TRlfiT HOC, s d 4 (239), THANG 4-2011
Tim HI€U CO s d THUC T I I N vfl NHU CHU XR HOI HlNH THFINH TIT TlfdNG CHINH TRI THdl TRnN
NGUYEN THI THtlY DUY£N'*' Qua trinh hinh thdnh tU tudng chinh tri cua mpt ddn tdc ludn gdn lien vdi cdc dieu kien lich sd, kinh ti' xd hdi cua ddn tdc dd. Trong bdi viit ndy, tdc gid dd dda ra vd phdn tick nhiing ca sd thUc tiin vd nhu cdu xd hdi hinh thdnh tU tUdng chinh tri thdi Trdn. Theo tdc gid, tU tudng chinh tri thdi Trdn hinh thdnh khdng chi dUa tren nhiing diiu kiin lich sd, kinh ti- xd hdi, md cdn Id sU phdn dnh nhiing nhu cdu cdp thiit cua xd hpi khi dd nhU nhu cau thdng nhdt vi chinh tri • xd hdi, nhu cdu cung cd'trdt tii xd hdi vd bdo vi l(fi ich cua giai cdp cdm quyen, nhu cdu chdng giac ngoai xdm, bdo vi chd quyen ldnh thd vd ldi ich qud'c gia ddn tdc...
1 ao nhflng nam cudi the' ky XII, ddu ' cua thd' ky XIII, nhflng vi vua cudi eflng cua nha Ly nhU Cao Tdng, Hud Tdng trdn thflc td' da khdng edn dai didn eho ldi ich qud'c gia, Idn ldi ich ciia tang Idp quy tdc phong kid'n. Sfl quan lieu, lung doan cua nhflng ke gian thdn vay quanh nha vua bac nbupe vk thien can dan dd'n sfl suy yd'u ciia bd may quyin lfle nha Ly. Hau qua la kinh td' dinh tre, van hda va giao due hi tha ndi, chinh tri khdng dn dinh, hpa ngoai xam dang dd'n gdn. Trong bdi canh dd, vide phe' bo nha Ly da suy thoai la rapt td't yd'u ciia lieh sii. Nam 1225, nhd vao sfl sap xd'p cua Trdn Thii Dp, Ly Chidu Hoang - vi vua eudi eung ciia trieu Ly da nhfldng ngdi cho Tran Canh (Trdn Thai Tdng) va Trieu Tran dflde thid't Idp.
Trong gdn 175 nam tdn tai, vdi nhflng thang tram eiia lich sii, triiu Tran da xay dflng mdt che' dp xa hdi kha dn dinh vi mpi mat chinh tri, kinh td', xa hdi, van hda, quan sfl... Idm thay ddi ca dien mao ddn tdc. Do vdy, vide nghien cflu, phan tich nhiSng cd sd thUe tiln va nhflng nhu cau xa hdi ma thdng qua dd, tfl tfldng chinh tri ddi Trdn dfldc
hinh thanh va bidu hidn cu thd eang cd y nghia sau sdc. Bdi le, qua trinh hinh thknh tu tudng chinh tri eiia mdt dan tdc ludn gdn lien vdi cac dieu kidn kinh td', xa hpi, tu tudng, vkn hda eua dan tdc dd. Nhu C.Mae vk Ph.Angghen da khdng dinh "khdng the nhdn dinh dUdc vi mot thdi dai ddo loan nhU the nao cdn ca vdo y thac cua thdi dai dy. Trdi lai, phdi gidi thich y thdc dy bdng nhOng mdu thudn cua ddi sd'ng vat chdt, bdng sU xung dot hien cd giaa lUc lUdng sdn xudt oca hdi vd nhOng quan he sdn xud't oca hgi'\l).
Nha Trdn dfldc xera nhU la giai doan bat dau phat triin cua ehd' dp phong kid'n Viet Nam tren mpi binh didn, Nd'u nhu sU kd't hdp hai hda gifla nhiing gia tri van hda truyen thd'ng ban dia vdi cac trao lUu tu tudng du nhdp la Phat giao, Nho giao va Dao giao dupe dung hdp nhau trdn tinh than "tam giao ddng nguydn", lam thanh nhflng nhan tdtinh
(*) Nghien cdu sinh, Giang vien Khoa Triet hoc, Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa h6i v& Nhfin van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
(1) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Todn tap, t.i. Nxb Cb'nh tri Quoc gia. Ha Noi, 1993, tr.l5.
