KHOA HOC C d N G N G H £
DAIVH GlA DO PHI MHIEU V A IVHUIXIG HAIXl CHE CLIA DAT TROIVG LLIA VIJIXIG DOIXIG BAIXIG SOIMG HOIMG
Pham Van TlianhS NguySn Hianh Lam^
VQ Anh Tu^ Nguygn Quang Huy^
T6MTAT
Dong bang song Hong (J)BSH) la vua lua Ion thii hai cua Viet Nam, c6 1.508.212 ha dat tii nlnen, trong do dien tich d^t nong nghiep 962.278 ha, chiem 63,8% tdng di^n tich. Dat trong liia 561.746 ha, chi^m 58,35%
dien tich dat nong nghigp. D^t lua dupe trong tren 22 loai dat thuoc 6 nhom dat. Dat mSn 32.438 ha, dat phen 41.856 ha, dat phii sa 450.739 ha, dat xam 29.330 ha, dat do 5.105 ha va dat thung lung 2.278 ha. Dat Ilia CO diem chat lugng cao 417.043 ha, chi^m 74.24%; c6 diem chat lugng tmng binh 105.850 ha, chiem 18,84% va CO di^m chat lirong thap 38.853 ha, chiem 6,92% di§n tich dait h-6ng lua. Tinh Nam Dinh, Hung Yen va Ha Nam c6 100% di§n tich dat liia c6 chat lirpug trung binh den cao. Tinh/thanh Vinh Phu, Ha Noi va Hai Phong c6 dat trong liia di^m chat luong dat thap Ian lirot la 21,29%, 14,7% va 14,37% dien tich trong lua. Tinh Ninh Binh, Hai Daong, Thai Binh va Bdc Ninh c6 dat trong lua di^m chat lirong dat th^p tuong ijmg Ian luot 0,22%, 2,68%, 5,54% va 7,80%. Da xac dmh nhOng yeu to anh hiiong den do phi nhieu dat cua nhom dat man la nita de tieu (Ndt) va Ian (phot pho) d§ tieu ffdt); doi vcri nhom dat phii sa la chat hmi co tdng s6 (OIVO, nito d& tieu (Ndt), Ian d§ tieu (Pdt) va dung luong cation trao doi (CEC); ddi vai nhom dat xam la chat hmi co tdng so (OM) va dung luong cation trao doi (CEC).
Tu khda: Bo phJ nhi€u dat, yeu to anh hirong do phi dat, dong bMg song H6ng.
I.DATVANBi
"Do phi nhieu la kha nang cua dat c6 th^ thoa man cac nhu can cua cAy v^ cac nguyen to dinh duong, nuoc, dam bao cho he thong xk cua chiing c6 day du khong khi, nhifit va mdi truong ly hoa hoc thuan Igi cho sinh truong va phat tri^n binh thuong".
Trong qua trinh san xuat chiing ta lien tuc tao ra nhiing giong cay trong nang suat cao, chat luong tdt va nhu vay dong nghia voi viec cay tr6ng phai lay di ngay cang nhieu cac nguyfin to dinh duong trong dat;
do do dp phi nhifiu cua dat ngay cang thay doi do khong dap ung duac yeu cdu cua cac loai cay trong va bon phan la mOt trong nhimg bien phap ky thuat mang tinh b i t buoc trong n6n nong nghifep hien dai.
Dong bang song Hong ^ B S H ) gom 10 tinh, thanh pho (Vinh Phiic, Ha Noi, Bac Ninh, Ha Nam, Himg Yen, Hai Duong, Hai Phong, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh va Ninh Binh), la vua lua Ion thtr hai cua Viet Nam, CO dien tich tu nhifen 1.508.212 ha; trong do dien tich dat nong nghifip 962.278 ha, chi^m 63,8%
tong difen tich. Dat trong Itia 561.746 ha chiem 58,35% dien tich dat nong nghiep. Dat liia duoc trong trSn 22 loai dat thuoc 6 nhom dat: Dat man 32.438 ha,
' NCS Hoc vien Nong nghiep Viet Nam
^ Hoc vien Nong nghiep Viet Nam
^ Vien Quy hoach va Thiet kS Nong nghiep
dat phen 41.856 ha, dat phu sa 450.739 ha, d^t xam 29.330 ha, dat do 5105 ha va dat thung lung 2.278 ha
Vol trinh do tham canh san xuat nong nghiep cao nen tir lau DBSH da tro thanh vung san xuat lua gao chu luc cua mien B^c. Tuy nhien, san xuat tr6n dat trong lua vung DBSH hien dang diing truoc nhi^u thach thtrc do str suy giam va thay doi cac yeu to do phi nhi&u d^t, mA nguyfen nhan la do che do str dung phan bon, canh tac chua hop ly nhu: tham canh tang vu nhung kh6ng hoan tra lai dat phan dinh duong cay lay di, dan den thieu hut mot s6 nguy&n t6 dinh duong trong dat hay tich luy trong dat mot so nguySn to gay doc cho cay trong.
