COdo miing Xj niim 70 ndm Cid. mang tUng 1dm pd Qfic ^nk Z/9 (194S - ZOIS)
MOT SO SAI LAM PHO BIEN TRONG DmH TOI DANH DOI VOI TOI CUOP TAI SAN DUOI HJNH THUC
CO TO CHUC TAI THANH PHO HO CHJ MINH
BOAN TRQNG CHINH*
D
inh tpi danh Ii mdt khiu quan trpng trong qui trinh ip dyng quy pham phip luat hinh sy, li mdt trong nhiing dgng cua hoat ddng thyc tien ip dyng phip luit hinh sy, phip lugt td tyng hinh su; dupe tien hinh bang cich tren co sd cic chdng cd, tai Ueu thu thip dupe vi cic tinh tiet thyc td cua vy an hinh sy de ddi chieu, so sinh vi kiem tra nhim xac dinh sy phu hpp gida cic diu hieu cda hinh vi nguy hiem cho xa hdi dupe thyc hien vdi cic diu hieu cua can thinh tpi phgm cu the tuong dng do luit hinh su quy dinh.Trong nhung nam gin day, tinh hinh kinh te xa hpi nude ta ndi chung vi thinh pho Hd Chi Minh ndi rieng khdng ngiing phit trien, ddi sdng cda ngudi din dupe nang cao. Tuy nhien, tdi phgm hinh sy van diln biln phdc tgp chua cd chilu hudng giim, mpt sd logi tdi phgm cd chieu hudng gia tang, giy nhue nhdi trong du luin toin xa hpi dgc bipt li tpi cudp tii san dudi hinh thdc cd to chde.
Qua tim hiiu thuc tiln, dinh tpi danh ddi vdi tpi cudp tii sin dudi hinh thuc cd
to chde, chiing tdi nhin thiy, trong cic sai sdt vl viec van dyng cic quy dinh cua Bd lugt Hinh sy, Bd luat Td tyng hinh sy vi cic vin bin phap luit khic trong vi$c djnh tdi danh ddi vdi tpi cudp tai sin dudi hinh thdc cd td chuc tgi thinh ph6 H I Chi Minh cd nhung sai sdt phd bien d nhiing dgng nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, dinh tpi niy sang tOi khic, tdc dilu luit nay sang dieu lugt khic. Cy thi:
- Nhim lin giiia "Tgi cudp tdi sdn vd tgi cudng dogt tdi sdn ": Thyc te xet xu cho thiy cdn nhim lin giiia tdi cudp tii sin vdi tdi cufifng doat tii sin doi vdi hinh vi sd dung vu luc nhung vdi cudng dO thip nham chiem dogt tii sin. Nhiing ngudi dinh tdi cuang doat tii sin doi vdi hinh vi niy cho rang tuy ngudi phgm tpi sd dyng vu lye nhung chua lim cho ngudi bi tin cdng Iam vio tinh trgng khdng the chdng cy dupe nen chi phgm tOi cudng doat tii sin. Nhung cd quan diem khic
^Cdng ty Ludt quoc ti vd Cdng si/, thdnh phi Ho Chi Minh.
on 'T^P'''*' .
t o I KIEMSAT- '^So16(tliang8a(n5)
HGHI£N Ctm - TBAO b6l
cho r i n g , EKIU 133 Bo luat Hinh sy (BLHS) quy dinh h i n h vi diing vii lye n h i m chiem doat tii s i n la da pham tpi cudp t i i s i n ma khdng phy thupc vao vipe ngudi bi t i n cdng cd lam v i o tinh trang khdng thd chdng cy dupe hay khong; bdi vi tinh trang n i y khdng chi phu thupc v i o hanh vi phgm tpi m i cdn phu thupc v i o tinh trgng ngudi bi t i n cdng. Tdi cudp T i i san v i cuang dogt tai s i n l i hai tdi x i m phgm sd hiiu dupe quy dinh tai cac dieu 133 v i 135 BLHS. Hai tdi pham n i y cd nhieu diem gi6ng nhau cho nen trong thuc tien i p dyng phap luit hinh sy d l tmy ciiu trach nhiem hinh sy (TNHS) ddi vdi ngudi de dpa dung vii lye n h i m chiem doat tii s i n r i t de n h i m l i n trong vipe d{nh tpi danh.
