LICH HIJRI VA KY NGUYEN AM LICH ISLAM GIAO
Bang Thi Dieu Tkiiy'^
TOM TAT
Lich Islam gido hay con goi la lich Hijri (i^jH^'^ fi^^) la mdt loai lick dm duac su dung tai cac nu&c Arab va mot so quoc gia Islam gido khdc. Lich Hijri duac tinh tic nam 622 (lich Gregorian), nam di cu cua thiin su Mohammed va cong dong Muslim tit thdnh dia Mecca ve 6c ddo Medina. Lich Hijri dua tren chu ky chuyin dong cua mat trdng quanh trdi ddt, mot nam gom 354 hoac 355 ngdy, duac chia thdnh 12 thdng, moi thdng c6 29 hoac 30 ngdy. Mot tuan c6 7 ngdy, mot ngdy mdri bat ddu tie khi mat trai lan. Lich Hijri coy nghia rat dac Met doi vdi dai song van hoa, tinh than cua cdc tin do Muslim tren todn the giai. Bdi viit cung cap mot so thong tin ca ban vdy nghia van hoa cua lich Hijri.
Tie khoa: Lich Hijri, Islam gido, cong dong Muslim
Nh^n bdi: 5/9/2016; Phdn bien va sua chita: 20/9/2016; Duyet dang : 5/12/2016 M& dau:
Lich la thudfc do tinh toan thai gian khong the thieu trong cupc song con nguoi. Cac quoc gia va cac dan tpc tren the gidi sii dung rat nhieu phuong phap tinh Hch khac nhau, nhung chu y^u g6m ba loai: lich duong, lich im va lich am duong. Lich dirong can cu vao chuyen dong cua mat troi, lay thai gian trai dat quay mot vong xung quanh mat trai lam don vi do thai gian. Ljch am dugc tinh theo chuyen dong ciia mat trang quay xung quanh trai d4t dl tinh thai gian. Con lich am duong lay chu ky chuySn dong cua mat trang de tinh thang, nhung lai dung chu ky cua mat trai de tinh nam va cac tiet khi.
Thac sT, Tniimg D^i hoc Ngoai ngff - D^i hpc Quoc gia HaN6i
Lich Hijri hay con gpi la lich Islam giao, la ljch am, diroc tinh toan theo chuyen dong cua mat trang quay xung quanh trai dat. Nam dau tien ciia lich Hijri la nam 622 lich Gregorian nam di cu cua thien su Mohammed va cong ddng Muslim tu thanh dia Mecca ve 6c dao Medina (trong tiing Arab goi la Hijra). M6i nam dirge danh s6 theo thu tir ciing chu H hoac AH vilt hoa, trong do H la tir via tat cua Hijra con AH la nhiJTig chu: dau cua cum tutilng Latinh "Anno Hegirae" (nam cua Hijra).
Hien nay dang la nam 1438 lich Hijri. Nam 1438 bat dau tu ngay 3/10/2016 dSn ngay 21/09/2017 (lich Gregorian).
Lich Hijri c6 y nghia v6 cung quan trong doi voi dai song van hoa, tinh th^n ciia cac tin do Muslim tren toan thi gi6i,chi ph6i cupc s6ng ton giao ciia hp, chip hanh dung
Tgp chinghien cAu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 12(136) thang 12/2016
Bang Th| Dieu Thuy Ljch Hijri va ky nguyen am ljcri.r;|
lich Hijri la m6t nghia vu ciia cac tin do Muslim.
