KHOA HQC - CONG N G H E
n^zis
NGHIEN ClKU KHAO SAT MAY SANG PHAN LOAI CHAT THAI RAN SINH HOAT QUY MO CONG NGHIEP
Dgu Trung Kien', Nguyin Dinh Quy \ Nguyin Tudn Anh ^ Nguyen Vdn Thdnh ^ Nguyen Vdn Tiin ^, Hoa Xudn Tiin ", Nguyin Binh Tung ^ TOM TAT
Bdi bdo trinh bdy ngi dung nghiin ciai khdo sal mdy sdngphdn logi chdi thdi rdn sinh hogl quy md cdng nghiip dira tren qud trinh lh\rc nghiem lai ca sd sdn xudt vd md hmh quy hogch hda time nghiqm. Ket qud quy hogch thirc nghiam da yeu Id vdi 2 hdm muc lieu Id: chiphi di^n ndng nhd nhdt vd li le sdn phdm lgt qua sdng l&n nhdt. tir dd dd xdc djnh dirge 2 ihdng so ldi mt ddu vdo Id ndng sudt (lirgng cdp lieu) Q= 23,25 tdn/h vd toe dg quay ciia sdng n= 7 vdng/phul. kel qud ndy phit hgp vdi kit qud linh todn ly ihuyel.
Tir khod: sdng trongphdn logi rdc: ldi ini hda. quy hogch hda thirc nghiam.
RESEARCH STUDY OF AN INDUSTRIAL DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE CLASSIFICATION SCREEN
Dau Trung Kien ', Nguyen Dinh Quy', Nguyen Tuan Anh ^ Nguyen Van Thanh \ Nguyen Van Tien \ Hoa Xuan Tien ^ Nguyen Dinh Tung ' SUMMARY
The paper presents the content of research study of an industrial domestic solid waste classification screen based on the experiments at the production facilities and the experimental planning model. The multi- factor experimental plan which includes two objective functions: the lowest power cost and the biggest percentage ofthe products passing through a screen determines two input optima! parameters. They are the productivity (the feed amount) Q = 23.25 ton/li and the rotation speed of screen n = 7 rpm.These results are completely consistent with the theoretical calculation results.
Ke>Tvords: Drum/rotary screen for waste classification; optimization; experimental plan.
I. D^T VAN DE
Viet Nam dang buoc vao giai doan phat trien cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nuac.
Cong nghiep hoa, do thi hoa va dan so tang nhanh cung vai mirc song dugc nang cao la mpt trong nhiing nguyen nhan chinh dan den lugng phi thai phat sinh ngdy cang Ion. Viec quan ly tai cac khu do thi, cac noi tap chung dan cu vai s6 Iugng Ian, miic dp 6 nhiem do chdt thai ran gay ra thuang vugt qua tieu chudn cho phep nhilu ldn. Mat khac viec thilt k l va xir ly chdt thai hien tai a cac do thi tuy da co bai chon ldp nhung chua thich hgp, chi la nhimg ncri d6 rac kliong dugc chen lot ky, khong dugc che day, ' TS. Vien n^ien ciiu, thiet ke, chetao may nong nghiep.
^- '• ''• * ThS. Vien nghien ciiu, thiSt ki, chg tao may nong nghiap.
6 KS. Vien nghien ciiu, thi6t ki, che tao mdy nong nghiep.
' PGS. TS. Vien nghien ciiu ihia ke chS t^o may nong nghi?p.
jfyP CHI CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO 20 - 2015
do vdy dang tao ra su 6 nhiem nang ne toi moi truong ddt, moi trucmg nuac, va khong khi...
anh huang true tiep den siic khoe cgng dong.
Ben canh do nganh cong nghiep tai che chua phat then do chua dugc quan tam dung miic. O Viet Nam chat thai ran sinh hoat chua dugc phdn loai 6 ddu nguon, do do viec phan loai chat thai rdn tai nha may rac sau khi thu gom ve la mpt viec rdt kho khan, phirc tap va "nan giai".
Neu phan loai tai nguon tot, chat thai rdn sinh boat CO the tai che khodng 60 - 65% trong viec che bien phdn compost. Bai vdy viec nghien cuu cac thiet bi de che bien chat thai ran sinh boat trong, ngoai nuoc ciia day chuyen xir ly rac noi chung va thiet bi phan loai chat thdi rdn tai dau
65
KHOA HOC - CONG NGHt nguon noi rieng la rat cdn thiet trong giat doan
hien nay doi voi Viet Nam.
