NGHIEN Clltl - TRAO DOI
CAN QUY DINH THU TUC CONG NHAN SU THOA THUAN CUA CAC DUWGSUVE VIEC GIAI QUYET VAN DE DAN SU
TRONG VUAN HiNH SU
NGUYEN THI TUYET NHUNG*
Tom tdt: Gidi quyit vin di ddn sy trong vy dn hinh sy da chinh thiic diryc ghi nhan tai Bieu 28 Bp lu$t To tung hinh sy nam 2003 vd tiip tyc diryc ghi nhdn tai Diiu 30 Bf luat To tung hinh sy ndm 2015. Bdi viit tdc gid di sdu phdn tich nhung dilm bdt hop ly trong quy dinh cua phdp lu^t to tyng hinh sy vd t6 tyng ddn sy vi trinh ty, thii tuc gidi quyit vin de ddn sy trong vy an hinh sy, tir dd du-a ra f kiin di xuit cin quy dinh trinh ty, thu tyc cong nh^n sy thda thu^n c&a cdc dironag sy vi vi^c giai quyit vin di dan sy trong vy dn hinh sy.
Tic khda: Gidi quyet vdn di ddn s\c; v\i dn hinh su; cdng nhdn sw thda thugn cua duang su.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 22/8/2018; ngdy phdn biin ddnh gid vd sua chiia: 10/9/2018; ngdy duyet bdi: 25/9/2018.
Trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an hinh su, cac CO quan cd tham quyen tien hanh td tung phai chimg minh trach nhifm dan sy song song vdi vifc chiing minh trach nhifm hinh sy ciia ngudi phgm tpi. Ben canh vifc bupc ngudi pham tdi phai chiu trach nhifm hinh sy ve hanh vi trai phap luat hinh sy cua minh bang mgt hinh phat cy thi thi cac co quan cd tham quyen tien hanh td tung cdn bupc ngudi pham tdi phai cd trach nhiem khac phuc nhiing hau qua ve vat chit, tinh thin do hanh vi trai phap
luat cua minh gay ra. Vifc khac phuc, bdi thudng thiet hai dugc tien hanh bang nhieu each khac nhau, nhu la: Bupc khdi phye lai tinh trang ban dau cua tai san, khac phuc, sua chua nhiing tai san bi hu hdng, bdi thudng tri gia tai san neu khdng the khac phuc dugc; bdi thudng thift hgi ve tinh mang, sire khde, tdn that tinh thin; bupc
*Nghien cuu sinh, Thac sT, Phd Vi$n truing Vign kiem sat nhan dan huyin Thuy Nguyen, thanh pho Hai Phdng.
So20(thang1(V2018)\
Tap chi _KIEMSAT I 9
NGHIEN CVU - TRAO DOI
cdng khai xin ldi, cai chinh cac thdng tin sai su that gay tdn that cho ngudi bi thiet hgi... ^ i i u 46, Diiu 48 Bd lugt Hinh su (BLHS) nam 2015).
Vif e giai quyet van de dan su trong vu an hinh sy la vifc cac co quan cd tham quyen tien hanh to tyng giai quyet song song trach nhifm dan su vdi trach nhiem hinh sy yong qua trinh giai quyet vy an hinh sy. Van de dan sy trong vy an hinh su khdng phai la su thda thugn don thuan trong dan sy ma dd la sy thda thudn de khac phuc hau qua cua tdi pham do hanh vi trai phap lugt cua mdt ben (bi can, bi cao) gay ra vdi mdt ben la ngudi bi thift hai (bi hgi, nguyen don dan sy), sy thda thuan nay khdng mang tinh ty nguyf n nhu trong dan su. Bdi le, neu cac ben khdng thd thda thuan dugc vdi nhau ve muc bdi thudng, khac phye hgu qua, thi ben gay ra thiet hai phai tuan theo muc bdi thudng theo miic trung binh ciia xa hgi da dugc cac nha lam lugt tinh toan xdy dung thanh van ban hudng dan cy the. Viec giai quyit van de dan sy phai dugc tiin hanh ddng thdi vdi viec xac dinh trach nhifm hinh su doi vdi bi can, bi eao, ciing cd the tach van de dan sy ra giai quyet theo thii tuc td tyng dan sy nhung chi trong nhirng trudng hgp cu the. Ve trinh ty, thii tuc kifn ddi tai san phai tuan theo quy dinh tgi Diiu 30 BLTTHS nam 2015; cdn npi dung cac van de dan sy lai dya tren cac can cir ciia lugt ndi dung dugc quy dinh trong Chuang XX Bd lugt Dan sy (BLDS) nam 2015 vi trach nhifm bdi thudng thift hai ngoai hgp ddng.
