I g p cfai so 17, thing 4-2016, trudng Dai hoc Tay Nguyen ISSN 1859-4611 111
Jl T i r Q U A N N I E M V E NGlTOl D Q C T R O N G L Y T H U Y E T T I E P N H A N D E N VTEC X A C J " " ^ VAI T R O C i l A H p c S I N H T R O N G D A Y H O C V A N 6 TRUCfNG P H O T I I O N G
% Thai Thi Hoai An' ,, Ngay nhan bai: 25/02/2016; Ngay phan bien thdng qna: 14/3/2016; Ngay duyet dang: 21/3/2016
TOM TAT
Ly thttyet tidp nhan vdi viec nhdn manh ddn vai trd cua ddc gia da tac ddng khdng chi trong Ifnh I L " o h ' ° " , T ™? '\ " 1 5 ° : ; ' ™ ^ " * " "'>" ^'" ^'" * ""^° PM th6ng hien nav Sd dung ph'uong phap phan f e h ^ tong hop ket hop vdi phuong phap so sanh ddi chidu, bai bao lan, r o s " *='^ ^ ly thuyet tiep nhjn ddn viec xac lap vai trd cda hoc s,„h trong day hoc Van d trudng p h i t h d n r ^ n "
ba khau la thay dot ten goi eua phan mdn, xac dmh n . i - = - - - - J • • • u ™ , uen c 5 sir tac tidng cua 3hd thdng tren ca hpc cua giao vien. ' ' ' " " ' "^ ° " - ' ' ' ' ' " ' '^'^ ' ' ° ' ''^ ' ^ ' '"^^^ Pbuong phap day
Tu khda: ly ihuyil nip nhdn. hoc sinh tnrdng phd thdng vat iro inmg lam 1. M 6 DAU
Bude vao nhiing nam 60 ciia t h l ky XX, ly thuyet tiep nhan biing nd d cac nudc ehau Au va trd thanh mpt ly thuyat duoc danh gia cao trong gidi hpc Ihuat Tu nhung nghien cuu ly thuyet ciia cac nha lap thuyit Iy Iuan tiip nhan van hgc. vai Ird ciia ngudi dpc dugc nhan manh va ngudi dgc.
cung nhu sir tiep nhan ciia ngudi dpe, trd thanh rapt phan eua ly thuyit van hoc. Khdng nhirng vay, Iy thuyet tiip nhan vdi viec nhin manh din vai trd ciia ngudi doc cung da anh hudng sau sic tdi quan nipm ve vi tri cua ngudi hpe trong tiep nhan tac phdm van hoc d trudng pho thdng.
2. NOI DUNG VA PrnTONG PHAP NGHIEN
Ciru
2.1. Ngi dung nghien ciru
Tren co sd quan mem ve ngudi dgc trong Iy thuyet tiep nhan, phan tieh su anh hudng eua quan niem ngudi dpc trong Iy thuyit tiip nhan tdi quan niem ve vai tro ciia hpe sinh trong day hgc Van d trudng phd thdng, Cu xhk la:
_ - Khai quat quan niem cua ly thuyet tiip nhan ve vai trd cua ngudi dgc qua sir sang tao eiia nha van, tmng van ban va trong qua trinh' tiip nhan thuc te ciia ddc gia.
Tir quan niem ve ngudi dpc trong ly thuyit tiip nhan. phan tich su anh hudng ly thuyit tiip nhan den cac yeu id ten gpi ciia phan mdn Van, nguyen tac day hpc Van va su lua chpn phuang phap day hpc Van Irong Irudng Phd thdng d i dam bao vi tri trung tam cua ngudi tiep nh^n - ngudi hpe.
2.2. Phucmg phdp nghien ciru
- Phuang phap phan tieh - tdng hpp: Phan tich
quan niem ve ngudi dpc trong ly ihuyit tiip nhan "§"'°'' ^^"^ ^°^ ™ ' ^"3 finh sang tao ciia nha v tir dd chi ra su tac dpng ciia quan niem do ddi vdi 3 I 2 Tir gdc do van ban
I ThS. Khoa .Sit Pham. irudng Dai hoc Tdy Nguy^en
Tdc gta li,n he Thai Th. Hoai An: OT 090586,-975. Entad ihatandhnragmatl com 8 7
quan mem ve vai trd ciia hoc sinh trong day hpc Van d trudng phd lhdng.