54
TIM Ulk] CO sd THUC TlfiN vA NHU CAU XA HQI...
than tieu bieu, that sU la tien de ly luan cho sU hinh thanh, phat trien cua tU tudng chinh tri thdi Tran thi bude chuyin giao quyen lUe chinh tri em thdra tfl nha Ly sang nha Trdn da tao nhflng diiu kidn thudn ldi cho Dai Viet ke tuc nhieu thanh tUu tfl thdi Ly, tid'p tuc xdy dflng, phat tridn kinh te', on dinh trat tfl xa hpi, lam thanh nhflng tiin de thUc tidn triic tid'p hinh thanh, phat tridn va quay trd lai chi phoi tU tudng chinh tri thdi Trdn.
Trin binh diin kinh te, dUa vao cac tai lieu lich sil, cac nha sii hpe deu thd'ng nha't rdng, cd sd kinh td' cua xa hdi thdi Ly - Tran (tfl thd' ky X de'n the' ky XIII), ve cd ban la che' dp sd hflu nha nfldc vi da't dai thdng qua edng xa ndng thdn. Thdi ky nay, san xud't ndng nghidp dfldc nha nUdc cham lo. Theo do, vide mua ban trao ddi rudng dd't ciing dupe thUc hidn, lam cho che' dd rudng da't ndi ehung va che' dp sd hflu nha nfldc, sd hflu tu nhan vi rudng da't ndi rieng phat tridn.
Chd' dp sd hflu nha nfldc vi rudng da't, thiic cha't la quyen sd hflu tdi cao vi rudng dd't cua nha vua - ngUdi dflng ddu nha nude chuydn che', dupe bieu hien ci quyen dupe hudng nhflng hoa Idi bdc lot, quyin thu dia td do thdn dan edng nap. Bd phan rudng dd't nay bao gdm sdn lang, tich dien va qud'c khd'. Sd cu cho Met: "mua ddng, thdng 11 ndm Binh Thin (1316), sai te thdn, tdn thdt eiing cdc quan gdt rudng, tich dien"(2).
Rudng da't cdng thudc ve danh nghia ciia vua, nhflng thiic cha't la cdng dien, cdng thd eiia lang xa, do cdng xa quan ly va phdn phdi cho xa vien cay cay;
ndng dan nop lai td thue, nd dich cho nha nUdc. Rudng edng lang xa dfldi thdi nha Trdn da thuc sU trd th^nh mdt ed sb kinh t^ cua nha nUdc. Mot mat, nhk
Tran da sii dung rudng da't cdng ldng xa vao vide phong cd'p cho quan lai, hp hang, can than va cdng thdn cua minh.
Chinh sach ban cap rudng ddt va bdng Idc cua nha Trdn dfldc the hidn tieu bieu nha't la thai a'p. Sfl thdn Ngd Sy Lidn chdp rdng: "theo qui che nhd Trdn, cdc vUdng hdu deu d phu di. NhU Quo'c Tudn d Van Kii'p, Thu Do d Qudc HUdng, Qudc Chdn d Chi Linh deu the ca"(3). Thai d'p la tai san ridng, thudc sd hflu tu nhan eiia qui tdc. Do dd, sU tdn tai ciia nd gdn chat vdi trieu dinh, vdi dong hp nha Tran. Mat khdc, do nhu edu md rdng didn tich canh tac va thuc hidn chu trUdng xay diing, cung cd thd' liic eua qui tdc Tran, nha nfldc ehu trfldng khai hoang, lap ddn dien h ndi da't hoang nhieu, dan cfl thfla thdt.
Nam 1266, nha vua "xud'ng chieu cho cdc vUdng hdu, cdng chua, pho ma, cung tdn chieu tap nhOng ngUdi xieu tdn, khdng cd sdn nghiep ldm no ty de khai khdn rudng hoang, lap diin trang"(4). Dien trang va thai a'p la hai bd phan cd y nghia quyet dinh tinh cha't, loai hinh sd hflu rudng da't phong kid'n qui tdc thdi bay gid. Ben canh dd, nha Trdn cdn cho ban cdng diin thdnh tfl dien "bdn rudng cdng, mdi dien Id 5 (bdy gid goi mdu la diin). Cho phep nhdn ddn mua ldm rudng ta\b) thi chd' dp sd hflu tu nhan ve rudng da't da cd them diiu kidn de phat trien rdng khdp va trd thanh mdt nhan to kinh te mdi.
