NGHE THUAT XAY DlTNG CHAN DUNG VAN HOC CUA CAC TAC GIA VAN HOC VIET NAM DU^CfNG DAI
D 6 THI CAM NHUNG'*'
Tom tat: Vdi sU ra ddi ngdy cdng nhieu cd vi soluong ldn chat lucfng, thi tdi chdn dung vdn hgc da CO mot sU ddng gop ldn trong viec giup ngUdi dgc khdm phd sau hon ve ddi song cua nhd van vd nhSng sdng tdc cua hg, td do hieu hdn vi dien mgo cua nin vdn hgc Viet Nam ditong dai. Bdi viet hudng tdi khai thdc nghe thuat xdy dUng chdn dung vdn hgc cua cdc tdc gid tieu bieu trong nin vdn hoc Viet Nam dUOng dai.
Td khoa: Chdn dung van hgc; nghe thuat xdy dUng; vdn hoc Viet Nam dUcfng dai.
Abstract: Booming in number and quality, literary portrait genre plays an important role in helping readers understand the life of the writers and their works, thus gaining broader knowledge of modern Vietnamese literature. This article discussed the art of building literary portrait of key writers in modern Vietnamese literature.
Keywords: Literary portrait; the art of building; modern Vietnamese literature.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 23/01 /2019; Ngdy saa bdi: 25/02/2019; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 29/3/2019.
1. Dat van di
Ne'u hdi hoa xay dflng chan dung bang dudng net, mau sac, thi van hge dung chd't heu la ngdn tfl de xay diing chan dung. De thanh cdng vdi viec sii dung ngdn tfl, ngudi diing chan dung van hgc lai c^n ehu y dd'n each tao dUng bd'i canh, each lUa chgn chi tie't dae sac va each nam bat thin thai eua nhan vat dUde dUng chan dung. Ndi nhu Pautdpxki: "Chiing ta nhflng nha van, chung ta bdn dai chung trong hang chuc nam, hang tridu nhiing hat cat dd, lang le thu gdp lai eho minh, bie'n ehiing thanh hdp kim rdi tfl hdp kim do danh "bdng hong vang" cua ta"'^'. DUng chan dung van hoe la qua trinh dong hien hai ve dep: ve dep nhan each nha van va ve dep tai nang ngUdi tao dflng. Do vay, the tai chan dung van hgc ludn can de'n sfl dgc dao trong viec tao dflng hd'i canh, khdng khi; sfl nhay cam trong viee nam
bat t h i n thai dd'i tUdng va sU tinh te' trong vide lua chgn chi tiet dae sac.
2. Cach tao d\ing chan dung van hoc 2.1. Cdch tg.o dUng bdi cdnh
Trong sang tac, van ban ehi trd thanh tac pham van hgc khi nd dUdc ngUcfi dgc tie'p nhdn. Khdng khi, bd'i canh a'n tUdng se tao sfle ldi cud'n, thdi thuc manh me qua trinh tie'p nhan. Vdi the tai ehan dung van hgc, dung chan dung con ngUdi, sU kien mgt thdi thi vide tao diing bd'i canh, khdng khi cang cd vai trd quan trgng. Mdi nha van ed each diing ehan dung theo sd trUdng eua minh, vi the', each lUa chgn boi canh, dung khdng khi eiing khac nhau.
Tuy nhien, diem chung la hg mang lai cho ddc gia cam giac chan thUc, nhU dUde sd'ng ''' Trudng Ttrung hgc pho thong Phan Chau Trinh, Tp.
Da Nang.
''' Pautopxki (1999), Bong hdng vdng vd binh minh miia, Nxb. Van hoc. Ha Noi, tr.61
sd 4-2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HM [ Q ]
trong sU that ay, nhU cd lien quan de'n nhan vat.
Sd di, the tai ehan dung van hgc ehu y tao dUng bd'i canh, khdng khi la bdi nhan vdt cua the tai nay la nhflng ngUdi thuc sd'ng trong nhieu hoan eanh phong phu.
Bdi eanh, khdng khi nhU mdt b^u khi quy^n bao quanh ddi sd'ng nhan vat. Ndu khdng cd nd, nhan vdt trd nen xd cflng, vd hon, giam di tinh chan thflc, hap dan va ldi eud'n ddi vdi ngUdi dgc. Do vay, dflng ehan dung van hge dong nghia vdi vide tai hien khdng khi, bd'i canh thdi dai. Bdi canh, khdng khi trong chan dung van hgc cd the chia lam hai loai; rdng va hep. Hep la hd'i canh gia dinh, rdng la mdt thdi dai, mgt hoan eanh dae thfl cua xa hgi, da't nfldc.
