CHINH QUYEN VUNG NAM BQ TRONG XA HOI VIET NAM DlTONG DAI
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Nguyin Thi Viet Hwang*
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i tdn la nhung bieu hien cdn sdt lai trong cau true mdt hien tugng tir thdi diem nay sang thdi diem khac ciia lich sir. Di tdn khdng chi la nhung tan du mang tinh tieu cue, ma nd la sir ke thira cua giai doan sau ddi vdi giai doan trudc, vi vay bao ham ca nhiing yeu td tich cue mang y nghTa la nhung gia tri duong dai.Tir gdc nhin eua lich sir, ed nhung yeu td dugc xac dinh la gia tri trong mdt giai doan lich sir nhat dinh nhung ddi khi chinh nd lai mang y nghTa tieu cue trong doan lich sir khac, tham chi chinh trong mdt yeu td cung cd the vira ham chiia nhung gia tri tich cue vira luu giu nhung tac ddng tieu cue. O day, y chi chu quan ciia chii the quyen lire the hien trong muc tieu xay dung che do xa hdi la nhirng can cii tien de cho viec nhan dien va giai ma cac di tdn eua lich sir. Theo dd, rat can chi ra mdt each that su day du nhung tac ddng nhieu mat cua qua khir lich sir ddi vdi ddi sdng chinh tri phap ly duong dai.
Cflng tir dd, can sdm xay dung mdt he thdng giai phap de phat huy hoac khac phuc nhung di tdn cua lich sir, hay it nhat cung de thay dugc nhung yeu td lich sir cd kha nang lap lai khi cd nhflng dieu kien kinh te xa hdi tuong thich nham chu ddng trong qua trinh hoach dinh cac chinh sach, phap luat xay dimg nha nudc va quan ly xa hdi.
Nam Bd cua Viet Nam la vung dat ed lich sir lau dai vdi nhieu bien ddng. Trong sudt tien trinh lich sir, nhieu md thiie td chlic chinh quyen va nhung quy che phap ly khac nhau da cd mat tren vung dat Nam
PGS.TS., Pho Vien truong Vien Nha nuoc va Phap luat.
Bd. Tinh quy dinh cua hoan canh lich sir va y chi chii quan ciia chii the cam quyen trong moi giai doan lich sir khac nhau la nhung ylu t l cung hgp luc tao nen net ban sdc trong van minh chinh tri phap ly vung Nam Bd. Tir dd da dan den nhieu truyen thing trong phuang thiic ling xir ciia Nha nudc va cu dan ddi vdi cac hien tugng chinh tri phap ly. Ci cac miic do dam nhat khac nhau, dau an ciia cae truyen thdng do van dang tin tai va cd the dugc nhan dien.
Bai vilt nay ehi dirng d viec neu ra mot so bilu hien di tin cua lich sir td chiic chinh quyin vung Nam Bd trong ddi sdng chinh tri phap ly hien nay. De phat huy cac di san hay khac phuc cac he luy edn can den cac giai phap tir nhieu phuang dien khac nhau va do vay can phai dugc tiep tue nghien cuu thau dao hon.
1. Phan chia dja gioi ciia cac don vj hanh chinh a Nam Bo hien nay mang nhieu dau an lich sir
Bat dau tir nha Nguyen, Nam Bd dugc phan chia thanh cac tinh. Den thdi Phap thude. Nam Bg chia thanh 20 tinh, ke ca hai thanh phd Sai Gdn, Chg Ldn (dugc xem tuong duong tinh). Hien nay. Nam Bg dugc phan chia thanh 19 don vi hanh chinh cap tinh gdm 17 tinh va 2 thanh phd true thuoc trung uong la Can Tho va TP Hd Chi Minh.
Nhu vay, xet ve sd lugng, cac don vi hanh ehinh hien nay gan tuong duong vdi sd dan vi hanh chinh thdi Phap thudc. Tuy nhien, dieu quan trgng la ve co ban, cac don vi hanh chinh cap tinh hien nay dugc thiet lap tren dia gidi tuong ddng vdi cac tinh truac kia the hien sir tinh toan den su phu hgp ciia
cac yeu td dia ly, dan cu. van hda... Mdt vi du dien hinh la tinh Ba Ria - VQng Tau. Tinh Ba Ria - Vflng Tau hien nay nam trgn ven trong khu vuc dia gidi cua huyen Phude An thuoc tinh Bien Hda d the ky XIX (nam
1836) cflng la Sd tham bien Ba Rja (nam 1865). tinh Ba Ria va TP Cap Saint Jacques (nam 1900), tinh Phudc Tuy (nam 1956). Tir 7 tong ciia tinh Ba Ria va TP Cap Saint Jacques (nam 1900) tinh Ba Ria - Vflng tau hien nay dugc tach thanh 8 don vi hanh chinh cap huyen trong dd cd TP Vflng Tau.
