DAY Kl NANG HOC HOP TAC CHO SINH VIEN
N H A M D A P ilNG YEU CAU OAO TAO TIN CHI
Q ThS, NGUYEN THI T H A N H "
1. Hien nay, gido dye dgi hge d nude to dong chuyen song md hinh ddo tgo theo tfn chi. Ode thu cuo phuang thuc ddo tqo mdi Id so lugng tiet thuc hdnh, thdo lugn, seminar vd nhi/ng bdi tdp nhdm phdi hodn thdnh theo thdng, theo tudn...
chie'm tdi mdt nua so tiet hgc trong mdt tin ehi.
Do dd, viec hge eua sinh vien (SV) chi dugc phdt huy khi hg ed su hgp tde vdi ede thdnh vien khde trong hge tdp; bdi vdy, viec phdt trien cdc kT ndng (KN) hge tdp hgp tdc (HTHT) cho SV de hodn thdnh tdt nhiem vy hgc tdp Id vdn de cdn thiet.
Hoc tap hgp tdc (HTHT) Id md hinh ngwdi hgc (NH) Idm viec theo nhdm dehodn thdnh mpt muc tieu hogt dpng chung vdi dieu kien giwa cdc thdnh vien cd sw phu thupc vdi nhau chdt che, song moi cd nhdn deu chiu trdnh nhiem cu the, dong thdi, su tuong tdc cd nhdn dugc thuc ddy, cdc KN cpng tdc dwgc su dung thich hgp vd nhdm ngdy cdng dwgc cung cd.
HTHT khde biet co bdn so vdi hgc tqp cd nhdn.
Hge tdp ed nhdn Id hoqt ddng md trong dd, SV Idm viee mdt minh de dgt dugc mye tieu vd su thdnh edng eua bdn thdn, hg khdng quan tdm de'n su thdnh cdng hay that bgi eiia bgn be. Mdi SV ddc ldp hodn thdnh nhiem vy dugc giao (gidi bdi tdp, trd ldi cdu hdi, thue hdnh thf nghiem...);
ngugc Igi, HTHT bdt bude SV phdi eung nhau hge tdp, trao ddi thdng tin, kinh nghiem, nhdn thue de hodn thdnh nhiem vy vd tqo ro sdn phdm hoqt dgng ehung. HTHT Id phuong phdp hgc tdp phu hgp vdi phuong thue ddo tgo theo hgc ehe tin ehi hien nay. Tuy nhien, mudn Idm dugc dieu ndy, mgt trong nhung bien phdp huy hieu Id GV phdi ren luyen dugc KN HTHT cho SV.
2. KN HTHT Id khd ndng van dung cd hieu qud nhung hieu biet, kinh nghiem cOa bdn thdn vdo hoqt dpng hgc tap cung nhau de dgt dwgc muc tieu chung cua nhdm, thuc ddy hoqt dpng hgc tap cd nhdn. KN hgc hgp tde (HT) boo gdm:
Tap elii Giao due s6 2 4 1 (ki i . 7/aoioi
- KN hinh thdnh nhdm gdm nhung edng viec ey the nhu phdn cdng cdng viec cho cdc thdnh vien trong nhdm mpt cdch hgp li; nhanh chdng tham gia vdo nhdm md gdy on do; tap trung chu y vdo cdng viec; thwc hien cdc cdng viec tudn
theo nguyen tdc nhdm.
- KN giao tiep Id budc khdi ddu trong su HT. Neu khdng cd qud trinh giao tie'p, NH khdng the HT vdi ngudi khde. Do d d , SV phdi cd khd ndng trao d d i , truyen dgt thdng tin, the hien y tudng, ehfnh kien, cdm nhdn cuo minh den ngudi khde de hg hieu, ddng cdm hodc tie'p tyc tranh ludn Idm sdng td... KN giao tiep ed the ehia Idm 2 loqi: KN bleu dqt thdng tin vd KN hep nhdn thdng fin.
