Tap chi KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM So 44 ndm 2013
PHlTONG THlTC LlTA CHON VA THE HIEN HIEN THU^C LICH StT TRONG TIEU THUYET CUA NGUYEN XUAN KHANH
NGUYEN VAN HUNG' TOM TAT
Nguyin Xudn Khdnh vd tiiu thuyet lich su ciia dng da tgo nen budc dpt^phd tao bao vi cdch viit, vi tu duy tu su lich su. Bdng nhiing tim tdi thi nghiem nhieu cdch kit ciu mdi van dung cdc thii phdp cua ki thudt viet hien dgi dng dd md ra nhung dgng thuc mai cho tieu thuyet lich sir. Mpt trong nhiing diem nhdn gop phdn 1dm nin thdnh cdng vang dgi cho cdc sdng tdc cua dng do la phuang thirc lifa chpn vd thi hipn hien Ihifc Ijch sir rit sdng Ipo va dpc ddo.
Td khda: thi loai tieu thuyet ijch su, tu duy tu su lich su, phuang thiic lira chpn, luan giai lich sir.
ABSTRACT
Method of selecting and expressing the history reality in the novels by Nguyen Xuan Khanh
Nguyen Xuan Khanh and his historical novels have created a significant breakthrough in writing style and in historical - narrative thinking. By looking for and experimenting many new structuring methods and making use of modern writing techniques, he introduced new formats for historical novels. One of the emphatic points that has contributed to the resounding success of his works is the creative and unique method of selecting and expressing history reality.
Keyword: the historical novel genre, historical narrative thinking, selection method, historical interpretation.
1. Dat van de nhQng mau sic thim ml mdi. Lich sii Co the ndi, ttong ddng van hpc Viet trong tiiu thuyit luc nay trd thanh lich sir Nam dauthe ki XXI, dac bift d thi loai trong cam nhan ca nhan, dugc nha vii tieu thuyet lich su, Nguyin Xuan Khanh nhin nhan bang cai nhin triit hpc vk thii va tieu thuyet lieh sir cua dng cd mdt vi hudng tren tinh thin nhan van hifn dai.
tri khdng the thay the. Tac phim cua dng Nhiiu su thi nghifm dgc dao vi ciu tnic khdng clii md rgng di tai, ehu di theo tiiu thuyit, phuong thuc ttin thuft... da hudng tiep can gin giii ban vdi hifn thuc mang lai nhQng thanh tuu budc diu cho ddi sdng, ddi tu thi su, ddi sdng van hda thi loai tiiu thuyit lich su.
trnn linh, ma qua dd, quan niem vi mdt 2. Phu-ffng thuc lua chpn giai do?n, sd van de the loai va Ijch su cdng mang thdi diim Ijch sir
2.L Lua chpn Ihdl diim Ijch su dh ThS, Trudng Bai hoc Phu Xuan, Hu4 biin apng va phiic Igp cua dan tpc viH
T9P chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Nguyen Van HUng
nhitng vdn de Ifch sir h§ trpng, nhirng nhdn v§t Ifch sir "cd vdn di'*
Viet vS qua khii, cong vific cua nha viit tidu thuySt lich sii la lam s6ng lai Ijch su bing viec kham pha nhung v4n d£
con bi an, khuat lap, li giai lich su tut s6 p h ^ ca nhan va tim ra scri day lien he giiia qua khii vai doi s6ng hifn tai. Le c6 nhien, nha van phai dua tren mgt ph6ng nin, mpt khung canh lich sii nhit djnh, di do chi la phuong tien, la cai "dinh" dk treo nhfing biic tranh mk thoi. Vin dk dat ra cho cdc nhi tiSu thuyet la se lira chpn giai doan Ijch sur nao? Va thai diem lich sii ay c6 y nghia nhu the nao trong vi$c thg hi?n y d6 cua tdc gia cung nhu trong gia tr; noi ket vdi hifn t^? Ddy co the coi 1^ bu6c diu ti6n trong c6ng vi?c v\k tilu thuyit lich sii, thi hifn sdu sdc vai tr6 chii quan, cd tinh sdng tao cua nha van. Han the niia, vi|c lya chpn nay con phu thupc khd nhiiu vdo cdm thiic lich sii cung nhu nhilng sii m$nh ma xa hpi da trao cho nha vdn vd cdc tdc phim ciia hp.
M0t trong nhung cam thiic chii d^o ciia tieu thuyit lich sii Viet Nam giai do^ truac 1986 la ngai ca truyin th6ng yfiu nuac ciia dan tpc, ton vinh nhiing anh himg dd dupe luu danh trong sii sach.
Cdm thiic ay da chi phoi phuang thiic lira chpn dl tai cua cac tilu thuyit gia. Cac tdc gia trong giai dogn nay nhu Thai Vii (Cd nghTa Ba Dinh), Ha An (Td quoc kiu gpi), Chu Thien (Bdng ntr&c HS Quffm), Nguyen H6ng (Niii rvmg Yen 1'fie), Nguyin Huy Tudng (Song mdi vdi tka dd),., fliudng viet ve nhiing thai dilm vinh quang, choi sang cua lich sii, khdc hpa ve d?p bi himg, bi trang ciia
nhan vat, tii do phuc dung toan canh biic tranh ve doi song xa hpi, goi ISn khdng khi hao hung cua thai dai, khai day tinh than tu ton dan toe, long yeu nuac nai dpc gia duong thai. Cam thiic nay con duac phat huy 6 mot so tdc gid sdng tac sau 1986 nhu Hoang Quoc Hai, Hoang Cong Khanh, Ngo Van Phii... nhung lai tren mpt tam the, tinh than hoan toan moi.