Cac don vi hanh chinh cap huyen hien nay ve CO ban trung hgp vdi dia gidi cua cac tdng trudc day.
Dau an ciia lich sir trong viec phan chia don vi hanh chinh the hien kha rd trong viec thiet lap cac don vi hanh chinh co sd (xa) hien nay. Ve eo ban, don vi hanh chinh co sd hien nay d Nam Bd van cd dien mao dia vuc nhu trudc day. Quan trgng hon nu:a, yeu tl tgc ngudi va phuong thiic quan ly xa hgi theo tgc ngudi van ed mot di an nhat dinh trong cau triic cua don vi hanh chinh ca sd.
Trong lich sir cflng nhu trong hien tai, dieu nay dang tao ra nhung hieu ling trai nguge, chang han, mdt mat chung giup cdng ddng Viet Nam d day tranh dugc nhieu xung dot ton giao - tdc ngudi, nhung mat khac lai cung CO nhieu nhdm, xa hdi tren phuong dien luat tue, day la mot trd ngai van hda trong viec thing nhdt y thiic phap luat de xay dung xa hgi cdng dan.
2. Tinh nang dong, linh hoat, de tiep can la mot dac diem dyoe cac cap chinh quyen Nam Bo hien nay tiep nhan tir ljch sv
Thuc te cho thay hien nay, eac cap chinh quyen vung Nam Bd ludn ed xu hudng bieu hien rat nang ddng va linh hoat trong viec trien khai eac hoat ddng dieu hanh cdng viec nha nudc. Cae chii truong, chinh sach. phap luat cua Dang va Nha nudc thudng dugc trien khai nhanh chdng va cd hieu qua tdt nhat d Nam Bd. Xet tren phuong dien chinh trj phap ly. vung Nam Bd cflng ludn la
vung di dau trong viec de xudng cac chinh sach. bien phap mdi trong boat dgng quan ly. Nam Bd cflng la noi ngudi dan cd the tiep can tuong ddi de dang den vdi boat dgng ciia CO quan cdng quyen. Ndi each khac, trang thai bao thii, tri tre, quan lieu, xa dan ciia chinh quyen va ddi ngu can bg. cdng chiic nha nudc d viing Nam Bd hien nay khong that sir dang bao ddng nhu cac khu vuc khac ciia dat nudc. Dac tinh nay cua cac cap chinh quyen vung Nam Bg la ket qua cua nhieu yeu to da dang, trong dd, yeu td truyen thdng giu" mot anh hudng nhat dinh.
Trong lich sir vung dat Nam Bd, do nhung dieu kien khach quan va chii quan khac nhau, cac cap chinh quyen thudng dugc tdn tai trong mot vi the tuong doi dgc lap va CO quyen chii ddng nhat djnh trong boat dgng dieu hanh cdng viec nha nudc. Sir phirc tap ciia viing mien, sir bien dgng mau le ciia thue te lich sir, trang thai dia ly xa trung tam va ca sir cho phep van dung "quy chi Idng leo" dii vdi Nam Bd cua chinh quyen trung uong... da tao ra yeu cau va kha nang cho cac cap chinh quyen viing Nam Bg phai tu quylt dinh nhieu van de trudc khi nhan dugc chi thi chinh thiic tai trung tam quyen lire, cflng tao ra kha nang cho cac cap chinh quyen ap dung mdt each "tuy tien"
ban nhiing quy tac hoat dgng cdng vu.
Ngoai ra, bii canh quan ly mdt vimg lanh thi rdng, dugc hinh thanh chii yeu nhd ket qua khai pha ddt dai cua nhieu tgc ngudi vdi dac trung viing mien rat rd, cu dan cd nang luc thich nghi cao, dae biet la bd phan ndng dan ngheo sing trong cac lang xa cd khdng gian giao tilp xa hgi tuong ddi md da khien cho trong Heh su: tin tai, cac cdp chinh quyin Nam Bd da budc phai va ding thdi da quen ddn vdi viec md ra mdt co che quan he tuong doi thuan Igi vdi ngudi dan.