Rudng da't da thflc sfl trd thanh hang hda, kich thich tang Idp qui tdc xue tid'n raanh vide khai khdn da't hoang, lap diin trang, mua ban, cfldp doat rudng
(2) ViSn Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam. Dai Viet sd ky todn thu, t2. Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Noi, 1998, tr.32.
(3) V i | n Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam. Sdd., t . l , tr.32.
(4) V i | n Khoa hoc xa hoi Vi$t Nam. Sdd., t . l , tr.36.
(5) V i | n Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam. Sdd., t.l, tr.25.
NGUYfiN THI THUY DUY^N da't nhdm kinh doanh lam gi^u. Do vdy, dien tich ddt ciia ndng dan ngay ckng bi thu hep, gay ra nhflng nam md't mfla ddi kem, ddn de'n sfl phdn hda sau sde trong xa hpi, lam bung nd nhflng cudc khdi nghia ciia ndng nd, nd t;^, tao ra vet nflt trdn binh dien ehung ciia nin kinh te'xa hdi thdi Trdn.
Dd tao diiu kidn thudn ldi eho san xud't ndng nghiep, bao vd mua mang, trieu dinh eiing chu trpng xdy dflng cac cdng trinh thiiy Idi, tri thiiy, "sai Npi minh tU Nguyen Bang Cdc (hoan quan) chi huy binh linh phu minh ddo vet kinh Trdm vd kinh Hdo ta phu Thanh Hda din dia gidi phia nam Dien Chdu"(6) nhdm dam bao giao thdng va tfldi tidu, thuc day san xud't ndng nghidp phat tridn, nhdm phuc hdi nen kinh td.
Ve thu cdng nghiep, nha Trdn tid'p tuc xay dflng cac xUdng thu cdng nha nude, chd' tao nhieu binh khi, dd trang sfle, due tien, ehudng, xay den dai cung didn. Cae phUdng nghi thu cdng trong nhan dan nhU ddt lua, lam gdm, my nghd... eung phat trien manh. Vi thd', boat ddng mua ban thUdng nghidp trd ndn sdm ua't, chd Idn, nho rape d nhieu ndi. Dd thuan tidn cho vide trao doi hang hda trong xa hdi, nha Trdn "xud'ng chii'u cho ddn gian diing tien "tinh bach" mdi tien Id 69 dong'\l). Quan he tiin te ciing xara nhap vao ddi sd'ng chinh tri thdng qua vide nha nUdc dat ra cae chinh saeh thu thud' theo san pham, tra cdng thd bdng tiin, thd'ng nhd't cac ddn vi do lUdng. Nha Trdn cdn chu trpng phat trien mang ludi thUdng nghidp vk thanh thi bdng vide xay dflng cae phu li d ddng bang sdng Hdng, nhfl phd Luy Lau ben bd sdng Dau (Bdc Ninh), phd' Ld' ben bd sdng Nghia Tru (Hung Yen).
Dao bidt, vdi vi tri trung tam rd't thudn Idi cho giao lUu budn ban, sU phat trien
ra't sdm ua't eua thanh Thdng Long da tac ddng dd'n cac vung ven, tao spi day lien kd't ve kinh td, van hda gifla cac vflng trong ca nfldc. Td't ea da tao nhflng diiu kipn thuan ldi, on dinh de phat trien thfldng nghiep vk nhflng nganh nghi thii cdng truyen thong.
Cd t h i thd'y, vide duy tri sfl tdn tai song song hinh thflc cdng hflu (cdng diin) va tu hflu (tfl dien) da giup nha Trdn tdp trung dflpc tokn bd cua cai vk nhan lfle, thuc day san xua't ndng nghidp, thflc hidn di dan, lap lang, ldm chflc nang tri thuy, thuy Ipi, phat trien cdng thfldng nghiep, md rdng giao Iflu budn ban, lam eho nen kinh td'Dai Viet thflc sfl phat triin. Tuy nhidn, trong khudn khd nin kinh td' tU cd'p tu tuc va sU rdng bude eiia dia td phong kid'n da bdc Id nhflng raau thudn xa hpi, dac biet la mau thudn gifla hinh thfle edng hflu vdi sfl chie'm dung tu nhan ve rudng da't. Mdt khi xa hdi hoc Id nhieu mau thuan nd se ddi hdi sU giai quyd't thda dang eiia mdt he tU tudng K luan chinh tri ciia giai ca'p thd'ng tri, dap flng nhu cdu gifl vflng ddc lap, tfl chii, phat trien kinh te', van hda, xa hpi eiia Dai Viet thdi ba'y gid.