1. Sir hlnh thanh lich Hijri
Tnioc khi Islam ra doi, tir ngan xua, cu dan Arab vin quen diing lich am (lich mat trang). Cach tinh nien dai khong dua tren nam, thang ma diia tren nhilng su kien quan trong, dac biet. VI du nam 570 (lich Gregorian - con goi la Tay lich, Cong lich, Ducmg lich)-nam sinh ciia thien sii Mohammd dupe gpi la nam "Con Voi". Gpi nhu vay vi theo tti lieu lich sir Islam, trong nam do, th6ng d6c viing Yemen cua x\i Abyssinia la Abraha mang quan dpi toi Mecca nhim pha huy Ka'ba, trung tam thanh dia. Mecca, dia diem hanh huong cvia nguoi Arab. Trong doan quan c6 con voi chien ten la Mahmud, khi Abraha ra lenh cho con voi cha minh tien vao Mecca, con voi nhu hoa da ichong nhuc nhich, sau do mot dan chim bay den, moi con mang theo ba vien da, mo ngam mot vien, hai chan quap hai vien. Dan chim nem da giet chet het quan linh khien Abraha khong the pha buy Ka'ba, vi vay nam 570 (lich Gregorian) duac dat ten theo con voi Mahmud nay.
Neu nhu nam 570 (lich Gregorian) dupe goi la nam "Con Voi", thi nam tilp theo 571(lich Gregorian) dupe gpi la nam "thu nhat sau nam Con Voi", nam tiep theo nua 572 (lich Gregorian)la nam "thii hai sau nam Con Voi"...Khi xujt hien nhilng su kien quan trong khac, nguoi Arab lai gpi ten nam theo su kien moi nay. Con sau khi Islam ra doi, cac tin do Muslim dat ten nam theo nhilng sir kien lich su cua Islam nhu nam
"tran chien Fidzhar", nam "Hajj til biet"...
Mac dii lich mat trang dupe nguoi Arab sil dung tir truoc khi Islam ra doi r4t lau
nhung tSn goi va trat tir cac fhang tiiy theo titag bp lac rat khac nhau. Biju nay gay kho khan cho viec xac dinh th6i diem hanh huong vi thanh dia Mecca, mot nghi le thieng lieng cua nguoi Arab. Nhung nguoi dilng dSu cac bp lac Arab da t|p trung tai thanh dia Mecca nam 412 (lich Gregorian) dS thflng nhit ten gpi va trat t\r cac thang trong nam va cho ra dcri lich Arab, nen tang ciia lich Hijri ma cac tin d6 Muslim su dung sau nay.
c 'A
^^runJI /ijgnTII
Trong khoang hem 200 nam sau do, ke ca trong nhung nam dau tiSn sau khi Islam ra dcfi, nguoi Arab van tiep tuc tinh toan ngay thang theo each thuc cua cha ong tnrdc do.
Sau khi thien su Mohammed qua dM, vao thai ky quoc vuang giao chii Islam giao thii hai Khalifa Omar bin Khattab (tai vi tir 634- 644 lich Grigorian) da diln ra mot so sir kien nhu sau:
1.Thong doc thanh pho Bagdad, Abu Musa Al-Ashari da v'lk thu cho Khalifa Omar thong bao: "Chiing toi nhan dugc thu cua Ngai nhung no khong de ngay".
2. Mot lan nguoi ta mang cho Khalifa Omar mot biic thu, Ah ngay \\k la thang Sa'aban, Khalifa Omar hoi: "Thang Sa'aban nao? Nam truac hay nam nay?" va yeu cSu nguoi viet "Hay viet sao cho dan chung khong nham lln".
Tap chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 12(136) thang 12/2016
Ljdi Hpri va ky nguyen am ljch... Pang Thj Dieu Thuy
Khalife Om£ff da quyet djnh phai tun ra
^ a phap cho van de Imih cMnh tai vuong quoc dang Ion manh nay, noi thu tii trao doi tu nhfing dia ifiim rh xa, cin ngay thang chinhxac.
Trong trieu dai Khalifa Omar t6n tai mot Hoi dong tu van. Thanh vien cua hoi dongla nhung tin do Muslim trung thanh nhat.
Khalifa Omar luon thao luan voi ho nhung van de quan trong va phuc tap. Trong cu6c.
hop cua Hoi d6ng tu v ^ sau do, Khalifa Omar da dat len ban nghi su van de xSy dvmg lich moi, Uch cua cac tin d6 Muslim.
