DI TICH KHAO CO HOC CU LAO RUA (BINH DlTONG) KHAI QUAT VA NHAN THU*C
NGUYEN KHANH TRUNG KIEN
1. i j i d i thifu
Cii Lao Rua thuOc xa Thanh Phudc, huyfn Tan -Uygn, tinh Binh Duong, nim gitta ddng sdng Ddng Nai, man ddng bic va ddng nam gin nhu nim sat ddng chay chinh, cdn d man tay bic va tay nam la mft vung phii sa bdi bing phing, frai rdng tilp giap vdi ddng chay phy. Cd mOt gd cao khoang 18m tgn gpi Gd Riia, la khu vyc phan bo di tich khao cd hpc.
Di tich dupe ghi nhan lin diu bdi phat hifn ciia E. Cartaillhac vao nam 1888. Din nam 1889, E.T. Hamy cdng bd tu lifu nay ^gn Tap chi Bao tang Ljch sur Ty nhien tai Paris, frong dd cd dl cap din Cii Lao Riia. Vao nam 1902, D. Grossin da dao d khu vyc phia tay cua di tich, thu dupe 13 cdng cu da, ban mai vdi nhilu kich cd khac nhau.
Sau dd, da cd nhilu cuOc khai quat nhd da diln ra noi day: A. Jodin (1910), F. Barthere (1911), nam 1937, hai nha khao c6 L. Malleret va O. Janse da khai quat ba dilm d khu vyc dinh gd va hai dilm d mire cao dp tilp theo. Nam 1961, E. Saurin cd din nghign ciiu di tich dudi gdc dO dja chit hpc. Nha dja chit hpc ngudi Phap H. Fontaine cung da din khao sat nhilu lin noi day va cdng bd tdng sd nhihig hifn vat thuOc di tich Cu Lao Riia luu gitt tai Sd Dja chit Sai Gdn vdi 383 cdng cu da. Bai vilt nay cua dng cd thl xem nhu la cdng frinh ting kit cac kit qua nghign cihi cua hpc gia nude ngoai vl thdi tien sur Ddng Nam BO, frong dd cd di tich Cu Lao Riia (Bui Chi Hoang, Nguyen Khanh Tmng Kign 2006).
Nam 2003, di tich khao cd hpc Cii Lao Riia dupe khai quat vdi quy md ldn (nam hd khai quat, tong difn tich 396m^) bdi Tmng tam Nghign ciiu Khao cd, Vifn Phat friln bin vttng viing Nam Bf phdi hop vdi eao tang Binh Duong. Kit qua lin khai quat nay phan anh gin nhu toan difn tinh chit, dac dilm cua di tich.
2. Kit qua khai qufit
2.1. Diin biin cdc idp ddt
Khu vyc phan bd cua di tich cu frii ti^i rfng khip bl mat gd, thl hifn qua cac loai hinh di v$t khao cd dl l?i trong ting van hda. Day la mOt di tich cu trii cd difn tich phan bd trgn cac viing dit frdng ben canh cac tang da ong.
Kliu vvc dinh gd: tuong img vdi b$c 1 cua di tich, cd thl la noi md cac hd khai qu§t nam 1937 do L. Malleret va O. Jansg thyc hifn, cac hd tham sat nam 1977 (phia ddng), hd tham sat nam 2000
• CN. Trung tam Nghign ciiu khao e6 - Vifn PTBV viing Nam bd
32 Khdo cd hpc, sd 4/2011 (phia ddng bic) va cac hd khai quat H2, H3 (nam 2003). Hd khai quat H2 cd difn tich 60m^, each c l p | Khanh Son 25m vl phia nam. Hd khai quat H3 cd difn tich 48m^, each chua Khanh Son khoang 65m vl phia ddng, each H2 khoang 68m vl phia ddng. Diu vlt cu frii thl hifn qua ting van hda khoang 1,00 - 1,20m. cac ldp sdm thua thdt hifn vat da va manh gdm, cang muOn diu vlt cu frii cang day dac hom.
- Kliu vue cd sudn dSc nil?: tuong ling vdi bac 2 cua di tich, la hoi md cac hd khai quat H1, H4 (nam 2003). Hd khai quat HI cd difn tich 128m^ theo hudng bic nam, each chua Khanh Son khoang 75m vg phia tay nam. Hd H4 cd difn tich khai quat 80m^, each chua Khanh Son khoang 65m vl phia nam. Hai hd khai quat nay gin nhau, cung nim fren dja hinh nghigng nhe vl phia bd sdng noi sudn gd phia bic. Tang van hda khu vyc nay day khoang 1,40m - 1,60m. 6 hd khai quat H4, dau vet cu tni rit md nhat d giai doan sdm, sang giai doan muOn sy cu frii tap trung hon.
- Khu virc chdn gd: tuong ung vdi bale 3 ciia di tich, day cd thl la noi friln khai hd khai quat cua D. Grossin vao nam 1902 (phia tay Gd Rua) va cung la noi md hd khai quat H5 (nam 2003) vdi difn tich 80 m^, bg mat khu vyc md hd it thay nhihig tang da ong cd difn tich ldn, ngupc ve phia nam la nhiimg tang da ong
Idn nim ken day
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khap sudn gd, dO nghigng sudn gd khoang 30" Vlt tich cu frii nim vit ngang lung chfmg ddi cho din hit chan gd, tang van hda rat day, tir 1,80m-2,00m. Hifn
vat tap frung day dac, cd mat dp cao hon cac khu vyc cdn l^i, dac bift la cac manh gdm day dac frong ting van hda (Biii Chi Hoang, Nguyin Khanh Trung Kign 2006).
2.2. Diin bien tang vdn Itda
Tang van hda di tich Cu Lao Rua kha thuin nhit frong cac hd vdi hai giai doan cu tru sdm va muOn. 6 cac hd HI, H2, H4 cd thl nhan thiy mOt ldp dit vd sinh ngan each giua hai giai doan cu frii, cac hd cdn lai khdng thiy hifn tupng nay. Cd thl phan chia ting van hda thanh cac giai doan cu tni tir sdm din mudn nhu sau:
- Sinh thd la ldp da ong cau tao nIn gd, bl mat 1dm chdm cac tang da ong ldn, mOt sd noi hinh thanh cac via da ong lien kit nhau, chiing vin cdn nhd cao Ign din hit giai doan cu trii sdm. DO sau ciia sinh thd khoang 1,00m - 1,40m so vdi mat dit hifn tai.
- Bgn frgn sinh thd, vao giai doan cu frii sdm (cac ldp 10 - 5 d H5 va cac Idp 7 - 5 d cac hd cdn lai), cu dan ed da sinh sdng ngay trgn bl mat 1dm chdm cac tang da ong, hinh thanh nfn mOt Idp van hda sdm, dit cd mau naii slm, lin nhilu san laterite h^t to (1,0cm), day trung binh 0,25m - 0,45m. Cach mat dit hifn tai khoang 1,00m - 1,60m. Cac di vat khao cd thudc giai doan nay bao gdm cac cdng cu da vdi cac loai cdng cy phd biln (riu vai, due, mOt sd it riu tii giac ban mai, dd frang siic da chua dupe chi tac nhilu), manh gdm, chu ylu tap trung d khu vyc phia tay ciia di tich, cac khu vyc cdn lai thua thdt hon. Difn tich cu fru giai doan nay chat hep va khdng thuan Ipi do bl mat bi choan chd bdi cac tang da ong, day cung cd thl la hguyen nhan lupng di vat tim thiy khdng nhilu.
Nguyen Khanh Trung Kien - Di tich khao cd hoc Cu Lao Rua. 33
Di tich mp tdng C« Lao Riia (Binh Duang)
- Sau giai doan cu tni sdm, xuit hifn mft ldp dit vd sinh mau nau sang day trung binh 0,15m - 0,30m. Ldp dit nay chi quan sat dupe frgn vach cac hd khai quat HI, H2, H4 (la ba hd nim gin nhau). Day cd thl la Idp dit hinh thanh do qua trinh nia frdi bl mat va bdi
ty ty nhign do dac trung dja hinh di tich.