Phgm vi cua vifc giai quyet cac van de dan sy trong vu an hinh su dugc bat dau ngay sau hanh vi pham tdi cua ngudi thyc
hifn hanh vi pham tdi bi co quan cd tham quyin phat hien (giai doan giai quyit don hoac giai quyet tin bao, td giac ve tfi phgm, kiin nghi khdi td), kit thiic khi ngudi pham tdi thi hanh xong phan quyet dinh bdi thudng thift hai dugc ghi nhgn trong ban an cd hifu lyc phap lugt.
Xet vi ban chat, viec giai quyet van dk dan su trong vu an hinh su la quan he phap lugt tranh chap dan su nen khi giai quyit theo trinh ty, thii tuc td tung hinh su se nay sinh van de ve phgm vi khdi kifn cua duang su trong vu an. Van de dan sy trong vy an hinh sy la trinh tu td tyng dac bift cua ca td tyng hinh sy va td tyng dan sy, vifc xem xet bdi thudng thift hai khdng can don khdi kien nhung trong qua trinh giai quyet vy an thi duong sy hoan toan c6 quyen thay ddi, bd sung hoge nit yeu cau khdi kien. Nhu vgy, cd the hieu pham vi yeu cau giai quyet bdi thudng dan sy phai can Cli vao ngi dung yeu cau cua hi hai trong hd so vy an hinh sy da giai quyit.
Neu tai lifu, chiing cii chua du di lam can cir giai quyet thi Tda an cd thi thu thgp them chiing cii theo trinh ty td tung hinh su hoac cd the van dyng cac bif n phap thu thap chiing cii, yeu cau nguyen don dan su lam don yeu cau hoac trinh bay y kiin di Tda an xac dinh yeu cau can giai quyit vu an. Van de nay chua cd hudng din cu thi nen cdn gay nhieu tranh cai trong qua trinh ap dung phap luat.
Khac vdi thdi han giai quyit vy an dan sy theo to tung dan su, thdi hgn giai quyit van de dan sy trong vu an hinh sy keo dai trong sudt qua trinh giai quyit vy an (tir khi hanh vi pham tpi bi phat hifn din khi thi hanh an xong). Thdi han nay tuang img vdi thdi hgn cua tiing giai dogn td tung the
i n I T^P'^'^'
10 I Kl£MSAT_ / So 20(thang 102018)
NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI
hien trong BLTTHS nam 2015 nhu sau:
Mdt Id, a giai dogn giai quyet td giac, tin bao ve tgi pham va k i i n nghi khdi td, Dieu 147 quy dinh: 20 ngay, keo dai la 02 thang, cd the gia hgn them 02 thang, tdng thdi gian giai quyet tdi da la 04 thang.
Hai Id, d giai dogn dieu tra, Dieu 172 quy dinh: Ddi vdi tdi it nghiem trpng thdi ban tdi da la 04 thang (bao gdm gia hgn);
ddi vdi tdi nghiem trpng thdi hgn tdi da la 08 thang (bao gdm gia ban); ddi vdi tdi rat nghiem trpng thdi ban tdi da la 16 thang (bao gdm gia hgn); ddi vdi tgi dgc biet nghiem trpng thdi han tdi da la 20 thang (bao gdm gia hgn).
Ba Id, a giai doan truy td, Dieu 240 quy dinh: Thdi ban truy to ddi vdi tdi it nghidm trpng va nghiem trpng tdi da la 30 ngay (bao gdm gia hgn); ddi vdi tpi rat nghiem trpng va dac bift nghiem trpng tdi da la 45 ngay (bao gdm gia ban).