- KN xay dung vd duy tri bdu khdng khi tin tudng Idn nhau. Tin tudng Id dieu kien cdn thiet de qud trinh HT ben vCrng vd giao tie'p cd hieu qud. Cdc thdnh vien edng tin tudng Idn nhau, su HT edng ben vung; mdt khde, neu tin tudng Idn nhau, hg se edi md hon trong suy nghT, cdm nhdn, phdn ung vd mgi ngudi ludn mudn dugc HT vdi nhau thudng xuyen vd tich cue hon. Oe duy tri bdu khdng khi tin tudng Idn nhau, cdc thdnh vien trong nhdm thudng bdy td su ung hd bdng dnh mdt, gdt ddu, su hd hdi; thdn mdt; hg sdn sdng yeu edu dugc ngudi khde giup dd khi cdn hode gidi thich Idm rd vd'n de; sdn sdng gidi thich cdng viee eho ngudi khde khi hg khdng hieu; ludn ludn cd thdi do trdn trgng ngudi khde, trdn trgng thdnh qud cuo nhdm;...
- KN gidi quyet mdi quan he bd't ddng.
Trong qud trinh tham gio, giiJo cde thdnh vien ehdc chdn se khdng trdnh khdi nhung tranh lugn, bd't ddng quan diem. Tuy nhien, tranh ludn Id mgt khia cqnh eua su HT. Tranh ludn chi ndy sinh khi y kie'n, quan diem, thdng tin, ke't ludn eua ngudi ndy khdng trung hgp vdi y kien cuo
* Tnrcing Dai hpc Hong Siifc
ngudi kia. Cd tranh ludn mdi ndng coo dugc ket qud hgc tgp cua cd nhdn, giup cdc thdnh vien dgt duge trinh do nhdn thuc cao han, ndi dung tri thue se dugc khde sdu trong tri nhd hon. Tuy nhien, cdc thdnh vien phdi chu y duy tri thdi do tfeh cue khi tranh lugn, biet kiem ehe su ndng ndy cua bdn thdn, biet Idng nghe y kie'n cua ngudi khde vd the hien ehfnh kie'n cuo minh; biet ddnh g i d , phe phdn vd ung hg nhung y kien dung...
3. Cdc giai doqn hinh thdnh KN hgc HT 1) Ndm vung kien thuc co bdn ve HTHT: mye dich, y nghTa, cdch thuc tie'n hdnh, dieu kien thuc hien; 2) Van dung nhung kien thuc ve hgc HT de hinh thdnh nhdm HT vd gidi quyet cdc nhiem vu hgc tap; 3) Biet ung dung nhwng kien thwc vd KN HT vdo cdc hnh hudng da dgng trong hgc tap de gidi quyet thdnh cdng nhiem vu hgc tap.
4 . Cdc budc dqy KN hgc HT cho SV Dgy KN hgc HT Id dieu kien tien quyet ddi vdi hogt ddng iTnh hdi tri thi/e, khi SV biet cdch phdi hgp hogt ddng vdi nhau cd hieu qud, ke't qud h'nh hdi tri thue se duge ndng len rd ret. Tren co sd nhOng hieu biet ve hge HT, cd the khdi qudt ede budc hinh thdnh KN hgc HT cho SV nhu sou:
1) Giup SV thdy dwgc y nghTa, vai trd cua nhwng KN hgc HT. Mudn NH hinh thdnh mdt KN ndo, trude het GV phdi giup hg nhgn thue duge viee hinh thdnh KN dd Id cdn thiet, cd y nghTa ddi vdi bdn thdn hg.
2) Giup SVndm dugc cdch thwc thuc hien. De hgc duge mdt KN, NH phdi cd khdi niem ve KN dd vd biet edeh the hien bdng nhiJng hdnh vi tuong ung. Oo vdy, mudn SV thuc hien dugc KN ndo, GV cdn trinh dien, md td cdch thuc thuc hien KN dd theo mdt trinh tu hgp If de SV hieu vd biet cdch thue hien.