II. NOI DUNG VA PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN C U U 2.1. Ngi dung nghien cuu
- Khao sat thuc nghiem qua trinh phan loai xir ly chdt thai rdn tren may phan loai kieu sang U-ong tai nha may xir ly rac thai Lao Cai, TP. Lao Cai.
- Lua chpn thong so toi uu cho may phan loai tren co so quy hoach thuc nghiem.
2.2. Phuffng phdp nghien cuu
Trong bai bao nay sir dung phuang phap nghien ciiu thuc nghiem, dp dung phuang phap quy hoach thuc nghiem don va da yeu to de tim ra cac thong s6 ky thudt hgp ly cho qua trinh van hanh va san xuat.
2.3. Thiet bi nghien nghien cuu Thilt bj nghien ciiu 6 day la may sdng phdn Ioai rdc kieu trong quay theo nguyen ly lam viec lien tuc da dugc thiet ke, che tao tai Vien nghien CU'U thilt ke che tao may nong nghiep-RIAM (Bp Cong Thuang), thiet bj nay hien nay da dugc chuyen giao vao sdn xuat cho Cong ty TNHH mgt thanh vien moi truang do thi Lao Cai (hinh 1). Nguyen ly boat dgng cua thiet bi nhu sau: lugng rdc dugc cung cap lien tuc vao trong sang phan loai nho bdng tai nap lieu, khoi rac sau khi dugc nap vao sang se dugc dao lgn va di chuyen lien tuc ben trong long trong, ben trong trong sang co gdn cdc canh vit va cac dao de "pha"/Iam rach cac ttii ni long dung rac khi thu gom vai khoang thoi gian ngan nho co chuyen dpng quay cua sang khoi rac se dugc van chuyen dua len dp cao nhat dinh sau do dugc roi tu do xuong s6 bi cac dao ma tiii "dam thung'Vpha v& tui nilon dung rac. Cac chdt mim va vdt lieu co kich thuac nho ho hon 100mm se Ipt qua sdng vd dua di ii lam phdn Compost, cac vdt lieu CO kich thuoc lon hon 100mm se dugc dua di phan loai thu cong nho bdng tai van chuyln lieu.
Nhu vay hieu sudt ma tiii (lam va tiii nilon), lugng lieu Ipt qua sang phu thuoc vdo: so vong quay Iam viec ciia trong sang phdn Ioai, lugng cap lieu, goc nghieng dat sdng, s6 lugng dao, chieu ddi dao, hinh dang dao, vi tri dat dao,.,.
Nen cac yeu to neu tren se dugc nghien ciiu, khao sat nho thuc nghiem va quy hoach diuc nghiem de tim ra cac thong so toi uu, chi tilt se dugc trinh bay 6 cac phdn tiep sau.
Hinh I. Thiet b{ nghien cuu: sdngphdn logi rdc kieu trong quay
III. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Ket qud thuc nghiem tgi cff sd sdn xuat Qua trinh thuc nghiem khao sat mdy phdn loai chdt thai rdn sinh boat nham danh gia nang sudt va khd ndng Ipt sang (phdn ly) cua thiet bi.
Ket qua qua trinh phan loai rac thai khi thuc nghiem tai co so san xudt Cong ty TNHH mpt thanh vien moi truang do thi Lao Cai da tim dugc cdc gia tri trinh bay nhu tren bang 1.
Bdng 1: Ket qud thuc nghiem qud trinh phdn logi rdc thdi tgi nhd mdy xu ly rdc tgi Lao Cai TT
1
2 3 4
Ten ggi cdc thons so NSng suat ddu vdo cua thiet bj (lu(7ng lieu duoc d p vdo trong sang plian lo^i), Tan/li So v6ng quay cua trong sdng plian loai. v/ph
Cong sudt dien ndng tieu thy, kW Ty le sdn phdm lot qua sdng, %
Ky hi^u Q n N
Oia tri 25
6 20 32-'
*J • Qua ngliien cuu ihuc nghiam va lham kliao cdc nguon lai ligu cho thiy dii vdi rdc Ihdi sinli hogl co cac thanh phdn hon hf/p. phuc lgp nhu Vi4l ^am. ty I? hi qua sang 32%. co ihi coi la sang hogl dQng hi^u qud.