Cflng edn nhdc lai rdng, cho du su cai tri cua Phap d Nam ky thudc dia da dem tdi nhilu hau qua tieu cue cho xa hdi ma ndi bat nhdt la tinh chdt nd dich ve chinh trj cua boat ddng chinh quyin da thu tieu nhieu yeu td
nang ddng eua ddi sdng ehinh tri xa hdi, nhung cung mang lai mdt sd yeu td dan chii tiep thu tir the che dan chii tu san phuang Tay. Ndi each khac, trong sir nd dich ciia ngudi Phap ddi vdi cdng ddng Viet Nam d Nam Bd, thi su nd dich ve chinh tri nang ne hon nhieu so vdi sir nd dich ve phap ly. Tu tudng phap quyen dan chii tu san va cac nguyen tac luat phap ma chinh quyen thuoc dia d Nam ky phai tuan thu da dem lai mdt khdng gian tuong ddi edi md hon cho mdi quan he giua chinh quyen va ngudi dan. Nhu da phan tich d tren, cai khung phap ly dan chii tu san do ngudi Phap ap dung d Nam Bg tuy bi bdp meo bdi che do chinh tri thude dia, nhung van tdn tai tren phuong dien td chlic ehinh quyen ma ndi bat la viec van dung mdt each ban che md hinh tam quyen phan lap. Viec lap phap va lap quy dugc phan cap, quyen hanh chinh va tu phap dugc phan biet, he thdng hanh ehinh va tu phap deu cd sir ddc lap tuong ddi vdi he thdng chinh tri nhu vay da ngan chan dugc nhieu hanh vi lam quyen, long quyen ciia nhung ngudi dai dien chinh quyen - mdt hien tugng thudng thay dudi che do phong kien. Che do chinh tri thudc dia khdng cho phep cac co quan mang yeu td dan cir nhu Hdi ddng Quan hat, Hdi ddng Hang tinh, Hdi ddng Quan tri Thanh phd d Nam ky ban bac ve cae van de chinh tri, nhung cflng trao cho hg mot sd quyen han trong viec kiem soat ngan sach, thao luan ve eae van de xay dung cdng trinh cdng ich, phat trien giao due va y te...
Viec xet xir trong he thdng tu phap cflng da cd sir tham gia nhat dinh eua nhan dan. Cd the ndi, qua canh cira hep nay ciia thiet che nha nudc thudc dja ma eon ngudi Nam ky da ddn nhan nhu'ng tia sang dau tien ciia tu tudng phap quyen dan chii tu san phuang Tay. Tinh hinh nay cung dugc td dam them vdi sir tdn tai ciia the che ehinh tri thue dan mdi do ngudi My ap dat d Nam Bd Viet Nam trong vai chuc nam sau dd. He qua cua toan bd dien trinh lich sir ndi tren, xet tir khia canh tich cue eua van de la da tao nen
mdt thdi quen hanh xu dan chu trong boat ddng ciia eac co quan cdng quyen va ddi ngii can bg, cdng chirc, cung nhu tao ra mdt kha nang de tilp can ciia cdng dan ddi vdi cac ca quan cdng quyen.
3. Kha nang thich ling nhanh nhay vdi doi mdi ciia cac cap chinh quyen Nam Bo duong dai la mot he qua tich eye ciia lich su to chirc chinh quyen viing Nam Bo
Mot dac dilm dl nhan thay trong boat ddng cdng vu ciia cac cap ehinh quyen viing Nam Bd hien nay la kha nang tiep ling rat nhanh nhay dii vdi cae su kien cung nhu cac trang thai chinh trj phap ly mdi. Theo do, eac cdp ehinh quyen tai Nam Bd hien nay ludn tien phong trong viec thuc hien cac yeu cau ddi mdi, va trong rat nhieu ndi dung doi mdi thi sang kien dugc xuat phat tir thirc tien hoat dgng ciia cac co quan cdng quyen.
Chdng ban: van de cai each thii tue hanh chinh vdi co che mdt cira. van de phat huy vai trd giam sat ciia cac td chuc chinh tri - xa hdi ddi vdi td ehiie va hoat ddng cua cac ca quan Dang va Nha nudc, van de tranh tung va phat huy vai trd eua luat su...
Thuc tien lich sir td chirc chinh quyen d vung Nam Bg cho thay, chinh quyen cac cap d day ludn ed sir thay ddi tuong thich vdi nhung bien ddng thudng xuyen ciia ddi song chinh tri - phap ly. dien ra ddng thdi vdi qua trinh giao luu thdng thoang vdi cac nen van boa chinh tri phap ly d cac khu vuc khac.
La vimg dat mdi, hinh thanh dan do qua trinh khai pha ciia cac nhdm tgc ngudi nen chinh quyen eac cap d day thudng dugc to chirc dudi hinh thirc thir nghiem. hoan thien dan ciing vdi sir dn dinh dan ciia dia vuc va dan cu. Ndi each khac, don vi hanh chinh cung nhu td chire chinh quyen d day luon co mdt do md nhat djnh, san sang cho sir tiep thu nhflng yeu td mdi.
