Dong ho cua ngiroi Tay 6* Viet Nam
Nguyen Ngpc T h a n h \ Nguyen Thuy Dmmg^
' Vi?n Dan tQC hgc, Vifn Han lam Khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam.
Email: [email protected]
^Tnrdng Chinh tri tinh B5c Can.
Email: [email protected]
Nh^n ngiy 30 thing 9 nam 2019. Chap nh?n ngiy 29 thang 11 nam 2019.
Tom tdt: Dong hg la khai niem chi nhung ngudi dugc khdi sinh tir ciing mgt thiiy lo, co quan h?
huyet thing. M6i ca nhan dong hg thirdng dugc lien kit bdi ba moi quan h^ ca ban, dd la: hg bo (hg ngi), hg m? (hg ngoai) va hg ben vg. 6 dong hg ngudi Tay, trudng hg (cdc hp), c6 quyen hgn ldn nhat. Vj tri tmdng hg theo hinh thuc cha truyin, con noi, khong qua binh bau va mien nhi?m.
M6i dong hg diu co quy udc mgi ca nhan trong dong hp dii ngudi d6 giG cuong vj gi deu phai chap hanh. Do vgy, quy udc trd thanh sgi day vo hinh, nhung bin chgt co ket mgi Ihanh vien trong ddng hg vdi nhau.
Tir khda: Dong hg, tnrdng hg, quy udc, ngudi Tay.
Phan loai nganh: Dan tgc hgc
Abstract: Lineage refers to people who are bom from the same ancestral family, related by blood.
Individuals in the lineage are usually linked by three basic relationships, namely: the father's line (paternal), the mother' line (maternal) and the wife's line. Among Tay ethnic minority people's lineages, the chief of the line possesses the greatest authority. The position is hereditary, neither being voted for nor dismissed. Each lineage has rules that every member, no matter what position he or she holds, must comply. Therefore, the rules have become an invisible but durable string that ties all members ofthe lineage together.
Keyivords: Lineage, chief of lineage, rules, Tay people.
Subject classification: Ethnology
1. Mff dau Nam, cd mdt d 63 tinh, thdnh phd. Ngudi Tay dugc cac nha nghien ciiu trong vd Ngudi Tay cd dan sd 1.626.392 ngudi [8], "goai nudc quan tam, tim hiiu vd da cd la ddn tpc co dan s6 dimg Ihii hai tgi Viet "l^ieu cdng bd tren cac tap chi chuyen 82
Nguyen Nggc Thanh, Nguyen Thuy Duong ngdnh hodc in thanh sach. Nghien ciiu ve
ngudi Tdy cd hai khuynh hudng chii yiu.
Trudc hit. Id khuynh hudng tdng hop, nghia Id nghien ciiu khd todn dien ve cdc mdt dja Iy ty nhien, lich su tpc ngudi, cac ddc diem kinh tl, vdn hda, xd hpi ciia mdt dan tpc. Khuynh hudng thii hai, di sau vao rtrng ITnh vyc, tCmg yiu to trong ddi sdng kinh tl, xd hpi, vdn hda [5, tr.44] bao gdm:
hoai dpng kinh tl truyin thdng, dn udng, trang phyc, nhd d, tin ngudng, nghi le vdng ddi vdi mpt khdi Iupng cdng trinh khd Idn.
Tuy nhien, nhung van de lien quan den d6ng hp ngudi Tay cdn rdt it di, den nay, dudi gdc nhin Dan tpc hgc, Nhan hpc cd mgi ludn dn tiin si vl Dong hp cua ngu&i Tdy & huyen Bgch Thong, tinh Bde Kgn [3], mpt ludn vdn thac sT [2] mpt sd muc ngdn Irong sdch: Den v&i ngu&i Toy vd vdn hoa Tdy [10] vd Vdn hoa truyen thong ddn toe Tdy & Tuyen Quang [7], hodc nhdc tdi rat so lupc trong Cdc ddn tpc Tdy Niing & Viet Nam [6]. Bdi vill nay, de cap vl ddng hp ciia ngudi Tdy d Viel Nam.
2. Khdi ni^m v^ d6ng hp
Ddng hp Id mot td chiic, mdt the che cdng ding cd quan he huyit thdng dugc hinh thdnh trong mpt qua trinh lich sir. (J bat ky xd hpi ndo, ddng hp Id mdt hien tugng lich sii. Ngudi trong mdt ddng hp diu dugc khdi sinh tir ciing mpi thiiy td [4, tr.l31]. Dd la nhihig cdng ddng mpt s6 dugc xac nhan qua truySn thuyet ve que td hodc hau het luu lgi trong cdc tdc pha, cac gia phd, duac h^yen lgi dl con chau bill ngudi sang lap Id ai, mp td cy the d ddu, que quan cho nao, ngay gid bao gid [9, tr.593].