Khac vai cac tieu thuyet gia giai doan truoc vd mpt so tdc gid cung thdi, Nguyen Xuan Khanh trong tac phdm cua minh lai chpn nhimg thai diem Hch sii day bien dpng, phiic tap de tdi hien va l u ^ gidi. Voi Ho Quy Ly, la giai doan cuoi Tran dau Ho the ki XIV, XV, con trong Mdu thirang ngdn, la boi canh xd hOi Viet Nam v6i diem nhan la cupc song va nhung ngudi ddn b mpt lang quS bdn son dia Bdc Bp cu6i thi ki XIX diu thi ki XX. Trong Uch su, ddy la nhiing thdi diSm duac ghi nhan co nhieu su kien trpng dai lien quan den van menh cua dan tpc. Cuoi nha Trdn, vdi su khung hodng toan dien do sir suy thodi ciia ting ldp cam quyen, trieu dinh suy tdn, phdn hda nghiem trpng, cung liic la thien tai, dich hpa, gidc gia noi len khap nai, xd hpi bien suy sau sac. Trong khi do, cdi hpa phuong Bac va cdi nan phuang Nam nhu mpt moi de dpa treo la lung trSn dau ngudi dan. Viet ve nha Tran, mpt trong nhung triiu d£u hung thinh nhdt cua lich su phong kien Viet Nam, Nguyin Xudn Khanh khong chpn nhung thdi diem vdng son, chdi Ipi, ciing khdng chpn dl tdn vinh nhOng nhan vdt anh hiing, hao kiet ma ong lai lira chpn thdi diem suy tdn,
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 44 nam 2013
biin ddng nhit cua mdt trieu dai. Nhifm vu cua nha van luc nay la phai nhin xoay sau vao nhQng con sdng khimg hoang de truy tim, suy ngam va giai ma nhihig van di trong qua khii, rao riit tim ldi giai dap cho cac cau hdi thiet thuc cua hifn tai.
Ong da lua chpn Hd Quy Ly, mgt nhan vat lich su gai gde, "co vin di", vdi nhQng tranh luan trai chiiu ve vai trd, vi tri cua dng trong lich su dan tdc de the hifn nhimg luan giai ve lich sir cua minh.
Nhan vat tu tudng nay da dugc xay dimg tu nhieu gdc dp, mdt nha cai each tao bao, mpt ngudi da muu tuc tti, mpt bieu tugng cua khat vgng quyin luc, mgt con ngudi cua nhihig mdi quan hf ddi tu, the su. Bi kich eua dng hda thanh bi kich cua dit nude, bi kich ddi mdi bang mpi gia, bit chip sir quay lung hiing hd phan ddi cua nhan dan. Cach nhin cua Nguyen Xuan Khanh ve Hd Quy Ly va edng cupc canh tan dat nude cd tinh phan bien, ddi thoai lai each nhin cua su sach chinh thdng va kinh nghiem cpng ddng.
Mdu thuong ngdn lay bdi canh lang que Cd Dinh vdi nhirng bien dpng xa hpi Idii Phap dan timg budc binh dinh va dat ach dd hp d Vift Nam. Trong luc dao Phat suy tan, dao Khdng bi gat bd, dao Thien Chiia du nhap dang tim chd dirng, dao Mau ttd thanh niem tin va sue manh tam linh gin kit, nudi dudng sue manh cpng ddng. Nhieu su kifn lieh sir da dugc nha van nhic den nhu hai lan danh chiim thanh Ha Ngi cua thuc dan Phap (1873 va 1882), cac cufc khdi nghla eua ndng dan va chi sT yeu nude, cung vdi dd la nhimg gugng mat, nhting nhan vat lam nen lieh su thdi diem ay.
Tuy nhien, viec tai Men cac su kifn ay khdng phai chu dich cua nha van. No chi mang nhifm vu la tao dung mdt khong khi ijch su di nhan vat sdng va suy nr.
Nguyin Xuan Khanh "khdng tai hien qua trinh thude dia hda nhu mpt thue tai lich su ma tim each minh dinh thue tai ay, mpi hanh dgng da dugc thay thi bing nhQng uu tu vi su chinh phuc" [4]. Nha van tap trung chu y cho nhQng suy ngim, tiing ndi ca nhan eua ca hai ben chinh phuc va cpng ddng hi chinh phuc nhjni diin giai vi qua khu. Ong da kheo leo ldng vap eac cau chuyen huyen thoai, huyin tich, da sir khdng chi nhim tao lire tu trudng hip dan ngudi dgc, ma quan trpng hon, thdng qua nhthig cau chuyen hu hu thuc thuc do, tac gia mudn luan ban vi mpt vin di mudn thud cua dSt nude, dd la cdi ngudn ban sac va siic sdng van hda Viet va lam sao di gift gin, phat huy ban sac dan tgc ttong su.xung dot, xam lin cua van hda phucmg Tay budi giao thdi. Lue nay, cai khung Hch sii da duge sir dung nhu phucmg tifn cau tao tieu thuyit, va sau dd thi tiiu thuyit lai la phuong tifn de tac gia thi hien nhiing tu duy, bif n minh va du phdng cho chu de tren lich sQ. [5]
2.2. Lifa chpn khdm phd, phdn lich cie sif kien lich si liSu bleu
Lua chgn cac su kien Uch sd de chiim linh va tai hifn khdng phai la mft cdng viec ngiu nhien ddi vdi mdi nha tieu thuyet Ijch su. Dd thuc su la mft cdng vifc nghiem tuc, ddi hdi sir can trgng, edng phu, thi hifn nhirng suy tu ca nhan va tim tdi sang tao cua mdi nha vSa Qua vifc i^a chgn kham pha, phSn tidi
Tap chi KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM NguySn Vdn Himg
cac bien ed lich su tieu biiu, tiiu thuyit gia da th6 hifn rat rd muc dich, y dd nghf thuft cua minh. Trudc nam 1986, trong cac sang tac cua Nguyin Tu Sieu, Ngd Tit Td, Nguyin Huy Tudng, nhirng sir kifn lich sd ldn nhu Hgi nghi Dien Hdng, cufc hgi quan d bin Binh Than, nhQng ttfn danh liy limg nhu Ddng Bd Diu, van Ddn, Bach Ding, Chuang Duong, Van Kiip... da duge tai hien vdi mdt niim tv hao, mft Idng ngudng mg nhim danh thdc tinh than yeu nude, chdng ngoai xam eua ngudi dan Vift. Sau nam 1986, ttong cac sang tac cua Hoang Quic Hai, Vd Thi Hao, Nguyin Mdng Giae, Nam Dao, Nguyin Xuan Khanh... mft iin niia, qua khd lai duge phuc hifn va soi ngim dudi nhiiu giae dp.