Bui Ngge Ta'n dflng lai chan thflc khdng khi sinh boat, khdng khi van hgc mdt thdi cd cflc cua gidi van nghe si trong Viet ve be bg.n. Nhflng bfle chan dung long trong bd'i canh lich sfl va chinh tri; d dd, eon ngfldi hi bid'n thanh eon "td't" ket cflng trong van bai dat dinh, khdng nhflng ve tinh than ma cdn ea ve ed ca'u kinh te' va xa hdi: "Thdi d'y xa hdi dUdc quan li theo ldi bao ea'p. Khau phIn tinh than, khau phIn vat ehat deu dUde tieu chu^n hda va phan phd'i. Phim nay nhflng ai dUdc xem.
Tin nay loai lUdng hao nhieu, ehflc vu gi dUde bie't. Ai dUdc mua mdi thang ma'y lang thit, bao nhieu mudi, nUde mam, mua vao nhflng ngay nao"'^'. Trong bd'i eanh ay, ehan dung nghe si cang trd nen chan thuc, sinh dgng. Vu Tin phai dung phUdng tien phue vu nghe thuat cua minh de cau eanh ehi ban thit, ed ban ea, ba ban gao. Nhflng nha van ed hang nhu Chu Lai, Nguyin Quang Than ha minh chiu nhuc di viet thud. Viet de kid'm tien
cd bao su trd treu. Ngfldi mu tit van ehUdng thue vie't ve hg va duyet van cae nha van. Ban thao xong roi ma ngUdng ngflng khdng dam dflng ten minh.
Tuy nhien, dfla tren nhflng chi tiet cd thflc, ngfldi dung ehan dung vdn ed quyIn
"hu ca'u" bdi canh. Tran Dang Khoa trong Chdn dung vd dot thoai gdi khdng khi, bdi canh huyen ao, rdn rdn trong cude ddi thoai gifla ngfldi va ma ban v l van hoe. Sfl sang tao dy da gay dn tfldng manh me eho ngfldi doe; 'Vao nhflng dem mfla phun, gid ba'e, ta thfldng dflde nghe cac cu gia d lang lam ram ke nhflng eau chuyen li ki, riing rdn ve... ma. Cfl nhfl ldi cac cu thi ma
"sd'ng" trong dem, cdn ngUdi ngU d coi ngay. Dd la hai the' gidi am dUdng hdan toan tach biet. NhUng rdi ngay trong mdt ngay eung ed nhflng khoanh khac chap chdn, tranh td'i tranh sang, am dUdng nhde vao nhau, a'y la luc ga gay nam canh, binh minh chuan bi he rang, hoac luc mat trdi lan va bdng dem nha nhem bat dIu budng xud'ng cdi dfldng the'. Luc do, ngfldi va ma ra't de gap nhau, cd the l l n vao nhau..."<'\
De'n vdi tdp Nhd vdn qua hdi ac ngUdi thdn do Lflu Khanh Thd sflu t i m va hien soan, ehung ta nhan tha'y cac hai vid't dung lai cac chan dung van hge, dat nhan vat trong bd'i canh, khdng khi xa hdi nha't dinh. Phan Thi My Khanh dung chan dung Phan Khdi trong bd'i eanh sinh boat ngay thudng vdi md'i quan he ban he, ha con hang xdm de ngUdi dgc nhdn ra mgt
•'^ Bui Ngoc T a n (2005), Vi^t vi be ban - Rieng xiia xanh Id, Mot thdi demdt, Nxb Hoi N h a van Ha Noi tr.56.
'^^ T r a n DSng Khoa, in lan thij 14 co chinh li, (2000), Chdn dung vd doi thoai, Nxb. Thanh nign. H a Noi' tr.54. ' • ' [ Q ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
SO 4-2019
DO THI CAM NHUNG Phan Khdi thang tinh, hoc tnic nhflng td't
bung. Nam Cao qua ki flc ngUdi vd dat trong bd'i canh gia dinh khd khan, nhiing dfla eon lue nao cung thdm khat mie'ng an.