Nghifin cuu nay nham danh gia muc do va phan tich nhimg ban ch^ chinh ve do phi nhieu dat trong Ilia vimg DBSH de lam co so de xuat huong khac phuc trong quan ly su dung dat lua cua viing
2.PHU0NGPHAPniGHniCUU 2.1. Fhirong phap ban do
Duoc su dung de chong x^p cac loai ban d6 dat, ban do hien trang su dung dat de xac dinh, lua chpn so mlu dat nghien cuu va so phieu dieu tra. Xay dung cac ban do chuy^n de, chong xep cac ban do do de xay dung ban do thuc trang do phi nhieu dat trong Ilia (LUA).
2.2. Phuong ph^p di^u tra lay m&u d^t - D 6 I tugng nghien ciiu la dat trong liia va mot so cay trong chu yeu tren dat liia (ngo va dau tuong)
KHOA HOC C 6 N G N G H £
tren pham vi toan vung DBSH, theo ban do hi§n trang su dung dat viing ty 16 1/250.000 dupe gpi la dat trong Ilia (LUA).
- Chong x^p ban d6 dat viing ty le 1/250.000 (vua chinh ly b6 sung 2012) va ban do hien trang su dung dat cung ly 16 (thong ke nam 2016) cho thay loai sii dung dat nay c6 tong dien tich 561.742 ha, dupe gieo trong tr6n 22 trong so 45 loai dat cua viing tr6n ca 3 cap dia hinh tuong doi (cao, van, thap).
- Can cii k^t qua ch6ng xep nay, lua chpn viing phan bo tap trung, dai dien cho cac he thong su dung dat (cimg loai dat, ciing dia hinh va ciing loai su dung) cua loai su dung LUA. Theo do phan chia so mau d^t (h6n hpp) can lay tai mdi h6 thong ttrong ling voi quy mo dien tich, dong thoi dam bao nguySn tac t6i thi^u phai c6 3 mau (theo 3 miic dau tu tham canh cua chii su dung dat: cao, trung binh, thap).
- Phuong phap lay miu dat: Lay mhi dat de phan tich theo phuong phap lay mSu nong hoa (h6n hop tai 5 diem cua 2 duong cheo thua d^t).
Thoi diem lay miu: Mau dat dupe lay vao khoang thai gian tir thang 4 d^n thang 7 khi cay liia dang chuan bi thu hoach, sau khi thu hoach va tnroc khi gieo cay vu sau.
2.3. Phan tich mau d^t
Phan tich dat duoc tiiuc hi6n tai Phong Phan tich Dat va Moi truong, Vien Quy hoach va TKNN.
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Bang 1. C ^ phuong p h i Chi Mu Thanh phan cap hat ipHHjO
pH KCl ' Dung lugng cation trao
Chat huu ca tdng s6 Nita de tieu Phdt pho tdng so Phdt pho dS tieu Kali dk tieu EC (mS/cm) CI- (%) S O / (%)
p phlLn tich dat Phuang phap TCVN 8567-2010 TCVN 5979-2007 TCVN 5979-2007 TCVN 8568-2010 TCVN 8941-2011 TCVN 5255-2009 TCVN 8940 - 2011 TCVN 8661-2011 TCVN 8662-2011 TCVN 6650 2000
(130 11265:1994) TCVN 8727-2012 TCVN 8727 - 2012 2.4. C&c phuong phAp phan tich he thong
Phuang phap phan tich dia thong ke (geostatistics).
- Phuang phap phan tich khong gian (spatial analysis).
- Phuong phap phan nhom (fuzzy clustering).
- Phuong phap phan tich duong (Path Analysis).
Cac phuong phap dirpc su dung trong noi suy khoang gia tri ciia mot so dac trung tho nhtrong, dac tinh ly, hoa hoc dat, xac dinh trong s6 tinh diem cua cac dac tinh ly, hoa hoc cau thanh dp phi nhieu daL
2.5. Phirang ph^p ki^m dinh t - test Phuang phap tham so duoc su dung trong danh gia thuc trang dp phi nhieu dat liia. De danh gia nhirng ban che ve dp phi nhieu cua cac loai dat trong Ilia vimg DBSH, can o i vao mot so dac tnmg hoa hpc dat CO su dong gop chinh tao lap diem d6 phi d^ ti^n hanh phan tich, danh gia. Theo phan cap diem dp phi nhieu (Cao, trung binh va tiiap) ciia timg loai dat trong Ilia thi se c6 nhimg truong hpp tuy ciing loai dat nhung diem dp phi nhieu diroc phan cap a 2 miic khac nhau, hen hanh so sanh gia tri trung binh ciia cac dac trung ly, hoa dat, sau do danh gia sii khac biet bang phuang phap kiem dinh t - test. Tir do, xac dinh nhung yeu to anh hirang den dp phi nhieu d^t (la cac yeu to c6 sai khac c6 y nghia).