Tren binh diin xd hdi, d thdi Trdn, xa hpi cd sfl phan hda manh me, dac bidt la ve mat kd't ca'u giai ca'p xa hdi.
Xa hpi thdi Tran da hinh thanh va tdn tai ba dang cd'p chinh; dd la: ddng ca'p qui tdc, tdn tha't, quan lai trong chinh quyin quan chu; ddng cd'p nhflng ngUdi binh dan vk ddng ca'p nd ty. Trong giai doan phdn thinh, sfl phan tdng xa hpi la tfldng ddi dn dinh, nhflng cang ve sau, do tac ddng eua cae yd'u td' chinh tri, kinh te', eiing nhfl sU phat trien td't yd'u
(6) Vien Khoa hoc xa h6i Vi#t Nam. Sdd., t.l, tr.13, (7) Vi^n Khoa hoc xa h6i Viet Nam. Sdd., t.l, tr.9.
l l M HIEU CO sd THUC T I I N V A NHU CAU XA HOI..
cua lieh sii, m a sU bid'n ddng, c h u y e n dieh va p h a n h d a c u a cac giai t a n g xa hdi cang t h e hidn ro.
Ndi bd giai cd'p thd'ng t r i n h a T r d n da p h a n h d a t h d n h h a i t d n g Idp, dd la t a n g Idp qui tdc t d n tha't n h a T r d n va t a n g Idp dia chii q u a n lieu, m a eu t h e la cae nho si t r o n g bd m a y q u a n li eiia n h a Trdn. T r o n g kd't ca'u d d n g cdp, n h a v u a gifl vai trd dac bidt. Id ngudi dflng d vi t r i t r u n g t a m cdng ddng, cd q u y e n sd hflu tdi cao v i d a n h n g h i a ddi vdi to^n bd r u d n g da't, t a i s a n eiia d a t nflde; ldnh dao va didu h a n h mpi cdng vide eiia n h a nfldc, tfl k i n h td' e h i n h t r i dd'n v a n hda, quan sfl... Dac biet, d thdi n h a T r d n , vi tri ddc tdn n a y e u n g do v u a va T h a i thfldng h o a n g n d m gifl, nhdra dao tao cac t h a i tii c h a m lo vide nflde, t r a n h t r a n h c h a p n g a i v a n g . Dflng dfldi vua, trong d a n g cd'p thd'ng t r i la khdi vUdng hdu qui toe t d n tha't n d m gifl nhflng chflc vu cao nha't t r o n g t r i e u dinh, cd rudng phong, t r a n g a'p, gia nd, nd t y vdi sd Ifldng Idn. N a m 1267, T r a n T h a n h Tdng da d a t r a ca m d t h e thd'ng tdn thd't
"kim chi ngoc diep", dfla theo tidu chuan "ngd phuc" de d'n d i n h hp h a n g xa g a n va eiing dd qui dinli cac tfldc hieu khac n h a u . Nhfl vay, dfldi t r i e u Tran, t a n g Idp qui tdc t d n tha't da ddng gifl mdt vai t r d dae bidt q u a n trpng, eiing vdi v u a dieu h a n h d a t nfldc, tao nen phfldng thfle cai t r i c h u y e n chd' ddng hp dien h i n h , t r o n g ed chd' p h o n g kien t a p quyen, t a o n e n m p t the' lfle t r u n g t h a n h , vfla dfldc gdn bd bdi q u a n he huyd't thd'ng, vfla hi r a n g budc bdi quan h e v u a tdi t r o n g bd m a y c h i n h q u y i n q u a n lidu. H e thd'ng q u a n lidu ciing k h d n g ngflng dUde md rdng, c h u yeu \k cae n h o si, q u a n lai k h d n g thudc ddng hp n h a T r d n . H p dUde t u y e n chpn chu ydu t h d n g q u a c h d dd k h o a cii.