Cung can nhan manh them rang, qua trinh lich sir viing dat Nam Bd da chiing kien sir tham gia cua nhieu yeu td ehinh trj phap
ly ngoai lai do sir cd mat cua mdt si thi lire chinh tri ngoai tdc. Khi tham gia vao ddi sdng chinh trj phap ly vung Nam Bd, cac yeu td nay dugc hoa nhap tuong ddi thuan Igi do nang lire thich nghi cao eua dai bg phan dan cu d day. Den lugt minh, nang lire thich nghi cao ciia cu dan lai la ket qua cua dieu kien sdng va each thirc cai tri chii yeu theo md hinh quan chinh ciia nha cam quyen. Nhin tir phuong dien nay, de nhan thay kha nang thich irng vdi ddi mdi khdng chi la tiem nang ma edn la mdt dac tinh hien thuc cua cac cap chinh quyen vimg Nam Bg.
Trong thuc te, chinh dac tinh md, de thich ling vdi ddi mdi, khdng bao thu ciia truyen thdng td ehiic va boat ddng ciia eac cap chinh quyen vung Nam Bd da dugc cac nha nudc cai tri d vung Nam Bg ea phong kien va thuc dan van dung tdi miic tdi da trong viec thir nghiem eac chinh sach va bien phap cai tri. Chang ban: each thiic td chirc chinh quyen ban quan su dugc trien khai d Nam Bg thdi ky chinh quyen dang trong cua eac chua Nguyen da bien thanh md hinh to chirc ehinh quyen chung cho ca nudc thdi ky dau ciia virong trieu Nguyen; hoac vung Nam Bg la viing dugc ngudi Phap chgn la khu vuc dau tien ap dung cudc cai luong huong ehinh cflng nhu ap dung cac thilt chi dan chii han che ciia nen dan ehii tu san phuang Tay. Thirc te nay cd the dugc xem la mdt trong nhu'ng bai hgc lich sir can dugc tinh din khi lua chgn dia ban ap dung cac chinh sach va bien phap mang tinh thir nghiem trong td chiic va boat dgng ciia cac cap chinh quyen d nudc ta hien nay.
4. Ky nang quan ly tu-ffng doi chuyen nghiep ciia eac cap chinh quyen Nam Bo hien nay co sy gdp phan ciia yeu to lich sfr
Co mdt thdi gian dai tdn tai trong trang thai gdn nhu phai tu td chirc quan ly mot viing dat rdng ldn vdi thanh phan dan cu tuang dii phiic tap mang nhieu to chat "anh himg hao han" trong khi van phai thuc hien nghTa vu vdi chinh quyen trung uong va cd
trach nhiem bao ve vung lanh tho. cac cap chinh quyen viing Nam Bg da toi ren dugc nhieu kinh nghiem trong xay dung bg may chinh quyen cung nhu trong boat dgng quan ly. Nhung kinh nghiem dd tao thanh ky nang quan ly dugc tiep thu, ke thira tir giai doan nay sang giai doan khac ciia dien trinh lich sir. Dac biet. ky nang quan ly dat dugc do chuyen nghiep hon khi viing Nam Bg trd thanh vung dat thudc dia ciia thuc dan Phap.
Khac vdi Bac ky va Trung ky, noi ma nhiing yeu td tiep nhan tir nen dan chii phuang Tay da bi bien dang den miic que quat thi d Nam ky, viec thuc thi quy che chinh tri phap ly thuoc dia da dem lai it nhieu anh hudng ciia che do cdng vu nudc Phap - mdt qudc gia cd nen hanh chinh cdng vu chuyen nghiep vao hang bac nhat chau Au liic do. Cung can nhan manh rang, du muc dich hoan toan chi la nham dao tao ddi ngu tay sai ban xii va sau dd dugc md rdng ra la dao tao nhan luc cho viec khai thac thudc dia, nhung he thong giao due hien dai ma thuc dan Phap trien khai tai Nam ky thuoc dia da mang lai mdt kit qua ndm ngoai y dd ciia chiing, vo hinh trung da tao ra mdt ddi ngu tri thirc dgc lap vdi chinh quyen va mot ddi ngu cong chirc cd ky nang hanh xir cdng vu tuong doi chuyen nghiep. Khong chi ve van hoa, ma nhilu nganh hgc khac ciia xa hdi phuang Tay hien dai cflng dugc md ra trudc het d Nam ky. Sau trudng My nghe Thii Ddu Mot thanh lap nam 1901 va trudng My nghe Bien Hda thanh lap nam 1903 la Trudng Ve Gia Dinh dugc thanh lap nam 1913. Ngay 22/2/1902, Trudng Cong chinh dugc thanh lap nhdm dao tao nhan vien ky thuat cdng chinh ngudi ban xir, ngay 25/8/1903 Trudng Y tl thue hanh ban xir dugc thanh lap nham dl dao tao y ta va nii hd sinh ngudi Viet.