Dat Ijch sd trude nhidu kha nang khac nhau, Nguyen Xuan Khanh da lya chpn nhihig su kien lieh su tieu hiiu vdi nhiiu kiin giai mang dam diu in ca nhan nha van. Trong Hi Quy Ly, nha van da lya chpn tai hifn nhieu biin cd lieh sQ quan ttgng nhu cufc chiin tranh Chiem Thanh, cupc nii loan eua Pham Su On, sy thay ngdi ddi vj cua cae vi vua cudi nha Tran, va d^c bift la cude eai each gay nhiiu ttanh cai cua Hd Quy Ly... Rd rang, day khdng don thuan la su lift ke biSn nien sir hay sy xuit hifn nglu nhien, rdi r?e cda eac sy kifn ma tit ea diu hudng vao va xoay quanh chu de, tu tudng ttpng tam cua tac pham. Day la nhiing sy kifn, chi tiet "sdng" dugc nha van lya chpn ttong vd van cae sy kifn da xay ra d thdi diim lich su nay. Thdng qua vifc lya chpn cac sy kifn Ijcb su tieu biiu niy, nha van muin khic sau vao sy
khung hoang, bi tic cua nha Tran, tu dd dua ra mdt tinh thi phai "thay mau" di chin hung dit nude, ddng thdi ddi thoai,
"ttanh luan" vdi lieh su va con ngudi hifn tpi vi y nghla "thdi thi" cua nhan vft Hd Quy Ly ttong bdi canh xa hdi luc bay gid.
Trong Mau thiepng ngdn, mac dii cac sy kifn va hanh ddng hch su xuit hifn rit it nhung lai la nhiing sy kien mang diy cam quan ca nhan cua nha van.
Su kifn hai lin danh thanh Ha Nfi eua Phap nam 1873 va nam 1882, sy kifn dan ap ngudi Cdng giao dudi thdi vua Tu Dde, lich su xay dung Nha thd Ldn Ha Nfi, cude chiin eua ngudi Phap vdi quan khdi nghla ndng dan, vdi quan Cd Den...
diu dugc tai hifn chan thyc va sinh dgng.
Dd la cupc hanh ttinh gian nan di tim nhung sy kifn "biet ndi" eua tac gia.
Song tten bet, qua nhiing cau ehuyfn ddi thudng ma huyen difu d ngdi lang Cd Dinh nhd be, Nguyen Xuan Khanh da the hifn sd phan ciia cpng ddng ttong mdi con ngudi cung nhu khat vpng "vugt thoat" vdi niem tin nguyen thuy ve sire manh va sy mau nhifm cua Mlu. Dieu dd the hifn tu duy Ijch su sic sao, tinh triet luan va chieu sau nhan ban iam nen gia tri eho cac tac pham.
2.3. Ltea chpn va khdm phd hdng so Itch su lie diem nhin vdn hda, Irlel hpc lich sut vd linh Ihdn nhdn ban
Chua bao gid, sy ddi hdi kha nang nim bit cai bang sd lich su va van hda ttdn tinh thin nhan ban, triit hgc lich su lai trd nen rao riit vdi ngudi viit tiiu thuyit lich su nhu vay. NhQng tac phim cua Nam Dao {Bat trdi. Old Ilea),
Tap chi KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM SS 44 ndm 2013
Nguyin Mdng Giae {Sdng Con mua Iu), Vo Thi Hao {Gidn thieu), Trin Thu Hang (Ban ddy), dac biet la Nguyin Xuan Khanh... khdng chi dung lai d vifc tai hien, luan giai cac sy kien, biin cd lich su, tQ do, kham pha tin bi kich cua nhimg so phan ca nhan trong con bien thien cua lich su, giai ma nhiing he luy Ijch su, ma cdn kiim tim nhting gia tri cdi ngudn ban sac van hda dan tpc.