- Ldp cu tni giai doan muOn, tuong iing vdi cac ldp 2, 3, 4 d cac hd khai quat, dit mau nau slm, lin nhilu san laterite hat nhd (0,5cm), day trung binh 0,20m - 0,30m. Cac tang da ong khdng cdn choan difn tich do da bj ldp van hda sdm bdi lip tao thanh mOt bl mat cu tni thoang rOng hon.
Trong giai doan nay, cd sy gia tang dang kl vl sd lupng manh gdm va cdng cy da. Ngoai cac \o^\ hinh cdng cy da da xuat hifn d giai doan sdm cdn cd cac loai hinh mdi nhu riu tam giac, cudc (hi giac va cd vai), dao hai. Dac bift la cua loai hinh riu tir giac (dii ring frgn toan di tich riu vai vin chilm uu thl hon). Day la giai doan phat hifn trong ting van hda muOn nhilu manh vdng va cac phac vat chi tac dd dang ciia lo^ii hinh vdng tay, loai hinh cudc, dao hai ciing dupe phat hifn nhilu hom. Day ciing la thdi ky cu dan cd Cii Lao Riia md rOng difn tich sinh sdng frgn khip bl mat Gd Riia, hp da dl lai diu vlt cu tni day dac frong ting van hda va frgn binh difn cac hd khai quat.
Bgn frfn ciing (ldp 1) la ldp dit mau xam den hay
nau xam, day khoang 0,10m - 0,40m (tiiy vao dja hinh noi md hd), chura cac diu vlt sinh hoat cua cu dan hifn dai, lln nhilu rl cay, la myc va mdt sd di vat khao cd bj xao frfn (Nguyin Khanh Trung Kign 2009).
2.3. Di tich mg tdng
Trong cuOc khai quat nam 2003, da phat hifn mudi hai ngdi mf huyft dit trong hai hd khai quat ky hifu HI va H4, tai khu vyc sudn phia bic Gd Riia. Day la nai cd dja thl khdng thuan Ipi cho cu tni nhung lai rit phii hpp cho vife chdn cit ngudi chet vi sudn ddi cd df ddc cao, da ong nhilu, kin dao.
Tit ca cac mO nay thupc ting van hda giai do?n sdm, ngay ben frgn sinh thd va dudi ldp dit vd sinh mau + nau sang.
Trong hd khai quat HI phat hifn bdn mO, mang ky hifu: HlMl, H1M2, H1M3, H1M4. Trong hd khai quat H4 gin dd cd tam mf, k^ hifu: H4M1, H4M2, H4M3, H4M4, H4M5, H4M6, H4M7, H4M8 va ngoai ra cdn hai cum hifn vat dd gdm tuy tang chdn sau hon, bgn dudi khu vyc M4 va M5.
Day cd thl la hai mO dupe chdn trudc, bi cac mp chdn sau chdng cit Ign.
Sau khi xii Iy hit ldp dit vd sinh bgn dudi ldp cu fru muOn, xuit Id mdt sd lupng khdng nhilu cac manh gdm gidng vdi gdm frong di tich cu fru giai doan sdm noi hd khai quat H5. Cd thl chung la cac manh v5 cdn sdt lai khi cu dan cd dap vd cac dd gdm dl rai len bl mat cac mO huyft dit.
Bgn dudi Idp gdm rai bl mat nay xuit hifn cac cym manh gdm, mifng gdm cd ve tap frung thanh timg khu vyc. Sau khi xir Iy, cho thiy chung la cac hifn vat gdm tiiy tang nhu ndi, binh, vd, bat bdng... cdn nguygn dang, tai chd (insihi), bgn canh chiing la cac cdng cu da cdn nguygn dupe dat rai rac bgn canh mdt each cd chii y.
Binh difn khu vyc mp dja sau khi xu- Iy cho thiy cd khoang 12 mO huyft dit cung vdi cac dd g6m tiiy tang cua ngudi cd Cii Lao Riia. Cac mO huyft dit nay khdng thl tim thiy hifn mO, cung nhu
34 Khdo cdhpc, sd4/2011 vlt tich cuia di cot ngudi (ngoai trii mOt doan xuong 6ng noi mp H4M3) do d^c trung thd nhudng ciia dit laterite d Ddng Nam BO vdn phan hiiy rit nhanh chit hihi co.
Nhihig mO huyft dit cd ciu tnic chung gdm cac cym dd g6m tiiy tang dat thing hang, cd thl la hai ndi va mOt bat bong, mOt cym ba ndi gdm hay ndi gdm va cac dd g6m nhd nhu Ip, binh,... bgn cjinh dd la mOt so cdng cu da nhu riu, dye va mdt sd vign da nhd cd vg nhu diing dk danh diu vj fri mO (xem bang thdng kg hifn vat tiiy tang).
cac mO tim thiy cd cac hudng phan b6 sau:
Theo frye ddng-tay cd cac mO H1M2, H1M4, H4M1, H4M2, H4M6, H4M7.
Theo fryc bic-nam cd cac mO H1M3, H4M3, H4M5.
- MOt vai mO h\ cd hudng ddng bic-tSy nam nhu mO HlMl, H4M4, H4M8, cac mO nay thudng nim gin chan ciia via da ong ldn choan gin hit difn tich h6 dao.
Vife ehpn hudng chdn cit ngudi chit cho thiy day la mOt hoat 011 lOng cd y thiic ciia ciia du dan c6 Cii Lao Rua, cd thl hp da can cur theo hudng mat frdi mpc va l§n, ma hudng nay lai chlch theo timg mua khac nhau ngn cac hudng md cd dO Ifch nhit dinh.
Hudng mO la mdt vin dl rit khd giai quylt tai di tich nay, bdi Ig cac diu vlt xuong cdt khdng cdn, th?im chi bign mO cung khdng tim thiy. Do dd, chi cd thl so sanh vdi mOt s6 di tich khac cdn di cdt ngudi nhu An Som (Long An), Khok Phanom Di (Thai Lan) cd thl thiy cac db g6m tiiy tang thudng xIp sat nhau, thing hang theo mpt tryc song song vdi than ngudi chit, cac cym do g6m \^i dupe d|t d ehSn ho$c diu ngudi chit. Tir cac so sanh frgn, cd thl tam gia djnh ring hudng chdn ngudi chit ciia cdc mO tai di tich CCi Lao Riia ddng hudng vdi cdc cym dd gdm tCiy tang d$t tiling hang.
Qua so sanh vl mat loai hinh dd gdm tiiy tang frong mO va do g6m trong di tich cu frii, cd thl thiy cdc mO huyft dit ndy thuOc vao giai doan sdm ciia di tich, khodng 3.500 din 3.000 nam each ngay nay (Bui Chi Hoang, Nguyin Khanh Trung Kien 2006). Mat khdc, qua quan sat kit ciu ting van hda
ciing ung hO cho nh$n djnh nay.
Bang thong ke hifn \%\. tiiy tang trong cac m$ huyft dat di tich Cu Lao Riia MO ^"----...^
HlMl H1M2 H1M3 H1M4 H4M1 H4M2 H4M3 H4M4 H4M5 H4M6 H4M7 H4M8
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Ghi chu: (x) khdng the phuc che do qud vd ndt, chi du(rc ghi nhgn dau vit Cd thl khdi qudt lai diln biln khu vyc ndy nhu sau:
Sau khi din cu fru t^i di tich ndy mOt thdi gian, cdc cu ddn c6 da tiln hanh hoat ddng chdn cit ngudi chit tai khu vyc phia bic Gd Riia do dja hinh noi ddy bit tifn cho cu frii. T^i day, hp da ddo sdu xu6ng Idp dit tich tu tu nhign bgn frgn sinh th6 dk chdn cit ngudi chit nhung cac huyft mO khdng xuyfn qua Idp da ong sudn gd. Sau khi dat ngudi chit vdo huyft mO, hp da d|t cdc dd gdm tiy tdng vd
Nguyin Kh6nh Trung Kien - Di tich khao cd hoc Cij Lao Rua... 35^
mOt so cdng cy dd bgn c?nh vd lip dit, mft sd mO dupe xIp nhihig vign da nhd xung quanh. Sau dd, cd the hp dap mOt so dd gdm rdi sii dyng nhihig manh vd dd dl rai Ign frgn bl mat mO.