Ddng hp, thyc hien vai trd gdn kit cdc gia dinh thanh vien lgi vdi nhau bdng tinh thdn cpng cam dua tren huyet ihdng, ddng ihdi Id mpt phuang tien de xac dinh ngudn gdc vd danh tinh cua cdc cd nhan. Du khdng mang nhiing dac diem ddng nhat doi vdi mpi tpc ngudi vd mpi bdi cdnh Iich sir, bdn than ddng hp Id mdt thyc the xd hdi mang linh phd quai, chung cho cd lodi ngudi vd cac thdi dgi. So vdi nhieu hinh thiic Hen ket khac nhu cu trii (do thi, lang xdm...), lgi ich (giai cap, phudng hpi....) thi lien ket ddng hp Id hinh thiic cd vai trd chi phdi ca nhdn d nhieu ITnh vyc vd nhieu miic dp khdc nhau [l,tr.41].
Ngudi Tdy theo che dp phy hp, phu quyen. Theo dd, ddi vdi mdi ca nhan nam gidi (Ego)^ ciia mpt ddng hp dugc lien ket bdi ba mdi quan he, cdn gpi la ba hp, do Id:
hp bl ciia Ego (hp ndi); hp me ciia Ego (hp ngoai) va hp vg ciia Ego, tiic hp ma Ego da Idy mdt ngudi con gdi va trd thdnh con re.
Nguyen tdc chung cua viec xac dinh quan he than lpc ciia che dp phu he la hp ndi ben bo va hg ngogi ben me.
Theo quan niem ciia ngudi Tdy, ddng hp Id toan thi nhtmg ngudi ciing huyit thdng/mau mu {luat ldi) - {ddc luat) cimg dng Id [6, tr. 180]. Ddng hp, tiing Tdy gpi la {pi nopng to coc cho). Id nhiing ngudi ciing mdi ddng mdu, dupc ghi ten tgi dinh ddu cua cay gia phd, viec lap cay gia phd Igi cdn cu theo ddng bd, cho nen chi thdnh vien hp ndi (npi tdc) mdi dugc xem la ngudi ciing ddng hp - phu hgp vdi nguyen tdc cua chl dp phu he diln hinh. Ong td {coc cho) ciia ddng hp - ngudi dupc ghi ten tai dinh ddu ciia cay gia pha - phdi la ngudi ma con chdu cdn biet ten gpi hay danh hieu [3, tr. 40].
Ddi vdi ngudi Tdy, mdt sd tir ngii bieu thi mdi quan he huyet thdng (true he), nhu:
ky (pu choi), cu (pu chua), dng (pu), con {liic), chau (lan), chat {lin), chiit {lin).
Ngudi Tay cd nhieu ten hp nhu Be, Dam, Dinh, Ha, Hodng, La, Lpc, Luong, Ly, Ma, Nguyen, Ndng, Vi, Luc... Mdi ten hp CO the gdm nhieu ddng hp khac nhau.
Rieng len hp Ma d Dinh Hda, Thai Nguyen cd tdi gan hai chye ddng hp, gom Ma Bach, Ma Chucmg, Ma Cdng, Ma Dodn, Ma Duy, Ma Dinh, Ma Khdnh, Ma Khdc, Ma Phuc, Ma Quang, Ma The, Ma Tien, Ma Tuan, Ma Tir, Ma Vdn, Ma Vilt [11, h-.234]. Hp Hodng d Tuyen Quang, Ha Giang, Bde Kgn ciing cd hdng chye ddng hp**... Ddng hp cd nhirng quy djnh rieng nhu each thiic bdi tri ban ihd va nghi Ie thd ciing td tien, tang ma, ghi chep gia pha... qua dd, dii xa nhau den mdy ddi ngudi trong cimg mpt ddng hp cdng cd ihl nhan biet dupc nhau. Mdt sd dong hp ldn, ddng thanh vien cd the dugc chia ra thanh cac chi hp. Moi chi lai dupc chia nhd ihanh canh, thdnh nhanh [11, tr.235]...