Nhflng ngfldi n a y k h d n g dUdc phong cd'p da't dai va k h d n g cd nd ty
Tdra lai, giai ca'p thd'ng t r i nhk T r a n m a n g t r o n g rainh t a t ca nhflng dac quyen, dac ldi cua mdt ddng cd'p thdng t r i p h o n g kie'n bdc lot, cd mdt ldi sd'ng k h a c bidt ve cd b a n vdi ddng dao qudn c h u n g n h a n d a n . Song, d thdi Tran, t d n g Idp qui tdc q u a n lidu vdn chfla h o a n toan t h o a i hda, v a n m a n g nhflng ydu td' tich cflc trong edng eude bao vd, xay dflng da't nflde. T u y nhidn, do sfl k h a c n h a u ve q u y i n Ipi k i n h td', dia vi xa hdi, ve nhflng r a n g budc vdi t r i i u dinh va nhflng m a u t h u d n ve tU tflcing d a n n a y s i n h t r o n g q u a t r i n h p h a t t r i e n ; , h a i t d n g Idp qui toe tdn tha't va dia c h u q u a n lidu eflng ddi hoi d n h a T r a n mpt ly l u a n c h i n h t r i d i lidn kd't hp t h a n h mdt khdi vflng chdc, n h d m sxi d u n g dfldc tai n a n g t r i t u e cua hp, ddng thdi eiing ed', bao vd dfldc ngai vang cua ddng hp minh.
T a n g Idp b i n h d a n bao gdm ddng dao ndng d a n sd'ng t r o n g eac lang xa, thd t h u cdng va thUdng n h a n sd'ng chii yd'u d cac dd t h i h a y cae l a n g n g h e t r u y e n thd'ng, eac n h o si, sU t a n g h a y dao si...
la lUe lUdng s a n x u d t chinh trong xa hpi. Xet ve q u a n h e giai cap, hp la t a n g Idp hi bdc lot; xdt ve cd chd' d a n g cap, hp la ddng cap b e n dudi bi thd'ng tri. Tfl thd' ky XIV t r d di, cung vdi q u a t r i n h p h a t t r i i n t h i sU p h a n hda giau nghdo n g a y cang sau sdc, sU kiet que cua qud'c khd' do m a t m u a , thidn t a i va chid'n t r a n h khid'n thud' m a t a n g cao, n h i e u ndng d a n bi bdn cung hda, trd t h a n h nhiing ngUdi xidu t a n , khid'n cho cdng ddng n d n g t h d n l a n g xa khdng cdn t h a t sU vflng chdc. NhU vay, khdng chi trong npi bd giai cd'p thd'ng t r i m a trong bd p h a n d a n chung, cd cau ve ddng cd'p va sU p h a n t a n g xa hdi c u n g khdng ngiing
N G U Y I N THI THUY DUYfiN bid'n ddng.
Vdi kd't cd'u xa hdi nhU vdy, xa hdi Dai Vipt dudi thdi Trdn da trai qua mpt thdi ki phat tridn kha dn dinh. Tfl tudng chinh tri ddi Trdn hinh thanh khdng ehl diia tren nhflng diiu kidn lich sii, kinh td', xa hdi md edn la sfl phan anh nhflng nhu edu cd'p thid't ciia xa hdi Dai Viet thdi ky nha Trdn.
Mot la, nhu cdu thd'ng nhd't ve chinh tri - xd hdi. Lk mdt triiu dai vfla dflpc thid't lap, giai cd'p quy tdc tdn thd't nha Tran mud'n dflng vflng trdn ngai vang dd dieu hanh da't nfldc, thi khdng cd eon dfldng nao khac ngoai vipc nhanh chdng dn dinh trat tii xa hdi va thd'ng nha't vi tu tudng, ehinh tri. 0 budi ddu nha Tran thid't lap ngdi bau, khi Idng dan chUa yen, cdn nhd thUdng vua cu, Trdn Thii Dp da lap kd', dp vua Ly tu tii, chdn sd'ng tdn that nhd Ly, cbd'm dflt sfl hidn didn ciia triiu Ly tren trfldng ehinh tri.
Tran Thii Dp vk tdn thd't nhd Trdn da eung nhau chung sfle thflc hanh phap tri dd dep loan cac thd' Iflc ea.t cfl trong nflde, cha'n hflng kinh td', dai xa dan chflng, cai td lai bd may thd'ng tri diiu hanh da't nflde tfl trung fldng dd'n dia phfldng, ehuan hi Iflc Ifldng ddi phd vdi nguy ed ngoai xam...