Qua thdi gian, cd Ig sy tdn frpng ngudi chit khiln nhihig thl hf sau khdng sinh song frgn khu vyc ndy vd sy bdi tich ciia ty nhien da phii din Ign khu vyc mf dja nay mOt Idp dit vd sinh. Sau mOt thdi gian lau dai, cac thl hf sau cd 15 da lang qugn noi day timg la noi chdn cit cac thl hf trudc va qua trinh tich ty ty nhien da khiln bl mjt dja hinh bing phing hon ngn da fran ra sinh sdng fren khu vyc nay va dl l^i cac vlt tich frong ting van hda giai doan mufn nhu kit qua khai quat da ghi nhan.
2.4. Di v$t 2.4.1. Divgtdd
Hifn vdt da Cii Lao RCia dupe phat hifn vdi nhigu loai hinh khac nhau nhung phd biln nhat van la nhdm cdng cy cd kich thudc nhd va bgn canh nhihig cdng cy rit hoan chinh van cdn mdt ty If ldn nhihig loai hinh cdng cy dang ehl tac dd dang hoac tai ehl tac sau khi su dyng bj vd, nhit la loai dye tii giac dupe chi tac lai tir nhChig chile riu vai bj vd. Cd thg cd mft quy trinh ehl tac khdng mang tinh chuygn hda noi day dl sdn xuit ra cdc cdng cy lao dOng hay tdi ehl tdc nhihig cdng cu vd dl phyc vy cho nhu ciu cua cOng d6ng.
Cdng cy ed vai (cu6c, riu) chilm mOt ty If dp dao frong tdng sd cdng cu da so vdi loai hinh cdng cy tiJr gidc, dac bift la vao giai do?n sdm. Ngoai ra, cdn phat hifn nhihig philn da hinh dia, vdng tay dang khoan, dye dd dang, din nhung chile vdng tay ehl tdc hodn thifn da dupe sii dyng hoac dang frong qua trinh ehl tdc va cd nhihig cdng cy chuyfn dung frong ky thuat ehl tao dd trang sire nhu ban mai Idi diing dl mai ben frong vdng tay. Nhu vdy, cOng dong cu dan cd Cii Lao Riia ngodi vife ehl tac cac cdng cy da phuc vy cho san xuat cdn ehl tac nhihig chile vdng tay dl phyc vy cho nhu ciu 1dm d?p cua hp.
Trong mOt s6 mO tdng cdn phdt hifn nhumg chile cudc dd vai nhpn, riu dd vd dye dd dupe ehl tac rit hoan thifn, chua cd diu vlt sur dyng va cd thl xem day la nhChig hifn vat mang tinh chit thieng dupe ding vao vife thd ciing hoac chdn theo ngudi chit.
Trong suu tdp do da cdn cd nhttng chile khudn due riu, manh vd cua nhihig thanh dan da(?), ludi qua dd(?) vd hdng tram ban mai cae lo?ii da dupe sir dyng hit sure frif t dl vdi nhilu mat mai Idm sau.
Cdc nhdm cdng cy frong di tich, gdm cd:
a. Suu tdp cu6c: g6m hai loai co ban Id cudc cd vai vd cu6e tii gidc, frong dd cudc cd vai chilm sd lupng uu thl vdi 24 chile, cudc tur gidc it hon chi 13 chile. Loai hinh cuoc cd vai thudng dupe mdi hodn chinh phin d6c. Vai ngang hode xudi nh?, can ddi, mft so cd thl chi cd mOt vai, rit hilm loai cd vai nhpn.
Than d^uig hinh thang hay gin hinh chft nhat, rif ng loai vai nhpn dupe mai cong 1dm nhe phan hong. Ria ludi rpng, mfp cong nh? va mai vat Ifch, mft sd tigu ban cudc vai nhpn chua cd vlt sir dyng. Cudc da tir gidc thudiig cd dang hinh thang (mOt sd it hon l?i gin nhu hinh ehtt nhat), ddc thudn nhd, ria ludi cong nhe, mat cit ngang than hinh chtt nhdt, mdt cit dpc ludi hinh ehtt V Ifch, fren bl mat cdn nhilu vlt ghe.
b. Suu tdp riu: gom hai lo?i co bdn Id riu tir gidc vd riu vai. Trong dd, chilm ty If dp dao Id riu vai vdi 256 chile bao g6m nhilu loai hinh: vai xudi, vai ngang, vai nhpn, mft vai. Riu tir gidc it han vdi 93 chile. Riu tam gidc cd 13 chile.
c. Suu t|ip dye: 93 chile, frong dd nhilu nhit Id dye tur gidc vdi 51 chile, due cd vai it han vdi 39 chile, dye tam gidc cd 3 chile.
Dye cd vai thudng cd ddc thing, tilt difn hinh chit nhat hay vudng, ty If gitta dp dai tiiudng gip ba lin dO rOng. Hai vai xudi. cdn ddi, ria ludi ngang hay cong nh?, ludi mai vat Ifch, hau hgt dupe mdi nhSn todn thdn.
36 Khdo cd hpc, sd 4/2011 Due tii giac thudng cd dO rOng ludi ldn hon dO rOng ddc, mat cit ngang than gin hinh vudng, ria ludi ngang mai sic. Tilt difn dpc dye vdt can hoac vat va vat Ifch.
d. Suu tap dao: 5 hifn vat, dao thudng dupe lam bing dd mdu xam fring, cd sdng phing, ludi cong frdn, sac, tiet difn dpc hinh tam giac, mOt mdt phang va mOt mat khum, cdn nhilu dau ghd.
e. Cdng cy mui nhpn: 2 hifn vat, mui nhpn cdn nhigu vgt ghg tu chinh, mui cd nhigu vgt ghg tu chinh kha nhuyin tao mui nhpn va rit sic. Cd thl cdng cy dang nay cd chirc nang nhu mOt mui dOt.
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phdt hifn frong cdc hd khai quat d dinh gd. MOt sd chi cdn nhdn dang dupe ria ludi, hpng tra can. Phin than gin hpng fra cdn thudng cd trang fri ndi hai dudng thing song song gidng khudn diic di tich Ddc Chiia gin dd.
- Hifn vdt ky hieu 03CLRH3L6:47
Khudn diic dupe Idm bing sa thach cd mdu gan gd, cd dang hinh chtt U, mat lung cong nhe, hai canh bgn bo frdn. Mat khudn tao hinh vdt dijc hinh riu. Hinh vat diic hinh riu cd hpng rdng 4,5cm, thit nhe eo d cd, ludi xde rOng, frgn mat hpng tao hai chi chim each nhau 3,9mm. Khudn bj vd mit mOt nura cd chieu ddi cdn lai 5,4cm, rdng 8,3cm, ddy 3,5em.
g. Suu tdp vdng tay dd vd phac vat vdng: 44 hifn vdt, frong dd H2, H4 chilm sd lupng Idn, mft sd it d H5. Hiu hit chiing chi phdt hifn d cdc Idp muOn. Tit cd chiing diu cd Idp patin mdu
xdm xanh, chit lifu chii ylu Id sa thach hat mjn. Chi cd 03 tigu ban cd tilt difn tam giac, 05 tieu ban cd tilt difn vudng, dupe lam tCr loai da rit mim, 07 vdng cd tilt difn chtt D, sd cdn lai la phac vat vdng. Tit ca diu khdng cdn nguygn ven.
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Dpi se chi Cii Lao Rua h. Suu tap ban mai: tdng sd 438 ban mai cac loai. ' - ' ^
Ddy la mOt suu tap cd sd lupng ldn nlu so vdi cac di tich khac da khai qudt. Hiu hit la ban mai 1dm va dupe sir dyng ttt sa thach hat mjn, thudng cd mdu xam xanh hay nau slm, rit It mau nau dd. Ban mai Cii Lao Riia da phin thudng dupe tdn dyng mOt each trif t dl.
i. Chi ludi: 2 hifn vat
- Hiin vgt ky hieu 03CLRH1L3 dupe lam bing vign da cd mau xam hinh s-lip, ti-en hai bl mdt cd khic hai dudng chi chim rdng khoang 0,1 em cit nhau chia vign da ndy Idm bin. phin bing nhau.
Dudng kinh Idn 4,2cm va dudng kinh nhd 3,0cm.