Ngoai ra mot s6 phan m^m thong dung nhu Mapinfo, Access...cac ham tuong quan da bi^n, logarit, ham mu, ham Cobb-Douglash, phan mem thong ke SPSS dupe dting de xac dinh va giai cac phuong trinh hoi quy tuy^n tinh da bien trong xii ly.
2.6. Phuang phAp chuy^n gia
Dupe sir dung trong xac dinh trong so tinh diem cac dac trung tho nhuong cau thanh dp phi nhieu dat
3.KFrQUiiniGMB\ICUU
3.1. X ^ dinh di^m d$c tinh d^t c^u th^nh dO phi nhidu d^t lua vimg DBSH
3J.1. Lmchonchitiiu vi phan cap chi tidu (i) dat, (ii) dia hinh tuong d6i va (ui) mot s6 dac tinh ly, hoa hoc: Do chua, OM (%), P2O5 d^ tieu (mg/lOOg dat), KjO d6 tieu (mg/lOOg dat), dung luong cation trao doi (CEC) (meq/lOOg dat) va ty le
% cap hat set
3.1.2. Nguyen tic phan chia
(i) M61 cay tr6ng doi hoi mot di^u Iden sinh thai khac nhau, vi the diem ciia timg dac tinh dat dai dupe xac dinh rieng cho tiing cay trong va a day cu the la cho cay liia nuoe. (ii) Diem cac dac tinh dat dai dupe cho theo thang diem 5 cap d6u nhau, tir gia tri th^p nhat la 20 den gia tri cao nhat la 100. (iii) Chi tieu phan cap cac yeu to tham gia c&w thanh d6 phi nhieu
KHOA HOC CONG NGH|
dirpc xac dinh theo 2 truong hop: Doi voi cac yeu to la thong tin c6 sSn a m6i khoanh tren ban do dat (nhu loai dat dp day tang canh tac, dia hinh tuong doi,...), tr6n ban d6 hien trang thiiy Igi (nhu kha nang tirai, tieu nuoc...) thi su dung chi tieu phan cap theo chii dan ban do ty le tuong ling. Doi voi cac yeu t6 la ket qua dieu tra, phan tich, tinh toan, tong hop true tiep thi can cu vao mot so dac tinh thdng ke nhir. gia tri binh quan, cao nhat, thap nhat va dp lech chuan de phan chiing ra 5 cap tuong ung voi thang diem chung sao cho cap cao nhat khong Ian ban gia tri cao nhat, cap thap nhat khong nho hon gia tii nho nhat De dam bao nguyen tdc nay se c6 2 truong hop can dupe thong nhat (Neu khoang each tir gia tri cao nhat den thap Bang 2. Di^m cho loai
nhat du rpng, gia tri ciia m6i cap trong thang 5 cap se bang gia tri binh quan ± gia tri ciia dp lech chuan. Neu khoang each tir gia tri cao nhat den thap nhat hep thi gia tri cua moi cap dupe tinh bang gia tri trung binh ± (gia tri cao nhat trir gia tri thap nhat) /5).
3.1.3. Xac dinh diem cu the cua moi dac tinh dat 3.1.3.1. Xac dinh diem cho loai dat
Trong cac dac trung v^ dat, loai dat (theo phan loai dat Viet Nam - TCVN 9487:2012) la dan vi phan loai ca ban, pho bien nhat a chii dan ban d6 ty le 1/250.000 cho cap vimg den 1/100.000 va 1/50.000 cho cap tinh. Moi loai dat c6 dac diem hoa, ly tinh rieng va do do thich hop voi mot hoac mot so loai sii dung nhat dinh.
dat tfaich hpp v6i cgy Ma Cay Ilia
Loai dat
Thang diem 100
Pg, P. H
80 M, Sp2, Sp2M, Sj2
60 Spl,Pb,X.Xf
40 Cz.SplM.Sjl.SjM
20 Cac loai con lai 3.1.3.2. Xac dinh diem cho cac tinh chat vat ly ti6u ban dinh luong (xac dinh bang quan trac, uoc
luong, do dem ngoai thuc dia), c6 a tat ca moi khoanh tren ban do dat tyle 1/100.000 cap tinh.
Nhom cac dac diem vat ly dat gom: (i) dp day tang canh tac; (ii) dia hinh tuong doi,... la nhmig chi
Bang 3. Di^m cho cAc tinh ch^t v$t ly tham gia cau th^nh dp phi nhifeu dat Tinh chat
Dia hinh tmmg doi
Thang diem 100
Van 80 Van thap
60 Van cao
40 Trung
20 Cao 3.1.3.3. Xac dinh diem cho mot so dac tinh hoa ly Ngoai tuan thu nguyen tie va can cii chung, viec dat xac dinh chi tieu phan cap cac dac tinh hoa ly dupe
the hien a bang 4.