_ - Phuong phap so sanh - ddi chiiu: So sanh ddi ehieu giira nhirng quan niem khae nhau ve gid day hgc Van d tnrdng phd lhdng d i tir dd danh gia dling ve su ddi mdi trong quan niem ve vai trd ciia hpc sinh trong day hpc Van ngay nay 3. K E T LUAN VA T H A O LUAN
3.1. Quan niem vi ngudi dgc qua ly thuyit tiip nhdn
Trong ly thuyet tiep nhan. ngudi dpc va su tiip nhan eua ngudi doc duoc dat vao vj Iri trung lam.
Vai tro ciia ngudi dgc duge thi hien d e a ba khau:
sang tac, trong van ban va Irong ddi sdng thuc t i 3.1.}. Trong qua trinh sdng lao
Trudc khi dat biit viit, nha van da hinh dung ra ngudi dpc cua minh va vi vay hp ludn hudng ldi mdt kieu ngudi dpc li ludng nao dd eho tac pham. W.lser Irong cdng trinh "Kit ciu vSy gpi"' phal hien kieu "ngudt doc tiim dn'\ kiiu ngudi dgc trong du kien eua tae gia d i thdng qua dd nha van du kien y nghTa tiim tang ciia tae phim. Kiiu ngudi dgc nay ton tai trong thi gidi Iinh ih^n cOa nha van, ed mat trong qua trinh sang tao ciia ngudi nghe sT va tiem an trong cau tnic ciia van ban. La ngudi dpc qua sy hinh dung trudc ciia nha van, ngudi doc tiem an phan anh nhu ciu, udc mong ciia nha van ve dpc gia trong thuc lien. Nhu vay y thuc ve ngudj dpe xuit hien ngay trong y do cua tac gia va mdi nha van tiiy theo y dd ciia minh hudng \ e mdt dpc gia li tudng ciia hp. Cd thi ndi vdi quan niem ve ngudi doc tiim an, ly thuyit tiip nh5n h;^„ A^-. A^ i^hing dinh vai ud chi phdi ciia nhan hien dai c
Tap chi 50 17. thang 4-2016. trudng Dai hpc TayNguyen I.SSN 1859-4611 Mdi van ban \aii hpc khdng phai la mpt cdng
Irinh khep kin. da hoan tat. R.lngarden cho rang
"inoi tdc phdm vdn hoc diu dang da muon dot hoi sir bo sung md khdng bao gtd dat lai gidi ban cudi ciing bdng vdn ban " [2.43] Su da nghia va su chua hoan tat. chua trgn ven ciia tac pham van hpc xual phal lu hai phuong dien: chat lieu eiia van hpc va ket cau ciia lac pham. Tir hai yeu to nay, van ban tiem an kha nang da thanh ddi hdi ngudi dpc phai lap day nhirng khoang trdng trong van ban. H.R.Jauss quan niem "Tdcphdm vdn hoc khong phat la mot vdt ton tgi trong chinh nd. ludn trao cimg mdt canh ttrcmg cho idi ca nhtnig ai nhin ngdm nd, cUng khong phat Id lirong ddi ky mini cdng bo tinh chdl phi thdi gtan trong hinh thtrc dgc ihoai cua no. Toi vi no v&i bang long pho. co the dua ra nhimg lieng vgng mdt me. chung gicii phong vdn bun ra khoi chdl Iteu cua ni ngir. dua nd den vai ddt sdng hien tgi" [4, 86]. Quan he luong tac qua lai giira van ban va ngudi dpe vi vay trd thanh mol quan he ddi thoai. d dd ngudi dpc ciia nhieu the he bd sung vao nhung gam mau mdi cho tae pham, lam eho nd sdng qua nhiing thai dai lich su khae nhau vdi nhieu ting y nghTa khac nhau.
3.1.3. Vat trd cua ngtrdi doc ihi/c le Nhu vay tren ca hai phuong dien. tao lac va tac pham, ngudi dpc hien hien vdi vai tro trung tam.