- Hien vgt ky hieu 03CLRH5L4:185 dupe lam bing da mau xam xanh dupe ghg tu chinh dang hlnh e-llp, hai mdt bgn 1dm nhe. Theo chilu dpc cua vifn da khic mOt dudng chi chim rdng dao dOng trong khoang tir 0,22cm - 0,33cm.
k. Manh ddn dd(?): 02 hifn vat, phat hifn frong ting van hda hd khai quat H3 vd H5, Id cdc thanh dd ngin, thuOc loai dd kgu, cho dm thanh trong vd cao, cd cdc vlt ghg djnh hinh va tu chinh gidng v«W cdeh tiiiic'chl tdc cua ddn dd da phdt hifn nhu d di tich Binh Da (Ddng Nai), Dinh U c San Dien (Ldm D6ng).
I. Cdc hifn vdt dd chua rd chure ndng
Thdi dd hlnh trdn: 26 hifn vdt, bing sa thach mdu xam hoac mdu ndu dd, cd d?ng hinh try gin frdn ngin hoic frdn d?t, hlnh chtt nhat hodc hinh vudng dupe bo frdn bin gdc. 6 hai diu diu ed diu mdi bing
38 Khdo cd hpc, sd 4/2011 hode mai ldm nh?, cac canh bgn cdn nhilu diu ghg dgo. Kich thudc khdng dong nhit nhau, lo^i hinh try frdn tigu bdn nhd nhit cd chilu cao 3,0em, dudng kinh 3,5cm, kich thudc pho biln vdi dudng kinh 6,0cm vd 4,0cm. Cdn lojii cd d^ng hinh chtt nhdt vdi cdc canh bo frdn cd canh ddi 8,0cm, canh n ^ 6,8cm vd ddy 6,7cm. Dii vdi loai hifn vdt cd hinh khdi try vudng bo trdn cdc canh, frfn cd b6n mat diu cd nhOng lo nhd ldm sdu, thudng Id hai Id cdeh diu nhau, Kich thudc: ddi 7,5em, cdc mdt khac dao dOng frong khodng 63cm - 6,5cm. Hifn tupng diu mdi frfn cdc thdi dd hinh frdn cung cd thl Id mOt lo?ii bdn mdi chuygn diing hode ed thl cd mOt chiie nang nao khac ma hifn nay chua cd tai lifu so sdnh dl nhan bift.
Thdi dd hlnh Irii dep: 2 hifn vdt, dupe ldm bing dd cdt kit mdu xdm tring, mOt tifu bdn ed mdt cit ngang hlnh bdn nguyft dai 6,8cm va tigu ban cdn lai cd hinh e-lip, dai 3,7cm, cd dau mai fren mdt. Lo?i hinh cdng cu nay chua rd chiie nang nhung cd Ig lign quan den ky thuat mai cdng cy hodc do trang sue.
Thdi da hinh tru trdn: 1 hifn vdt, bing sa thach hat ldn mdu xdm ndu, ghg phing ca hai diu, mOt dudng ranh Idm chay frdn diu quanh than. Kich thudc: cao 7,3cm, dudng kinh 5,5cm. Chua rd chuc nang cua cdng cy dang ndy.
- Thdi.dd cd lidt dien ngang hlnh e-llp dupe ldm bing sa thach cd mau xdm xanh, cd hai mdt diu dupe mai thon dan vf phia mQi tao cho mdt dd cd tiet difn ngang hinh e-lip. Thanh dd cd chifu ddi 7,0cm, dudng kinh dao dOng tir 1,5cm -1,9cm. Chua rd chirc ndng ciia loai hinh cdng cy ndy.
Thdi dd hlnh chu nhdt dupe lam bing sa thach hat mjn mau dd cd hinh dang nhu mOt vifn gach cd cdc canh va gdc chuin hinh chtt nhat. Day cd thl hinh dang ban diu cua mpt ban mai djnh hlnh hoac mOt philn da dupe chuin bj tao hinh khudn due. Kich thudc: dai 6,2cm, rOng 6,0cm, day 4,4cm.
NLoai hinh
Lorp \ 1
2 3 4 5 6 7
• 8
9 10 Tongcfng
Riu tu- gi4c
10 33 16 15 6 4 6 2 1 93
Riu tam giac
6 2 2 1 1 1
13 Riu vai
30 77 36 38 20 9 10 11 20 5 256
Bang thong Cuoc
c6 vai
1 8 6 6
3
24
Cuoc tu- giic
2 3 2
6
13
te mpt Due
c6 vai 6 14
3 7 4 1 1 3 39
so loai hinh cong cu da*
Diic
tam giic
2 1
3
DIIC
tv giic
4 15 9
1 8 6 6 1 1 51
Cong cu mui nhpn
1
I
2
Dao hii
1 3
1
5
Vdng tay
6 19
9 5 2 2 1
44 B&n mii
53 132
61 63 38 24 16 24 18 9 438
Tong c$ng
113 310 147 138 79 53 44 40 43 14 981
* Ngudn: Nguyen Khanh Trung Kien 2009 2.4.2. Di vgt gdm
a. Manh gdm
Trong ndm hd khai qudt tai di tich Cii Lao Riia vdo nam 2003 da thu dupe 84.818 mdnh vd ciia cac loai dd gdm. Kit qud xii Iy vdi nhilu tigu chi phan loai da dem lai nhilu nhdn thirc quan frpng vl loai hinh hifn vat quan frpng ndy.
- Chat lieu: cd ba loai chinh: gdm thd, gdm mjn va gdm pha bd thyc vdt.
Nguyin Kh6nh Trung KIdn - Di tich khao cd hoc CCI Lao Rua... 39 + Gdm thd: chilm ty If 51%. thanh phin gdm sgt pha cat hat ldn la chu ylu, cd thl cd mft ty If
thip vd nhuyin thl hode ba thyc vdt. Dupe su dyng dl ldm cdc loai hinh ndi, binh, vd cd kich thudc ldn.
+ Gdm mjn: chilm ty If 47%, thdnh phin nhu gim thd nhung cdt pha vdo cd cd hat nhd hom, g6m thuin mdu hon, xuong mdng hon vd khd cirng. Ddy Id chit lifu ciia cac loai ndi vd dTa va bat bdng cd kich thudc trung binh hode nhd.
+ Gdm pha ba thtfc vgt: chilm ty If 2%, thanh phin chit lifu. khac hin so vdi hai loai frgn, nhit la ty If ba thyc vdt dupe dua vao thanh phin xuomg g6m t?io cho xuong ed mau xam den va mau den, frpng lupng g6m nhf hom hai loai frgn.
Day la chit lifu ciia mOt sd loai hlnh ndi, vd gdm va bat bing, chi chilm ty If rit thip frong tdng so mdnh g6m frong cdc ho khai qudt.
Theo trat ty ting van hda, cd thl nhdn ra xu hudng sau: d giai doan sdm gom thd thudng nhilu hon gdm mjn, frong khi dd vao giai doan mufn diln ra mOt xu hudng ngupc lai vdi ty If gdm mjn lai nhilu gim thd. Gdm pha ba tiiyc vat rit it d giai doan sdm, chi gia tang ddng kl d giai do?in muOn.
- Ao gom: trong di tich cd nhilu mdu do gdm khac nhau t^io ngn sy da dang cua dd gdm nhu: mau dd tuoi, den, ndu dd, ndu den, ndu nh^t, xdm ndu,... cd khi ldp do phii frgn mOt mdt thudng
Id mat ngoai, cd nhttng hifn vdt gdm kit hpp cd hai mdu khac nhau fren ca hai mat trong va ngoai. Be mdt cdc tieu bdn g6m dupe milt Idng khd ky, dl ldp do phii len bl mdt dupe Idng vd diu mdu. Mdt sd mdnh gom cd hifn Urpng dupe chai nhttng dudng each diu nhau thdt mjn fren bl mat gim, khi phu mau Ign tao ngn nhttng vung dam nhat ldn tan. Hifn tupng nay thudng gdp fren bl mat cua nhttng chile bat bdng chan cao hode mifng hoac phin vai nhumg chile nil cd kich thudc ldn.