- N h i m l i n giira Tpi cudp tii s i n v i tpi trpm cap tai s i n : V e hinh vi cda hai tpi n i y cd nhung diem k h i c nhau rd ret. Bdi neu nhu hanh vi cua tpi cudp tii s i n la diing vii luc cdng khai, thi ddi vdi tpi trdm tai san ngudi phgm tpi thyc hien hinh vi ldn lut, bi mat. Tuy nhien, thyc tien xet xu cho thay cd sy n h i m l i n giira hai tdi trong trudng hpp cd sy chuyen hda. Thuc tien xet xu cung cd nhieu tmdng hpp, luc dau ngudi pham tpi khdng cd y dinh chilm doat tii sin, nhung trong q u i trinh thyc hipn h i n h vi phgm tpi, ngudi pham tpi da n i y sinh y dinh chiem dogt v i sau do tidp tyc cd h i n h vi dung vii lye hogc de dog diing vii lye ngay tdc k h i c de chiem doat b i n g d upe tii sin, thi h i n h vi chiem doat tai s i n van bi coi l i hinh vi pham tpi cudp t i i s i n . Khoa hpc lugt hinh sy coi tmdng hpp nay la tnrdng hpp "chuyen hoa" t u tpi phgm nay sang tpi phgm k h i c (diu trpm
dudi c u d p ) . Vi dy: Vao 19h ngay 12/3/2011. T, Th v i H ru nhau d i n n h i anh Q d phudng 10, q u i n GV d l tr$m c i p tai san. Khi bpn chiing dang be chiec ti vi ra khdi n h i , bi anh Q phat hien lao v i o giang lgi chiec ti vi thi bi tdn H ddng dao gam d i m v i o tay anh Q, sau dd chung tiep tyc be chiec ti vi bd chay. Trong tnrdng hpp tren, viec dinh tpi danh ddi vdi T, Th, H phai l i tpi cudp t i i s i n chd khdng the l i tdi trdm t i i s i n nhu hinh vi trong y dinh ban dau ciia ngudi pham tdi.
- N h i m lin giua "Tgi cudp tdi sdn vd Lgm dung tin nhiem chiem dogt tdi sdn ":
Day l i hai tdi danh cd hanh vi khieh quan khic nhau bdi ddi vdi Tpi cudp tai s i n ngudi pham tdi dung hinh vi vii lye hoac de dpa dung vii luc ngay tdc khae lim cho ngudi hi tin cdng lam v i o tinh trgng khdng the chdng cu dupe nham chiem dogt tii sin, cdn Tdi lam dung tin nhiem chiem dogt tii s i n l i hinh vi lpi dyng sy tin nhipm cua chu tai s i n de nhim chiem dogt tai sin.
Tuy nhien, trong tiiuc tiln dinh tpi danh v i n cd sy n h i m lin giira hai tdi n i y d i n den quylt dinh hmh phgt sai. Vi dy vu i n : Anh Nguydn Tmong T deo anh H den hdi anh Do Van M chd xe dm di ve n h i anh H, M yeu cau t r i tien xe dm tmdc la SO.OOOd, T khdng cd tien nen M giat vi cda T v i sau dd lay luon chia khda v i xe cda T, M sau do dua xe m i y cda T cho S ban du^c S tripu ddng, S chia cho M 2 tridu ddng. Tai ban an hinh sy so tham sd, Toi an nhan quin T i p dung diem a khoin 1 Didu 140;
diem h, p khoin 1 Dieu 46 Bp lugt Hinh sy xd phgt Dd Van M 14 thing tu ve tpi "Lgm di/mg tin nhiem chiem dogt tdi sdn ". Tgi khing nghi giim doc tham Vv^n kiem sat
Tap chi So16(lhngaain5)V_KIEM SAT I 2 9
CUdo rmtng ^ niim 70 nim Cdd m^ng Mng Tdm vd QfSc ^nfi Z/9 (1945 • 2015)
nhin d i n tdi cao de nghi Tda hinh su Tda i n nhin din tdi cao xet xd theo thu tyc giim dde thim buy b i n i n hinh sy phdc thim cua Tda i n nhin d i n tinh D v i b i n an hinh sy so tham cua Tda an nhin din qugn T ddi vdi Dd Van M de dieu tra lai vi hinh vi phgm tdi cua M cd d i u hieu cua tpi "Cudp tdi sdn "
- N h i m lin ve yeu td muc dich chiem doat tii sin trong cau thanh co b i n cua tdi cudp tai s i n
Ddi vdi Tdi cudp tai sin, ngudi pham tpi khdng chi cd y thyc hipn hinh vi dung vii luc, de dpa dung vii lye hogc cd hinh vi khic l i m cho ngudi bi tan cdng l i m v i o tinh trgng khdng the chdng cu dupe ma ngudi phgm tpi cdn phii cd muc dich chilm doat tii sin. N h u vay, y thuc chiem dogt cua ngudi pham tpi phii cd t m d c khi thyc hien h i n h vi dung vii luc, de dog ddng vu luc ngay tuc khic hogc cd hinh vi k h i c lim cho ngudi bi tan cdng lim v i o tinh trgng khdng the tu ve dupe. Neu cd hinh vi tin cdng nhung vi dpng co v i muc dich khic chu khong nham chiem dogt tii sin, nhung sau dd ngudi bi tin cdng bd ehgy, de lgi tii sin v i ngudi cd hinh vi tin cdng lay tii sin do thi khdng phai la tpi cudp tii sin.