3. To chiic dong hp 3.1. Tru&ng hp
Trudng hp (coc hp), cd quyen hgn Idn nhdt trong mpt ddng hp va thudng la ngudi con trai cd ciia chi thii nhdt, ddng trudng, cdc chi khdc dugc gpi Id ddng thir, cho nen ngudi ta gpi trudng hp Id anh ca (pi chdi cdc). Vj Iri trudng hp dupc duy tri cd ddi, theo hinh thiic the tap, khong qua binh bdu va miin nhiem (bd mdi thi con trudng thay). Trong trudng hgp gia dinh ddng trudng khdng cd con trai, ke cd khi da nhgn
con nudi Ihi vi tri trudng hp tiep Iheo phai dugc chuyin sang cho ddng thii, nhung gia dinh ddng trudng vSn khdng ddnh mat tu cdch Id ngudi bl tren (ngudi cimg the h?
nhung thupc ddng dudi van phdi ximg la em, khdng dupc xung la anh/chj) [3, tr. 51].
CJ ngudi Tay, ddng hp khdng cd tir dudng, nlia thd hp. Nha trudng hp dugc coi Id nha gdc cua ddng hp.
Trudng hp cd trdch nhiem phdi giQ- gin bdn Ihd td tien, chdm lo huong hda ciia ddng hp, hda gidi vudng mdc giiia cac thdnh vien, dai dien cho ddng hp hudng dSn cac thanh vien sdng vd hdnh xir theo diing truyin thdng tgp tyc cua van hda ddng hp.
Trudng hp Id ngudi cd vai trd quan trpng trong cac nghi Ie cua cdc gia dinh thdnh vien ddng hp. Khi tien hdnh cdc nghi Ie hon nhdn, chii gia dinh phdi den hdi trudng hp xem ddi trai gai co vi phgm quy udc ciia ddng hp khdng. Ddng thdi, trudng hp co trdch nhiem xem ngay to chirc Ie cudi cho ddi trai gai, trdnh vao ngay mat ciia dng bd td lien. Trong ddng hp cd ngudi qua ddl, trudng hp lam trudng ban tang ll. Ben cgnh dd, irudng hp dimg ra van ddng cdc thdnh vien dodn ket, giup do Ian nhau liic thiiu thdn, khd khdn, khi gap rui ro. Gidi quyet nhiing bat hda giira cac gia dinh Irong ddng hp vd giua ddng hp vdi cac ddng hp khac cho dn thoa.
D6 hd Irg cho cdc hp, mpt vai ddng hp (tieu bieu Id hp Dinh d Bac Kan) cd them vi Iri phd hp hay pho chi, la con trai trudng cua gia dinh ddng thd, con dng chu (po do), ciing thi he vdi cdc hp. Nhin chung, phd hp khong cd thyc quyin, khi c6c hp da gid yiu vd khdng cdn minh man phd hp mdi co tiing ndi irong ddng hp. Vi ihl, phd hp 84
Nguyen Nggc Thanh, Nguyin Thuy Duong khdng phd bien, tieng Tay khdng cd thugl
ngir rieng chi ngudi nay [3, tr. 52].
Nhu vdy cd the thdy trudng hp '7a cdnh chim ddu dan" hudng dan vd cheo Iai con thuyen cua ddng hp. De ddm nhiem vai trd do, ngudi trudng hp ludn y thiic phai sdng guong mdu, gia dinh hda thugn de lam guong cho cac thanh vien trong hp noi theo va hgc tap.
3.2. NhUng ngu&i uy tin trong dong hp Trudng hp (coc hp) cd dia vi vd vai trd cao nhdt, nhung y kien ciia coc hp khdng the di ngupc lgi quyen lpi chung cua cac thanh vien ddng hp. Coc hp ddi khi chl Id ngudi Iripu tap va dieu hanh hpp hp, cdn viec dua ra quyet dinh cudi cting lai thudc vl cac bac be tren cd, chu, bac. N6u nhu vai trd cua ong cdu (khu - anh/em trai ciia me) khd md nhgt, thi vai trd cua bd cd {me a) van cdn rat ro net trong hdn nhan va sinh hogt lpc hp ciia ngudi Tdy. Cho dii dd thanh "ma" ciia hp khac, cdc bd cd Igi la nhiing ngudi phu nO' duy nhat dugc mdi den de tham gia phe binh, ddng gdp y ki^n trong budi hpp hp.
Khi chuan bi cd bdn, ngudi la cd the khong mdi dng cau nhung nhal dinh khdng dugc quen bd cd, cd bao nhieu ngudi cdn sdng thi phdi mdi bay nhieu. Trong hdn nhan, nhd trai vd nlid gdi phdi hdi y kien ciia hirdng hp, cac ba cd cua hai ben Ihi mdi dupc td chiic le cudi [3, tr. 52].