Ao gom mau nau chilm ty If cao (52%), ddc bift frong giai doan mufn. Ao gdm mau dd it hon vd duy fri mOt ty If 6n djnh (24%) frong su6t cdc giai doan phdt friln. Ao gdm den (14%) vd xdm (10%) cd ty If thip! 6 cdc Idp sdm do gdm mau den nhilu hon ao gdm mdu xdm, nhung den nhttng ldp mufn l^i xdy ra xu hudng ngupc l?i. Ao gdm mdu xdm khdng cd sy thay ddi ldn theo thdi gian. Ao gdm mdu dd lai cd sy gia tdng ty If (khoang 10%) d cac ldp muOn.
- Xuang gdm: cd cdc mdu phd biln nhu mdu dd, nau den, xdm den, den, chiing phdn dnh sy da d?ng cua chit lifu do gim noi day.
Xuang gdm mdu do: chilm ty If 11%, gim cirng chic, cd chit lifu chu ylu Id sgt pha cdt, thudne gdp d cdc lo^i hinh nhu blnh ndi, vd, bdt bdng chdn cao,... cd nhieu sdc df nhu: mdu dd sdm, mdu dd hoi ngd ndu, mdu dd gach non,... Sy khdc bift sic dO do thdnh phdn nguygn lifu, cdn ed thg do nhif t dp vd ky thudt nung.
Xuang gdm mdu ndu den: chilm ty If 58%, ddy Id chit lifu cua cdc san phim gia dyng nhu nil, blnh, vd cd kich thudc frung binh, chilm ty If cao nhit. Xuong gdm cd nhigu sdc dO khdc nhau tiiy thuOc rit'nhilu vdo chit lifu cua phdi g6m.
Gom Cu Lao Rua
40 Khdo cdhpc. sd4/2011 - Xuang gdm mdu xdm den: chilm ty If 8%, ddy la chit lifu thudng gdp cua cdc loai ndi, dTa vd mOt sd bat bdng chdn cao, cd ty If set pha cat thich hpp nhung ba thyc vdt tuong doi nhilu va khi gdm qua nhift dp cao thi cdc ba thyc vat bj chay lam cho xuong gdm nga mau xam den.
- Xuang gdm mdu den: chilm ty If 14%, thudng gap d cdc loai hinh bdt bdng, td. Thdnh phin chit lifu giong nhu loai gdm mdu xdm den nhumg ba thyc vdt dupe pha vdi ty If nhilu hon, frpng lupng gdm nhe hon hin so vdi cac loai gdm khac. Trong hd khai qudt H5 da phat hifn mOt sd phi phim gdm loai ndy bj meo md frong qud frinh nung. Cd Ig do bd thyc vdt frong thdnh phin xuomg gdm qua Idn ngn khi gdp nhift dO cao, ba thyc vat bj chay lam mit cdn ddi hinh ddng ban diu cua cdc hifn vdt ndy ngn cdc hifn vdt dd khdng cdn gitt dupe nguyen dang.
Cac loai xuong gdm cd mau xam fring (5%), dd (4%). Nhin chung chiing cd t^ If dn djnh va khdng cd sy thay ddi Idn frong sudt qua frinh phat friln. Cac mau xuong: ndu dd, dd, xdm den, xdm tring cd xu hudng gia tdng nhilu bit diu d giai doan sdm.
- Gdm mdu: sd lupng mdnh gdm mau frong di tich khdng nhilu, chi 5.189 manh (6,12%) frong sd dd cd thl nhan thiy giai doan sdm lupng gdm mau nhilu hom giai doan mudn. Hiu hit cdc mdnh gdm mdu diu thu dupe d hd H5 (76,8%), hd HI chilm ty If it hom (8,7%), H4 nhilu hon HI ddi chiit (12,8%). 6 H2 va H3 lupng gdm mdu hiu nhu khdng ddng kl (1,5% d H2 vd 0,6% d H3).
Tren todn di tich, lupng gdm mdu hiu nhu chi tap trung d cdc hd HI, H4, H5, la noi cu tni giai doan sdm ciia cu ddn cd Cii Lao Rua. Trong cac mO tdng d hd HI, H4 lupng gdm mdu tim thdy rdt it d cdc Idp dudi (ldp chdn mO) din cdc ldp fren mdi xuit hifn nhilu din. Nhung cdc mdnh gdm rdi bl mdt mO vd cdc hifn vdt tiiy tdng hdu het Id gdm mdu.
Gdm mau frong di tich Cii Lao Riia cd thl chia thdnh cdc nhdm sau: mdu dd, mat ngoai den mdt frong cd mdu dd tuoi, mdu ndu den d mat ngoai mat trong cd mau dd tuoi, mat ngoai mdu xdm mdt trong mdu dd tuoi,...
Gdm mdu trong di tich Cii Lao Riia la loai gdm phu mau frudc khi nung cd thl quan sat dupe qua ldp mau bj frdc frgn ao gdm. Mau thudng phu ca frong va ngoai phin mifng, ciing cd trudng hpp mau phii frgn ca phan vai ciing nhu phia frong Idng vd bgn ngodi thdn ndi.
Gom mdu dd (47%) ed chit lifu gin gidng nhau, dp dam nhat ciia do gdm do dO nung, ky thuat nung cung nhu qud frinh sii- dyng. Gdm mdu ndu (41,8%) cung cd nhilu sic dp dam nhat, thudng khdng thuin nhit nhu loai gdm mdu dd tuoi, bl mdt dupe milt Mng nhung dO dam nhat cd thl khdc nhau frgn ngay fren mOt cd thl. Gdm mdu xdm den (3%), mau den (0,2%), thudng la loai gdm cd xuong den cd chit lifu Id set pha cdt vd mOt it bd thyc vat, bl mdt dupe milt Idng, phii mOt Idp mdu xam den hay den.
- Hoa vdn: frong di tich Cii Lao Riia cd cac ky thudt tao van sau: van chdi, vdn khic vach, vdn thimg, cac dd dn frang fri.
Vdn chdi cd ty If 10%, van khic vach chilm ty If 7%, van thimg chilm ty If 2%, cdc dd dn hoa vdn chilm ty If 4% vdi 24 dd dn khdc nhau.
Hiu hit cac loai dd an hoa van diu hifn difn frong tit ca cac ldp ciia ting van hda, nhung cac hoa vdn ciu ky, mang tinh my thuat cao diu gidm din vl sd lupng (it din frong giai doan muOn) vd cd vg miic do phire tap. Nhirng loai vdn don gidn nhu khdc vach, vdn chdi frong giai doan mudn cd ngt vg nhuyin hon nhung khdng sic sdo, tinh tl nhu d cdc ldp sdm.
Ddng hdnh vdi sy suy gidm ciia cdc dd dn hoa vdn cdn cd cd vl kilu ddng, loai hinh vd mdu sic ciia dd gdm. 6 gia do^in muOn cdc loai gdm dupe td mdu cdn lai vdi mOt ty If rit thip, ngay cd cdng
Nguyin Khanh Trung Kien - Di tfch khao cd hoc Cu Lao Rua... 41 doan miet Idng be mat gdm khdng cdn dupe chdm chiit nhu d giai doan sdm, dO ddy cua xuomg gdm, dO
cumg chic cung khdng dupe chii frpng.
Logi hinh mdnh gdm: mdnh thdn chilm ty If dp ddo vdi 69.128 mdnh (81%), mdnh mifng it hon vdi 12.314 mdnh (15%), frong khi dd mdnh dl rit it vdi 1.716 (2%), mdnh vai cd ty If mong duong mdnh dl 1.622 (khoang 2%).
Cd thg thdy, loai hinh dd gdm cd vai khdng nhilu, chi phd biln Id loai hinh ndi vd thdn hinh khdi cdu. Cdc loai hinh dd dyng cd chdn dl cung it, hiu hit chiing Id cac lo^ii bat bdng, khdng thiy xuit hifn loai hinh ndi cd chan dl frong di tich. Ca ba hd HI, H4 va H5 cd mat dO gdm ddy ddc nhit frong di tich, frong dd H5 Id dilm cd mat dO tdp trung day dac nhit. Trong hai hd H2 vd H3 dd gdm thudng khdng cd chdn dl vd khdng cd vai. Ngupc l^i, d cac hd HI, H4 va H5 dd gdm cd vai Id mOt ylu to xuyen sudt tir giai doan sdm din giai doan muOn.