Ong ude mud'n "Mai kia ddc lap cau dUa con ra tinh, cho con an cao lau, eau se may cho con that nhieu ao dep". Dieu dd phIn nao giai thich vi sao trong truyen Nam Cao thUdng ndi nhilu de'n mie'ng an manh ao. Vdi Nguyin Cdng Hoan, Le Minh dat dng trong bd'i eanh lich sfl xa hdi liic dat nUdc hi dd hd, nhan dan lam than, ddi ngheo loan lac nha van Nguyen Cdng Hoan tha'u hieu ndi dau cua ngudi dan m^t nUdc. v a ehinh hien thuc cude sd'ng cua mdt tri thflc yeu nUdc da trd thanh nguon "nguyen lieu" qui gia de dng kie'n tao "he thd'ng hinh tUdng" cua tae ph^m minh. Nfl si Xuan Quynh dUdc Ddng Mai dat trong bd'i canh gia dinh: Cd tinh yeu vd ch6ng, con cai. Dd la ly giai eho sU nang niu hanh phuc gia dinh trong eon ngUdi nfl si. Cdn vdi LUu Quang Vu, Vii Thi Khanh dat LUu Quang Vu trong bdi eanh xa hgi lue bay gid va trong nhflng khd khan eua cugc sd'ng ddi tu de ngUdi dgc nhan ra mdt Luu Quang Vu ludn mud'n vUdt qua nhflng khd khan eua eudc sd'ng de tie'p tuc sd'ng va lam viee.
Tap ehan dung Nhd vdn qua hoi ac ngudi thdn cua Luu Khanh Thd dUdc tid'p can dudi goc nhin ngfldi than, nen ta nhan tha'y rang phan ldn cae chan dung van hgc dUdc cac tac gia dat trong bd'i canh gia dinh. Trong bd'i eanh nay, ngUdi doc nhan ra cac nha van la nhflng con ngudi he't miie vdi gia ifinh than thUdng ciia hg. Hdn nfla, vdi giong dieu trfl tinh cung phIn nao tao dflng khdng khi cho ngudi dgc. Gigng dieu nay tao ra cam xuc Stf 4-2019
trong long ban dgc v l su ddng cam, xdt thUdng, tran trgng con ngUdi cung nhU van ehUdng cac nghe si.
Tao dung bd'i eanh, khdng khi ehinh la mdt thu phap nghe thudt lam tdn ldn nhflng bflc chan dung, dIu dd la bflc chan dung khd ldn hay khd nhd. No thflc sfl la sfl can thie't trong the tai chan dung van hgc.
2.2. Cdch laa chgn cdc chi tiet Nha van Phap Marcel Proust ndi: "Dd'i vdi nha van eung nhfl hga si, phong each khdng phai la van de ki thuat ma la va'n d l cai nhin". Trong Ddn ludn thi phdp hgc, TrIn Dinh Sfl cung khang dinh:
"Cai nhin la mgt nang lUc tinh than dae biet eua eon ngUdi, nd cd the tham nhap vao sU vat, phat hien dac diem eua nd ma van d ngoai sU vat, bao lUu sU toan ven tham mi cua sii vat, do dd eai nhin dUde van dung mudn ve trong nghd thuat"*^\
Trong van hge, eai nhin the hien trong ehi tie't nghe thuat, bdi ehi tie't la didm rdi eua cai nhin. NhU vay, chi tie't khdng ddn thuIn chi la mdt vat da dUde quan sat.
Nhd chi tie't ma nha van phat bidn nhflng quan he mdi, nhflng dae diem mdi, nhflng mau sdc mdi. Chi tie't tfle la but phap vay.
De dflng thanh cdng mdt ehan dung van hgc, ngfldi viet ed tai phai bie't lUa chgn nhflng chi tiet dat, co gid tri ddc sdc ve ndi dung va nghe thuat, la mgt each thfle tao sfl ldi eud'n, bd'p dan cua the tai dae biet nay.
Nhflng ehi tie't dat, dae sac ay cd the la mgt ldi ndi, mdt net ngoai hinh, mdt khoanh khac... theo hudng ngdi ea hay phe
'^' T r i n Dinh Stf (1981), Ddn ludn thi phdp hoc, Nxb.
Dai hoc Su pham. Ha Noi, tr.72.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC X A H H [ Q |
phan nhUng nd phai lam sang ro mdt eon ngUdi. Bang ngdi but tinh te' nhieu bie'n hda, cae eay but dUng ehan dung da "ehdp"
bat dUdc nhflng chi tie't ed ve ngdu nhien nhflng nd gan vdi mdt cugc ddi, mdt so' phan, mdt tinh each. Nhu vay, ngUdi viet cd the sang tao, nghi ra chu de nhan vat, eau ehuyen, nhUng khdng bao gid nghi ra dUdc ehi tid't. Chi ed sd'ng mdi cd chi tie't.
Tfl do, cd the thay, chi ed sd'ng, tie'p xuc gan gui mdi cd the tim thd'y nhflng chi tie't dac sac, a'n tUdng eho cae nha van. Hdn nfla, mdi nha van cd mdt ea tinh, phong each, nen eung mdt chi tie't lai cd each earn nhan, the hien khac nhau khi xdy dung chan dung.