Bang 4. Bi^m cho 6 tinh chat hoa ly dat Tinh chat (*)
1. Dp chua (PHKC^
2. OM (%) 3. P,Os (mg/lOOg dat) 4. K,0 (mg/lOOg daO 5. CEC (meq/lOOg diO 6. EC (mS/cm) (**) 7S0,»(%) (**) 8. Ty le cap hat set (%)
Thang diem 100
> 5,5-6,0
>2,0
>20
>20
>30
>37-44 80
> 5,0 - 5,5
> 6,0 - 6,5
> 1,5-2,0
> 15 - 20
> 15 - 20
>20-30 S0,5
<0,4
>44-51
> 30 - 37 60
> 4,5 - 5,0
> 6,5 - 7,0
> 1,0 -1,5
>10-15
>10-15
>10-20
> 0,5 -1,0
> 0,4-0,8
>51-59
> 23 - 30 40
<.4,5
>7,0
> 0,5 -1,0
>5-10
>5-10
>5-10
> 1,0-2,5
> 0,8 -1,6
>59-66
>16-23 20
S0,5
<5
£5
<5
>2,5
>1,6
>66 5 16 Ghichu (**): Chi ap dung vai dat man vaphen.
Ghi chu (*): Trong so cua cac dac tinh hoa ly hoc (duoc dinh lirong bSng phan tich trong phong) L dong gop true tiSp cua chiing vai gia tri san lugng cay lua.
tyle Ve dp chua voi ly do la da s6 cay trong deu thich vi th6, diem cao nhat cho dp chua ciia dat duoc xuat hap voi Idtoang PHKC, tu it chua de'n gan trung tinh, P ^ t tir 5,5 den 6,0, sau do afo din vi phia 2 cue la
KHOA HOC CONG N G H £
kiem va axit Ve ty le (%) cap hat set cung vai ly do la da sd cay trong deu thich hap vai dat c6 thanh phan ca giai trung binh, vi the gia hi binh quan ham luong set cua hang nghin mhi phan tich dupe lua chpn lam can cii cho diem cao nhat, cac cap duai duoc tinh tien dan ve 2 phia nang hon va nhe ban. Ve ham luong chat hiru c a (OM) do thang phan cap chung chi chia 3 cap, vi the viec chia nho 3 cap nay thanh 5 cap nham thong nhat vai cac chi tieu khac cung nhu voi thang cho diem dupe thuc hien bang each: (i) giir nguyfin cap cao nhat (ling voi dat rupng la 2%). (ii) chia nho 2 cap thap ban thanh 4 khoang deu nhau (ung voi m6i khoang a dat ruong la 0,5% thay vi 1% va dat doi niii la 1% thay vi 2% cua thang 3 cap truoc day). Nhu vay c^p th^p nhat (tuong ling voi miic diem 20) cua ham luong OM a dat rupng se la 0,5%
va djit doi niii se la 1,0%.
3.2. K^t qui dinh gia d6 phi nhi6u d i t liia viing DBSH
ti-ong. M6i loai dat chiia ti-ong no mot tap hpp cac dac diem ly, hoa, sinh hpc rifing biet tao nen dp phi nhieu tir nhien - nen tang cho sinh truong, phat tii^n cua cay trong. Vi tam quan trong ciia "loai dat" trong danh gia dp phi nhiSu thuc te, trong so cho diem
"loai dat" dupe xac dinh la 1.
*) Xac dinh trong so cho diem cac d$c trung vat ly ciia dat: Bang phtrong phap chuyen gia, lua chpn trong so tinh diem cho cac dac trung tho nhuong (Bang 5).
Bang 5. Trpng s6 tinh di^m cho dia hinh \k t h M i p h ^ ca giai 16p dat mat S I T
1 2
Dac diem Dia hinh
Thanh phan co giai lop dat mat Trong
0,45 0,55
*) Xac dinh trong so tinh diem cho mdt sd dac tinh hoa hoc dat: Bang phuong phap phan tich duong (Path Alalysis) cua Haghel, xac dinh trpng sd tinh di^m chat luong djit cua cdc dac tnmg hoa hpc m6t so loai sir dung dat Ilia thong qua ty 16 dong gop cua timg dac tnmg voi nang suat liia (Bang 6).