Ve van de nay cac thanh viSn Hoi d6ng da dua ra mot sd de xuat nhu sau:
'^ -Tinh lich moi theo lich La Ma, bat dSu tii then ky Alexander Dai de.
-Tinh lich mm theo Hch Ba Tu, ke tii thai ky hinh thanh nha nuoc Ba Tu
-Tinh lich moi tii ngay sinh thien sii Mohammed
-Tinh lich mcd tit ngay thien sii Mohammed nhan dugc nhung lai mac khai tii Thanh Allah
-Tinh lich moi tir ngay mat ciia thien sii Mohanuned
-Tinh lich moi tCc ngay di cu cua thien sii Mohammed va cong dong Muslim tu Mecca ve Yathrib.
Va mot so de xuat khac....
Tuy nhien tinh lich moi theo lich La Ma hay lich Ba Tu ngay lap tiic bi bac bo vi lam nhu vay la bat chuoc va danh mat ban sac Arab. Tinh lich moi ke tii ngay sinh ciia thien sii Mohammed ciing bi bac bo vi vao thai ky do Islam chua ra doi. Tinh lich moi tii ngay thien sii Mohammed nhan dugc
nhiing loi mSc khai tii Thanh Allah ciing khdng phu hgp vi khi do ngoai thiSn sii Mohammed khong c6 hit k^' tin d6 Muslim nao va Islam khi do ciang chua phat trien manh me. Con tinh lich moi kh tii ngay mat ciia thien sii Mohammed cung bi phan dfii vi khong thi bit diu mot k^ nguyen moi bang mot su kien dau bu6n, dac bifit dfii voi cac tin dd Muslim su mit mat nay v6 cung to Idn.
Vin dl dat ra 6 day la phai tim dugc mot ngay dac biet, vira thieng lieng viia chi danh rieng cho cac tin db Muslim. Cu6i cung cac thanh vien Hoi d6hg tu vIn 6S. thdng nh§t y kiin chgn ngay di cu cua thien su Mohammed va cong dfing Muslim tu Mecca v6 6c dao Yathrib (sau dugc dfii ten thanh Medina, riit ggn tit Medina Al Nabi c6 nghia la thanh ph6 cua thien sii) lam ngay md dau ky nguyen moi ciia Am lich Islam giao .
Y% cu6c di cu lich su nay c6 the torn tat nhu sau: Theo lich str Islam giao thi mot dem vao nam 611 (lich Grigorian), khi thien sii Mohammed dang don doc suy ngam trong mot cai hang tren niii Hu-a, ngoEti thanh Mecca, Thanh Allah da cii thien sii Gabriel den truyen than du cho ong. Sau khi dugc khai thi chan ly cua kinh Qu'ran, thien sii Mohammed da bi mat roi cong khai truyen ba nhiing tu tuong moi nay va ong da gap r4t nhieu su phan d6i, de dga cua cu dan Mecca khong theo Islam giao.
Thang 9 nam 622 (lich Grigorian), mot phai doan 75 nguoi tir Yathrib d6n Mecca moi thien sii Mohammad cung gia dinh va cac tin do Muslim di cu vl Yathrib di thanh lap cong d6ng Muslim dku tien. Yathrib la mot 6c dao kha Ion, nlm each Mecca khoang 400 km vh phia bic. Day la noi cu ngu lau doi cua sau bp lac Arab. Luc nay, tai Yathrib da CO khoang 100 gia dinh theo dao Islam.
Tap chinghien aim CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 12(136) thang 12/2016
Bang Thj Dieu Thuy Lich Hijri va ky nguyen am ljch...
Sau mot thoi gian ngan chuan bi, vao ngay 9/9/622 (lich Grigorian), thien sil Mohammad va khoang 100 gia dinh Muslim bi mat tr6n khoi Mecca di di cu dSn Yathrib.
Trong s6 nay c6 gia dinh cua Abu Bakr, nguoi sau nay tro thanh quoc vuong giao chu Islam giao dSu tien (tai vi tii nam 632- 634), sau khi thien su; Mohammed qua dcri.