Bdn Id, d giai dogn xet xu, thai han chuan bi xet xir ddi vdi tpi it nghiem trpng tdi da la 45 ngay (bao gdm gia han); ddi vdi tdi nghiem trpng tdi da la 60 ngay (bao gdm gia hgn); ddi vdi tpi rat nghiem trpng tdi da la 03 thang (bao gdm gia han); ddi vdi tgi dac biet nghiem trpng tdi da la 04 thang (bao gdm gia ban).
Rieng giai dogn thi hanh an hinh sy, vifc giai quyet van de dan sy phu thuOc vao nhieu yeu td: Thdi hgn chap hanh hinh phat tii ciia ngudi pham tdi; dieu kifn, kha nang thi hanh an cua cac bi an; chinh sach khoan hong cua nha nude. Neu bi an mudn dugc dgc xa, muon dugc hudng chinh sach khoan hdng cua nha nude de sdm trd ve vdi xa hdi va gia dinh thi phai thi hanh xong cac khoan tien bdi thudng cho bi hai ciing nhu cac quyet dinh khac ve dan sy
trong ban an hinh sy cd hieu luc phap lugt... (Diim d, khoan 1 Diiu 66 BLHS nam 2015: Da chap hanh xong hinh phat bd sung la hinh phgt tien, an phi va cac nghia vy bdi thudng dan su). Vifc thyc hifn bdi thudng dan sy d giai dogn thi hanh an hinh sy cd mpt dieu kifn rat quan trgng la ngudi dugc thi hanh an phai cd don thi hanh an. Nhieu trudng hgp bi hai thay bi cao bi di tu nen khdng cd don yeu cau tbi hanh an hoac do thieu hieu biet nen hp khdng cd dan thi hanh an. Mac du, cac quyet dinh cua co quan tien hanh td tyng da dugc ghi nhan trong ban an cd hieu luc phap lugt nhung cting chua dugc thi hanh neu khdng dam bao mdt sd dieu kifn. Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 30 Luat thi hanh an dan sy nam 2014 thi thdi hifu yeu cau thi hanh an ddi vdi cac khoan tien ddi bdi thudng thift hai ngoai hgp ddng la 05 nam. Tuy nhien, theo quy dinh tai Dieu 588 BLDS nam 2015 thi thdi hieu yeu cau bdi thudng thift hgi ngoai hgp ddng la 03 nam. Nhu vay, ngoai cac thdi hgn 03 nam, 05 nam neu tren ma bi hai khdng yeu cau bdi thudng thi hp khdng cd quyen yeu cau bdi thudng thift hgi ngoai hgp ddng nua.
Nhu vay, frong khoang thdi hgn nhat dinh tiiy theo tiing giai doan khac nhau ma cac CO quan cd tham quyen se cd trach nhifm tien hanh giai quyet van de dan sy trong qua trinh giai quyet vy an hinh su.
Phap luat td tung hinh sy khdng quy dinh cy the each thiic giai quyet van de dan su trong vu an hinh sy nhu the nao. Trong thuc tiln thuc thi nguyen tac nay cdn cd rat nhieu hoat ddng td tung ciia Dieu tra vien, Kiem sat vien, Tham phan chua dugc ph^p luat td tung hinh sy ghi nhgn trinh tu, thu tyc tien hanh. Chu yeu nhiing ngudi tien
So 20 (thang 102018) \
Tap chi _ i a E M SAT
11
NGHIEN CW - TRAO DOI
hanh td tung van dyng tuang ty phap lugt de giai quyet van de dan sy frong vy an hinh su vdi myc dich giai quyet nhanh chdng, diit diem, dam bao quyen, lgi ich cua nhiing ngudi tham gia td tung. Vi dy:
Khi giai quyet van de dan sy trong vy an hinh sy, nhirng ngudi tien hanh td tung thudng tien hanh thu tyc hda giai giiia cac ben, bdi le, hda giai la trinh tu bat bupc trong vu an dan sy, tuy nhien, khi giai quyet van de dan su trong vy an hhih su, neu theo nguyen tac ciia phap lugt td tyng hinh sy thi khdng cd trinh ty, thu tuc hda giai, song nhijng ngudi tien hanh td tyng van tien hanh hda giai giua cac ben duong sy de thuang Iugng miic bdi thudng thift hgi hgp ly. Vdn d8 nay cdn quy dinh, hudng d i n cy the de tranh tmh trgng nhiing hogt ddng tien hanh td tyng cua Dieu tra vi6n, KiSm sat vien, Tham phan khdng dugc quy dinh trong phap luat td tung hoac tiiy nghi van dyng tuy thupc vao nhgn thuc cua Dieu tra vien, Kiem sat vien, Thim phan trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an.