Tren ihuc tc, vai ird do edn the hien mdt each ro ret Ngudi dpc ticm an Irong phat hicn eua W.lser la ngudi doc trong y nghT ctia nha van d qua trinh sang tao. nhung ngudi dpc ihuc t i mdi ehinh la ngudi doc cd the phat hien nhiing diiu ma nha van giri gam trong tac pham ciia minh. Nha van vi vay khdng chi "nghr' den mgl cdng chimg li tudng d i dmh Inrdng sang tac ma cdn mong muon tim dugc nhung dpc gia li tudng de cd the hiiu thiu nhirng suy tudng ciia minh duoc chuyen lai qua lae phim nhu kieu Nguyen Du ban khoan trirdc cai le "Bdt tri lam bdch du niin hdu/ Thten hg hd nhdn khdp T6 Miu". Vai trd ciia ddc gia the hien d nhirng diim'
- Doc gui Id nguai quyil dmh thir bgc, gid tri cua lac pluim van hoc: Gia Iri eua tac phim phu Ihudc vao ngudi dpe nd. phu thude vao thai dp don nhan hay khdng ddn nhan. khen ngpi hay ehe bai. dang gia cao hay thap . . Ban v i ham y lich su trong quan he gifra lae pham va ngudi dpc.
H R Jauss khang dmh "Hdm V hch su the hien qua vice dn Itrgng cua ngtrdi doc ddu lien dirge liip noi nhu Id ildy .vich liep nhgn lir ihi he nay qua flic lie khde. nd cd the phong phu len. thdm chi co nlumg n mrng hap no ddnh do gtd tn ihdm mi vdy nghia hch .\u cua mot lac phdm " [A. 85].
- Sir gtai mu ctia ngir&i doc hiin vdn ban ihdnh
lac phdm hodn chmh vd dua tdc phdm vdo quy dao cua nen vdn hgc. Nghien eim sir liep nh^n cho thay bang kha nang ciia minh. ngudi dpc tao sinh J nghTa ciia van ban, nga> ca khi ban than nha van khdng tir y thirc ve y nghTa cua van ban. U.Eco Irong phan phu lue giai thieh "Ten sach va y nghTa"
ciia cudn tieu thuyit "Ten cua dda hong" nhin manh' "Khong dieu gi Idm lac gta mgt cudn .sdch phdn chdn hem kin biet cd nhimg cdch diin djch chinii minh khong hi nghi tdi. dirge dgc gia ggi y.
. Phdn ldn cdc cdch dien dich dem ra dnh sdng ninmg ttrang quan ngu nghia md chinh lac gid khi viel khdng he iigliT den " va vi vay "Vdn bdn da hodn tdt. vd ttr no nay sinh nhihig tirong quan ngir nghia mat cug no... Cd le lac gia nen gia tir duong the khi viet xong. De khdi can trd hanh trinh eiia van ban" [3, 552-553], Nhu vay cd thi ndi, y nghTa van ban phu thupc vao kha nang dien djch ciia dpc gia, do vay dieu hien nhien la "cdi "tirdien bdch khoa" ciia ngudi dgc ldn chtrng ndo thi kha the cita sir dten djch se phong phii chimg dy"[\, 233].
- Ngtt&i dgc cdn la "ndng hrgng igg ra hch str" vi mdi su that don gian la "sir tdn tat hch su cua tdc phdm vdn hoc khdng the cd dtrgc niu thiiu str tham gia tich circ cua ngiroi dgc " Titc gia ciia cdng trinh "Lieh su van hoc nhu la sir khieu khich ddi vdi khoa hgc van hoc" lu^n giai ngudi dgc bang su chuyen tiep tac pham qua nhiiu the he dua
"tdc phdm mat thdm nhdp du(,rc vdo ddng chay hen Ittc phia sau thuoc vi kinh nghiim dang thay ddi, noi md .sir tiip nhgn don gidn. thu ddng tra thdnh su ttep nhcm cd phe phdn, chu dpng. nhung chudn muc fham mi dd dtroc cong nhgn tro thdnh tdc phdm mdt. mdi hon " [4, 84]
Nhan thuc ve vai trd ciia ngudi dgc trong ddi sdng van hpe lam thay ddi quan niem v i nghien cuu ljch su van hpe Trong trudng phd thdng, vi?c van dung quan nicm ciia ly thuyit liip nhan in diu trong quan niem ve ngudi dgc - hgc sinh.