Trung thanh vdi cac su kifn lich sir, tai hien chan that bite tranh thdi dai, vdi Nguyin Xuan Khanh, dd khdng phai la muc dich ciiu canh. Cai dich cudi cung cua nha van la truy tim, giai ma nhimg chan li cd tinh phd quat, soi rgi qua khu bing cai nhin va tinh than hifn dai, tu dd soi sang va tim ra nhung bai hgc cho hien tai. Bang nghf thuat tai hifn sinh dpng qua khu, nha van trong Ho Quy Ly da ve nen buc tranh dep vi Thang Long ngan nam van hien, d dd cd nhQng dia danh cd ndi tieng, nhiing canh sinh boat dan da, nhting le hdi dan gian truyen thdng, nhQng phong tuc tap quan cdn giu ve dep nguyen thuy... Dd la phan hdn nude, cai linh khi cua dat trdi dugc hpi tu, hda quyen trong tam hdn mdi con ngudi Vift.
Hem the nQa, vol nhting van de dugc dat ra trong tac phim nhu each tan hay bao thil, each tan nhu the nao, vai trd va each hanh xu cua tri thuc trudc thdi cupc, van de ddi mdi vdi quyen lyc, ddi mdi nhu the nao de phu hgp vdi thdi the, nhan tam, sd phan, bi kich nhiing ca nhan, cgng ddng trong con cudng no cua lich su..., tac gia khiin ngudi dgc hdm nay phai ttan trd, suy ngim, ndi kit qua khu vdi thuc tai tinh hinh ddi mdi dat nude.
Tu nhimg nhan thuc sau sac ve sire lan tda tiim tang cua nguyen li tin Mlu trong ddi song van hda Vift, Nguyin Xuan Khanh trong Mdu thuong ngdn da lam mgt cupc hanh trinh tham hiem, li giai cdi ngudn ban sac van hda Vift qua tin ngudng thd Mau dam chit ban dia.
Khdng phai ngiu nhien ma trong tie phim nay, ddng due nhat va cung dep nhit, hay nhit, dam nhit, me nhit vin la nhiing nhan vat nQ. Tac gia td dam ve dep do d ldn da va ddi vii, bieu tugng thieng lieng cho thien chuc tai tao, sinh sdi va duy tri noi gidng. Ve dep tu nhien phdn thyc phdn sinh iy khdng chi mang lai sue cam dd, ggi tinh manh me ma c6n in chua sue manh cd the thdc tinh, cam hda, cuu rdi, thanh lpc tam hdn eon nguiri trong cung cdng ddng va ca ben kia
"chiin tuyen". Bdi mdt chan li vua gian di vua linh thieng da an sau vao tam thirc Vift la "ngudi dan ba la Miu, la.Mf.
Ngudi dan ba la dat xii sd. Ngudi dan ba la van hiin" [6, fr.806].
3. Phuong thdc t h i hien lich sir va luan giai nhirng van de lich siir, van hoa 3.1. Vdn de cdi cdch, ddi mdi
Chu di chinh cua HS Quy Ly dupe Nguyen Xuan Khanh khing dinh ngan gpn la: "Vin di cua tdi la giua ddi moi va bao thu chu khdng phai la ki lai lich sd". De hien thue hda chu de ay, tac gia da tai hifn nhiing sy kifn lich su de lam rd tinh the phai ddi mdi va dac bift xay dyng hinh tugng Hd Quy Ly mang bieu tugng cua khat vpng va bi kjch ddi mdi.
La con ngudi nhay cam, muu tri, Hd QnJ Ly da nhin rd duge tinh thi bufc phai
"thay mau" niu khdng mudn dat nude roi
Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM NguySn Vdn Himg
vao sy suy thoai, sup dd hoan toan. Vdi y chi va khat khao ddi mdi, dng da manh dan di xuit nhihig cai each Idn va toan difn vi mpi mat tu chinh trj, hanh ehinh, phap chi, an ninh - qudc phdng, din kinh ti - tai chinh, xa hgi, van hda, giao due...
Nhung nha canh tan lai phai ddi mat vdi nhihig thach thue khdng nhd tu su chdng ddi cua phe bao thu, tu su quay lung cua ke si, td sy tQ ngd ngang din din thai df ngoanh mat ciia ngudi dan. H i Quy Ly nhan ra ring, mudn dat dugc mue dich cua minh can phai nam ttong tay quyin luc toi thugng de cd the "hd mua ggi gid". Tir dd, dng bi cudn vao nhirng am muu, thu doan chinh tti, gat phang mgi luc can d§ "thoan ngdi doat vj", bit chip long ngudi khdng quy thufn. La con ngudi mang bi kjch "bj ijch sd chgn", Hd Quy Ly y thuc dugc ring niu sy nghifp cai each eua dng thanh cdng thi dit nude se thoat khdi vyc thim tdi tam, se quay ttd lai con dudng hung thinh va dng se dupe lieh sd luu lai tiing thom mudn ddi, con neu thit bai, dng bleu eai gia phai tta la sy phan xet nghift nga eua Ijch su va long ngudi. Thi nhung, sy thit bai din den bi kjch eua dng la mpt diiu tit yiu, khi ma di djt dugc muc dich, nha cai each da khdng khude tQ bit ki mgt thu doan nao. Va quan ttgng hon, nhQng each tan ciia dng qua quyet lift va ndng vdi, di ngugc vdi Igi ich cua nhan dan, vi vay, long dan khdng ung hg. Nguyen Xuan Khanh da dung cam vugt qua rap can cua Ijch sd va kinh nghifm cfng ddng, dat lai nhting van di vd eiing ndng bdng cua thdi d^, iam cufc ddi thgai ve sd phan ca
nhan con ngudi, td dd dat ra nhiing bai hgc thiit thyc cho hien tai.
