nguy hiem xa hdi cua ngudi pham tdi, ddng thdi tde ddng trimg tri, ran de, phdng ngira tdi pham.
3. Mgt so van dl cin liru y Tii nhung phan tich tren, cd the nit ra mdt sd vdn de can luu y khi dp dyng ede tinh tidt tang ngng, gidm nhe trdch nhiem hmh sy qua nghien ciiu nhan than ngudi pham tgi nhu sau:
Mgt Id, yeu td dia ly hge tgi pham (phdn dnh dac thu cua nhan than ngudi pham tgi trong mdi lien he vdi ylu td dan sd, van hda, phong tuc, huydn thdng, ldi sdng,...) dnh hudng rit rd trong qua trinh hinh thdnh nhiing dac trung ciia nhan than ngudi phgm tgi trdn 6\a ban thanh phd Hd Chi Minh. Cd thd thiy didu dd
2. Tpi pham hoc Vi?t Nam - GS Tr&i Dai Quang, GS.
Nguyen Xuan Yem - Nxb. C6ng an nhan dan, 2013; tr 104.
qua sy phan anh rat ro sy khde biet cua cac yeu td nhan than ngudi phgm tdi theo dg tudi, gidi tinh, nghe nghiep, noi cu trii.
Ve dge diem nhdn than, sd ngudi pham tgi ve ma tuy Id nam gidi ehidm ty Id cao 66,59%, trong khi ngudi phgm tgi nay la nii gidi chi chidm ty Id 33,44%. Nhdm ngudi pham tgi d vao do tudi tu dudi 18 mdi chilm 7,98%; dii 18 tudi ddn 30 tudi ehidm 38,20%; nhdm ngudi phgm tgi cd dg tudi tren 30 chiem 58,48%.. Nhu vay, nhdm ngudi pham tgi do tudi trdn 30 chidm ty Id cao nhat vd duy tri khd deu trong 10 nam tir nam 2007 den nam 2017 (chiem ty Id trung binh ca giai dogn Id 77,68%), dang luu y nam 2017 ty Id cao dot bien, chidm 95,56%.
Trong pham vi nghien eiiu eho thiy, thanh phan tdi phgm vd ma tiiy khd da dgng, bao gdm cd cdng chire nha nude dii chiem ty le nhd 0,35%, ddng vien chilm ty 1? 0,38%. Qua phan tieh ban an hinh sy so tham cho thay, tap trung ldn nhit vao cae bi cao cd nghe nghigp lam thud, lam mudn, vdi ty le 81,85%, khdng nghi nghiep ehiim 17,85%, vien ehiic nghi huu 0,30%; sd bi edo Id ngudi thanh thi chilm ty Id rdt cao 68,34%., cd xu hudng tang din (so vdi nam 2007 thi nam 2017 tang 14,96%), sd bi cdo d ndng thdn chilm 31,65%. Cdc bi cdo pham tdi vl ma tiiy chu yeu tap trung vao dan tgc Kinh, Id dan tdc cd ty Id ngudi pham tdi vl ma tiiy cao nhit.
Nghidn ciiu 100 ban an xet xir tgi phgm xam phgm sd huu cho thay, sd bj cao nam ehidm 78,84%i va sd bi cao nu chiem 21,15%. Ddi tugng pham tgi xam pham sd hiiu chu yeu Id nam gidi, vi hg thudng cd khi chit ndng ndy, manh ddng va bde tryc
Tap ctii
KIEM SAT- /So24(thangl2«H8)
&mmm74iiMQ(mfhMl4fiQmdMtd^
han so vdi nii gidi. Vl do tudi, sd bi cdo trong do mdi tir 18 din 30 ehidm 60,47%.
vd sd bi cdo trong do tudi tii 30 trd len chidm 19,80%!, nhu vgy, sd lugng bi edo phgm tdi xam phgm sd hiiu tap trung d do tudi tu 18 ddn 30 nhilu hon.