De cgp den nhirng ngudi cd uy tin khdng the khdng nhdc tdi nhtrng ngudi hanh nghe cimg bdi nhu tdo, mo, then, pyt. Tao la thay phil thiiy cao tay nhdt, cd Ihe ciing trong nhieu trudng hgp khac nhau ttr xem dat, chpn ngdy, so tudi den viec ldn nliu dam tang hay cap sac. Mo Id thay phap, chii yeu Cling chii'a benh. Then va Pyt vira ciing
chira benh, ddng sao gidi hgn, ciing gpt hdn, chudc via mang tinh chdt sharman rd net.
Mac dil chiem ty le nhd nliung cd anh hudng rat to ldn din ngudi Tdy [11, tr.229].
O mdt sd dia phucmg, nhirng nhdn vat nay cd the Id trudng hp.
Nhiing ngudi gia trong ddng hp ludn cd lieng ndi quan trpng, la cho dya ve mat tinh thdn, trao truyen van hda, tri thiic tpc ngudi cho con chdu.
Ben canh ngudi gid, nhimg ngudi sing guong mdu, cd trinh dp hpc van, am hieu phong tuc tap qudn vd le nghi, dugc cdc thanh vien trong ddng hp kinh trpng vd yeu quy.
The he Ire ngay nay, mac dii cd Irinh dp hpc van cao, nhung hp luon Ihilu kinh nghiem sdng. Do dd, nhiing chi bdo ciia ngudi gia, ngudi cd uy tin cd vai tro quan trpng trong viec hinh thanh nhdn each va ling xir van hda ddng hp vd vdn hda lpc ngudi. Gdp phan quan Irpng Irong viec bao ion va phat huy van hda ngudi Tdy dupc luu gitr qua cdc the he.
4. Mpt so quy udc cua dong hp Mdi dong hp ngudi Tay cd quy udc khdc nhau, nhung cung cd mdi sd diem chung nhu quy udc ve to chiic hpp hp vao dip Thanh rainh di tao md hoac nhiing ngay le tet Irong ndm.
Chang han, dong hp Hoang Khai d Bde Kgn, hang nam ttr ngay mdng 6 den 12 Tet Nguyen ddn hpp cac chi, ngdy 16 thdng Gieng hpp hp, (hoac chii nhdt gdn nhal sau 16 thang Gieng). De chuan bj cho budi hpp, trudng hp se thdng bao thdi gian, dia diem tdi cac trudng chi, trudng nganh. Trudc day. Ihanh phan Iham gia hpp hp la nam
gidi, phu nir khdng dupc tham gia. Ngay nay, ldl ca con chdu cd gdc gac thudc ddng hp deu cd quyen tham gia. Dja diem hgp hp d nha trudng hp. Neu nhd trudng hp chat chdi se chpn mdt nhd khdc trong bp rdng rdi hon. Trong budi hpp hp, trudng hp ldng ket lgi nhirng cdng viec ciia ddng hg trong mdt ndm, vd thdng qua ke hogch se trien khai ciia ddng hp d nam mdi. Theo quy udc, mdi gia dinh trong hp ddng mpt khodn tien ldm quy ciia ddng hp. Mdc dti, sd Ian Id chuc hpp hp ciia cdc ddng hp ngudi Tdy khdng nhieu, nhung ddy chinh Id mdt hinh thiic gdn kit cdc thdnh vien trong ddng hp vdi nhau[3,U.42].
Trong hdn nhdn, theo quy udc nhirng ngudi dugc gpi Id luat ldi, due lu0 vdi nhau, nghTa la thanh vien ciia Id chiic dong hp linh ve phia cha (hp npi), khong dupc lay nhau, trir nhimg ngudi hp xa, khac chi.
Tuy nhien, nhung ngudi hp xa lay nhau cujig rat hiem [6, tr.l80]. Ddy Id nguyen Idc ngogi hdn ddng hp ma ngudi Tay cung nhu nhieu dan lpc khac theo che dp phy he ludn ludn ihii chal che. Ngudi Tdy, khdng khuyen khich "lir anh em hp hang ma Ird thanh Ihdng gia" [10, lr.82]. Nhimg trudng
"hgp anh em lay nhau", "hp lay hp" se chju nhirng hinh phgt ngng ne, hoac bi duoi ra khoi lang.