3.2. Vdn de hdnh xit Ine&c nhung Ihdl khdc, budc ngofi cua Ijch su
Dung trudc nhiing budc ngoat cua ijch su, nhiing ngudi can dy trye tiip hay gian tiip vao ijeh sil se hanh xu nhu thi nao eung ia mdt ttong nhiing vin di Nguyin Xuan Khanh quan tam luan giai ttong tac pham eua minh. Con ngudi y thdc duge ring: "Ljeh su la cai tin tai, la tien ttinh hen tuc cua eac thay ddi va nd trye tiep can thifp vao cufc ddi mdi eon ngudi" [3, tt.449]. Su lua chgn nay khdng chi mang lai su thanh bai cila chinh hg ma nhiiu khi dem den nhiing hf luy ldn lao cho nhiiu thi hf. Dd eung la each ma nha van ddi thoai, luan ban vdi ljeh su.
Dgc Hi Quf Ly, chung ta ludn cd cam giae mdi nhan vft ludn dirng ttudc nhiing nga ri cua s6 pbfn. Hg bufc phai lya chgn con dudng di, din than va chip nhan tra gia eho sy lua chpn ay. Trudc sy rdi ren, suy tan eua ttieu dai, cung nhQng y chi tham vpng dien cudng cua Hd Quy Ly, nhieu tdn that nha Tran lua chpn con dudng thdng ddng vdi giae (Tran Nguyen Difu dau hang quan Chiem, Tran Nguyen Vyin, Trin Nguyen Dan, Trin NguySn Dinh, Trin Tdn, Trin Khang (sau nay ttd thanh vua bu nhin Trin Thidm Binh) chay theo quan Minh...). Hg da phai tra eai gia qua dit cho hanh ddng ban nude cda minh, khdng ehi bang eai ehet ma cdn tiing xiu mudn ddi ttong su sach.
Trudc sy dao dien cua thdi "thi6n tuy", mpt sd tri thuc, nhan each ldn lai ttdn chay hifn thyc, lui vi d in nhu Trin
Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM So 44 ndm 2013
Nguyen .Dan, Chu Van An... hay danh nhim mil lam ngo gia cam gia diec de che mat ke thu dich (Trin Su Hiin).
Thugng tudng Trin Khat Chan, mdt ngdi sao rye ro tren chinh ttudng Dai Viet, xuit hifn trong hoan eanh vua vinh quang vira khac nghift cua dat nude. Bj ijch sd chpn lya de diing diu phai tdn thit thil cuu trong canh bai chinh trj vdi phe canh tan, cang ngay dng cang bi hut vao ddng xoay cua ijch sir vdi nhiing y nghi, toan tinh, hanh ddng "khdng trung khit vdi ban than" (M. Bakhtin). Cdn nhiing ke si chan chinh nhu Doan Xuan Ldi, Su Van Hoa, san sang ddi dau vdi hiem nguy de giu pham tiet, bao vf su that va giQ gin hdn cdt dan tpc.
Trong Mdu thuong ngdn, muc dich eua Nguyen Xuan Khanh khdng phai la tao ra mft tinh the ijch su de nhan vat lya chgn ma dng mudn kham pha, giai ma chieu sau edi ngudn ban sac van hda Vift, cai lam nen niem tin, sue manh cho mdi hanh ddng trong con ngudi. Tuy vay, trong su giao tranh van hda Ddng Tay, vifc con ngudi trd ve vdi Dao Mau, gan ket vdi tin ngudng, le hdi dan gian cung the hifn mgt ldi hanh xu trong tam linh nham giu gin truyen thdng lau ddi, khuoc tu va khang djnh siic sdng bat diet trudc nhiing cupc xam lang cua van hda nude ngoai. Nim trai nhQng thit bai hang loat trong cac cupc khdi nghla ehdng Phap, cu Tu Cao va cu Dd Tiet, dai difn ldp nha Nho xua, da nhan ra sy bat luc cua chinh the hf cac dng, di rdi tim ve vdi dao Mlu nhu mgt sy giai thoat. Ben canh dd, thap thoang trong tac pham, ngudi dgc da cam nhan dugc nhiing li tudng sdng qua vifc
lua chgn con dudng di cua nhieu nhan vji (Trjnh Huyin, Tuin, Huy...). Trong do, Tuin va Huy dai dien eho ldp tri thiie mdi, tre trung, sdng cd hoai bao, dang dan than deo dudi nhQng muc dich cao ca. Tac pham khep lai bang nhimg cupe ra di va nhQng cude trd ve bao hieu cho su ddi thay trong cupc sdng von chua bao gid binh lang cua ngudi dan Cd Dinh...
3.3. Truy Dm, gldl md col nguSn ban sdc vdn hda dan lpc Viet
Truy tim, giai ma cdi ngudn ban sjc van hda Viet la mdt trong nhiing dieu suy tu, tran trd eua Nguyen Xuan Khanh. Co the ndi cam thuc va suy tu ve tinh than dan tgc, ban sac van hda true tiep ehi phdi khung dien ngdn nghf thuat cua tae gia. Ndi ve van nude, trong Hd Quy Ly, nha van da luan giai con dudng chinh dao qua suy nghi eua Su Van Hoa: "...dire vua Nhan Tdn chinh ia ngudi da dieu hoa dugc am dugng, vi ngudi ed tam nhin rdng ldn. Nui sdng cung ed am duong;
mgt dat nude ciing cd am duong: Phat giao va Nho giao" [7, tr.459]. Neu Nho giao la phan ducmg cua nui sdng thi Phat giao la "phan am cua hdn dan Vift". Do la "phin linh thieng, phan chim, phan lang le va tham thuy cua nui sdng" [7, tr.459]. Coi bin nude ia gia trj sau thSm, linh thieng ttong tam thuc ngudi dan Viet, Nguyin Xuan Khanh ludn di tim an sd va luan giai hang sd Ijch su - van hoa tao thanh dien ngdn ve dan tdc - lich sit - van hda xuyen sudt trong tu duy nghe thuat. Tu tudng nay tiip tyc dugc thi trien trong Mdu Ihuang ngdn. Khi dgc tac pham nay, Nguyen Ngpc da nhan xet:
"Van hda Vift, ban sic van hda Viet la
T^p chi KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM NguySn Vdn Hiing
vin de, la can hdi da duge neu ra va dugc hang ttam, niu khdng ndi hang nghin nha nghien ciru tim each li giai tu rat lau.