66 TAP CHI CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO 20 - 2015
KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE Tir ket qua thuc nghiem trong san xuat va
nhu tren bang 1 cho thdy khi phan Ioai khoang 25 tdn rac thai voi toe dp sang quay (may phan loai) la 6 vong/phiit. Trong khoang thai gian lb ti Ie san phdm (rac) Ipt qua sang dat khoang 30- 33%, tuong img voi 8 tan san phdm (rac) Ipt qua. Mat khac dua vdo ket qua chay thuc nghiem tac gia xdy dung d6 thi thl hien moi quan he giira so vong quay voi cong suat dien tieu thu va ti le san phdm (rac) lot qua sang nhu tren hinh 2.
Moi quan h f gtOa sd v6ng quay vM cong s u i t di^n tieu thy v^ b' 1^
san p h l m Ipt qua
" * " Cfing iuh di^n
anh huong ciia cac thong sl ddu vao anh huong den cdc thong s6 chdt lugng sang quay (ddu ra) CO nhilu yeu tl nhu: dac tinh co ly hoa tinh ciia chat thai ran, do am, nang sudt, s6 vong quay ciia sang, ty le ma tiii (xem muc 2.3),...Tir kit qud nghien ciai ly thuylt va thuc nghiem chiing ta thay rang anh huong true tilp din chdt lugng sang quay la 2 yeu tl co bdn nhu;
1. Lupng cap lieu (nang sudt) Q (tdn/h);
2. So vong quay n (vong/phut).
Trong khi do s6 vong quay dnh huong true tiep den dp phan ly ciia sang cung nhu su mo tiii nilon trong qua trinh van chuyln rac trong sang quay. Nghien ciru khao sat don ylu tl sir phu thuoc chat lugng lam viec ciia sang quay (ty le Ipt qua sang, chi phi dien nang) theo ma trdn Hoke D6 dugc the hien trong bang sau:
Bang 2. Gid tri md hoa vd thi nghiem ciia cdc yeu Id khi thuc nghiem
Hinh 2. Moi quan he giua so vong quay vai cdng sudt dien tieu thu vd li le sdn phdm phdn ly
duac lot qua sdng
Qua do thi nhu tren hinh 1 cho thay voi mong muon dat dugc trong qua trinh phan loai li le sdn phdm Ipt qua dat gia tri lon nhdt va cong sudt/chi phi dien lieu thu Id nho nhdt. Bai vdy can tim che dp toi uu cho may phdn Ioai do do tac gid xay dung mo hinh quy hoach hoa thuc nghiem dl lira chpn, danh gia thilt bi. Cu thl kit qua dugc trinh bay nhu dual ddy.
3.2. Kit qud thi nghiem theo quy hogch hda thuc nghiem
Chdt lugng cua sang quay lam viec dugc danh gid boi 2 thong s6 ddu ra do la ty le cac tap chat him CO lot qua mat sang dl dua di u compost va chi phi dien nang. Nghien cim su TAP CHI CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO 20 - 2015
Bien so Luang cap lieu So vong
quay Ki liieu
X, X2
Donvi Tdn/h Vong/phut
Muc -1 20 5
0 22,5
6 1 25 7
Tir thuc nghiem ta co the bl tri thi nghiem theo ma trdn ke hoach thuc nghiem true giao bac hai theo Hoke D6 nhu kit qua trong bang 3.
Bdng 3. Bo iri ihi nghiem lheo ki hogch true giao bgc hai cua Hoke D6 S6TN
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Lugng cap li?u Q (Tln/h)
20 25 22,5
25 20 25 20 22,5 22,5
So vong quay n (vong/phut)
5 6 7 5 7 7 6 5 6
K H O A H Q C - CONG NGHfi Qua trinh tiln hanh thuc nghiem theo dieu
kien neu tren cho ket qua dugc the bien nhu trong bdng 4.