Ngay 11/4/1904, Trudng Hgc nghi d Sai Gdn dugc thanh lap nhdm dao tao cdng nhan ngudi, mdc, diic co tay nghe cao. thdi gian hgc la 3 nam. Ben canh dd, he thdng thdng tin vdi phuang tien ky thuat hien dai duong thdi gdm bao chi, dien tin cung gdp phan
pha vd he thdng giao tiep xa hdi truyen thdng ciia cdng ddng Viet Nam d Nam ky, dua hg bude vao mdt khdng gian xa hdi rdng ldn hon trudc. Khdng phai ngau nhien ma trudc Cach mang Thang tam. Nam ky lai la khu vuc duy nhat tren toan qude cd phong trao cdng san cdng khai vdi eae hinh thiic dau tranh ciia xa hgi hien dai nhu nghi trudng, bao ehi... Cae he thdng dan cir cua Nha nudc tu san phuong Tay da budc dau phat huy dugc tac dung ciia nd trong viec pha buy tu tudng phap quyen phong kien, mac du trong hoan canh thudc dia d Nam ky liic ay. nd lai tao ra nhieu sac do nhan thirc va khdng gian phap ly khac nhau ma ndi bat la giua thanh thi vdi nhieu khu vuc ndng thdn. Quan he giira ngudi dan vdi vien chirc trong bg may cdng quyen va giua eac vien chlic trong bd may cdng quyen da thay ddi theo hudng tich cue, tire binh dang hon so vdi thdi phong kien, che do tien luong, tien huu tri ddi vdi cdng chiic ciia chinh quyen thudc dia trudc 1945 cflng la mdt cudc each mang ldn trong td chire nha nude, vi nd tac ddng tich cue tdi y thiic trach nhiem ciia nhan vien trong bd may cdng quyen. Tir eudi the ky XIX, khu vuc Sai Gdn - Chg Ldn da dugc quy hoach, xay dimg va quan ly theo quy che can cd vdi cac do thi hien dai. eac quy pham ve Idi sdng dd thi timg budc dugc xac lap, va ve khach quan cdn nang cao y thiic tuan thu quy djnh hanh chinh eua ngudi dan.
Budc qua thdi ky hien dai, ky nang quan ly ciia chinh quyen cac cap vimg Nam Bd cflng cd them mdt ly do de thir thach trong trang thai thdi chien va su du nhap cua cac hgc thuyet va cac thao tac cai tri hanh ehinh do ngudi My dua vao. Cdng cu vd thiic eua lich sir da de lai nhiing di an mang mau sac tich cue.
Tat nhien, can phai nhac lai rang, hien trang mire do chuyen nghiep trong boat ddng cdng vu ciia cae cap chinh quyen vung Nam Bd hien nay ehi mang tinh chat tuong dii neu dat trong sir so sanh vdi cac vung mien khac trong ca nude. Va ngay ca trong trudng
hgp gia djnh nd dat dugc ehi sd cao hon mot each tuyet dii, thi dd cflng la ket qua cua nhieu yeu td khac nhau. Yeu td truyen thong hinh thanh tir trong qua trinh lich sir chi gop mdt phan nhat dinh vdi miic do dam, nhat rat khac nhau trong nhung ITnh vuc hanh xir cdng vu khac nhau.
5. Thoi quen hanh dong cam tinh trong sinh hoat xa hoi ciing nhu te lam dung quyen lye va "vu-fft rao" trong hoat dong quan ly nha nydc d Nam Bo la hien two'ng pho bien ho'n cac khu vyc khac trong ca nu'd'c, phan anh di ton tieu eye ciia lich sii'
Nhu mat trai tat yeu cua eac yeu to tich cue ke tren la eae di tdn ciia ljch sir ma bieu hien dau tien va de nhan thay nhat la thoi quen hanh ddng cam tinh the hien tinh each
"anh hung hao han", tham ehi tdi mire bat chap phap luat cua mdt bd phan cu dan Nam Bd hien nay. Dieu nay ed the giai thich can nguyen tir nhung dae thu cua hoan canh sinh tdn tren viing dat Nam Bd.
Trude khi khai pha Nam Bg, cac nhom cu dan ban dia d day da sinh tdn trong mot khdng gian rdng md xet ca tren phuong dien dia vuc cung nhu tren phuang dien xa hgi.