Nguyen Huy Thiep vdi cud'n Giang lUdi bdt chim da chgn chi tie't dac sde gay a'n tUdng manh nha't. Nghe thuat diing chan dung cua dng gay d'n tUdng ngay tfl each dat tUa de tap saeh: Giang lUdi bdt chim, de'n each dat ten cho tflng bai viet: Sao ca dim anh Id Thach Nhgn? (vid't ve Pham Tie'n Duat); Le Kim Giao, ten nghien vdn chuang; Khd tha den roi lg.i di (viet ve Dong Dflc Bd'n); Xin dang lam cha toi dau (binh thd Phan Huyen Thfl); Chuyen diSn dien (vie't ve Hgi Nha van)... Caeh vie't cua dng lanh lung, dua bdn, day ca tinh, nhung an dang sau la ca mdt ta'm long tran trgng ddi vdi nhflng tai nang xua't chung cung nhu nhflng tac gia cdn it dUdc biet de'n va cdn nhieu tranh cai.
Chang ban, khi dung ehan dung Ddng Dflc Bd'n, dng cd kieu chgn chi tie't ki la:
"Dong Dflc Bd'n la ai?... Tide thay, anh khdng phai thien than, anh ehi la mdt ngUdi khdi nghia. Anh la mdt ten nfla que nfla tinh cao tudi. Anh la mdt ngudi cd nhflng tinh cam ngan ngd, ngay nga't, dai
khd. Ddng Dflc Bd'n la mdt ke chi tinh.
Thd Ddng Dflc Bd'n cung hay"'^'.
Hoae khi dung chan dung Nguydn Bao Sinh, dng chgn ehi tie't qua dac sac khid'n ngudi dgc phai giat minh: "Nguyin Bao Sinh tflng cd hdn danh la Sinh cho. Viee nay duyen do tfl chuyen cd that: Hdi be, vd'n tinh ngd ngUdc, than phu dng la eu Nguyen Hflu Mao (nam nay 95 tudi, eung la ngUdi ra't hay thd) co l l n tfle gian bao rang: Ldn ldn thi ehd nudi may! Mdt ldi la mdt van vao! Ldi nguyen eiia ngfldi eha tfl nhien vdn vao sd' phan dfla con.
Tfl nhieu nam nay Nguyin Bad Sinh vln sd'ng bang nghe nudi ehd meo eanh, nudi gd chgi, cung ed khi lam hau can eho eac xdi chgi ga khap mdt vung ndi ngoai thanh Ha Ndi"<^'.
Trong trang vie't cua Vudng Tri Nhan, dng hay lay chgn nhflng cau thd, edu van t h i n tinh eua nha van, nha thd. Nhiing cau van thd a'y tfl nd la nhflng "ehi tie't"
ndi dUdc rat nhieu ve mdt van nghidp, mdt cude ddi, cd le nd ed md'i lien he sau sae vdi cugc ddi, sU nghiep nha van. Khi vie't ve Nguyin Binh - thi si cua lang que Viet Nam, VUdng Tri Nhan da lay nhflng cau thd dUa ta trd lai mdt cugc sd'ng thdn que em dep, thanh binh:
Nhd toi CO mgt uUdn ddu Co gidn do vdn co ao cd'y cdn Hoa do nd giaa mua xuan
LOa ddu thdng thdng liki cdn ndm ndrri'^.
Khi dung chan dung Xuan Dieu, Vfldng
'^' N g u y i n Huy Thiep (2003), Gidng ludi bdt chim Nxb, H6i Nha van, Ha Noi, t r . l 5 8 .
<«' NguySn Huy Thiep (2003), Gidng ludi bdt chim, Nxb. H p i N h a van, H a N o i , tr.125-126,
'" Vaong Tri Nhan (2002), Cay but. ddi ngudi (TUp chSn dung van hoc), Nxb. Tre, Tp. H6 Chi Minh,
[ Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
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DO THI CAM NHUNG Tri Nhan lai lam ndi bat eudc ddi day cd
dgc nhu "cay hoang lan cd ddn". Ong trieh nhflng vln thd cua Xuan Dieu ve c^y hoang lan, dem de'n eho ngfldi dgc mdt cai nhin sau sdc vl sd' phdn mgt thi si tai hoa:
Huang chin hoang lan thu tdi do La tha trong cha nhdn xong miia Ndm nay em vdng khong dn nhdn Anh mgt minh thdi cung chdng mua"^^K Vfldng Tri Nhan ve than sdc eua nha thd, nha van khdng chi d cugc ddi ma d trong sU nghiep cua hg. Ong mieu ta ehan dung nha van theo ldi "diem nhan" mang dd'n cho ngUdi dgc mdt sfl am gdi ldn. Khi viet ve Nguyen Tuan, ong trieh hai cau thd chfl Han ma Nguyen Tuan da din:
Chung thuy giai dong tdu/ Dd giang dgc bdc lUu. VUdng Tri Nhan that sau sde khi l^y ra hai cau thd mieu ta mgt net phong each cua Nguyen Tudn - con ngUdi tai hoa, uyen bac, ddc dao. Hai eau thd a'y ed the dung lam d l tfl eho mgi sang tae trong van nghidp cua Nguyen Tuan va toan bd cude ddi cua dng.