Bdng 4. Kel qud cita cdc thi nghiem lrong ma trdn thuc nghiem
S6 TN
1 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Bien thuc Luong
cap lieu Q(T/h)
20 25 22,5
25 20 25 20 22,5 22,5
So v6ng quay n{v/ph)
5 6 7 5 7 7 6 5 6
Bien ma
A t
1,0000 1,0000 0,0000 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 0,0000 0,0000
X,
1,0000 0,0000 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 0,0000 1,0000 0,0000
Tyle san pham lot qua Y, (%) 32,00 34,50 37,00 35,00 40,00 33,50 35,80 33,00 36,00
Chi phi dien n ^ g Y,(kW)
19.00 19.80 18,50 20.00 18,00 19.00 18,90 17.8,00
19.30
H e SO
ao
ai 22 ail a22 ai2
Gia tri he so 35,567 -0,800 1,750 -0,200 -0,350 -2,375
Mlic y nghia %
<0,01 •*•
2,42*
0,209 »*
59,5*
37,6**
0,149**
(***mucy ngliTaO,OI; **mirc y nghia 0,05;
*mLrcy nghTa 0,1)
Yl = 35,567 - 0,8*X, + 1,75*X2 - 0,2*X,^ - 0,35*X2^-2,375*X, X2
Tren do thi hinh 2 bilu diln m l i quan he ciia cac yeu to va danh gid su tuong tdc ciia cac yeu to va anh huong ciia chiing din ham muc tieu nhu sau:
.. - ,„.„
^
" — « ^
? ^
m - . .^
Wro k w 2500
1. Ddnh gid ti le sdn phdm lot qua (Y/) Voi he sl tuong quan bpi R^ = 0,985; R^A ^ 0,961 cho phep khang dinh phuang trinh the hien moi quan he giiia cac yeu to lugng cap lieu, so vong quay vol ti le san pham Ipt qua la hoi quy voi cac he so nhu sau:
Bang 5. He so phuang trinh hoi quy cua hdm Y/
Hinh 2. Su dnh hudng cua lugrng cdp li?u vd so vong quay tdi ti le sdn phdm lot qua sdng Can cu tren kit qua tir d l thi htnh 2 ta thdy, su tdc dpng cua Iugng cap lieu va so vong quay dnh huang ro rang den ti le sdn phdm phdn ly Ipt qua sang. Trong khodng bien thien khdo sdt ciia Iugng cdp lieu vd so vong quay ta thdy be m^t bieu dien co tinh hpi tii thdp.
2. Ddnh gid chiphi dien ndng (Y2)
Vai he s l tuong quan bpi R^ = 0,965; R^A = Voi mirc y nghTa 0,05 cdc he s6 ao, a2, ai2, aii
la CO y nghTa, cac he so aj, ai i la khong co y nghia hay chi co y nghTa vai miic Id 0,1. Ta co phucmg trinh hoi quy theo bien md co dang nhu sau:
68 TAP CHi CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO 20 - 2015 0,906 cho phep khang djnh phuang trinh the hien m l i quan he giira cac yeu to lugng cdp Ii|u vdo, s l vong quay cua sang vai chi phi di^n ndng la h l i quy vai cac he so nhu sau;
KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE Bdng 6. He so phuang Irinh hdi quy
cua hdm Y2 He so
bo bl b2 b,, b22 b,2
Gia tri he so 19,211 0,483 -0,417 0,183 -0,417 0,000
MIJC y nghTa %
<0,01***
0,657 **
1,05*
25,9**
4,96*
100.0 (***muc y nghTa 0,01; **muc y nghia 0,05;
*muc y nghTa 0,1)
Voi miic y nghTa 0,1 cac be so bo, bi, b2, b22 la CO y nghta, he so bi2 la khong co y nghTa Ta CO phuang trinh hoi quy theo bien ma co dang nhu sau:
Y2 = 19,211+ 0,483*Xi 0,417*X2 + 0,183*Xi^-0,417*X2^
Tren do thi hinh 3 bieu dien moi quan he cua cac yeu to va danh gia sir tuong tdc cua cac yeu to va anh huong cua chiing den ham muc tieu.
...
, ™ „
E i H ^
-0
"
V//.
" ( • ( (
"" =" ^iz
^ #
Hinh 3. Su dnh hudng cua luffng cdp lieu vd sd vdng quay tai chiphi dien ndng
dien nang. Trong khoang bien thien khdo sat cua lugng cdp lieu va s l vong quay ta thdy b l mdt bieu dien co tinh hpi tu thdp.
Toi uu hoa:
Tir phuang trinh hoi quy cho phep ta gidi bai toan cue tri de tim thong s l t l i uu cho ti le phan ly/san phdm Ipt qua sang va chi phi dien ndng. Thuat todn nay cung dupc thuc hien giai*
tren phdn m i m cho kit qua dugc xdy dung tucmg img nhu tren do thi hinh 4 va hinh 5.