Ldi sdng tu do phdng khoang, khdng hi go ep bdi eac quy tac hay bj ed dinh bdi cac thiet che da dugc hinh thanh. Tiln vao dong bang Nam Bd eudi the ky XVII, cac the he di dan ngudi Viet dau tien va sau dd la cac nhdm di dan ngudi Cham, ngudi Hoa, ngudi Kho me cflng mang trong hanh trang van hda cua minh nhiing kinh nghiem boat dgng khac nhau, trong dd cd nhiing kinh nghiem td chlic xa hdi. Sir dung hgp nhung kinh nghiem ay dugc thuc hien trong qua trinh khai pha vung dat mdi, nen trong thuc te nhung ca nhan cd thi chdt khde manh. tinh than can dam, y thiic doan kit, nang lire to chlic se trd thanh ngudi lanh dao viec khai pha mot khu vuc va do dd cflng trd thanh ngudi dai dien ban chinh thiic cua cdng ding cu dan tai khu vuc dd. Td chdt "anh hung
hao ban" d nhung ngudi tha phuong lap nghiep noi cac thi he di dan ddu tien dy da dugc nhan len va bao luu cung vdi mdi trudng dung duong nd la mdt khdng gian chinh tri thieu nhung quy tdc chat che va ddy nhung quyet dinh chinh tri ngau hiing ciia ngudi cam quyin. Tu do, phdng khoang, nang ddng la nhung dac trung tinh each ngudi Nam Bd va ludn dem lai kit qua hai mat. Nhin tir khia canh tieu cue, dd ludn la ly do tiem nang cho sir thoat ly cac dinh chi phap ly. Khdng phai ngSu nhien ma phdn dong trong dam anh chi Binh Xuyen trudc day da song ca ddi ngudi ma chua thdy mat tam giay thue than eua chinh quyen thudc dia. Cflng khdng phai ngau nhien ma hien nay, ty le ngudi sdng khdng ed dang ky cu trii tai khu vuc phia Nam ludn cao nhat trong ca nudc. Cung can ndi them rang, che do quan chinh keo dai tir eudi thi ky XVII din 1832 roi cac cudc chien tranh tir 1833 din eudi thi ky XIX khien nhieu the he con ngudi Nam Bg, ma nhat la nam gidi sdng mdt cudc ddi nira dan niia linh, su pha trdn hai le thdi sinh boat nay trong nhung hoan canh khd khan dua tdi cho hg nang lire thich nghi cao nhung cung kem them bien do tha hda rdng, va trong nhirng hoan canh loan lac, cae ehuan muc xa hgi chinh thdng mat di siic che dinh thi nhung con ngudi nhu the rat de trd thanh nhiing toi pham ngau hung hay tiem nang.
Tuong tu, nen kinh te ndng nghiep san xuat hang hda tren co sd viec khai hoang d at tir cuoi the ky XIX trd di cung khien eac lang xa thdi Phap thudc. nhat la d mien Tay Nam Bg CO mot CO cau md vdi miic do bien ddng dan so ldn, tinh luu ddng cao md ra cho ngudi dan ma dac biet la bd phan ndng dan ngheo nhflng khong gian giao tiep xa hgi mdi tang cudng nang lire sdng, nhung mat khac do khong bi rang budc chat che vao eac quan he vdi ca noi xuat cu lan noi nhap cu, hg cflng rat de bj luu manh hda.