Ngay trong each dat nhan de Rang xUa xanh Id cua Bui Ngge Tan, ngudi dgc da earn nhan dUdc tinh bieu trflng, loi vi von, an du. Vdi Nguyin Thi Hoai Thanh, dng chgn chi tie't ddt la bai thd Cdy xdu ho de ngUdi dgc tha'y he't cugc ddi qua ddi gian trudn, qua ddi ddn ddc nhU dung cau thd ehi vie't: "Hay ngoanh lai day/ Cd gi ma mac cd/ Chi minh ta blu ban vdi ta thdi"'^'.
Tae phlm la dfla eon tinh than cua tac gia. Vi vay, khi chgn chi tiet dac sde dflng chan dung, khdng cd gi ddc dao hdn la dung chi'nh dfla cdn tinh than dd. Tran Dang Khoa lam dieu nay rat dat trong Chdn dung vd ddi thoai, chang ban vie't vl Le Lflu, dng da dung dfla con tinh t h i n ddc
dao nha't la Thdi xa vdng de ve ehan dung.
Vi du ga thd dien, mdt tay tai tfl phdng dang, chim gai thanh than. Mdt thie'u phu tre, vfla dgc xong Thdi xa vdng, ndi vdi tdi:
Em rat thich ga thd dien. Da'y la nhan vat hay nha't trong tieu thuye't Thdi xa vang.
Hdn luu manh, nbung phai ndi la ra't tuydt dieu. Dan dng the' mdi la dan dng! Hinh nhu em da gap ban d dau dd trong budi sinh nhat ed ban. Hdn ngoi Id dang hut thud'e. Cai dieu vly tan thud'e cua hdn thi khdng the khdng me dUdc. Hdn deu gia, nhUng ed sflc hflt khung khie'p. Vd Sai chet la phai. Em dgc ma sd dng Lflu qua. Ong ay rat am tfldng dan ba, ra't lgc ldi. Cd cam giac dng ay vfla sd dan ba vfla thich dan ba, lai vfla khinh dan ba, coi dan ba nhfl cai gie cbfli chan. Anh efl doe lai dng Lflu ma xem. Anh bao dng a'y nha que a? Chai;
phac a? Dieu d§y! Gia vd da'y!"*^'^*.
Vdi Nguyen Quang Sang, TrIn Dang Khoa chgn chi tie't ddt trong tae pham Chiec luac ngd de khde hga chan dung dam eha't Nam Bd eua nha van. Ong cho rdng trong khi hdn 80% trong 600 thanh vien Hdi Nha van Viet Nam van ehfla cd sach, van cdn mang mdn "nd ddi" vdi nen van hgc nfldc nha, thi Nguyin Quang Sang chi eIn tae pham Chiec luac ngd la da nop xong "thue' than" roi! Ong chflng minh blng nhan vat Bay Ngan, vdi chi tie't khi anh ehd'ng xudng ra khdi midt rfliig thi dung phai chide can gao cua dich, hai ben quIn nhau he't ca dan. Chung quan lUdn
1^' Vuong Tri Nhan (2002), Cdy but, ddi ngitdi (Tap chan dung van hoc), Nxb. Tre, Tp. Ho Chi Minh, tr.63.
'^* Biii Ngoc Tan (2005), Viei ve be ban - Ritng xUa xanh Id, Mot thdi demat, Nxb. Hgi Nha van. H a N6i, tr.81.
<"" T r a n Dang Khoa, in lan thfl 14 co chinh H, (2000), Chdn dung vd doi thoai, Nxb. T h a n h nien. H a Noi, tr.84.