3.2.1. Xac dinh trong so cho diem cac yeu to cau thanh dp phi dat lua vimg DBSH
*) Xac dinh trong so cho diem loai dat: Trong san xuat trong tipt dat la vat mang cua mpi loai cay
Bang 6. Trpng so cho di^m mot so dgc tinh h6a hpc d^t chuy6n tr6ng liia
Loai dat
Mm Mn M SplM Sp2M Spl Sp2 SjlM Sjl Sj2 Pbe Pbc Pe Pc Pg _
Trong so
PHKCI
0,050 0,050 0,050 0,028 0,028 0,028 0,028 0,035 0,029 0,029 0,306 0,306 0,306 0,306 0,253
OM (%)
0,151 0,151 0,151 0,116 0,116 0,116 0,116 0,088 0,125 0,125 0,156 0,156 0,156 0,156 0,105
P P s (mg/lOOg
dat) 0,165 0,165 0,165 0,140 0,140 0,140 0,140 0,264 0,199 0,199 0,218 0,218 0,218 0,218 0,275
K2O (mg/lOOg
dat) 0,164 0,164 0,164 0,199 0,199 0,199 0,199 0,178 0,212 0,212 0,165 0,165 0,165 0,165 0,172
CEC (meq/lOOg
dat) 0,055 0,055 0,055 0,071 0,071 0,071 0,071 0,061 0,067 0,067 0,155 0,155 0,155 0,155 0,195
EC (mS/cm)
0,350 0,350 0,350 0,141 0,141 0,141 0,141 0,110 0,047 0,047
. . . - _ •
SO/- (%) 0,065 0,065 0,065 0,306 0,306 0,306 0,306 0,264 0,321 0,321
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
H _Pj Py X B Bg Fl D
0,307 0,043 0,043 0,175 0,175 0,175 0,042 0,045
0,159 0,094 0,094 0,339 0,339 0,339 0,080 0,090
0,214 0,365 0,365 0,151 0,151 0,151 0,232 0,271
0,171 0,249 0,249 0,109 0,109 0,109 0,232 0,236
0,149 0,249 0,249 0,226 0,226 0,226 0,413 0,358
---"
3.2.2. Xac dinh diSm do phi nhieu hinhiin Diem cho dp phi nhi^u tu nhien cua dat liia dupe tinh bang trung binh cong diem cua timg yeu to can thanh nhan voi trong sd tuong ling cua chiing.
Bang 7. Trinh tu tinh di^m cho do phi nhifeu tu nhi6n STT
1 2
3
Yeu td/nhom yeu td Loai dat
Dia hinh tuong ddi va thanh phan CO giai
Dac tinh hoa hoc (dinh luong) PHKCI, OM %, P2O5 d^ tieu, K2O d6 tieu, SO*^ . EC va CEC.
Trpng sd 1 0,45
Xem bang 5
Tinh diem
= (Di^m cua loai dat) * 1
= [ ^ i ^ m dia hinh tuong ddi * 0,45) -1- (Diem thanh phan cogioi * 0,55)]
= [(Biem ciia pH * Trong sd pH) + ^ i e m cua OM * Trpng sd OM) -H ff)igm cua P2O5 * Trpng sd P2O5) + ^ i e m K2O * Trpng sd K^O )-i- ... + (Bi^m cua CEC * Trpng sd CEC]
Nhu vay, diem dp phi tu nhien cua dat liia la trung binh cpng ciia cac nhom dac tnmg tham gia tao lap nen no (a bang 7) theo cong thuc khai quat nhu sau:
Di^m dp phi tu nhien = [ (Diem ciia dac tnmg 1) -H ^ i e m cua dac tnmg 2) + (Diem cua dac trung 3) + ... -H GDiem cua dac tnmg n) ] / n
3.2.3. Phan cap do phi nhieu tunhien Sau khi da xac dinh dupe diem dp phi nhieu thuc t^ cua timg loai sir dung dat, tidn hanh phan cap, danh gia tiieo thang phan cap a bang 8.
Bang 8. Phan c^p di^m dO phi tu nhi6n d^t trong Iiia viing DBSH
Phan cap diem dp phi nhieu tu nhien
>80 60-80
<60
Danh gia Cao Trung binh
Thap 3.2.4. Ket qua danh gia do phi nhieu dat Itia vimg DBSH
Su dung thang di^m va trong sd tinh diem cua eac yeu td tham gia c^u thanh dp phi nhieu thuc te, da xac dinh dup'c diem dp phi nhieu cua dat tiong liia (Bang 9).
- Tren quy mo toan vimg: Dat liia c6 diem chat lupng cao CO dien tich 417.043 ha, chiem 74,24% di$n tich dat trong liia (LUA). Dat liia c6 diem chat luong tirmg binh vol di$n tich 105.850 ha chi^m 18,84%
dien tich dat trong liia (LUA). Dat liia c6 diem chat lupng thap CO dien tich it nhat voi 38.853 ha, chiem 6,92% dien tich dat ti-dng liia (LUA),
- Theo dan vi hanh chinh; Nam Dinh, Hung Y6n va Ha Nam la nhimg tinh c6 diem chat luong dat liia cao nhat vol 100% dien tich dat Iiia c6 chat lupng trung binh d^n cao, khong c6 dien tich chat lupng thap.