Bdn eanh do, tdi phgm xam pham sd hihi ngay cang cd xu hudng gia tang, thuc td ndy phan ndo da phan anh tinh chit manh ddng, thu doan tinh vi, xao quy$t cua ngudi pham tdi va ea nhiing ylu td thugc ve ngudi bi hai nhu su nhe da ca tin, su led Idng, so hd trong qud trinh quan ly, chidm giii vd sir dyng tdi san da tao didu kidn thuan loi de ngudi pham tdi thye hidn hdnh vi phgm tdi xam pham quyin sd hiiu tai sdn.
Hai Id, xuat phat tir tinh hinh tgi pham, (rd nhdt la tinh hinh tgi pham ma tiiy vd tdi xam pham sd him trdn dia ban thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, bieu hien qua cac thdng sd vd miie do, ca cau, dien bien vd tinh chat cua nd) cho thay, nhung quy dinh mdi vd tinh tiet giam nhe, tang nang trdch nhidm hinh sy lien quan den nhan than ngudi phgm tdi tgi khoan 1 Dieu 51 BLHS nam 2015, dae biet ede quy dinh tdi pham bd sung Tdi sir dung ngudi dudi 16 mdi vao mue dich khieu dam (Dieu 147) vd tach Tdi mua bdn, ddnh trdo hoac chiem dogt tre em thanh ba tdi: Tgi mua bdn ngudi dudi 16 tudi (Didu 151), tdi danh trao ngudi dudi 01 tudi (Dieu 152), tdi chidm doat ngudi dudi 16 tudi (Dieu 153), cdc tinh tidt dinh tgi, dinh khung hinh phgt tang nang lien quan ddn nhan than ngudi phgm tdi... Id nhiing quy dinh cd can cii thyc tien rat xdc dang, bam sdt thye tidn.
Ba Id, tu nghien ciiu nhdn thdn ngudi
pham tdi tren dia bdn thanh phd Hd Chi Minh cho thiy, nguydn nhan va dieu kidn hinh thanh ede dac dilm nhan than ngudi pham tdi het sue da dgng va dnh hudng true tidp ddn qud trinh hinh thanh ddng eo, myc dich, hanh vi cua ngudi pham tgi. Vi thd, khi can nhac dd dp dung eac tinh tidt giam nhe trdch nhiem hinh sy theo quy dinh md BLHS nam 2015 cho phep tgi khoan 2 cua Dieu 51: "Khi quylt dinh binh phgt, Toa an ed thd coi diu thii hoac cac tinh tidt khac la tmh tiet giam nhe, nhung phai ghi rd ly do gidm nhe hrong ban dn", thi chu the dp dung hinh phat can can nhac ky cdc yeu td nhan than de bao dam ap dung dung dan nhat tinh than cua ehinh sdeh hinh sy ddi mdi trong BLHS nam 2015.
Bon la, nhiing quy dinh vd tinh tiet giam nhe, tang nang trach nhiem hinh su da phan anh mang tinh dy bao vd xu hudng ngudi phgm tdi ddng tinh; pham tdi di chuyen vd tdi pham nude ngoai nhap cu vdo thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh trong nhiing nam tdi day. Vi thd, ede co quan cd trach nhidm ddu tranh phdng, chdng tdi pham can tinh ddn cdc giai phdp phdng ngua, dac biet can can nhde ddn nhiing yeu td nhan than ngudi pham tgi cd y nghia nguydn nhdn, didu kien ddn den tdi pham.
Nhu vay, cac quy dinh vd tmh tidt gidm nhe, tang nang trach nhidm hinh su khdng ehi didu chinh tryc tiep van dd ap dung chinh sach hinh su trong quylt dinh bien phap xir ly ddi vdi ngudi pham tgi theo phdp lugt hinh su Viet Nam hien nay ma se cd anh hudng, tde ddng ddn su hinh thdnh cae dae diem nhan than ngudi pham tdi trong thdi gian tdi vd cd gid hi nhit dinh trong phdng ngira tdi pham. D
So24(thangli2018)\
Tap chi _KIEM SAT I 1 5