3.2. Quan niem vi vai tro cua hgc sinh trong gid clay hgc Vein trong trudng phd thong
Trong trudng phd lhdng, hgc sinh, ngudi dpe Ihuc te ciia van hoc theo lmh thin eua ly thuyei tiep nhan eiing se trd thanh chii the trung tam ciia gid day hoc, ehii the ciia qua Innh tiip nh^n vSn hge Irong nha Irtrdng. Quan niem ddi mdi dd dupc ghi dau ngay trong vice thay ddi ten gpi eua mon hpc van hpc trong nha irudng. trong vice xae djnh nguyen lac eung nhu lua chpn phuong phap ciia giao vien
3,2 I. vi lin goi cuu phdn mdn
Trudc day, mdn Van hpe trong nha trutTug dugc goi la mdn Giang van. Ten ggi nay phan anh kiiu
Tap eh i sd 17. thang 4-2016. trudng Dai hgc Tay Nguv en ISSN 1859-4611 td chirc dav hpe cd tinh dac thii trong dd vai trd
ciia thay la chu dao. Hoat dpng ehii yeu trong gid day hpc la giao vien cat nghia, giang giai tac pham (cai hay eai dep), hoc sinh nghe, tiip thu. ghi chep.
Nha giao Phan Trpng Luan quan niem "Gidng vdn cdn diroc htiu Id cdng viec ciia ngirdi gido viin phdn lich. phdt hiin cdi hay. cdi dep vi noi dtmg vd hinh thin: ciia mdt bdi vdn de dem gidng day tren Idp cho hgc sinh bdng nhung phuang phdp sir phgm thieh hgp nhdm dgt hiiu qud cao nhdt vi cd hai mdt hieu biit, gido due ren luyen theo yiu cdu dd diroc quy dinh" [5. 7]. Sau dd. tir sau 1980, vdi quan niem mdi ve day hpc van, ten ggi phan mdn thay ddi tir giang van sang Day hoc tac pham van chucmg. Ten gpi nhu vay cho thay cac nha giao due da quan tam den tinh chat ciia gid day hgc ed hoat dpng tac ddng hai ehieu giira thiy va trd. "Thtrc chdl phdn lich tdc phdm vdn chtrong trong nhd irudng la ngudi gtdo viin tren ca so kinh nghiem cua bdn than td chiec mol cdch khoa hoc vd nghi thtidt cho hgc smh cam thu, phdn tich bai vdn mol cdch sang lao"' [6, 5] Sau nam 1986. quan niem ve day hpc da bat dau nghieng ve hudng coi Irong sy lu chil eiia hpc sinh irong qua Irinh chiim ITnh lac pham. Nha giao Pham Toan nhin manh "Day vdn cho hoc smh pho thdng Id clay hoc sinh giai md tdc phdm nghe ihudl vd chiim linh rung dgng nghe thudt ihong qua nhung hoat dong hoc van ciia hgc stnh " (Pham Toan - 1988)
Tu sau nam 2000, vdi viec ddi mdi da> hoc Van, ten gpi eiia phan mon duoc xac djnh la "Dpc van" hay '"Day hoc dpe - hieu van ban". Khai niem
"dpe van", "dpc - hieu van ban" cho thay su tac ddng rat rd ciia ly thuyet tiip nhan van hoc trong trudng phd thong Khai mem van ban duoc thay the bang khai niem lac pham. Van ban la thanh pham sang tao eiia nha van duoc cd dinh hda bing mpt he lhdng ki hieu mang tinh vat chit. Tac phim la su cu the hda ciia van ban qua ngudi doc, Nhu v^y tac pham chi ldn tai khi ed ngudi doc nd. giai ma va nhan thuc ve nd thdng qua cae c i p dd dgc ciia minh. Hpc sinh. ngudi dpc trung tam Irong gid dav hpc van chinh la kicu ngudi doc thyc t i dd.