Phjn Ion cac nha sii hoc Muslim deu nhat tri rSng sau mot thcri gian bang qua nhilng bai cat sa mac, doan nguoi di cu cua thien sil Mohammad da toi 6c dao Yathrib ngay 22 thang Ra'bi Aw'al tile ngay 24/9/622 (ljch Grigorian). Tiing Arab gpi cupc di cu lich sir nay la Hijra. Tai Yathrib, thien su Mohammed da tro thanh thii ITnh than quySn va chinh tri thuc su. Cong dong Muslim duoi su lanh dao cua ong da tro thanh mot cong d6ng th6ng nhat gpi la Umma va lien tuc phat trien.
Va nhu vay nam 622 (lich Grigorian)la nam dau tien cua lich Hijri. Mac dii ra doi trong thai ky Islam giao, tuy nhien ten gpi va trat tu cac thang van dupe giu nguyen nhu trong lich Arab truoc day. Ngay dau tien cua ljch Hijri la ngay thu sau (miing mot thang Muharram nam thii nhat lich Hijri) tuong img vai ngay 16/7/622 (lich Gregorian) chu khong phai ngay nha tien tri Mohammed tai Medina.Vay tai sao cupc di cu lich sir Hijra dien ra vao thang Ra'bi Al Aw'al (thang thu ba trong lich Hijri) ma nam moi Hijri lai bat dau bang thang Muharram? Do la tai vi thang Muharram la mot trong bon thang thieng ciia ngucfi Arab, thang nay den ngay sau thang Dhu Al Hija, thang hanh huong ciia cac tin do Muslim nen dugc chpn de bat dau mot nam Hijri moi.
2. Bac diim chinh cua lich Hijri Sir khac biet chinh cua lich Hijri so voi lich Gregorian la dupe tinh theo cac pha trong chu ky cua mat trang, khac voi lich Gregorian dua tren chuyin dong ciia mat trai. Moi mot vong cua mat trang xoay quanh trai dlt la mot thang, 12 vong la mot nam. M6i thang bat dSu khi vSng trang non luoi liim xu4t hien lan dau sau khi mat trai lan. Kinh Qu'ran viit: "Qua that, s6 thang (trong mot nam) ma Allah da qui dinh trong S6 sach cua Ngai kg tir ngay tao thien lap dia la muai hai (12) thang, trong do c6 bin Thang Linh. Do la ton giao ngay thang. Boi thi, cho lam thiet ban than cac nguoi (bang each vi pham cac dieu elm ky) trong cac Thang Linh do....(Qu'ran, 9:36)
Mot thang lich Hijri lan lupt c6 29 hoac 30 ngay, vi vong quay cua mat trang quanh trai dat la 29,5 ngay (chinh xac la 29 ngay 12 gio 44 phiit 3,8 giay). Mot nam c6 long cong 354 ngay (chinh xac la 354,36 ngay), nam nhuan c6 355 ngay. Cir 19 nam binh thuong CO 354 ngay va 11 nam nhuan c6 355 ngay tao thanh mot vong tuan hoan ba muoi nam trong lich Hijri, trong do nam nhuan la nam thir hai, thir nam, thir bay, thir muoi, thu muai ba, muoi sau, mucri tam, hai muoi mot, hai muoi tu, hai muoi sau va hai muai chin cua vong tuan hoan ba muai nam ciia lich Hijri.
Ngay dau tien cua moi thang la ngay xuat hien trang luoi liem (hilal) ngay sau hoang hon. Neu sau ngay 29 hang thang, hilal khong xuit hien thi ngay tiip theo ke tii hoang hon do la ngay 30 ciia thang cii, con neu hilal xujt hien do se la ngay mCing mot thang tiep theo. Mac dii lich Hijri dupe in tir
Tap chinghien cicu CHAU PHI & TRUNG BONG S6 12(136) thang 12/2016
Ljch Hijri va ky nguyen am lich... Pang Thi Dieu Thuy
dau nam dua tren cac du bao thien van. tuy nhien sir xuat hien cua hilal c6 the lam thay doi ngay khoi dau hoac kel thuc thang da ghi tren lich. Dau moi thang, dai phat thanh.
truyen hinh, cac phuong tien thong tin dai chiing se thong bao thang mai da bat dau.