Viiih Phiic, Ha Noi va Hai Phong la 3 tinh/thanh c6 dien tich dat trong liia chat lugng dat thap Ian lupt la 21,29%, 14,7% va 14,37% dien tich ti-ong liia toan tinh/thanh. Tinh Ninh Binh, Hai Duong, Thai Binh va Bac Ninh cung c6 dien tich dat trong liia chat lupng thap hrang ling 0,22%, 2,68%, 5,54% va 7,80%.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 11/2018
KHOA HOC C O N G HGHt
B4ng9.Kftqua
Tinh/thanh
1. Bac Nmh 2. Hiii Duong 3. Hai Phong 4. Ha Nam 5. Ha Noi 6. Htmg Yen 7. Nam Dinh 8. Ninh Binh 9. Thai Binh 10. Vinh Phuc T o ^ v t m g
Dien tich (ha)
39717 62793 43645 33895 109412 37290 76177 45456 79329 34032 561746
d4nh gia do phi nhi6u dSt trong lua vimg DBSH Chia theo diem chat luong
>80-100 Dien tich
(ha) 27623 58476 21759 30010 77996 37123 58945 38523 51833 14755 417043
Tyle
(%)
69,55 93,13 49,85 88,54 71,29 99,55 77,38 84,75 65,34 43,36 74,24
60-80 Dien tich
(ha) 8996 2655 15613 3885 15337 167 17232
6831 23101 12033 105850
Tyle
(%)
22,65 4,23 35,77 11,46 14,02 0,45 22,62 15,03 29,12 35,36 18,84
<60 Dien tich
(ha) 3098 1662 6273
16079
102 4395 7244 38853
Tyl6
(%)
7,80 2,65 14,37 0,00 14,70 0,00 0,00 0,22 5,54 21,29
6,92 3.3. D^nh gi^ nhung h?in ch^ v^ dO phi nhifeu d^t
Ilia vimg DBSH
3.3.1. Danh gia han che dp phi ddi v<^ nhom dat
Ket qua danh chat luong cac loai dat trong liia viing DBSH nhom dat man vira c6 dien tich c6 di^m chat lupng dp phi cao, vira c6 difen tich c6 diem chat lupng trung binh. Gia tri trung binh ciia mot sd tinh chat boa hpc cua dat man theo 2 cap dp phi dupe th^
hien tai hinh 1.
nhieu trung binh can tang cuong lupng phan dam va phan supe phdt phat.
3.3.2. Danh gia han chS dp phi doi voi nhom dat phen
Ket qua danh chat lupng cac loai dat trong lua viing DBSH thuoc nhom dat phen vira c6 di^n tich c6 diem chat lupng dp phi trung binh, vira c6 difen tich CO dilm chat luong thap. Gia tri trung binh cua m6t sd tinh chat hoa hpc cua dat phen theo 2 cap dp phi dupe the hien tai hinh 2.
Hinh 1. Gia tri trung binh mOt sd tinh ch^t h6a hpc ciia d^t m$n theo c^p d6 phi cao v^ trung binh
Nhu vay 3/6 chi tieu la OM, Ndt, Pdt cua dat man c6 diem chat lupng cao dfiu c6 gia tri trung binh cao hon dat man c6 diem chat lupng trung binh. Tuy nhien khi so sanh sai khac cua phuong sai giiia hai nhom nay chi c6 Ndt va Pdt c6 sai khac cd y nghia (p
< 0,05). Di^u nay c6 y nghia la 2 chi tieu Ndt va Pdt cua nhom dat man c6 anh huong den chat lupng dp phi ciia nhom dat nay, dong nghia vai giai phap khac phuc la trong canh tac liia ddi vai dat man c6 do phi
Hinh 2. G\k tri trung binh ciia mdt sd tinh ch^t h6a hpc ciia d^t p h ^ theo c^p dO phi trung binh v^ th^p
Ket qua cho thay 2/6 chi tieu la Pdt, Kdt cua dat phen CO diem chat lupng trung binh c6 gia tii tnmg binh cao hon dat phen c6 di^m chat lupng thap, con 4/6 chi tieu la pH, OM, N d t CEC cua dat phen c6 diem chat luong trung binh c6 gia tn trung binh thap ban dat phen c6 didm chat lupng thap. Tuy nhien, khi so sanh sai khac cua phuong sai giira hai nhom nay thi khong c6 sai khac c6 y nghia (p < 0,05). Dieu nay CO y nghia la khong c6 chi ti^u nao ti-ong ca 6 chi
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE tieu cua nhom dat ph^n cd anh huong ddn chat luong
dp phi cua nhom dat nay.
3.3.3. Danh gia han che do phi doi voi nhom dat phu sa
Kdt qua danh chat lupng cac loai d^t trong liia vimg DBSH thuoc nhom dat phii sa vira c6 dien tich CO diem chat lirpng dp phi cao, vira c6 dien tich c6 diem chat lupng tiimg binh. Gia tri trung binh cua mot sd tinh cheit hoa hpc cua dat phii sa theo 2 cap dp phi dupe thd hien tai hinh 3.