+ Logi hlnh mieng gdm: Cdc mdnh mifng chilm mft sd lupng ddng kl frong tdng sd cac mdnh gdm thu dupe vdi 12.324 manh (14,57%), dupe phdn chia thdnh 18 loai hinh khdc nhau dya frgn cdc dilm khdc bift CO ban. Trong mdi loai hlnh cd nhilu biln thl nhung thdng nhit d cae tigu chi phdn loai co bdn. Cd nhung loai hlnh mifng phd bign vd mOt sd loai hlnh rit it frong di tich, cd thg chi vdi mdnh nhung nd Id mdt dang hodn todn khdc bift khdng thl xIp chung vdi loai hinh ndo khdc. Ddy Id cdc hifn vdt hilm gdp frong di tich, cd thl do trao ddi vdi noi khdc hay khdng cd vai frd thiet ylu frong ddi sdng thudng nhdt.
Cdc mdnh mifng cd cdc nhdm dudng kinh tuong ling vdi df ldn cua dudng kinh than hifn vat: cd nhd Dl (dudi 10cm), cd trung binh D2 (10cm-20cm), cd Idn D3 (20cm-30cm) vd cd rit ldn 04 (30cm-40cm).
Phd biln frong di tich Id loai dd gdm cd dudng kinh mifng cd ldn (20cm - 30em),... Id mifng cua hiu hit mifng ndi vd, bdt bdng khd phd biln trong di tich, loai mifng gdm cd nhd (10cm) rit hilm, ddy chu ylu la loai mifng ciia vd nhd hay Ip gdm. Cd trung binh (10cm - 20cm) cung chilm mOt ty If ddng kl, ddy la mifng ciia cdc dd gdm cd nhd thudng la ndi vd cd nhd hay cdc bdt bong cd chdn loe xign. Loai mifng gdm cd rit Idn (30cm - 40cm) rit it, ddc bift Id d cdc ldp sdm, ddy thudng la mifng cdc vd gdm Idn, chit lifu thd.
cac dd gim cd nhd khdng thiy frong cac ldp sdm, chi xuit hifn d cac ldp mufn vdi sd lupng rit it, (cd thl chi cd mOt vdi tigu bdn frong di tich). Cac dd gdm cd trung binh chilm sd lupng nhilu hon va ty If kha cao, rit it frong giai doan diu tign nhung ngay sau dd tang dft ngOt va gitt ^ If dn djnh frong sudt cac ldp.
Dd gdm cd ldn chilm sd lupng nhilu nhit vd cd ty If dp ddo. Ngay tir cdc Idp sdm (ldp 9-10) da chilm ty If rit cao, tilp tyc tdng nhe sau dd (d cdc ldp 8-7) vd gitt ty If dn djnh cho din tdn giai do^n mufn. cac dd gdm cd rit ldn xuit hifn rit it trong giai doan sdm, tang nhilu frong giai doan mudn nhung vdn khdng dat ty If cao.
+ Logi hlnh vai gdm: thu dupe khdng nhilu mdnh vai ciia cdc loai dd gdm 1.622 mdnh (2,14%), thdng dyng Id vai cua cac ndi - vd hinh ciu, ciia bat bdng. Day la mOt ngt frang fri dOc dao ciia dd gdm Cii Lao Riia, thl hifn tu duy my thudt cao cua cu ddn cd. Cdc mdnh vai dupe phdn chia thdnh bdn loai vdi cdc ddc dilm rigng.
Logi I (Ll): gd vai cao, mdt vai ciu tao gin hinh vudng, ba mdt vudt sic canh, mdt ddy ldm nh?
t?io hlnh Idng mdng. Ddy cd thl Id gd vai cua cdc loai ndi cd kich thudc ldn, ed frang fri hoa vdn vdi cdc dd dn nhu vdn sdng nude, khic chim nhttng dudng thing song song cit nhau, cit bdng hoa vdn khic milt frgn nIn vdn khic v?ch,...
Loai 2 (L2): gd vai lo?i nay dupe tao dang rit sic canh, bl mat gd cd thl bo frdn, cd thl cit vudng gdc vd cd vudt mgp nhpn hode cd tnrdng hpp vu6t xien mep. Day la vai cua cac loai bat bdng cd
42 Khdo cd hpc, sd 4/2011 Idng dTa cao hoac cac lo£ii ndi gdm cd kich thudc trung bhih, ty If trang fri hoa vdn frfn vai khdng nhifu vdi nhihig dudng dpn sdng don gian song song frfn nIn van chdi.
Logi 3 (L3): dupe ciu tao liln m^ich vdi vai cua nli g6m t^o thdnh vdi khuynh hudng cong nhe, vdi cdc lo^i mgp vai hoi khdc nhau nhu vudt nhpn, hlnh tam gidc hode cong frdn.
Logi 4 (L4): vai cd hai gd ndi nh? song song ch^y vdng quanh, thudng Id vai cua cdc ndi gdm cd ldn, rit hilm frong di tich.
Phin ldn dd gdm cd vai frong di tich la cdc bdt b6ng, kilu vai (L2), lo^i hlnh ndy xuit hifn xuyen suit frong cdc giai doan phdt friln tii sdm din muOn frong di tich. Cdc n6i gdm cd vai cung khdng nhilu vdi kilu vai (L3), loai hinh ndy rdt it vao giai do^n sdm, xuit hifn nhilu hon vdo giai doan mufn. Vai loai Ll (frgn cdc ndi gdm kich thudc ldn) rit it d giai doan sdm, tdng nhe vdo giai doan muOn. Rigng loai ndi frang fri hai vai (L4) rit hilm frong di tich.
+ Logi hlnh chdn de
Cdc mdnh chdn dl trong di tich chilm sd lupng rdt it, chi 1.716 mdnh (1,8%), cdn cur vdo chilu eao vd dO loe cong ciia mgp chdn de cd thg chia thdnh tdm lo^i hlnh khdc nhau vdi cdc biln thl. MOt s6 loai cd rdt it mdnh, cd thl Id cdc loai hlnh hifn vdt hilm frong di tich. Cd 08 loai chdn dl frong di tich Cii Lao Riia.
Nhilu nhit frong di tich Id cdc bdt bdng cd chdn dl cao (Ll) vd cd tao gd ndi d mgp (L4) vd loai chan dl chodi xien (L5), chiing xuit hifn xuygn su6t frong di tich tii sdm din mudn. Cac loai bat bdng chdn dl thip (L2) hay trung binh (L3) rit it frong giai do^in sdm vd xuit hifn nhilu hon frong giai doein muOn, rigng cdc loai bdt bdng cd chan dl be ngang (L6) hay chdn dl thing (L7) rit hilm gdp frong di tich vd chi xuit hifn d giai d o ^ muOn.
b. Cdc dang dd gdm khdc:
- Cd rdng: phdt hifn chi 18 mdnh, frong dd HI cd 05 mdnh, H4 cd 01 mdnh, H5 cd 12 tigu ban.
Tdp hpp ndy dupe chia thdnh hai lo^i:
+ Loot 1: chdn cd rdng cd diu tilp xiic dfp, cong nhe hudng tdm, dinh cd mOt Id nhd, tilt difn ngang chdn frdn diu vd d?t din hudng vl phia dinh, mdt tilp xiic dl ddt vdt niu hep nhung Idng cd rdng thl rOng. Chilu cao dao dOng tir 10cm - 12cm, dudng kinh tir 4,0cm - 5,0cm.
+ Logi 2: chdn cd rdng cd ddng thing durng, mdt tilp xiic bo frdn hudng nh? vl phia tdm, tilt difn ngang hlnh trdn, dinh cd mpt Id frdn nhd, cd ba tifu bdn rSng phin rupt, mat frong cdn nhilu vlt chay dp la viing tilp xiic manh vdi lira. Chilu cao chdn dl dao dOng khodng 12cm 13cm vd dudng kinh tir 4,0cm - 5,5cm.