Dac biet viec xuat hien hilal luon dugc cha dpi de xac dinh nhung ngay thang quan trong nhat trong lich Hijri nhu ngay bat dau va ket thuc thang Ramadan (thang an chay).
ngay bat dau thang Dhu al-Hijja (thang hanh huong).
Ljch Hijri khong lien quan den su thay doi cua cac miia trong nam. Vi du nhu thang Ramadan (nghia la bi dot nong) c6 the den vao giija miia he ciia nam n a \ . nhung muoi lam nam sau lai den vao miia dong, nho do nhiing nghi le ton giao nhu nhin chay thang Ramandan hay hanh hutmg vc thanh dia Mecca dien ra vao nhung miia khac nhau trong cac nam khac nhau va cac tin do Muslim coi da\ la su sang suot ciia Thanh Allah.
Mpl nam ciia lich Hijri chi c6 354 hoac 355 ngay. trong klii trai dat di hel quy dao xung quanh mat trdi ciia minh hct 365 ngay.
Vi vay. nam ciia lich Hijri ngan hon nam cua ljch Gregorian 10 hoac 11 ngay (365- 3 5 5 - 10 ngay; 365-354 - 11 nga>). doi khi len tai 12 ngay neu Hch Gregorian la nam nhuan con lich Mijri la nam thuong (366- 354 = 12 ngay). Dieu khac biet ciia Hch Mijri la khong c6 thang nhuan {4 nam mot lan) nhu am lich ciia nguoi lYung Quoc, do do sir chenh lech giira lich Ilijn va Hch Gregorian nga} mot tang len. Den nay, sir chenh lech nay la 43 nam.
\ i du: Nam dau tien cua lich HIjn tirang lins \a\ nam 622 Hch Grcaorian. Den nav.
lich Gregorian la nam 2016. N h u vay. so nam da troi qua ke tir thoi diem bat dau lich Hijri la 1394 nam (2016 - 622 = 1394 nam).
Tuy nhien, tren thuc te nam 2016 lich Gregorian la nam 1437. chii khong phai nam 1394 nhu Hch Hijri, nen ta c6 the tinh dugc su chenh lech la 43 nam (1437-1394=43 nam).
D^ tam tinh toan ngay. thang, nam trong lich Hijri tuong umg voi ngay. thang. nam trong Hch Gregorian, nguoi Arab sii dung cong thirc hoac cac bang tham chieu khac nhau. Vi du:
G - H H +622 H = G - 622 - G - 6 2 2
32
Trong do G la nam Hch Gregorian : H la nam Hch Hijri.
Hay CO the sir dung each tinh toan khac:
G - H x O . 9 7 + 621,6 H - G - 6 2 1 . 6 - K + ( K : 32.5) Trong do G la nam lich Gregorian: H la nam Hch Hijri; K. la hieu so G - 621.6
Do nam cua lich Hijri ngan hon nam cua lich Gregorian 10 hoac 11 ngay nen cac ngay le linh thieng ciia cac tin do Muslim dii dugc CO dinh trong lich Hijri, nhung luon den som Hon 10 hoac 11 ngay so voi nam truoc neu linh theo ljch Gregorian.
Nam Hijri bat dau bang thang MuhaiTam va ket thiic bang thang Duh-al-Hijjah.B6n thang Muharram. Rajab. Duh-al-Qidah \ a Duh-al-Hijjah la nhirng thang linh thieng d6i vai cac tin do Muslim. Phong tuc na\ da c6 tCr iruac khi Islam giao ra doi va ti^p tuc dugc giu gin.Trong nhung thang linh thieng nay. nguoi Arab tranh xung dot. chien iranh.
do mau. Day la thoi ky cac doan lu hanh len
Tap chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG .s6 12(136) thang 12/2016
Ljch,Hljri^va:ky nguyen am ljch.gj^
duong di tir 6c dao nay toi ac dao khac, tir sa buon ban, trao doi hang hoa ma kh6ng so bj mac nay din sa mac khac di kinh doanh, ke thu cuop boc, tan cong.