Thyc te cd nhdng trudng hpp ban dau ngudi phgm tdi dung cac thd doan nhu:
Vii lye, hogc de dpa dimg vu lye ngay tdc k h i c . . . nhung trong qua trinh thyc hipn t0i phgm thi muc dich chiem dogt t i i s i n xuat hipn sau khi dung vu luc. Vi du:
N g i y 18/3/2010, X (sinh n i m 1992) di chai cdng nhdm bgn l i B (sinh nam 1990) v i H (sinh nam 1988). Den 9 gid tdi, c i nhdm cung chay xe den bpnh vipn quin G
thi va cham vdi 3 thanh nidn k h i c di xe ngupe chieu. Sau khi to tieng v i cai va, hai ben bd di. Di mdt dogn, X ru c i nhdm quay lgi trd lai dudi danh ba thanh nien kia. Khi quay trd lgi, hp thiy cd 2 thanh nien M v i N dang chd nhau tien mdt chiec xe m i y hieu Yamaha. Cho r i n g d i y l i sd thanh nien vua mdi va chgm vdi minh, nen ca ba da lao vao m p t dudi 2 thanh nien dang di tren xe. M v i N tudng l i cudp nen bo lgi xe chay thoat thin. Thay M v i N bd chay de lgi xe, X, B v i H Uen liy xe b i n dupe 6 trieu ddng chia nhau, moi ngudi 2 trieu ddng. N g i y 02/8/2010, Tda i n N qugn G da xet xd: X, B, H phgm tpi cudp tii sin theo quy dinh tgi Dieu 133 Bd lugt Hinh sy.
Dinh sai ciu thanh tpi phgm: Tu co b i n chuyen sang tang nang hogc ngupe lgi Khi quyet dinh hinh phat ddi vdi tpi cudp tii sin dudi hinh thuc cd td chuc, dinh tpi danh dung l i tien de quan trpng de Tda i n tuyen mot hinh phat tuong xdng vdi tinh nguy hiem cho x i hpi cua hinh vi.
Tuy nhien, de c i the hda hinh phat cho tdng ngudi trong vu i n cd td chde thi ngoii vipe dinh tdi dung, Tda i n con phii x i c dinh khung hinh phgt cy the cho ngudi phgm tdi.
Thyc tien xet x u tgi thanh phd Hd Chi Minh trong nhiing nam qua cho thay c ^ Tda i n d i dinh tpi danh ddi vdi tdi cudp tii sin dudi hinh thdc cd td chde ddng vdi cic quy dinh cda Bd luit Hinh sy ve tpi pham da thyc hien. Tuy nhien, tiong nhiing tmdng hpp nhit dinh mpt sd Tda i n van m i c sai l i m v l dinh sai ciu thanh tdi pham:
Td CO b i n chuyin sang tang ning hoic ngupe lgi. Thyc t l xet xd phuc thim cic vy
Tgp chi
3 0 I KIEM SAT_ '^So16(thang»2015)
NGHl£» Cdtl • TRAO D 6 I
in cudp tii sin dudi hinh thdc cd td ehdc trong nhiing nim qua tren dia ban thinh phd Hd Chi Minh cho thiy cdn khi nhieu tmdng hpp cic bi cio dung hung khi nguy hiem nhu dao, kiem, gay de hinh hung, de dpa Ididng che lim cho ngudi hi tin cdng lim vio tinh trgng khong the chdng cy dupe nham chilm doat tii sin. Vi chinh tu vipe su dyng hung Idii, cic hi cao da chiem doat dupe tai sin cua hi hgi. Song cip so thim da bd qua tinh tilt hi cao sd dyng
"phuong tien nguy hiem" khi pham tdi cudp tai sin (diem d khoin 2 dilu 133 BLHS) mi chi tmy td, xet xd d khoin 1 Dieu 133 BLHS Ii dinh gia khdng dung tinh chit, muc dp nguy hiem cho xi hdi cua hinh vi phgm tdi.