Ben egnh dd, vifc cac co quan cd t h i m quyen tien hanh td tyng vdn dyng k i t hpp giiia nguyen tac cua td tung hinh sy vdi nguyen tac ciia td tung dan sy chua dugc quy dinh cu the, ro rang nen cdn lam nay sinh nhieu y kien khac nhau ve mat ly luan va thyc tien ap dyng nguyen tac nay.
Y kiin thic nhdt cho rang, ve mat ly luan, nguyen tac giai quyet cac van de dan sy trong vy an hmh sy la nguyen tdc ciia td tyng hinh sy nen phai tuan theo td tyng hinh sy de giai quyet, do dd, co quan cd tham quyen tien hanh td tung phai cd trach nhifm chimg minh van de thift hgi va bdi thudng thift hai. Viec ca quan cd thim quyen tien hanh td tyng tiin hanh hda giai
trong khi giai quyet van de dan sy trong vu an hinh sy la khdng diing.
Ykidn thw hai cho rang, vifc giai quyet v i n d i dan sy Uong vu an hinh sy can phai tiin hanh theo td tyng hinh sy kit hgp td tyng dan sy. Cy the la cac Dieu tra vien, Kiem sat vien, Tham phan phai cd trach nhiem diiu tra, chiing minh thift hai va bdi thudng thiet hgi. Vifc duong sy hr minh thu thgp chimg cii chiing minh van de dan sy trong vy an hinh su khdng mau thuin vdi vifc trach nhifm chimg minh thupc ve cac duong sy trong td tung dan sy. Bdi le, trong td tyng hinh sy, bi can, bi cao, bi hai hoac ngudi dgi difn hgp phap ciia hp, nguyen don dan sy, bi don dan sy deu co quyen dua ra tai lieu, dd vat, yeu cau de bao ve quyen, lpi ich hgp phap ciia minh, hp phai giao npp nhiing tai lifu nay cho cac CO quan cd tham quyen tien hanh t6 tung tiiy theo timg giai doan td tung cy thi.
Do dd, trach nhifm chiing minh van thupc v i cac CO quan tien hanh td tung. Xuat phat tir dgc diem van d i dan su trong vu an hinh sy khdng phai van d i dan sy thdng thudng ma nd phat sinh tCr hanh vi trai phap luat hinh sy cua ngudi pham tpi nSn nhieu vy an hinh sy phia bi can, bi cao khdng thi ddi thoai dugc vdi phia bi hai nen vifc cac co quan cd tham quyin tiin hanh td tung van dyng nguyen tac hda giai trong td tyng dan sy ciing rat hgp tinh, hgp ly. Nhiiu vy an, cac D i i u tra vien, Kiim sat vien, Tham phan da hda giai thanh cdng v i n d i dan su trong vy an hinh su de dam bao quyen, lgi ich chinh dang cho cac ben. Chimg tdi ddng y vdi y kiin thii hai, can ket hgp linh hoat giiia nguyen tic td tyng hinh sy vdi nguyen tdc to tyng dan sy de giai quyet hieu qua v i n d i dan sy yong
I Tap chi
12 I KI£MSAT_ /So 20 (thang 102018)
NGHIEN CUV - TRAO D d l
vy an hinh sy, bao dam quyen, Igi ich hgp phap ciia ngudi bi thiet hgi, bi cao va gdp phan bao ve quyen con ngudi.