Hinh 3. Gid tri trung binh dia m^t s6 tinh chat hda hpc ciia d^t phu sa theo c^p dp phi cao v4 trung binh
Kdt qua cho thay 6/6 chi ti6u la pH, OM, Ndt, Pdt, Kdt va CEC ciia dat phii sa c6 diem chat lupng cao deu c6 gia tri trung binh cao hon dat phii sa c6 didm chat lupng trung binh. So sanh sai khac cua phuong sai giira hai nhom nay cho ket qua OM, Ndt, Pdt va CEC CO sai khac c6 y nghia (p < 0,05). Dieu nay c6 y nghia la 4 chi tifiu OM, Ndt, Pdt va CEC cua nhom dat phii sa c6 anh hirong den chat lupng do phi ciia nhom dat nay, dong nghia vdd giai phap khac phuc la trong canh tac liia ddi voi dat phii sa c6 dp phi nhifeu trung binh can tang cuong lupng phan chudng, phan dam va phan supe phdt phat.
3.3.4. Danh gia han che dd phi doi vai nhom dat xam
Hinh 4. GiA tri trung binh cua mOt sd tinh ch^t h6a hpc cua dit x t o theo c^p d6 phi cao vA tnmg binh Ket qua danh chat lupng cac loai dat chuyen trong Ilia nuoc viing DBSH nhom dat xam vira c6
difin tich CO diem chat lirpng dp phi trung binh, vira CO dien tich c6 diem chat lupng thap. Gia tri trung binh ciia mot sd tinh chat hoa hpc cua dat xam theo 2 cap do phi duoe the hien a hinh 4.
Ket qua cho thay 3/6 chi tieu la OM, Kdt, CEC ciia nhom dat xam c6 diem chat lupng trung binh cd gia tri trung binh cao ban dat phen c6 diem chat lupng thap, con 3/6 chi tifiu la pH, Ndt, Pdt cua d^t xam CO diem chat lugng trung binh c6 gia tri trung binh thap hon dat phen c6 diem chat luong thap. So sanh sai khac cua phtrong sai giiia hai nhom nay cho kdt qua OM va CEC c6 sai khac c6 y nghia (p < 0,05).
Dieu nay c6 y nghia la 2 chi ti6u OM va CEC cua nhom dat xam c6 anh huong den chat lupng d6 phi cua nhom dat nay, ddng nghia voi giai phap khac phuc la trong canh tac liia ddi vol dat xam co d6 phi nhieu thap la can tang cuong lupng phan chuong.
4 . K £ T L U A N
Ddng hang song Hdng ^ B S H ) la vua liia Ion thir hai cua Viet Nam, co 1.508.212 ha dat tu nhien, trong do dien tich dat nong nghiep 962.278 ha, chiem 63,8% tdng dien tich. Dat ti-dng liia 561.746 ha, chidm 58,35% dien tich dat nong nghiSp. Dat liia dupe trong tr^n 22 loai dat thuoc 6 nhom dat: Dat man 32.438 ha, dat phen 41.856 ha, dat phii sa 450.739 ha, dat xam 29.330 ha, dat do 5105 ha va dat tiiung liing 2.278 ha.
Thong qua sd lieu phan tich cua 1.134 mlu dat, mot sd dac tinh ly, hoa hpc ciia 22 loai dat chuyfen trong Ilia da dupe phan tich va danh gia miic dp giau - ngheo mot each cu the va chi tiet.
Dat Ilia co diem chat lirpng cao co dien tich 417.043 ha, chiem 74,24% dien tich dat tidng lua (LUA). Dat Ilia co diem chat trung binh co dien tich 105.850 ha, chie'm 18,84% dien tich dat ti-dng lua (LUA). D^t Ilia co didm chat lupng thap co dien tich it nhat vai 38.853 ha, chiem 6,92% difen tich dat ti-dng Ilia (LUA). Tinh Nam Dinh, Hung Yen va Ha Nam la nhirng tinh co diem chat lupng dat liia cao nhat voi 100% dien tich dat liia cd chat lupng trung binh den cao, khong co di^n tich chat lupng thap. Vinh Phii, Ha Noi va Hai Phong la 3 tinh/thanh co dien tich dat tidng lua chat luang dat tiiap Ian luot la 21,29%, 14,7%
va 14,37% dien tich chuyen trong liia toan tinh/thanh.
"Hnh Ninh Binh, Hai Duong, Thai Binh va Bac Ninh ciing CO di6n tich dat trong liia co diem chat lupng dat thap hrong ung 0,22%, 2,68%, 5,54% va 7,80%.
Danh gia nhirng han che ve do phi nhieu cua cac loai dat trdng lua viing DBSH bang each so sanh gia tri trung binh cua cac dac trung hoa hpc timg loai NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 11/2018
KHOA HOC C 6 N G N G H £
dat tai cac cap dp phi va danh gia su khac biet bang phuang phap kiem dmh t - test. Da xac dinh nhimg yeu td anh huong ddn dp phi nhieu dat (la cac yeu td CO sai khac c6 y nghia) eiia nhom dat man la dam (nita) d6 tieu (Ndt) va Ian (phdt pho) dd tifiu (Pdt);
ddi voi nhom dat phii sa la chat htm ca tdng sd (OM), dam d6 tieu (Ndt), Ian dk tifiu (Pdt) va dung lupng cation tiao ddi (CEC); ddi vm nhom dat xam la chat hiju CO tdng sd (OM) va dung lupng cation tiao ddi (CEC).