3) Tgo ra cdc hnh hudng thwc hdnh. Sou khi NH hieu dung ve mdt KN, GV cdn tqo ra cde tinh hudng de hg dugc thuc hdnh cde mdu hdnh vi eho den khi trd nen thdnh thgo.
4) Ddm bdo cho NH nhpn dwgc sw phdn hoi ve viec minh dd thwc hien KN nhw the ndo. Sou khi NH thuc hdnh xong mgt KN ndo d d , GV phdi cd nhi/ng nhdn xet, ddnh gid kjp thdi de NH dieu chinh vd sua chCra nhung sai lech; tu so sdnh, ddnh gid ndng lue thuc hien cua bdn thdn vdi chudn mong mudn ve su the hien KN dd. Neu thdng tin phdn hdi edng kjp thdi, ehi
tiet edng giup cho NH phdt trien vd hodn thien KN td't. Do vdy, GV nen chia thdnh nhieu nhdm nhd, trong mdi nhdm cdc em se tu ddnh gid vd eho diem Idn nhau ve cdch the hien cuo tung ed nhdn, ddy Id mgt trong nhiJng cdch thue vua mang Igi hieu qud vua gidm duge dp lue loo ddng cho GV.
5) Thiet ke cdc tinh hudng hgc tap md NH cd the de ddng thwc hien. SV cdn dugc trdi nghiem su thdnh cdng trong viee phdt trien KN, dieu d d khien cdc em cdm thdy tin tudng vdo bdn thdn vd ed the «do" duge mue do thudn thyc cuo ede K N .
d) Khuyen khich NH kien tri thuc hdnh decdc KN ndy dwgc hod vdo vdn hdnh vi cua hg. Trong khi hge cde K N , NH cdn ed thdi do kien tri, nhdn ngi, ddi hdi mgt thdi gian tuong ddi ddi mdi cd the thue hdnh thudn thyc, nhudn nhuyen. Thdng thudng, qud trinh hgc cdc KN gdm 5 giai dogn:
thdi ki ddu do mdi Idm quen nen su tien bg cdn chdm chgp, thdi gian sou tie'n bd nhanh hon; tie'p dd Id gioi dogn dn djnh; tiep theo Id gioi doqn tdng tdc rdi Iqi dn djnh, eu the tie'p d i l n . Bdi vdy, GV nen khuyen khich NH kien tri vd thudng xuyen ren luyen cde KN bdi gioi doqn ddu hinh thdnh thudng chdm vd neu khdng luyen tdp thudng
xuyen KN cd the suy gidm. ;'.
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HTHT Id mdt KN quan trgng vd phu hgp vdi phuang thuc ddo tgo theo tfn chi; viec dgy eho SV KN hgc HT hodn todn khdng khd neu GV thuc su tdm huyet, mudn ddi mdi vd ndng coo chdt lugng dgy hge. Tuy nhien, tren thue te, phuang phdp ndy chua dugc chu trgng di/ng muc vd chua trd thdnh phuong phdp hgc phd bien trong cde trudng dgi hgc. •
Tai lieu tham khao
!. Ngo Thi Dung. "Mo hinh td chirc hoc theo nhom trong gia hoc tren ldp". Tqp chi Gido due, s6' 5/2001 2. Nguyen Thi Kim Dung. "Thao luan nhom va qua trinh xay dung than ai giQ-a hoc sinh voi nhau a truang trung hoc". Tap chi Nghien eiiu gido due, so 1 1/2000.
3. NguySn Thi Bich Hanh. "Xac lap quy trinh supham tuang tac trong qua trinh day hoc dai hoc". Tqp chi Gido due, so 11/2003
5. Dang Thanh Hung. "He thdng kl nang hoc tap hien dai". Tqp chi Gido due, sd 78/2004.
6. Thai Duy Tuyen. Phutmg phap day hpc truyen thong va ddi moi. NXB Gido due, H. 2008.