Cung chinh trang thai "ban quan sir" keo dai cua td chiic chinh quyen vdi viec trao
quyen luc qua ldn vao tay cac vd tudng dien ra ciing liic vdi mire do rang budc Idng leo cua chinh quyen trung uong ddi vdi Nam Bg da tao ra hieu ung duong nhien la thdi quen lam dung quyen lire va song hanh vdi no la hien tugng coi thudng ky cuong, hanh ddng cam tinh ngay ca trong hanh vi ling xir ciia ddi ngfl thuc thi cdng quyin. Tinh hinh nay the hien qua mo hinh quan ehinh keo dai tir the ky XVI din 1832. Trong ban mot thi ky trudc 1802, vung Nam Bg tuy dugc chia ra phii, huyen, tdng, thdn nhung deu do he thdng dinh tran cai tri, cac vd tudng nam ca quyen coi quan tri dan, tham chi thdi dang trong hg cdn dugc tuy y bd nhiem mot sd chlic quan giiip viec. Bg may hanh chinh d cap CO sd cflng kha Idng leo, ngudi d thdn nay co rugng d thdn khac. ngudi d dinh nay nop thue cho dinh khac la hien tugng rat phd bien. Vdi chinh quyen Nguyln Anh. tir 1788 trd di tinh hinh ndi tren mdi dugc chan chinh it nhieu. nhung den 1832 td chirc chinh quyen cac dia phuong d Nam Bg ndi chung con rat don gian va it nhieu deu mang tinh chat quan sir, bang chiing la den 1832 chiic Cai tdng van thudc ngach vo giai va do Bd binh cap bang. Chinh quyen thuoc dia ap dat d Nam ky ve thuc chat cflng van la mot bd may mang nang tinh quan su vdi phan ldn cac quan chiic dung dau bd may chinh quyen von xuat than la cac tudng ITnh quan ddi vien chinh. Can hdi them la d Nam Bd thdi dang trong, he thdng quan lai cdn it nhieu mang dang dap eua che do the tap va keo theo la che do tu tri ma trong dd ca nhan ngudi cam quyen tai dia phuong thau tdm toan bg quyen lire. Ben canh dd, ldi quan tri duy tri che do tu quan ciia lang xa va cac don vj tuong duong thdi Phap thudc da can trd sir rang huge cu dan d viing nay ve mat nha nudc, tham ehi, trong mdt sd trudng hgp lai tao ra cae thiet che xa hdi it nhieu biet lap vdi thiet che chung cua cdng ddng Viet Nam d dia phuong. Quy che quan ly ngudi Hoa theo he thdng bang chang ban, da tang cudng sire cd ket ciia ngi bd ngudi Hoa ndi chung va cac nhdm ngudi
Hoa ndi rieng, gay ra nhieu trd ngai cho viec hg hoa nhap trgn ven vao cdng ddng Viet Nam tren cac phuong dien kinh te, van hda cung nhu xa hgi.
Dau an tieu cue ciia qua trinh ljch sir hien huu kha rd net trong y thirc va hanh vi eua mot bg phan cu dan Nam Bd hien nay, dong thdi dang phat tac manh me trong hanh vi cdng vii ciia mdt bg phan can bd. cdng chire nha nude. Day la mdt he luy nang ne, la mot thach thuc ldn ddi vdi qua trinh ddi mdi dat nudc, nhat la ddi vdi muc tieu xay dung mot nen hanh chinh phuc vu va tien tdi mdt xa hgi phap quyen d nudc ta hien nay.
6. Y thuc thuong ton phap luat khong ehiem du'oc vi tri chii dao trong
"cau triic huu thii'c" eiia mot bo phan cu dan Nam Bo hien nay la mot he luy noi bat ciia phuong thii'c giai quyet moi quan he giua chinh quyen va dan chiing trong lich sii*
Xay dung Nha nudc phap quyen Viet Nam ddi hdi phap luat phai giu' dugc vj tri thugng tdn. Tuy nhien. dieu nay dang vap phai trd luc ldn la tinh trang y thirc phap luat khdng cao ciia dan chung, tham chi dang dien ra phd bien tinh trang thd o tdi miic xa lanh va coi thudng phap luat ciia mdt bg phan dan chimg hien nay. Nam Bd la khu vuc ma nhung dau hieu eua tinh trang nay bgc 16 kha rd.
Di tim nguyen nhan ciia hien tugng y thiic thugng tdn phap luat khdng ehiem dugc vi tri chii dao trong "cau triie huu thiic" eiia mdt bd phan cu dan Nam Bd, cung ed thi nhan dien dugc nhu'ng di tdn tieu cue eua lich sir td chiic va boat ddng eiia chinh quyen cac cap vung Nam Bg.
Tren thuc te, mdt md hinh quan ly quan chinh keo dai eong vdi mdt thuc tien cai tri Idng leo va mdt Idp cu dan quen vdi ldi sdng tu do trong khdng gian eiia nhung dinh che phi quan phuong da khien cho phap luat khdng ed vai trd dang ke trong viec giup cho boat dgng quan ly eua ehinh quyen dat hieu
qua. NIU bd qua nhung quy djnh khach quan eua hoan canh lich sir thi chinh yeu to chii quan thudc vl phuong thiic cai tri eua chinh quyen nha nude cflng da ddng mdt phan quan trgng vao viec tao dung he luy ndi tren.
Nhu da phan tich d tren, de quan ly mot xa hdi lien tue cd nhung bien ddng tir thdi Bac cu den thdi Nam tien nhu xa hgi dang trong, eac chiia Nguyen cung can tdi mot he thdng chuan muc xa hgi chinh thdng. Trong dieu kien cu the cua qua trinh khai pha viing Nam Bg, khi sire che dinh ciia phap luat bi giam Slit dang ke thi quan tinh chinh tri thai chiln tranh Le Mac trudc dd da hudng chinh quyen dang trong ve eac chuan muc cuang thudng cd huu ciia Nho gia. Tren ca ba phuong dien dieu chinh mdi quan he giua nhan dan vdi nhan dan, giua nhan dan vdi ehinh quyen va trong ngi bd chinh quyen, he thdng phap luat cua chinh quyen dang trong deu ham ehiia nhieu yeu td dao diic Nho gia, hay ndi khac di. he thdng phap luat d day van bj chi phdi bdi cac nguyen tac dao diic.