S6 4-2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC X A H n QQ
trdn dIu anh va dam doa, cdn anh thi trat quIn ra, trd len. Va Khoa nhdn xet: "Da'y, cd't truyen chi ddn gian ed the. Ke lai tha'y sd lUde va nhat pheo. The'ma dat trong eai khdng khi cua truyen, trong hdi van cua Nguyin Quang Sang thi nd lai sd'ng ddng, nd sue ldn ca mui vi sdng nUdc Thdp Mudi, ea eai cha't Nam Bd dam dac, khdng the trdn ian"'"\
Rdi Tran Dang Khoa vao vai ma trong bai vie't Nguyin Khac TrUdng vd... de chgn ehi tie't dac sdc dUng ehan dung eac bae tien bd'i eua nen van hgc Viet Nam nhU Nguydn Tuan, Ngd Ta't To', Nguyen Hong, Nam Cao, Vu Trgng Phung, Nguyen Khai, Nguyin Khde TrUdng, y Nhi... Day la bai vie't gay xdn xao du luan nha't, vi Tran Dang Khoa da "xdi" lai eac va'n de tudng ehiing da dn thoa cua nhflng "di tich da xd'p hang" trong van hgc Viet Nam. Chang ban, dng len an Ngd Ta't Td' da de ehi Dau ban eon ehudc chdng, chflng kie'n eon hi ngfldi ta si nhue, tat vao mat ngay trUdc mat minh: "Tdi nghi d ngoai ddi, khdng ba me nao chiu noi khi ngUdi ta hanh ha va si nhue tan nhan mdt each vd li eon minh ngay trudc mat minh nhu va/''^^^ TrUdc lan sdng khen che quye't het dd, Trung Trung Dinh da dua ra ldi nhan xet theo toi la chi tinh: "Cai sU khen ehe vd'n di khdng de chut nao, hud'ng hd la cae gia tri tudng nhu da dUde khang dinh, nay anh ehi phay len vai net ma nd da Men len dung vdi vdc dang cua nd. Cac gia tri khdng vi the' ma giam gia tri, thUc ra nd cang dUde tran trgng hdn vi nd dUdc trd ve dflng vdi minh"'^^'.
Lfla chgn nhflng eau thd, edu van t h i n tinh ehinh la lUa chgn each dung ehan dung: di tfl tae pham tdi tae gia. Chi
tid't dae sdc la nhflng eau thd chfla hinh anh ed sflc gdi, sfle am anh. Vd'n sdng, vdn hieu bidt vl cac nha van, nha thd la sfl thuan ldi giup dng chdt lgc ra nhflng chi tiet dac sdc de tao dflng nen ehan dung van hgc sd'ng ddng. Va rdng hdn nfla la mdt thdi dai van hgc vdi nhflng bie'n ddng phong phu, phflc tap.
2.3. Cdch ndm bdt thdn thdi nhdn vat Trong hdi hga, du ve chan dung theo kieu truyen thdng hay sang tao, hga si eiing cin phai gidi trong viec nam bat t h i n thai dd'i tUdng, tim ra ndt rieng eua tflng khudn mat, de vdi ehi vai net phac thao, ta da cd the nhan ra dd la nhan vat nao. Trong van hgc cung vay, khde hga chan dung thi ddi hoi dIu tien la phai gidi ndm bdt t h i n thai cua nhan vat.
Trong Chdn dung vd doi thoai, Tran Dang Khoa chi cin vai net but da phac hga chan dung cac nha thd, nha van mdt each ddc dao, a'n tUdng nha't. Va net a'n tUdng dau tien la chan dung Xuan Dieu, vdi cam thflc thdi gian: "Nhflng nam cud'i ddi, Xuan Dieu hay nghi de'n thdi gian.
Ong chdt hoi tdi; Nay, nam nay, Khoa bao nhieu rdi nhi?"'^^\ Ngay sinh thang de eua Khoa, dng cdn la gi, nhflng dd la sfl thang thd't eua mdt ngfldi mud'n niu keo thdi gian. Sau do dng lai ndi vdi Khoa: "Cau cdn tre qua. Cdn menh mdng thdi gian d
'^" Tran Dang Khoa, in lan thfl Chdn dung vd dd'i thoai, Nxb.
t r . l 8 8 .
''^' T r a n Dang Khoa, m ldn thfl Chdn dung vd doi thoai, Nxb.
tr.108.
(13) f^^^ p^j^g Khoa^ in lan thfl Chdn dung vd doi thoai, Nxb tr.205.
(14) Tr^n Dang Khoa, in l i n thfl Chdn dung ud ddi thoai, Nxb.
tr.46
14 CO chinh H, (2000), T h a n h men. Ha Noi, 14 CO chinh li, (2000), .Thanh nien. H a Noi, 14 CO chinh U, (2000), T h a n h nien, H a N6i, 14 CO chinh h', (2000), T h a n h nien, Ha N6i,
[[Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HM
DO THI CAM NHUNG trdn dau. Mudn \km gi ma chang dflde.