Hinh 4. Ket qud nghien cuu cdc lua chon loi iru doi vdi tl le sdn phdm lot qua sang
Tir kit qua nhu tren d l thj hinh 3 ta thdy, su tac dpng ciia lugng cap lieu vao sang va s l vong quay cua sang anh huong ro rang din chi phi TAP CHI CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO 20 - 2015
Htnh 5. Ket qud nghien ciru cdc lira chgn toi iru doi vdi chiphi dien ndng
Tien hanh toi uu hoa cac yeu to anh huang toi chat lugng cua qud trinh phdn loai theo thudt toan ham mong dgi voi 2 ham muc tieu nhu sau:
- Ty Ie san pham lot qua mong dgi can dat dugc Ian nhdt,
- Chi phi dien ndng mong dgi can dat dugc nho nhdt,
Qua qua trinh tien hanh toi uu hoa voi cac ham muc tieu nhu tren ta co dugc do thi the hien che dp cong nghe toi uu nhu tren hinh 6.
69
KHOA H Q C - C O N G N G H E
...
^ ^ ^ « B
g^
y / ///>^'" - - " m
jr
Hinh 6. ChS do cong nghe toi uu Tir ket qua do thi nhu tren hinh 6 nguoi ta lua chpn dugc cac thong s6 toi lai nhu tren bang 7.
Bdng 7. Bdng bien ma vd bien thuc tuang ung cua dieu kien toi uu Bien m3
X, X2
Gia trj bien mg 0,298082 0,999849
vlu tl Lugng cap lieu
So vongquay Giatn
thyc 23,25 7,00
Bdng 8. Gid b'i giai hgn, muc tieu dgt diem toi tru Ham monR dgfi
Y, Y;
Ty le san phSin M qua, % Chi phi dien nSng, kW Ham mong dcri chung (D)
Gia tri 36,00
18,54 d i % 99,94 97,44 98,68
IV. KET LUAN
Ket qua nghien ciru thuc nghiem tren m6 hinh quy hoach hoa th^c nghiem cho thdy ti Ie san phdm lgt qua sang Ion nhdt dat 36% voi miic cbi phi dien nang tieu thu nho nhdt d^t 18,54 kW. Trong khi do ket qud khdo sat thuc nghiem tai co so san xudt ti le san phdm Ipt qua sang chi dat 32%, ciing voi miic tieu thu dien nang Id 20 kW. Sir chenh lech ve gid tri giifa mo hinh ly thuyet va thuc nghiSm khong nhilu, do do che dp Iam viec cua sang quay trong thuc nghiem co dp tin cdy cao. Mat khac tir cac kit qua neu tren co the lam co sa cho viec quylt dinh lua chpn cac thong so cong nghe d l lam che dp van hanh may cho dat hieu qua cao nhSt.
Tai lieu tham khao
[i]. Sachsen-Anhalt, Landesamt fuer Umweltschutz, Kuzbericht (2012). Untersuchung von Abfallen aus der thermischen, Berichte LAU, 2012.3
[2]. Martin F., Arnd I. Urban, Bernd B. (2007).
Tagung Thermische Abfallbehandlung Band ]2_Universitat Kassel.
[3]. Stark, U. (2011). Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik, Vorlesung-Kap.9, Universitaet - Weimar.
[4]. Heinze, G. (2000). Handbuch der Agglomerationstechnik, Wiley- VCH.
[5]. BacHjibCB. C A . OcHOBnaa saKOHOMepiiocTb npouecca cenopauHH no pa3MepaM "Tpaicropbi H cenbxoMauiHHbi" Np4.
Tir ket qua mo hinh ly thuyet toi uu ndy, nhu tren bang 7, bdng 8 cho thdy vai nang suat/lugng cap lieu 23,25 tdn/h va so vong quay 7 vong/phiit thi ti le san pham Ipt qua dat dugc Id 36%, ling vol miic chi phi dien nang tieu thu la 18,54kW. Voi cac ty le ndy qua trinh phan loai da dat dugc hieu qud mong dgi, dilu kien toi uu nay cung tuong doi phii hgp vol kit qua nghien curu ly thuyet.
70 TAP CHf CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO 20 - 2015 Ngay nhan bii: 15/11/2015
Ngay phan bi^n: 05/12/2015
Ngiroi phan bifn; TS. Doan Xuan Thin, Hpi co khi Nong nghiep Vi?t Nam.