Nguyin Xuan Khanh la nha tiiu thuyit, anh ciing cd cau tta ldi eua minh khdng phai bing li le uyen bac ma bang mdt cuin tiiu thuyit sinh ddng, Mau Ihufmg ngin".
Ciing vdi nd luc tim kiim va phuc dyng khdng gian tinh than, Nguyen Xuan Khanh da tai hifn 1^ khdng gian van hda, tin ngudng dac sic cua ngudi Vift nhu tin ngudng thd cung bach thin va tin ngudng linh vft (Thin Cay va Than Cau), cac le hfi dan gian, tin ngudng phdn thyc... Nhung tten hit, Dao Mlu ttong Idng tin ngudng so khai dim mau phin thuc phdn sinh, vira hdn hau vQa mau nhiem, mdi la chiec chia khda din ngudi dge budc vao the gidi huyen thoai ciia tac phim. Cau ehuyen huyin thoai/giai huyin thoai dng Dimg ba Da gin vdi tin ngudng phdn thyc cd nguon gic lau ddi ttong ddi sdng cdng ddng ngudi Vift xua eung da dugc phuc dyng het sdc sinh dgng va giau y nghla. Ve mgt chdt lipu, huyen thoai vi dng Dimg, ba sa ttong Mau Ihuffng Ngdn chda dyng nhQng ldp huyin thoai va cac hanh vi thi tyc phan huyin thoai. Nha van da iam mdi huyin thoai bang each thi tyc hda cau ehuyfn va giai thieng cac nhan vat [1]. Li hdi dng Diing ba Da la ngay vui hiim cd cua ngudi dan quanh nam co
^cyc, la noi cd ket cdng ddng cimg sdng lai ki lie vi nhan vat huyin thoai, thyc hifn tin ngudng phdn thyc ttong niim han hoan tot cimg. Nd hip din ngudi tham dy bdi sy ty do va y nghla nhan van
sau sic. Gan vdi phan dao la phin ddi - tuc "ttai d" dugc mgi ngudi mong ngdng, chd dgi. Su c6 kit lam nen sue manh cua cdng ddng chinh la niim tin sau sic vi sy tdn tai, hifn hQu cua Mlu. Ngudi dan Cd Dinh tQ ttong tam thue nhan thuc cam nhfn dugc sue manh eua Man la mft diiu gi dd vua gin gui vQa thidng Utog: "Mlu la hdn cua dat. Mlu la com gao ta an, cho hoa ttai bdn miia tuoi tdt. NhQng bai hat van diu ca tung cdng on. Mau day chim hdt, day cdng mua quat, day voi kep gd, day hum thieng eanh giu nui rimg, d^y eon ngudi biet xdt thuong..." [7, tt.421].
Rd rang, Dao Mau cd mft y nghia vd cimg quan ttpng ttong ddi sing, tam thde cdng ddng ("Da la ngudi ta, con oi, ai ching la con cda Mlu"). Dd sy an di, xoa dju, sy cuu rii nhiing si phan bat hanh, nhQng cude ddi nghiet ngS eua ngudi dan ba thdn quS (ba td cd. Mill, ba ba Vay, Nhy, Hoa...). Chinh sy thanh tiy cao qu^
ttong vdng tay eua Man khien con ngudi ttd nen tdt dep hem, thanh thifn hon, manh mi hon... Phai chang, sy bao dung, tinh yiu thucmg, che chd cda Mlu ttd thanh sdc manh trudng ton cua van hda Vift?
3.4. Vdn di than phfn va bi kjch con ngiedi Irong ddng chdy Ifch su
Milan Kimdera, nha tiiu thuyit Phap gdc Tifp da neu len sy khae bift ca ban giQa khoa hgc Ijch su va tiiu thuyit lich su ehinh la nhQng "su cd" ben ttong con ngudi: "Khoa chep sQ viit lai ljeh sQ cua xa hdi, chd khdng phai con ngudi. Vi vay, nhQng sy kifn dugc ndi din ttong cae tiiu thuyit ciia tdi thudng bj khoa chdp su bd quSn" [8, tr.45]. Trong tiiu
Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM SS 44 ndm 2013
thuyet, lich sd luc nay la su ngung tu cua chieu sau ndi tam va si phan con ngudi trong ddng chay cua nd, hay ndi nhu Vuong Tri Nhan, Ijch sir mang mgt
"guong mat ngudi".