Vi dy: Do muon cd tien tieu vi sang Campuchia dinh bac, dem 07, rgng sang 08/11/2012, cac bi cao Trin Vin B vi Duong Hoing A di ciing nhau bin bgc giet chet anh Nguyen Dinh H (chu cho thue xe d td 4 chd) de liy tii sin. Chiing bin bac vi chuan bi hung khi gdm: Dao, diy dii. Sau khi chuin bi cdng cy, chung dien thoai eho anh Hiu ehgy xe d td den ddn, sau khi len xe di din doan dudng ving chung bio anh H dimg xe de di ve sinh, sau do, chirng dung diy du siet cd anh Tim cho tdi chet rdi chiem dogt cua anh Tim tien, dien thoai di dpng, xe d td..., tdng gii tri tii sin chilm doat ti-en 560.000.000d6ng
Tgi bin Cao h-gng cua VKSND thinh ph6 H. da quyet dinh tmy td Trin Van B vi Duong Hoing A ve tdi "Giet ngudi" theo dilm e, g, 0 khoin 1 Dilu 93 BLHS vi tdi
"Cudp tii sin" theo diem a, b khoin 4 Dieu 133 BLHS. Tai phien tda so tiilm, VKSND thinh phd van giu nguyen cac tinh tiet dinh
khung hinh phgt ddi vdi cic bi cio nhu cio trgng di tmy td. Tai Bin an cua TAND thinh phd H di ip dyng diem e, g, o khoan 1 Dieu 93; diem akhoin 2; diem a, b khoin 4 Dieu 133; diem p khoin 1 Dieu 46; Dieu 20 Dilu 53 BLHS xd phat:
- Bi cio Trin Vin B: Tu hinh ve tdi
"Giet ngudi", 20 nam tii ve tdi "Cudp tii sin". Tdng hop hinh phgt chung 02 tdi bupc bi cio phii chap hinh li tu hinh.
- Bi cio Duong Hoang A: Tu chung tiiin ve tpi "Giet ngudi", 18 nim tu ve tdi
"Cudp tii sin". Tdng hpp hinh phat chung 02 tdi budc bi cio phii chip hinh li tu chung thin.
Sau khi xet xu sa thim, bi cio Trin Van B khing cio nen vy in dupe xet xd theo thu tuc phuc thim. Tgi phien toa phuc tham, VKSND de nghi Hdi ddng xet xd:
Khdng ip dung cic didm e (giet ngudi rai lien tmdc do hoic ngay sau do lai phgm mpt tpi rat nghiem trpng hoac tpi die biet nghiem trpng) tgi khoin 1 Dieu 93 BLHS vi diem a (giy thuang tich hogc giy tdn hgi cho sue khde cua ngude khic mi ty le thuong tit td 61% trd len hoac lim chet ngudi) tai khoin 4 Dieu 133 BLHS ddi vdi ci 02 hi cio Tran Van B vi Duong Hoing A vi ip dyng 02 tinh tiet dinh khung neu tren d 02 tdi ddi vdi cic bi cio li khdng phd hpp vdi phip lugt. Giu nguyen quyet dinh ve hinh phgt ddi vdi cic bi cio nhu in so thim da tuyen.
Tda phuc thim chip nhin de nghi ciia VKSND khdng ap dyng diem e khoin 1 Dilu 93 vi dilm a khoin 4 Dilu 133 BLHS ddi vdi 02 bi cio, chi ap dyng diem g, o khoin 1 Dieu 93; diem b khoin 4 Dieu 133; diem p khoin 1 Dieu 46; Dieu 20;
— ——^ Tap chi So16(thanga/201S)^KIEM SAT I 3 1
CUdo ming gg mim 70 nim Cdd mang ikdng Tdm vd Q^t ^nh 2/9 (1945 - 3015";
D i l u 53 BLHS ddi vdi c i c hi cio, ddng thdi giu nguyen quylt dinh v l hinh phat ddi vdi cac hi c i o Trin Van B va Duong Hoing A nhu i n so thim da tuyen.