Bang 1. Ten goi cac thang trong nam Hijri Trattif
1
2 3 4 5 6 7
S 9 10 11 12
T8n thang Muharram
Safar Rabi' at-awal Rabi' al-thani Jumada al-awal Jumada al-thani Rajab
Sha'aban Ramadan Shawwal Duh-al-Qidah Duh-al- Hijjah
¥ nghia
Muharram nghia la "cim, thiSng lieng". Trong thang nay cac tin d6 Muslim cSm chiSn tranh, giet choc. M$t trong bon thang linh thieng ciia cac tin do Muslim
Safar la "mau vang". Mot so hoc gia cho rSng gpi nhu vay vi % la thang miia thu, cay c6 mau Vang
Trong ti§ng Arab hien dai Rabi c6 nghia la miia xuan, tuy nhien tnrac day Rabi dung d6 chi miia thu
Thang miia thu thii hai
Jumada nghia la "dong bang, dong ciing" diing dS goi thang miia (tfing
Thang miia dong thii hai
Tir Rajab nghia la "so". Thang Linh thii hai ciia cac tin d6 Muslim. Thang kiSm chi bao \\fc, tranh cac hoat dong san b5n, chien tranh.
Sha'aban nghTa la "phSn chia". Thang cdc bo I ^ len ducmg di san ban.
NghTa la "bi d6t nong". Thang nay, mat troi ddt nong trai dSt, lam chay cay c6.
NghTa la "rai ch6". Shawwal- thang du muc.
NghTa la "ng6i tai cho'. Thang han ch8 di lai. Mot trong b6n thang linh thieng.
NghTa la "hanh huong". Thang hanh hirong ve thanh dia Meca.
MOt trong b6n thang linh thieng.
Nguon: Tdc gia sieu tam va long hgp Mot tuan cua lich Hijri g6m bay ngay.
Khac vcri ngay ciia lich Gregorian b4t dSu tii Bang 2: T§n goi cac
luc nua dem, ngay ciia lich Hijri bat dau tir hoang hon (thai diem mat trod lan).
tuan theo lich Hijri Chii nhSt
Thii Hai ThiiBa ThiiTu Thir Nam Thii Sau Thu Bay
Tieng Arab
^Vi o^\
slS^l frl^j^^i t j i i ^ i
^XASJI OUl
Fhien am Al-ahad Al-ithnayn Ath-thulatha'
Al-arbaa' Al-khamis Al-jum'ah As-sabt
Y n^hia Ng^y thii nhat
Ngav thu hai Ngav thii ba Ngav thij tu Ngav thiJT nam Ngiy tap trung Ngav nehi npcri Nguon: Tdc gia sieu tam va long hop
Nhu vay, ngay d4u tien trong tuto la ngay Chu nhat con thir Sau la ngay c£iu nguyen tap thi tai cac thanh duong Islam giao.Vao ngay thu Sau, cac tin di Muslim tap trung din cac
thanh duong di ciu nguyen va nghe thuySt giang giao ly. Kinh Qu'ran viit: H5i nhOng ai CO niim tin! Khi tiing "Azan" dong d?c gpi cac nguoi din dang le "Salah" vao Ngay
Tap chlnghiln cm CHAU PHI & TRUNG BONG si 12(136) thing 12/2016
Uch Hijri va ky nguyen am ljch... Dang Thj Dieu Thiiy
Thii sau (Jumu'ah), hay voi va d^n (Thanh duong) d6 tuong nha Allah va tam gac viec mua ban sang mot ben. Dieu do t6t cho cac nguoi nhat neu cac nguoi biSt (Qu'ran, 62:9).