Khoa eon de'n nfla the ki nfla de sang tao, dl vfldt len... Qui thdi gian cua minh cdn it qua..."*^^'. Phai la ngUdi ra't hieu Xuan Dieu, mdi ndm bdt dUde nhflng than thai cam xflc ra't Xuan Didu nay. Vi vay, ta nhan ra ehan dung Xuan Dieu ngay khi Tran Dang Khoa vid't: "Ong nhin ra khung c\t& sd md rdng. Ngoai a'y la khu vUdn. anh nang cud'i ngay cdn rUc len mdt l l n nfla trong vdm la sd'u xanh md. Gfldng mat Xuan Dieu nhud'm mdt ndi budn am thIm.
Ong dfla tay vud't mai tde nhugm den, nhflng chan tdc lai bac trdng, ea ehan may ciing bae, bac xoa nhfl mgt nhud'm tan nhang chay dd"*^^'.
Hay vdi Le Lflu, ngfldi rat than thid't vdi Khoa, dng cung cd nhiing doan ta ehan dung bdng than thai ddi tfldng ra't sau sdc.
Chang han khi Khoa td ra khdng thich vide Le LUu ta nhan vdt Tuyet trong Mgt thdi xa vdng: "Dudi ngdi but Le LUu, Tuye't hien len di dang, que kech va thd bi, thd hi tfl hinh dang, efl ehi de'n ldi ndi. Thuc tinh, Tuyet dau cd ldi, cd ciing nhU Sai thdi, ciing la nan nhan cua nhflng y tfldng td% dep. Dd la ngUdi dan ba nha que b i t hanh va dang thUdng. Cd ed tdi tinh gi ma hi Le Lflu khinh miet de'n vay?"'^'''. Ong dem dieu nay den hdi Le Lflu, thi: "Le Lflu cUdi ha'c bdc, roi thi dot nhien anh hdng im lang. GUdng mat thoang budn rUdi. Trong khoe mat da hdn nep nhan eua anh, Ing ang mdt cai gi nhu la nude mdt"'^^'. Phai hieu that sau con ngUdi va cude ddi Ld LUu, TrIn Dang Khoa mdi ve dUdc net mat nay cua dng, ma khdng phai ai cung phat hien ra de khae hga. Thdi xa vdng nhU mdt cud'n tU truyen cua chinh cugc ddi Ld LUu.
Hay d ehan dung Phu Thang, t h i n thai sd 4-2019
eua nhan vdt hien len day a'n tUdng vdi hinh anh "hat thde - eon ga" trong truydn mi-ni Hat thdc cua dng:
Ong mac tam ao may - d vang d', eai quan kaki da bac, dng tha'p, d'ng cao. Phu Thang nhu tfl thfla rudng eay bflde thdng vao phdng khach. Ong ngdi Igt thdm trong ghe' sa - Idng. Mdt dng gia nhd thd, den dua. Ham rang da rung he't. Trdng dng teo tdp nhfl mdt "hat thdc lep". Chi ed ddi mat la long lanh sang... Bat giac, tdi ndm chat ban tay gly gudc cua Phu Thang, long md hd rdn rdn. Chi sd d mdt xd xinh nao dd, sau lum cay td'i slm kia, lai ba't ngd ca't len mdt tieng ga gay...'^^'.
Tflng trang vie't eua Tran Dang Khoa cud'n hut ngfldi doe vao dd chinh la nhd viec dng nam b i t t h i n thai dd'i tUdng qua tai tinh. Ong ve chan dung dng nha van ndng dan Phu Thang mang eai tam va sU cam thdng sau sdc, khien Nguydn Van Hanh khi doe xong cau truydn phai thd't len: "Tdi xfle ddng dgc doan anh vie't ve Phu Thang. Cung la mdt sd phan van chfldng, mdt kie'p ngfldi!"*^°*. Cdn
'^^> T r I n Dang Khoa, in \in thfl Chdn dung vd doi thoai, Nxb.
tr.47
'^®' Trikn Dang Khoa, in lin thfl Chdn dung vd ddi thoai, Nxb tr.48.
"•^ T r I n Dang Khoa, in lan thfl Chdn dung vd doi thoai, Nxb.
tr.90.
"^' Trin Dang Khoa, in lan thfl Chdn dung vd ddi thoai, Nxb.
tr.91.
(19) T r a n Dang Khoa, in lan thfl Chdn dung vd doi thoai, Nxb.
tr.75.