Tai hien lai nhiing nam thang eudi cimg cua trieu dai Tran, Nguyen Xuan Khanh da kham pha thdn phdn vuang gid trong le thinh suy cita thdi dgi TQ dng vua gia Nghf Tdng den dng vua tte Thufn Tdng diu la nhiing ke "bj lam vua" va chju chung sd phan cua quy luat lich sit {Ho Quy Ly). Khdng cd y chi lam vua, song cha con dng khdng the ed sy lya chgn nao khac, vi igi ich va su tin vong cua triiu dai. Din luc chit, hai eha con dng vin khdng thdi day dut: "Nhan hi u? Thuong dan u? Nhung diic hanh tdt dep dd hdi tten ddi nay cd dng vua nao hem dugc cha con dng? Thi ma tai sao, tai sao nude Dai Vift nay vin ddi khat, loan lac? tai sao eo dd cua td tiin dng vin nga nghieng?" [6, tr.l59].
Sd phgn ngudi phu nu trong ccm bdo td ciia thdi cuoc cung la vin di khiin Nguyen Xuan Khanh tran trd. Bi kjch cua hp khdng bao gid ddng hanh vdi ve dep dang yen, thanh thien, ttong treo, giau due hi sinh, vj tha. Huy Ninh, Thanh Nglu, Quynh Hoa, Thanh Mai {Ho Quy Ly), nhiing ngudi phu nQ vdi udc vgng binh yen ttnng tinh yeu va hanh phuc gia dinh, nhung hg lai bi ldi vao vdng xoay cua nhQng toan tinh, am muu tranh gianh quyen lue cua eac phe phai. Than phan cua hg dugc vi nhu canh chim mong manh trong ccm gidng bao cua eudc ddi.
Long dong, Ifn dfn, nhQng con ngudi nhd be nay chi biet each tim vi vdi Mlu
de dugc xoa dju bdt nhiing nhpc nhin, bat hanh ttong cupc sdng: "chi cd Mau mdi an ui dugc hg, mdi giai tda cho hp khdi nhQng cay cyc, nhirng an uc cua thi gian" [7, tt.696].
LTU tu ve thdn phdn ngudi tri thirc trong mdi xung dot cua thdi cupc, Nguyen Xuan Khanh trong tad pham ciia minh da khac hpa hinh anh cua nhiing ldp ngudi tri thuc dam din than cho h tudng, muc dieh sdng cua minh. Hp co the la nhiing ke si nhu Doan Xuan Loi, Su Van Hoa, Pham Sinh, la nhiing nha nho het thdi nhu cu Dd Tiet, dng Cu Khiem, dng Phd bang Vu Xuan Huy, cu Tu Cao, hay nhimg tti thuc mdi TSy hoe nhu Tuan, Huy... Tat thay hg bj cudn vao van bai quyen luc nghift nga ma phin thing bao gid eiing nim ttong tay ke co sue manh, nam quyin lyc. Mac dii chju ehung tan bi kjch cua sd phan, nhung hg chinh la nhung con ngudi diing cam da dam dat cgc bang mau cho con dudng di eua dan tgc sau nay.
Kham pha, suy tu vi sd phan nhan dan, Nguyin Xuan Khanh ttong tieu thuy6t eua minh da khdng qu6n sd phgn ciia nhiing ddm ddng nhd be, vd danh trong su xoay vdn cua lich sir. Tir nhiing ngudi dan ehdn kinh thanh trong nhung ngay gid Ida cua chiin tranh, ttong con bao ttanh gianh quyen lyc, din nhilng ngudi dan trong lang Cd Dinh xa xdi, heo hut, deu bi cudn vao vdng xoay khic liet cua thdi cupc. Ndi vi su mfnh cua nha van, Nguyin Xuan Khanh cho ring:
"Ngudi iam van chuong phai cd tai, nh?y cam, biet rung dpng, biit ndi len phin v6 thue eua dan tpc, cham vao dung spi to
T9P chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM NguySn Vdn Himg
im in ngam cua timg sd phfn con ngudi va dan tdc mmh"'. Ling nghe tir nhiing si phan iy, nha van giup ngudi dpc nhan ra gucmg mat, tiing ndi cua ijch su. Gin gui, binh dj nhung mdi cufc ddi, mdi sd phan lai mang mdt chieu sau ciia ttiit hge nhan sinh - Ijch su sau sac.
4. Thi nghifm phiigng thuc tu duy va ty sy* Ijch sis df c dao, mdi I9
Vdi Nguyin Xuan Khanh, ngudi dpc bat gap su pha each, sang tao dpc dao d phuong difn td chde van ban ttan thuat.
Nha van da khdng ngan ngai su dyng dan xen ngudi ki ehuyfn ngdi thd ba va ngudi ke ehuyfn ngdi thu nhit, cimg vdi vifc tao dung nhiiu diim nhin va sy djch chuyin diim nhin ttin thuat ttong sang tac cda minh. DI nhien, phuong thue nay khdng phai la diiu gi mdi la trgng tiiu thuyit Ijch sQ thi gidi, nhung d Vift Nam lai rat hiem hoi. Tren the gidi, nhieu nha van ten tudi da su dung thanh cdng loai hinh ngudi k6 ehuyfn nay, nhu Son Tap {NH hodng, Hodng dS vd glal nhdn), Mgc Ngdn {Bdn huang hinh, Nobel van ehuong 2012), Kertesz Imre {KhSng si phgn, Nobel van chuong 2002), Orban Pamuk {Ten loi Id Bd, Nobel van chuang 2006), Jonathan Little {NhOng ke thien lim, Goncourt 2006)... Cdn d Vift Nam, theo thing kd cda chung tdi frong sd gin 200 tiiu thuyit Ijch sd tu nhiing nam dau the ki XX din nay, sd lugng tac phim su dyng ngudi kd ehuyfn ngdi thu nhat chiem ti If vd cimg it di, ngoai Nguyen Xuan Khanh, mdi day cdn cd Bui Anh Tan {Nguyen Trdi phdn 1: Oan khudt).