Nhfl vay, vdi ddng thai ehinh tri ra't phd bie'n ma eac triiu dai phong kid'n Viet Nara trong lich sxi da thfle hidn, dd la chuyen giao quyin Iflc tfl ddng hp nay sang ddng hp khac, trieu Trdn da cd dfldc thien ha. Dd cung la bfldc ngoat nhdm dap flng nhu cdu thdng nhd't dd't nfldc, dn dinh ehinh tri luc bd'y gid. Nhu cdu ay budc giai cd'p thd'ng tri trieu Tran cdn dd'n mpt ly luan chinh tri vfla khdn kheo, vfla kidn quyd't de chd'm dflt sU thd'ng tri ciia vUdng triiu cu; d?p ydn eac cudc ehid'n tranh ndi day cat cfl, cUdp gid't trong nUdc; khdi phuc v^ phat
triin nen kinh td' dang he't sdc tri trd;
chudn hi lUe lUpng qudn sU de ddi pho vdi ke thfl ngoai bang dang hdng xam chie'm Dai Vidt.
Hai Id, nhu cdu cung cd'trdt tUxd hoi vd bdo vi ldi ich cua giai cdp cdm quyen. Nhk Trdn Idn ndm chinh quyen trong bdi canh xa hpi mue rong m^
trieu Ly di lai, nhu edu bflc thiet dkt ra, dd la nhanh chdng on djnh chinh tri, cung cd lai trat tu xa hdi, mdt mat nhdm dam bao Idi ieh eiia giai c^p thd'ng tri cdm quyen, mat khac la thong nhd't qud'e gia dan tdc ca ve tU tfldng Idn thi che cdm quyen. Cac vua Trdn kien quyd't: "Nhd nUdc cd phep tac riing.
Nam Bdc khdc nhau"(8), do vay, de co sfl binh dn ve chinh tri, nhidm vu ddu tidn dat ra cho giai ca'p edm quyen nha Tran la phuc hdi va cham lo chan hflng mpi mat ve kinh te.
Cung nhu thdi Ly, eac vua Tran chii y thuc day manh sU phat trien eua kinh te' ndng nghiep, vdn la nganh chii dao dem lai ngudn thu nhdp chinh cho trieu dinh va cho toan nhan dan thdi ba'y gid.
Nha Trdn phat trien cac loai hinh sfl hflu rudng da't khac nhau, ap dung nhieu bidn phap thiiy ldi, thiiy ndng va coi dd la nhidm vu ehung cua nha niidc va nhan dan, nhdm thue day san xuat ndng nghiep phat trien. Ben canh do, vide khuyd'n khich cac lang nghe thii edng nghidp va phat trien mang luft thUdng nghidp, thanh thi thdng qua vide rad rdng, nang ca'p he thd'ng giao thdng, nha't I^ giao thdng thiiy bd trong ca nude da khid'n cho nen kinh td' Dai Vifit dfldi thdi Tran phat trien nhanh chdng, tao nhfliig dieu kien thuan Idi cho nha nude va giai cd'p quy tdc phong kiin
(8) Vi^n Khoa hoc xa h5i Viet Nam. Sdd, t.l, tr.l38.
TIM HIEU CO S 6 THUC TIEN v A NHU c A u XA HOI..
trieu T r d n ciing cd lai t r a t tfl xa hdi, tflng bude x a y dUng v a h o a n t h i d n bd may n h a nUdc edm q u y e n tfl t r u n g Udng den dia phUdng.
Bdn e a n h vide kd' thfla va tiing bude hoan t h i d n md h i n h n h a nUde p h o n g kid'n t a p q u y e n dUpc xay dUng tfl cac thdi dai k h a e , n h a T r d n cdn r a sfle kidn todn bd m a y c h i n h q u y e n chuydn chd' vdi nhflng cd q u a n h a n h c h i n h chuydn trach tfl t r u n g fldng dd'n dia phfldng.