<^"' T r I n Dang Khoa, m lan thfl Chdn dung vd dot t/ioai, Nxb.
t r . l 3 3 .
14 CO chinh li, (2000), Thanh nign. Ha Noi, 14 CO chinh h', (2000), Thanh nien. Ha N5i, 14 CO chinh li, (2000), Thanh nien. Ha Noi, 14 CO chinh ii, (2000), Thanh men, Ha Noi, 14 CO chinh li, (2000), T h a n h nien, Ha Noi, 14 CO chinh II, (2000), Thanh ni6n, Ha Noi,
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl [ | g
Nguyin Dang Manh thi nhdn xet: "Hi vie't eai gi dung de'n ndng thdn va ndng ddn du la ndng dan Viet Nam, Nga hay Mi eung lap tfle sinh ddng ban len, ngdn ngfl sac sao, ndi gdc ndi canh ban len, mdt thfl ngdn ngfl cung la'm lap, lam lu nhu nhflng nhan vat Ua thieh eua Khoa"*'^'.
3. Ket luan
The tai chan dung van hge eho de'n hien nay la mdt the van cd sflc ha'p dan dac biet ddi vdi ca ngUdi sang tac va ddc gia, bdi nhflng dae diem rd't rieng eua nd, v l mat ndi dung eung nhfl nghe thuat.
Dd'i vdi nhflng ngUdi cam but, tfl quan niem rieng ve nghe van va ngudi vid't van, de'n each tao dUng khdng khi, ndm bdt t h i n thai nhan vat va lUa chgn chi tie't dae sde, hg da gdp them nhflng gdc nhin v l nhflng ngfldi ban van, nhflng ngfldi eung thdi vdi cai nhin da chilu da dien, lam phong phu them cho ddi sd'ng van hgc dan tde dUdng dai. Dd'i vdi ddc gia, eae sang tac chan dung van hge se bdc mot nhip eau gan gui de'n vdi nhflng tdc gia, tac phdm ma minh yeu men. Tfl do ngudi dgc se tim dUde eho minh chide chia khoa de di vao the' gidi bi an, nhieu khua't la'p cua mdt so'nha van, nha thd...
cd cugc ddi, sd' phan, cung nhu sU nghiep gap nhieu sdng gid.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Lai Nguyen An (1984), "Xung quanh the tai ehan dung van hge", Tuan bdo Vdn nghe, (49), 01/12/1984.
2. Nguyin Khai (1999), Chuyen nghe, Nxb. Hdi Nha van, Ha Ndi.
3. TrIn Dang Khoa, in lln thfl 14 co ehinh li, (2000), Chdn dung vd dot thoai, Nxb. Thanh nien, Ha Ndi.
4. Nguyin Quang Lap (2011), Ban vdn, Nxb. Tre, Tp. Hd Chi Mmh.
5. v a n Thanh Le (2017), NhU cdnh chim trong mdt cua chdn trdi, Nxb. Kim Ddng, Tp. Hd Chi Mmh.
6. DiLi (2012), Chuyen lang vdn, Nxb.
van hoe, Ha Ndi.
7. Nguyin Dang Manh (2012), Vdn hgc Viet Nam hien dai, nhang gUdng mat tieu bieu, Nxb. Phu nfl. Ha Ndi
8. Nguyin Dang Manh (2000), Nhd vdn Viet Nam hien dg.i, chdn dung vd phong cdch, Nxb.Tre, Tp. Hd Chi Minh.
9. VUdng Tri Nhan (2002), Cdy but, ddi ngUdi (Tap ehan dung van hge), Nxb. Tre, Tp. Hd Chi Minh.
10. Bui Ngge Td'n (2005), Viet ve be ban - Ritng xUa xanh Id, Mgt thdi demdt, Nxb.
Hgi Nha van, Ha Ndi.
11. LUu Khanh Thd (SUu tam va bien soan) (2001), Nhd vdn qua hdi ac ngUdi thdn, Nxb. Van hda thdng tin. Ha Ndi.
12. Nguyin Huy Thiep (2003), Gidng ludi bdt chim, Nxb. Hgi Nha van, Ha Ndi.
13. Dd Lai Thuy (2014), Vdy vdo vo tan (Tfly but chan dung hgc thuat), Nxb. Phu nfl, Ha Ndi.
14. TrIn Dinh Sfl (1981), Ddn ludn thi phdp hgc, Nxb. Dai hge Su pham. Ha Ndi.
'^" N g u y i n D a n g M a n h (2000), Nhd van Viit Nam hien dai, chdn dung vd phong cdch, Nxb Tr^ Tn Ho Chi Minh. • ' ^P- [ [ Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
S6 4-2019