Sy xuit hifn cua Hi Quf Ly va Miu thieng ngdn nhu mgt sy the nghifm vd
ciing dgc dao dem lai nhiing hifu qua thim ml to ldn ttong tu duy ty sy ljeh su ciia nha van.
NhQng thanh td td chite md thdc van ban ttin thuft ttong hai tiiu thuyit cua Nguyin Xuan Khanh cung ed nhieu sang tao va ddi mdi thu vj. Tir khdng gian ttan thuat, nai kit tinh cda chiiu sau van hda tam linh va tam tudng din sy xao ttdn, dan xen, ddng hifn nhiiu loai thdi gian da ttd thanh mdt phucmg thue chuyin tai linh boat va sau sic hifn thyc ben ngoai va sue nang tu tudng ben trong. Khdng chgn tai hifn thdi gian theo trye tuyen tinh nhu nhieu nha van trudc va cimg thdi, bang cac thu phap xu li thdi gian nhu hdi cd, du thuat, thay ddi nhjp difu ttan thuat, tac gia da tao ra dg "venh ifch" giQa thdi gian nien bieu va thdi gian ttan thuft ttong truyfn. Vi mat ngdn ngQ, Nguyen Xuan Khanh da sang tao ra Idp ngdn ngQ mang mang dfm dau an van hda va hoi thd thdi dai. C) dd, cd sy hai hda giQa ldp ngdn ngQ cd dgng sue tich, khach quan eua ljeh sir va ldp ngdn ngQ giau sic thai bieu cam cua tieu thuyit. Dac bift, ttong tiiu thuyit cila Nguyin Xuan Khanih, ngdn ngQ giau mau sic ttiit lufn, ddi thoai, ed mft y nghla rit Idn ttong cam thue ljeh sQ cila nha van. Ben canh dd, nghe thuat td chirc ket ciu ttin thuat cung la mft thi nghifm vd ciing mdi ia eua nha van. Khdng sir dung Idi kit ciu ttuyin thing theo ttft ty thdi gian tuyen tinh bien nidn su va dau mdc trong cude ddi nhan vat, Nguyin Xuan Khanh da thi nghifm rit thanh cdng nhiiu ldi kit ciu rit mdi la, mang diu in sy tim tdi va y thdc lam mdi thi loai ciia
Tgp chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM S6 44 ndm 2013
ca nhan nha van vdi kit ciu theo tam li nhan vat, kit ciu thi thu vl ngam {HS Quy Ly), theo true ddi xirng {Mdu thuong ngdn)...
S. Kit lu|n
Vdi nhiing tim tdi, thi nghifm dpc dao tu duy ty sy Ijch su ttong tiiu thuyit cua minh, Nguyin Xuan Khanh da mang den mdn an tinh than thu vj cho ngudi dgc. TQ cam thdc Ijch su din vifc lya chpn va thi hifn hifn thyc Ijch sd, dng da
cho thiy tai nang, ban linh va sdc sang tao vd bien cua minh. Lam mdi nhiing gi da cd bang tai nang, tam huyit, vdn sing, ciing vdi sy nghiem tue, can man, Nguyin Xuan Khanh da lam nen mft eudc each tan tao b?o ttong the loji tiiu thuyit ljeh su. Niu Milan Kundera "Hiiu biit la dao due duy nhat ciia tilu thuyit"
thi Nguyin Xuan Khanh va tac phim ciia dng da thyc hifn ttgn ven va sau sac "ig sdng duy nhit" dd cua thi loai nay.
' Tra lin phong van Bdo Tudi Ire ngiy 23-7-2006.
TAI L i f u THAM KHAO
1. Tran Thj An (2007), "Sire am anh cua tin ngudng dan gian trong tieu thuySt Mdu thupng ngdn", Nghiin ciru Vdn hpc, (6), tt.27-47. Ha Ndi.
2. M.Bakhtin (1992), Li ludn vd thi phdp tiiu thuyit, Pham VTnh Cu djch, Trudng viet van Nguyen Du, Ha Nfi.
3. Truang Dang Dung (2008), "Tiiu thuyit ijch sQ trong quan nifm ml hpc cua G.Lucacs" in ttong Tuyen tap eac bai viit vi tieu thuyit d Viet Nam thi ki XX, Nguyin van Timg bien soan, Nxb Giao due. Ha Nfi.
4. Doan Anh Duong (2010), "Ty su hau thyc dan: Lich su va huyin thoai ttong Mlu thugng ngan cda Nguyen Xuan Khanh", Tgp chi Nghien cdu Vdn hpc, (9), tt.lQ7- 121, Ha Nfi.
5. Nguyin Mfng Giae, Nam Dao (2002), "Thao lufn vi tiiu thuyit Ijch sd". Van hoc Call (197), Tgp chi Da Mdu (2008).
6. Nguyen Xuan Khanh (2006), fliS Quy Ly, Nxb Phu nQ, Ha Ngi.
7. Nguyen Xuan Khanh (2006), Mdu thupng ngdn, Nxb Phy nu. Ha Nfi,
8. M. Kundera (1998), Tiiu lugn (Nghf thuat tiiu thuyit va NhQng di chuc bj phan bdi), Nguyen Nggc dich, Nxb Van hda Thdng tin. Ha Nfi.
(Ngiy Tda sopn nhin dupe bii: 12-12-2012; ngiy phin bien dinh gii: 07-3-2013;
ngiy chip nh$n ding: 12-3-2013)