Tai cac quoc gia thuoc Hoi dfing hop tac viing Vinh (gom 6 nude thanh vien la Saudi- Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, UAE va Qatar) truac day ngay nghi cuoi tuan la thii Nam, thu Sau, tuy nhien hien nay chinh phu cac nuoc nay da liii lich nghi cu6i tuSn tu thii Nam, thii Sau sang thii Sau, thii Bay d6 gkn hon voi ngay nghi cu6i tuin tren toan th§ gim la thii Bay va Chii Nhat. Muc dich cua viec thay doi ngay nghi cuoi tuan nay la de phuc vu tot hon cho phat trien kinh tk, han che anh huong tieu cue den cac boat dong ciia thi truong chiing khoan va cac boat dong giao thuong voi nuoc ngoai.
K£T LUAN:
ciia mat trang. Lich Hijri gom 12 thang va chi CO 354,36 ngay. Lich nay da dugc nhSc toi trong Kinh Qu'ran va ch3p hanh diing la mot nghia vy thieng lieng ciia cac tin dp Muslim trSn toan the gioi. Cac qu6c gia Islam giao vung Vinh sii dung lich Hijri mot each chinh thiic, trong ca vSn ban hanh chinh va dan su, con nhung quoc gia Islam giao khac sir dung lich Gregorian cho muc dich dan sir va chi chuyen sang Uch Hijri cho cac muc dich tdn giao.
Co thd noi lich Hijri la mot net van hoa khong the thiSu va c6 y nghia rat dac biet trong doi song chinh tri, van hoa, tinh than cua cac tin do Muslim tren toan the gioi. Cac nha hoat dong chinh tri, ngoai giao, doanh nhan hay bat cii ai rauon hgfp tac giao thuong voi cac nuoc Arab viing Vinh noi rieng va the giai Islam giao noi chung nen hieu ve lich Hijri mot each day dii, diing dan de tranh nhiing rac rdi c6 the nay sinh trong qua trinh lam viec.
Lich Hijri (lich Islam giao) la mot loai lich thuan tiiy am lich, dua tren chuyen dong
Tai lieu tham khac
1. Mai Ngoc Chii (chii bien) (2008), Giai thi^u van hoa Phiecmg Bong, Nxb Ha Noi, Ha Nm.
2. Hassan Abdul Karim (djch) (2001), Kinh Qu 'ran (y nghia va noi dung), Nxb Ton giao. Ha Npi 3. Nguyin Thi Thu Hang (chil bien) (2013), Mot s6 vdn de ca ban ve Islam gido a Trung Dong (Van hoa, xa hgi vd chinh tri Islam gido), Nxb. Khoa hoc xa HQI, Ha Noi.
4. Duong Ngoc Tin, Trin Thi Minh Thu (2015), Nghien cim Islam gido vd Islam gido a Viet Nam, Nxb Ton giao. Ha Noi.
5. HHOOM Eptoc, a)aHaA fl>K. KocMaKOBa E. (dich) (2014), Apa6cKue cmpami: o6uHau u smuKem.
HsflaxejibCTBO Hayita, MocKBa.
6. r.B.MnnocjiaBCKHH (l991)^c.7aM aHifumionedu^ecKuii cjioeapb, HsjiarejibCTBo HayKa, MocKsa . SjftU]] i4il£llJ |.jkill i^jl.ijft k^jiu^y^ u3jj^^aJl jjLiullj jjll2;lljCjblJl(_>..jal5i(20l2)uJ->i .^^i
7.Ahmad Amin(20l2), 7i>^/e«/7^ong/ucra/?gwo«^ra6, Nxb Van hoa va giao due Handuri Cairo Ai Cap .u^ljjll 'yJj*J' '•J^'' J^ 'IJkAJllSj ^jzJUl oljli^ .(2013) > L ^ yr^i ^ .
S.Adib Abi Daher (2013), Phojig tuc va tap quan nhan dan, Nxb Sach Arab, Riyadh, Virong qu6c Saudi Arabia
Tap chinghien ctru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 12(136) fhang 12/2016