- Dolxe sai: 17 hifn vdt, cdc dpi xe spi nay chi xuit hifn vdo giai doan muOn. Hiu hit dpi la loai cd mdt cit ngang hinh thang. Dudng kinh ldn frong khodng 3,1cm - 4,2cm, hung blnh khodng 3,5cm. DO ddy trung binh Id 1,2cm. Ld xuyfn tdm trung binh 0,5cm, dudng kinh iS xuyfn tdm ed kich thudc Idn nhd khdc nhau hodn todn tiiy thuOc vdo kich thudc cua dpi.
- Bigdm: phdt hifn frong di tich 130 vifn bi g6m frong dd frong dd HI cd 41 hifn vdt, H2 cd 17 hifn v^t, H3 cd 12 hifn vdt, H4 cd 09 hifn vdt, H5 cd 51 hifn vdt. Chiing dupe tao ddng hinh kh6i ciu, dupe VO khd frdn tir dit set, chi cd mOt sd vien hoi mfo. Bi g6m cd cdc mdu: den, ndu den, ndu dd, xdm den, xdm tring, nhung kha phd biln Id cdc mdu ndu den vd ndu dd, dO nung khdng cao. Kich thudc trong khodng 1,25cm - 4,0cm nhung khd phd biln thudng Id dudng kinh 1,8cm - 2,2cm.
Nguyin Kh6nh Trung Kiftn - Di tich kh6o cd hpc Cu Loo Ruo... «
2.4.3. Xuang dpng vgt: tiiuOc giai d o ^ cu frii sdm (cdc Idp 8-9-10) frong tdng vdn hda H5. Hiu hit Id xuong ciia cdc lodi thii ldn, bj phong hda b l mdt nhung cdn nhdn rd d ^ g Id cdc ddt s6ng, mOt sd it khdng rd vj fri xuong vd gi6ng lodi, cd thl Id cdc lodi dOng vdt Idn nhu voi hay trdu rimg?
3. M$t s6 nhfn thAc \k di tCch
3.1. Niin Ofi vd qud trinh phdt triin ciia di tick Cii Lao Riia
Trudc ddy, H. Fontaine dd nh$n djnh Cii Lao Riia thuOc vdo hdu ky thdi d^i Dd mdi nhung sau dd dng da hifu chfaih y kiln trfn vd xIp Cii Lao Riia thuOc vdo thdi d^i Kim khi chung vdi nhdm di tich Bin Dd, HOi Son, Phudc Tdn, Ngdi Thing, R?ieh Niii,... thuOc thdi da\ D6ng thau. Ong cung dd cdng b6 mOt nign dai C'^ cho di tich vdi kit qud cdeh ngdy nay 2.230 ± 40 ndm (Lg Xudn Dif m, Ph^m Quang Son, Biii Chi Hodng 1991).
Cdc kit qud dilu fra, khdo sdt vd khai qudt ciia cdc nha khao c l hpc Vift Nam frgn dja ban miln Ddng Nam BO vd ddc bift la tinh D6ng Nai, da xac ldp ngn cac giai do^n phat triln cua cu dan e l noi ddy. Cii Lao Riia dd dupe nhilu nha khdo cd xIp thdnh mOt giai d o ^ rigng - giai do^n thii ba - frong phiirc hf b6n giai d o ^ phdt friln ciia vdn hda c6 Ddng Nam Bf.
Vdi cdc tu lifu mdi phdt hifn frong dpt khai qudt ndm 2003, dd Idm thay dii nhdn thurc v l nign d^i khdi diu ciia di tich Cii Lao Riia. Ting vdn hda vd tu lifu g6m cho thiy cd hai giai do^n cu tni ^ diln ra noi ddy, giai do^n cu frii sdm cd thl vdo khodng 3.500 BP - 3.000 BP, giai dogn cu tiTi mufn khoang 3.000 B P - 2 . 5 0 0 BP.
- Giaidogn mupn (3.000 BP - 2.500 BP):
Nhin chung, khung nif n d?ii ndy phii hpp vdi nhdn djnh ciia nhilu nha khao c6 khi hp xIp di tich nay vdo giai doan thiir ba ciia phiirc hf phat friln van hda c6 luu vyc sdng Ding Nai. Trong cufc tham sdt ndm 2001 vd khai qudt nam 2003, cdc nhd khdo c6 hpc dd phdt hifn dupe bin khudn diic riu ding bing sa th^ich frong cdc ldp cu hii thuOc giai doan muOn noi dinh gd. Ddy cd thl Id giai do^n ding d^i vdi di tich D6C Chua gin dd md nifn d^i dd dupe xde djnh khodng 2.990 ± 105 BP (qua dilu chinh vdng cdy cho kit qud 3.144 ± 50 BP) din khodng 2.495 ± 50 ndm cdeh ngdy nay (Ddo Linh Cdn, Nguyin Duy Ty 1993).
Nhu vdy, cd thl thiy giai do^n cu tni muOn vdi nign dai udc dodn ciia cae nha khao c6 hpc Vift Nam va cd nign d?ii C'* (2.230 ± 40 BP) ciia cac hpc gia Phdp dd cdng b6 cho di tich CCi Lao Riia tuong duong vdi nifn d?! dd dupe phdn tfch d di tfch D6C Chiia. Thdt vdy, nlu xgt v l mdt lo?i hlnh di vdt, khd cd thl phdn bift sy khdc nhau gitta hai nhdm di vdt frong di tich CCl Lao Riia vd D6C Chiia, ddc bift Id d cdc khudn due riu ding. Bgn canh sy gia tdng v l lupng di v§t dd I?! Id sy suy thoai cua nghl lam gim noi ddy. Cdc sdn phim gim mang tinh thyc dyng hon vd it dupe chdm chiit tir lo?i hlnh, frang tri din cd chit lifu. Lo?i gim pha bd thyc v(lt xuit hifn nhilu hon frong giai do^n ndy nhung vin Id lo?i chdt lifu thur ylu.
Soi rpi nhttng kit qud phdn tich frfn vdo di tfch Cu U o Rua, cd till thdy ring noi ddy du khdng phdt hifn nhilu chirng tfch v l ky nghf luyfn kim ding hay cdc di vjt thl hifn dinh cao ciia nghf thudt diic ding nhu da tim thiy d D6C Chiia vdi cdc hrpng thii, qua ding, riu ddng, suu tdp khudn due vdi sd lupng ldn nhung cQng dd cd co sd d l cho thiy cu ddn c6 Cii Lao Riia frong giai do?n muOn Id mft phin khdng till thilu ciia mOt dinh cao phdt friln vdo thdi d?i Kim khf d miln Ddng Nam BO.
- Giai dogn s&m (khodng 3.500 BP - 3.000 BP):
Khi so sdnh hifn vdt gim gitta di tich cu tni d cd hai giai do?n cd thl khdng dinh v l sy tin t^i cua mOt nim dai cu trii sdm hon vdi nifn d?i udc dodn trong khodng thdi gian 3.500 BP - 3.000 BP. Vlt tich vdt chit caa gfai d09n ndy cd thl quan sdt rd nhit d h6 khai qudt H5 vd tiong cdc Idp sdm d cdc h i cdn l?i. Giai do?n
44 Khdo cd hpc, sd 4/2011 sdm bit diu khi nhihig cu ddn diu tign din sinh sdng tai cii lao vd de lai cdc vlt tich vdn hda ngay tren bg mdt ldp dd ong khu vyc sudn gd phia tdy do noi day thodng ddng, difn tich ldn hon cdc khu vyc khdc.
Trong giai doan ndy, cdng cy lao dOng chinh Id riu cd vai chilm ty If dp ddo vdi 75 hifn vdt so vdi 19 riu tur gidc, riu tam gidc rit it (3 hifn vdt). Dye cung la mOt cdng cy dupe su dyng nhilu d giai doan nay (31 hifn vat), cudc dupe sir dyng it hon (9 hifn vdt). Vdng tay trang sure it dupe chii y frong giai doan sdm (chi 5 hifn vdt). Bdn mdi dupe sir dyng ngdy cdng nhilu.
Dd gdm giai doan sdm ciing dupe chdm chiit vd thl hifn tay nghg thuin thyc ciia ngudi cd Cii Lap Riia. Vdi nhilu lo?ii hlnh, kilu dang, hoa van trang fri ciing chit lifu dupe xiir Iy ky ludng da tao ngn nhttng san phim gdm thl hifn frlnh dO ky thuat va ca tu duy my thuat ciia cu dan cd noi day.