TIUUEUTHAMKHAO
1. Bui Dinh Dinh (1995). Yeu td dmh duong ban che nang su^t cay trdng va chien lupe quan ly dinh duong de phat tnen nen nong nghiep bdn vung. Kdt qua nghifin cuu vd phan bon, d^ tai KN-01-10. Vifen Tho nhuong Nong hoa. Nha xuat ban Nong nghiep.
Ha N6i, 1995.
2. Bp Nong nghiep va PTNT (2009). Cam nang sii dung dat nong nghidp. NXB Khoa hpc va Ky thuat. Ha Npi, 2009 (Tap 1, 5 va 6).
3. Pham Ti6n Hoang (1991). Quan he giiia tinh chat hoa hpc, hoa ly hpc ddi vol do phi nhieu thuc td.
Tap chi Nong nghiep - Cong nghiep Thuc pham. Sd 348, ti-. 250-253.
4. Tran An Phong va etv, 1995. Danh gia hien trang su dung dat theo quan didm sinh thai va phat trien lau ben. NXB Nong nghiep.
5. Vien Quy hoach va TKNN, 2012. Bao cao
"Nghien cuu chinh ly ban do dat a ddng bang song Hdng va ddng bang song Cuu Long ty le 1/250.000"
Ha Npi.
6. Vien Quy hoach va TKNN, 2012. Bao cao
"Quy hoach tdng the su dung dat liia toan qudc ddn nam 2020, tam nhin 2030" Ha N6i.
7. Vien Tho nhuong Nong hoa, 2014. Bao eao
"Nghien cuu xac dinh ydu td han che cua dfi phi nhieu dat trdng lua a ddng bang song Hdng va ddng bang song Cuu Long va de xuat giai phap khac phuc". Ha Npi.
8 FAO, 1976. A Framework for Land Evaluation.
FAO, Soil Bulletin NO. 32, Food and Agncultiire Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
9. FAO, 1983. Soil Bulletin No. 52. Guidelines:
Land Evaluation for Rainfed Agriculture, FAO, Rome, Italy.
10. FAO, 1985. Soil BuUetin No. 55. Guidelmes:
Land Evaluation for Irregated Agriculture, FAO, Rome, Italy.
11. Sys C , Van Ranst E. and Debaveye J., 1991.
Land evalauation part I principles in land evaluation and crop production calculations. Agricultural publications-No7. General Administration for development cooperation place du Chap de Mars 5 bte-1050 Brussels-Belgium.
EVALUATION OF FERnLHY AND RICE LAND C0NST1?AINTS IN RED RIVER DELTA Pham Van Thanh, Nguyen Thanh Lam,
Vu Anh Tu, Nguyen Quang Huy Summary
The Red river delta is the second largest rice producer in Vietnam with 1,508,212 ha of natural land, of which 962,278 ha is agricultural land, accounting for 63.8% of the total area. Land for nee is 561,746 hectares, accounting for 58.35% of agricultural land. Rice land was planted on 22 soil types in 6 soil groups:
Sake fiuvisols 32,438 ha, 41,856 hectares of Thionic fluvisols, Fluvisols 450,739 ha, 29,330 hectares of Acrisols, Ferraisols 5105 ha and in valley 2,278 ha. Rice land has high quality of 417,043 ha, accounting for 74.24%; average score of 105,850 ha, accounting for 18.84% and low quahty of 38,853 ha, accounting for 6.92%
of the land area of nee. Nam Dmh, Hung Yen and Ha Nam provinces have 100% of medium to high quality nee land. In Vinh Phu, Ha Noi and Hai Phong, lowland paddy land was 21.29%, 14.7% and 14.37%
respectively. Ninh Binh, Hai Duong, Thai Binh and Bac Ninh provinces have low quality paddy land respectively 0.22%, 2.68%, 5.54% and 7.80%. The factors influencing tiie soil fertility of Salic fluvisols are available nitrogen (Ndt) and phosphorus (PdO; fluvisols is total organic matter (OM), available nitrogen (Ndt) and phosphorus (Pdt) and cation exchange capacity (CEC); the Acrisols group is the total organic matter (OM) and the cation exchange capacity (CEC).
Keywords: Soil fertility, factors mliuencing soil fertility. Red river delta.
Ngu6i phan bien: TS. Bid Huy Hidn Ng^y nhan b^: 14/9/2018 Ngay thong qua phan bi^n: 16/10/2018 Ngiy duyet dang: 23/10/2018