Nhu vgy, qua vu an tren cho ta thiy c i o trang cua VKSND thinh phd H va B i n i n so tham sd cua TAND thinh phd H i p dung khoin 1 Dilu 93; khoin 4 Dilu 133 BLHS de tmy td, xet xu cic bi c i o l i cd can cd, dung ngudi, dung tpi, mdc i n da tuyen !a phd hpp. Tuy nhien, vipe i p dyng tinh tiet dinh khung tgi diem e khoin 1 Dieu 93 (giet ngudi m i lien tmdc dd hoac ngay sau do lai pham mdt tpi rit nghiem trpng hoic tdi d i e biet nghiem trpng) v i diem a khoin 4 Dieu 133 (gay thuang tich hoac gay tdn hgi cho sue khde ciia ngude khic m i ty le thuang t i t td 6 1 % trd len hoic lim chit ngudi) ddi vdi c i 02 hi c i o trong vy i n nay l i khdng phu hpp, bdi le: C i c tai lieu chung cd cd trong hd so vy i n da chiing minh ro ddng co ciia cic bi c i o Ii gilt ngudi de cudp tii sin, phu hpp vdi diem g khoin 1 Dieu 93 BLHS (giet ngudi de thyc hien tpi phgm khic) ddng thdi tmdc khi thyc hien tpi phgm cd sy b i n bgc phan cdng chuin bi cdng cy rat ro rang, phu hpp vdi diem o khoin 1 Dieu 93 BLHS (cd td chuc), vi viy, chi can ap dung cic dilm g, 0 khoin 1 Dilu 93 BLHS (gilt ngudi d l thuc hien tdi phgm k h i c v i c6 td chuc) d l tmy td, xet xd cic bi c i o l i dd, cung nhu d tpi "Cudp tii s i n " h i u qua chit ngudi da dupe xem l i tinh tiet dinh tpi d tdi gilt ngudi rdi hoac d i tiiu hut v i o tdi "Gilt ngudi", do viy, i p dung them d i l m a khoin 4 Dilu 133 BLHS (gay fliuong tich hoac g i y tdn hgi cho sdc khde cua ngudi khae m i ty Id thuong tat td 61 % d-d len hoac lira
chit ngudi) ddi vdi cac hi c i o d trong Tpi cudp tii s i n la khdng phd hpp vi vd hinh chimg h i u qua chet ngudi i p dyng 02 lin, b i t lpi cho cac bi c i o (vira i p dyng la tmh tilt dinh tpi d tdi giet ngudi lai viia i p dyng l i tinh tilt dinh khung d tpi cudp tii sin), do vgy, ddi vdi tdi cudp t i i s i n thi chi cin ap dyng diem b khoin 4 Dieu 133 BLHS (chiem dogt tii s i n cd gia tri tii 500.000.000 ddng trd len) d l tiTiy td, xit xd cac bi cao l i du.
Dinh tOi danh l i hoat dpng thyc tien ciia Tda in, l i vipe vgn dyng cic quy dinh cua BLHS v i o thyc tiln. Trong 3 nam, hi nim 2010 d i n nam 2013, Tda i n cic c i p tgi thanh phd Hd Chi Minh da xet xu so thim 1175 vu cudp tii s i n dudi hinh thdc c6 td chuc vdi 2718 bi c i o , xet xd phuc tham 628 vy vdi 1340 bi c i o . Trong do, sd hi cao dupe giii nguydn b i n i n l i 1234, sd bj cio thay ddi tpi danh l i 38, sd bi cao thay ddi hinh phgt la 68.
Mac du, Tda i n nhin dan thanh phd Hd Chi Mmh da cd nhiing cd gang nhim ning cao hipu q u i trong cdng tic d i u tranh phdng, chdng tdi phgm ndi chung. Tpi cudp tai san dudi hinh thuc cd td chuc ndi rieng. Tuy nhien, thyc tiln td tyng cd nhung khd khan, vudng mac trong viec dinh tOi danh doi vai Tdi cudp tii sin nhu:
Dinh tpi n i y sang tpi khic, tiic dieu lugt n i y sang dieu luat khic, Dinh sai cau thinh tpi phgm: Td co b i n chuyen sang tang nang hogc ngupe lai... Chinh vi vay, viec hoin thien quy dinh cda BLHS hien hinh ciing nhu c i n cd nhung hudng din cy the ciia cic CO quan cd thim quyen ve Tpi cudp tii sin dudi hinh thdc cd td chuc cd y nghTa quan trpng trong viec dinh tdi danh.*
Tap chi
3 2 I KIEM SAT /so16(thangK2(n5)