Nha T r d n "chia nUdc ldm 12 Id. Ddt chdc An phu, Trdn phu, cd hai vien chdnh, phd de cai tri"(9). D i thflc h a n h p h a p tri, n h a T r d n da cho bien soan cac d i i u l u a t t h a n h v a n , quy dinh cu t h i cac cdng vide, h i n h thflc xfl p h a t , khen t h u d n g ciia t r i i u d i n h c u n g nhU ciia n h a n dan, d i n h lai va bo s u n g quy chd' t h i cil. Ilia chpn n g u d n n h a n sfl cho t r i i u dinh, eoi t r p n g b i n h p h a p , ky t h u a t q u d n sfl va e h i dp t u y e n duyet, hud'n luyen q u a n b i n h p h u c vu cho thflc tien k h a n g chie'n. Tfl dd, thdi ky n a y ciing d a t r a nhflng ddi hoi ca'p thid't ddi vdi sfl h i n h t h a n h eac q u a n didm, nhflng n h a n thflc li l u a n ve m a t e h i n h tri n h d m chi dao cho b o a t ddng thflc tidn eua n h a n d a n D a i Viet.
Ba Id, nhu cdu chdng giac ngoai xdm, bdo vi chu quyen ldnh thd vd ldi ich qud'c gia ddn tdc. Da't nflde Viet Nam vdi vi t r i dia ly t h u a n Idi, t a i nguyen p h o n g phii, thfle sfl la m a n h da't mau rad cho k e t h u ddm ngd, x a m lUdc.
Vdi sfl m a n g x a y dflng, chid'n da'u va bao vd q u y e n ddc lap, tU c h u cua d a n tdc, thdi n h a T r a n dfldc x e m la mdt giai doan dae biet t r o n g lich sii k h a n g chie'n chdng ngoai x a m c u a d a n tdc t a . Ba cudc k h a n g ehid'n chd'ng q u a n N g u y e n - Mdng, dfldc vi nhfl cdn bao l a m s u p dd ca mdt t r i i u d a i nhk Td'ng. Dfldi thdi
v u a T r d n T h a i Tdng va T r d n N h a n Tdng, n h a T r a n da ba Idn dai t h a n g t r o n g cudc k h a n g chie'n chd'ng Nguyen - Mdng x a m Iflde vdo n a m 1258, n a m 1285 va nara 1288. T h d n g Idi n a y da n a n g cao vi the' eiia n h a T r d n trong lieh sd, h u n due va bdi ddp y chi q u a t cfldng, a n h d u n g eiia d a n tdc ta. Tidu bidu t r o n g cudc k h a n g ehid'n d'y la ta'm gfldng a n h h u n g ciia thidn tdi q u a n sfl T r a n Qud'e Tua'n. T i n h t h d n ydu nfldc ndng ndn cua vfldng t r i e u T r d n va n h a n d a n Dai Viet da dfldc p h a n a n h vao trong Iinh \Tic t u tudng, t h a n h nhflng q u a n diem va n h a n thflc li l u a n ve chii quyen da't nfldc, v i Idng t u tdn d a n tdc n h u :
"xud'ng chii'u cho qudn vd ddn khdng dUdc mac do, chdi ddu theo ngUdi phUdng Bdc vd bdt chUdc tieng noi cua cdc nUdc Chiem, Ldo"(10).
Noi torn lai, t u tudng chinh tri thdi T r a n r a ddi khdng p h a i ngdu nhien m a la mdt hidn tUdng td't yd'u, mang tinh lich sii - xa hdi, xua't p h a t tfl nhflng dieu kidn kinh td', chinh tri, v a n hda, xa hdi va la sfl p h a n a n h nhflng n h u cau cap thid't ciia xa hpi Viet N a m luc bay gid. Tren cd sd thflc t i l n va n h u cau xa hdi dat ra, n h a T r d n da xay dflng rapt tfl tUcing chinh tri cd k h a n a n g thdiig nha't xa hdi;
q u a n ly, d i i u h a n h n h a nUdc mdt each quy md, toan didn hdn; bao vd dia vi, q u y i n ldi eua giai cap thd'ng tri phong kidii va giai quyet m a u t h u a n can ban, xuyen sudt thdi dai n h a Tran, dd la mau t h u d n gifla Idi ich d a n tdc va ke t h u ngoai xam; tfl dd, tid'n h d n h t h d n g Idi cdng eude xay dflng va p h a t trien Dai Viet h u n g m a n h trdn rapi phfldng dien. Q
(9) ViSn Khoa hoc xa h6i Viet Nam. Sdd., t.l, t r . l 2 . (10) Vi6n Khoa hoc xa hoi Yiet Nam. Sdd, t l , tr.l58.