Trong bdi canh dd. che do quan chinh trao quyen lire qua ldn vao tay cac vd tudng a Nam Bd lai de dga quyen lire ciia chinh quyen trung uong, nen ben canh qude phap, ky cuong trieu dinh dang trong ludn de cao dao nghTa cuong thudng de rang huge hp.
Den lugt minh, do khdng dii nhung dieu kien thiet yeu de che dinh va van dung nhung quy tac phap ly, cac cap chinh quyen vung Nam Bd vira cai tri bang menh lenh quan su nhat thdi theo each "giai quyet tinh hudng" vira budng Idng cac thiet che djnh vi hanh vi cua dan chung. Nhin tir hudng nguge lai, che do tu quan danh cho lang xa vd hinh trung da dat phap luat d the ddi dien vdi dan ehiing, day hg xa hon nua ve phia cac dinh che phi quan phuong. Mot vi du ve viec chinh quyen cho phep cae yamaah (dom vi hanh le theo khu vuc cu trii) eua nguoi Cham, eac sdc cua ngudi Kho me phat trien
(Xem tiip trang 46)
phat sinh tir hgp ddng dd thude vl thuang nhan dugc dai dien. Hanh vi ciia ngudi dai dien trong pham vi dai dien phai dugc hieu la hanh vi eiia ehinh thuong nhan dugc dai dien. Day cflng la each de bao ve ngudi tbiir ba trong giao dich.
Tdm lai, nghTa vu ciia eac ben trong quan he dai dien trong ITnh vuc thuong mai la mdt van de trung tam ciia phap luat ve dai dien trong ITnh vuc thuong mai. Phap luat cac nude deu quan tam dieu chinh van de nay de bao ve quyen va lgi ich chinh dang cua eac ben trong quan he, trong dd cd van de bao ve ngudi dai dien, thdng qua dd
khuyin khich su phat triln eiia cac quan he dai dien trong ITnh vuc thuong mai. Phap luat Viet Nam da cd su tilp can va hai hoa vdi cae nude cd nen kinh te thi trudng phat triln tren thi gidi vl vdn de nghTa vy cua cac ben trong quan he dai dien. Tuy nhien, do nhieu nguyen nhan, van cdn cd mot sd diem cdn sira ddi cho phii hgp vdi dieu kien thyc te, ddng thdi dinh hudng cho su phat trien eua quan he dai dien thuang mai d Viet Nam, mot loai quan he rat quan trgng doi vdi su phat trien ciia thuong mai, ma thyc te chua cd sy phat trien tuong xiing vdi vai tro eua nd trong nen kinh te thi trudng.
(Tiep theo trang 30 - Tim hieu nhitng di tdn ...)
theo cac dinh che xa hdi mang tinh chat toe ngudi hay tdn giao da dan tdi ket qua la, he thdng luat tue Ddng Nam A dan xen cae chuan myc tdn giao vdi chuan myc phap luat trong eac dan tdc it ngudi d Nam Bd van dugc duy tri. Ndi tdm lai. khdng ehi siic manh eua eac dinh che phi quan phuong tao ra thdi quen "vd luat" ma ehinh phuong phap hanh xir cua chinh quyen eae cap da lam tram trgng them dang ke trang thai nay trong lich sir Nam Bd. Den thdi Phap thude, phap luat dugc de cao tir phia chinh quyen nhung lai vap phai phan ling manh liet tir phia dan chiing, do chd dd la phap luat cua ke do hd va cung do ehd dan chiing da qua
quen vdi trang thai sdng ngoai vdng cuang tda cua phap luat. He qua van la tinh than thugng tdn phap luat khdng cd chd diing xung dang trong y thiic eiia mdt bg phan dang ke cu dan vung Nam Bd. De khac phuc trang thai nay trong quan ly xa hdi hien nay la mdt van de hoan toan khdng don gian, doi hdi phai ed mdt he thdng giai phap ddng bo bao ham ea nhiing giai phap ve mat nhan thiic. ve mat phap ly, ve td chiic va can bo cung nhu nhung giai phap lien quan den nhu cau nang cao nang lye lam chu, nang luc hieu biet va van dung phap luat, nang lire tiep can chinh quyen va cdng ly ciia cac bo phan dan cu vung Nam Bd.