Nhu vdy, vdi hai giai doan cu frii da timg diln ra frong cOng ding cu dan cd Cii Lao Riia, phiirc hf tiln sur Ddng Nam BO timg dupe hinh dung vdi cac giai doan phat friln nay cd thl dilu chinh (tuong duong) cho rigng frudmg hpp di tich Cii Lao Riia:
[Ciu sit] - [Bin Dd] - [Cii Lao Riia] - [Ddc Chiia ] - [Hang Gdn].
[Ciu sat ] - [Cit Lao Rita 1] - [Cti Lao Riia 2] - [D6C Chiia] - [Hang Gdn].
Trong dd, Cii Lao Riia giai doan sdm cd nign d^i tuong duong nhdm di tich thuOc giai doan II (tuong umg vdi cac di tich Bin Dd, Phudc Tdn, HOi Som, Ngdi Thing) trong phiic hf vdn hda Ddng Nai.
3.2. Ddi s6ng cu ddn c6 Cii Lao Rua qua tdi li$u Idido cd Itgc
Vife cu tni tai mOt gd dd ong cao frgn cii lao nim giua sdng Ddng Nai nhu cu dan cd Cii Lao Riia da lya ehpn la mdt trudng hpp hilm gdp frong thdi tiln sir d Ddng Nam BO- Ddy Id net khac bift co ban trong vife lya ehpn noi cu tni ciia hp so vdi khung ednh khdng gian cu tni thodng dat frgn cdc sudn ddi, gd dit mdu md, bat ngdn d vung trung vd ha luu sdng Ddng Nai md cdc nhdm cu ddn ddng dai khdc dd lya ehpn.
Trong dilu kif n ty nhif n tudng chimg nhu bit Ipi dd, cOng ddng cu ddn ndy dd khiln cdc nha khao cS bit ngd trudc cac di vdt khai quat dupe vdn timg Id mdt phin ciia ddi sdng vdt chit vd tinh thin ciia hp, da dupe Idng dit gin gitt hang ngan nam qua. Cdc dd gom frang fri dep, sic sdo, cac dd dn hoa vdn my tfiudt, chinh Id sy bay bdng cua tu duy thim my thl hifn qua ddi ban tay khgo Igo rit khd cd thl hinh thdnh frong mft dilu kifn sdng khdng cd nhilu thudn Ipi. Cd thl khing djnh vife ehpn noi cu tni frfn Cii Lao Riia chinh Id mOt sy lya ehpn cd chii y vd hpp ly cua ngudi xua. That vdy, vj fri bift lap gitta ddng sdng ciia cii lao giiip cu ddn c6 phdng franh cdc nguy co bj thu dtt tin cdng, bgn canh dd, ddng chdy sdng Ding Nai ngay sdt canh khdng chi mang theo phii sa bdi dip cho bdi bdi bgn dudi Id noi ma hp cd till da frdng frpt cac loai rau cii ma cdn ddng mpt vai frd con dudng van chuyin, giao luu rit thudn tifn frong vife kit ndi hp vdi cac cdng ddng ddn cu khdc dl trao ddi sdn phim, giao luu vdn hda...
Tai ddy, hp dd thanh cdng frong nghl gdm vdi nhung san phim d?t frinh dO thim my cao tir kilu ddng, hoa vdn frang tri va nhit la vife lam ra cac san phim gdm mdu dep mdt. Tdp hpp hifn v§t gdm dupe phyc ehl vd cdc mdnh vd frong ting vdn hda thuOc di tich cu tiii da gdp phin tiiay doi nhdn thirc chung vl dd gdm tiln su Ddng Nam BO timg dupe cho ring don dif u vl loai hinh, don gidn frong frang fri...
Nghg ehl tdc cdng cy lao dOng bdng dd khdng chi dap ling nhu cdu phyc vy ddi song cdng ding md cdn Id nhttng sdn phim phyc vy cho ddi sdng tinh thin nhu nhttng chile cuoc dd dupe tao ddng hodn thifn d mire dO cao cd thl dimg ldm dd tiiy tdng cho ngudi thdn budc sang thl gidi bfn kia dupe phdt hifn frong cdc ngdi mO.
COng ddng cu ddn cd noi day cung da bilt din mOt ngdnh nghl cd yfu ciu ky thudt cao vl luyfn diic ddng. Vife phdt hifn cdc khudn diic tai di tich ndy frong giai doan muOn da chimg minh sy phdt
Nguyin Khanh Trung Kien - Di tich khao cd hoc Cu Lao Rua... 45^
trifn lign tyc cua cu ddn Cii Lao Riia ma dinh cao ma cfng ddng nay dat da mOt lin nua khing djnh npi lye phat friln dupe bit ngudn tir giai doan frudc dd.
That vdy, cdc nganh nghl thu cdng ehl tac da, lam gdm, se spi, dft vai,... da cho thiy mft "co cdu kinh tg - xa hOi" tuong ddi dn djnh, da dang khdng chi san xuat ndng nghifp ma cdn kit hpp kinh tl khai thac vd chic hin hp da khai thac frift dl Ipi thl ciia minh vl vj fri bift lap cua mOt cii lao gitta sdng dl kit ndi vdi cdc cdng ddng cu dan lan can timg cu trii ven sdng Ddng Nai. COng ddng nay da ciing vdi cac nhdm cu dan khac sang tao ngn nhttng thanh tyu ciia van hda co luu vyc sdng Ddng Nai ma chic ring sy dan xen gitta khd khdn va thuan Ipi tir dieu kien ty nhien da tao mOt lye diy quan trpng.
TAI LIEU DAN
BUI CHI HOANG 2007. Binh Duong va nhirng van de khao co hoc tien - so sir. Khdo cd hoc, s6 5: 52-63.
BUI CHI HOANG, NGUYEN KHANH TRUNG KIEN 2006. Bdo cao khai qugt di tich Cii Lao Riia (Tdn Uyen, Binh Duang). Tu lieu Trung tam Nghien ciiu Khao co.
DAO LINH CON, NGUYEN DUY TY 1993. Dia diim Khdo cd hoc Ddc Chua. Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hoi, Ha Noi.
NGUYEN KHANH TRUNG KIEN 2009. Di tich khdo cd hoc Cii Lao Riia trong bdi canh tiin sit Ddng Nam Bo. Luan van thac sT, Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hoi va Nhan van, Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh.
LE XUAN DIEM, PHAM QUANG SON, BUI CHI HOANG 1991. Khdo cd Ddng Nai. Nxb. Dong Nai.
A R C H A E O L O G I C A L SITE C U L A O RtJA ( B I N H D L f O N G ) E X C A V A T I O N A N D P E R C E P T I O N
N G U Y I N K H A N H TRUNG KI^N The site Cu Lao Rua is located on Go Chua in the middle of Dong Nai river, of Thach Phudc commune. Tan Uyen district, Binh dUdng province. The site was found in 1888 and test-excavated and excavated several times by Western scholars. At first, they classified it into Neolithic and then the Metal Age in the same group of Bgn Do, Hoi Sdn, Phudc Tan sites after the reconsideration. In 2003, it was excavated by the Centre for Archaeological Studies (the Institute of Stable Development in southern Vifit Nam in the area of 396m^.
The results of the excavation demonstrate that the site Cii Lao Rua is a settlement - burial site with early - late evolution based on the differences between the sites, their artifacts from various layers, especially a sterile layer separating the layers. 12 grave pits found in the excavated trenches all had the bottoms in the early cultural layer, with funeral rihials of sprinkling potsherds on the grave tops, using stones to mark the grave and burying the accompanied goods.
In tenns of dates, the excavators classified the burial sites into the early period, about 3 500 BP - 3,000 BP The late period is about 3,000 BP - 2,500 BP.
The prehistoric complex was once sketched with various development stages, but now the site Cii Lao Rua might be adjusted as follows:
[Cau S^t] - [Ben Do) - [Cu Lao Rua] - [D5C Chiia ] - [Hang Gon).
[Ciu S^t 1 - [Cu U o Rua 1] - [Cu Lao RCa 2] - [D6C Chua] - [Hang Gon].