KSt qua hda giai thanh cua cac co quan cd tham quyen tiin hanh th tung khi giai quyet van de dan su trong vy an hinh sy la vifc ngudi thyc hifn hanh vi pham tgi thi hanh ngay phan trach nhifm dan sy da dugc cac ben thda thuan. Tiic la, ngudi pham tgi hoac ngudi than thich cua hp tien hanh bdi thudng ngay cho ngudi bj thiet hai. Ket qua nay dugc cac ben lap bien bdn ghi nhan va da sd dugc cac ben nghiem tiic tudn thu trong sudt qua trinh giai quyit vu dn hinh su. Tuy timg giai doan ma Co quan dieu tra, Vif n kiem sat, Tda an ghi nhgn ket qua hda giai nay frong Ban kit luan dieu tra, Cao trang hoac Ban an vdi ngi dung la van de dan sy da dugc giai quyet xong.
Thyc tien giai quyet van de dan su trong vy an hinh su cho thiy, su thda thuan cua cac ben chi dugc ghi nhan vao bien ban lam vifc va dugc dua vao hd so vy an nhu la mpt tai lifu chiing cii de chiing minh da giai quyet xong van de dan sy trong vy an hinh sy. Bien ban lam viec khdng phai la quyet dinh ciia co quan cd tham quyen nen tinh hifu lyc khdng cao, khdng cd gia tri bat bude thi hanh ma chi la mpt dgng tai lifu the hifn y kien cua cac ben khi giai quyet van de bdi thudng thift hgi. Neu mdt trong hai ben khdng ty giac thi hanh thi se phat sinh nhieu tranh chap.
Ciing chinh vi vay ma trong qua trinh giai quyet vy an, mgc du cac ben duong sy da thda thuan xong nhung vdn xay ra tinh trang mdt ben pha bd sy thda thugn trudc dd. Hoac cd the tii phia bi hai, nguyen don dan su ddi bdi thudng them vi dya vao diem yeu ciia bi cao mudn dugc hudng
tinh tiet giam nhe hoac mudn dugc hudng cac dieu kien mien chap hanh hinh phat (an treo). Hoac ciing cd the tir phia bi cao sau khi da xet xu xong thi khdng cd trach nhifm hoac thoai thac trach nhiem khdng tien hanh bdi thudng tiep cho bi hai hoac nguyen don dan sy niia... De ngan chan tinh trgng nay, can cd van ban phap ly ghi nhan viec thda thugn bdi thudng thift hai de dam bao tinh hieu luc tren thyc te, bdi le, tir khi cac ben duang sy thda thuan xong cho den khi Tda an tuyen ban an cd di cap den vdn di dan su trong vy an hinh sy thi vifc thda thuan dd mdi chinh thiic cd hifu lyc thi hanh (theo hifu lyc cua ban an). Vi vay, can quy dinh trinh tu, thu tuc cdng nhdn sy thda thuan ciia cac duong sy trong td tyng hinh su khi tien hanh giai quyet van de dan su trong vu an hinh sy.
Ve van de nay ciing cd nhieu y kien khac nhau. Y kien thii nhat cho rang, khdng the ap dyng thu tuc cdng nhgn sy thda thuan cua cac duong su trong td tyng hinh sy vi day la dac trung cua td tung dan sy. Y kien thii hai cho rang, can quy dinh thii tuc cdng nhgn sy thda thugn cua cac duong sy trong td tung hinh su de dam bao quyen, lgi ich hgp phap cua cac bSn, tranh tinh trgng ty y thay ddi hoac pha vd nhiing cam ket giira cac ben duong su trong qua trinh gidi quySt vy an hinh sy. Y kien thii ba cho rang, vifc giai quyet van de dan su trong vy an hinh sy la sy ket hgp giira phap luat td tyng hinh sy vdi phap lugt npi dung dan sy de giai quyit viec bdi thudng thiet hai trong td tyng hinh sy. Thuc tien cho thay, cac CO quan cd tham quyen tien hanh td tyng, ngudi tien hanh td tung da van dung
(Xem tl6p trang 25}
So 20 (thang 102018) \
Tap chi _KIEMSAT I