Thai dd vdi ngudi dpc thay ddi. keo theo sy thay ddi trong quan mem day hpc. Hpe smh trong ea chi day hoc mdi trd thanh ehii thi ciia gid day hpc.
d vi tri trung tam Hoat ddng chu yiu khdng phai la nghe. ghi chep va ghi nhd ma true liip tham gia vao qua n-inh daj hoc^ tu phal hien. chiem ITnh tri Ihirc dudi su hudng dan. td chuc ciia eiao vien 3 2.2 Thav dch iigu\-en tdc dav hoc vd ca che dav hgc
Quan niem d.^y hoc se keo theo ca su tha> ddi nhimg ngu\en lac day hoc ciing nhu co c h l dav
hoc nham .xac lap \ ai trd ciia ngudi hgc \ di tu each la mdt chu the trung tam cua qua trinh da> hpc
Ve mat nguven tac. can phai chii Irong vai trd hgc sinh trong kham pha \ nghTa tac phim. Tac pham cd tiem nang \ nghTa to Idn, y nghTa dd chi bdc Id khi cd hoat dpng dpc ciia ngudi dgc Khi hudng dan hoc sinh tu kham pha y nghTa ciia van ban la khi giao vien hoan loan tin cay vao kha nang ciia hpe sinh trong viec kham pha y nghTa phong phil dd ciia lac pham. Viec dd cd nhiiu y nghTa.
gnip md rpng mdi trudng sdng cho tac phim, giiip lac pham phat xa nhieu y nghTa mdi mc. Nhung dieu quan trpng hon la ,vay dung thdi quen hoc tap chu dpng cho hpc sinh, giiip eho hpc sinh ren luyen nang lye ty hgc. tu sang tao ehir khdng thy ddng. chel cirng. Ben canh dd viec giao phd sy tiep nhan sang tao nghe thuat cho hoc sinh eiing giiip giao vien nhin nhan dupc nhung diem cdn non ndt ciia hpc sinh de ed hudng diiu chinh
Ve phuong dien co che. khi dat hpc sinh vao vi tri trung tam ciia gid day hpe, nghTa la ciJng da thay ddi il nhieu vi tri cua ngirdi giao vien ciing nhu quan niem ve npi dung mdn hoc. Giao vien Irong gid day hpe van la ngirdi Id chirc eac hoat ddng doc van ciia hoc sinh, vi vay vai trd ciia giao vien chinh la ngudi cd van, trong lai cho hoc sinh trong qua Irinh day hgc La ngudi ed vin, giao vien giilp hpe sinh ty nhan ra nhirng ky nang chiim ITnh tri thuc van hgc, nhan thuc nhu ciu cua ban than trong day hoc van. Quan trong hon la giao vien de xual nhirng phuong an chicm ITnh lac pham va tham muu eho hpc sinh lua chon cae phuong an ldi uu. Ben canh dd cd the cung cap nguon tai lieu, tao dicu kien cho hoc sinh the hien kha nang cua minh.
Trudc nhirng non not ciia hgc sinh. giao vien goi y nhiing kien giai. nhirng hudng giai quyit hpp li cho nhimg nhan dinh cdn sai lac ciia hpc sinh. Tuy nhien, cd the thay khi chuyen trung tam ciia gid day hpc sang hoe smh, giao vien khdng ehi la co van. Irpng lai ma cdn phai tham gia vao tiit hoe vdl tu each la ngudi tham du vdi diy dii nhung rung ddng nhu lan dau vdi lac pham, Vdi ndi dung bai hgc. quan niem ve linh dpng cua van ban cho phep sutham dusang tao cua ngudi d o c - h o c smh trong qua trinh da; hoc
3.2 3 Thay dot vi phmmg phdp
Vdi lu each la ngudi tdchue, giao vien \ac dinh phuong phap phii hop nham phal huy vai trd chu Ihe cua hpc smh Khdng lir ehdi nhirng phuong phap truyen thong nhu binh giang. Ihuyet trinh.
nhung \ iec su dung chiing han che va phii hop Su dung nhieu phuong phap cd hieu qua tot hon doi vdl hpc smh theo hudng goi mo (phuong phap gai iim) hoac chu ddng sang tao (phuang phap thao 8 9