CJ ngudi Tdy, quy udc xung ho ciing kha ro rang, trong ddng hp, dudng nhu khdng ai ddm hdn hdo, bat kinh vdi ngudi d vai (ihii bgc) tren ciia minh, dii ngucri dd it tudi han.
Chi cd tre con chua kip tham nhudn dao ly nay thi ihodng mdi nhd quen ma xung hd
"mdy lao chi id" vdi ngudi cd ihii bac cao hon nhung ctmg trang lira. Trudng hgp dd, neu ngudi Idn nghe dupc se nhac nhd ngay.
Vgy nen, nhieu tudi hcm vai dudi vdn phdi
gpi nhihig ngudi it tuoi ban bdng dng, bde, chii,di[5,tr.l62]...
Viec nhdn hp, nguyen tdc dau tien Id phai cung ten hp, cd tuc lp giong nhau. D§c biet la nghi ll cudi xin, ma chay, kieng ky cua hai ben phdi cd diem tuong ddng. Nhgn hp phdi dugc sy ddng y cua gia dinh, vd ciia trudng hp sau khi da dugc sy ddng tinh thdng nhdl cua ddng hp.
CJ mpt sd noi cdn cd phong tyc nhgn hg khdng phai Id ngudi ddng tpc. Theo dd, hai ngudi dan dng, bat ke la dan tpc ndo, neu c6 ciing ten hp, hpp tinh, hgp nel va cdm tliay quy men nhau thi cd the cdng nhan \h\ nhau la ngudi cimg ddng hp. Ngodi ra, ngudi Tay cdn CO luc kit ban long. Hai ngudi cimg gidi tinh va cd mdt diem chung ndo ddy vi nhu cimg ten, cimg tudi, ctmg ngdy sinh, Ihdng de hay cimg mpt sd thich ho^c cd hodn cdnh gia dinh gidng nhau thi co the ket than vdi nhau. Mpt khi da nhan hp hay kel ban long roi thi ngudi ta coi nhau nhu anh em rupt thit [11, tr.238].
Tuc ket bgn long rat phd bien trong xa hpi ngudi Tay vdi nhQng quy udc rieng ciia nd, dugc ngudi Tdy thyc hien nghiem tiic.
Vi ngudi nao dd ket ban tdng nhung dli xii vdi ban khdng Idt se bi dan bdn, ddng hp che cudi, mat ldng tin, con cai mudn kit bgn tdng Ian sau ciing khd. Ddc bipt, khi dng ba, bo me ban tdng chel, hai vg chdng ngudi ket bgn phdi sam do te Ie, chiu tang nhu con chdu Irong nhd.
Viec khai trtr thdnh vien khdi ddng hp chi xay ra Irong trudng hgp loan luan, hodc vi phgm nghiem trpng din quy udc ddng hp. Ngudi vi pham dugc nhdc nhd nhiiu ldn nhung khong cd sy thay ddi, gdy anh hudng den uy tin, Ihanh danh ciia ddng ho dl dong hp khdc che cudi. Ngudi b; khai trir sS mat mpi quyin lgi, bi ca ddng hp quay 86
Nguyen Nggc Thanh, Nguyin Thiiy Duong lung, ghd ignh. Vdi sy triing phgt nghiera
khdc ke tren nen hiem co tnrdng hgp nao bi khai trtr ra khdi ddng hp [3, tr.57].
v l thtra kl, theo quy udc nhd cua, rupng nuang, vat nudi, vgt dyng sinh hogt va sdn xuat deu Id nhthig logi tdi san cd the thtra ke ttr the hp nay sang the hp khac. Ttiy vdo dieu kipn kinh te gia dinh md ngudi ta cd each phdn chia tdi sdn khdc nhau. Thdng thudng con trai dupc uu tien hon, day cung Id ddc diem che dp gia trudng phu quyen d ngudi Tdy.
Trong vipc phdn chia tai sdn, chi con trai mdi cd quyen thira kl. Tdi sdn dl phan chia gom cd rupng, trau, bd, ngua, de, liia ggo, do diing gia dinh, cdng cy san xuat... viec phan chia tdi sdn dugc tien hdnh khi bd me ve gid hay da qua ddi, hogc khi mdt trong so nhimg ngudi con trai ctmg vg con tach ra d rieng. NIU bd mp cdn sdng thi ngudi bd se diing ra chia gia tdi. Trong moi gia dinh, khi con cdi ra d rieng deu dugc bd rap phan chia cho mpt phan tdi san. Vdi nhting gia dinh khd gia bd m? lo lam nha, cho trau bd gia cdm, thdc gao, noi nieu, bat dTa... nghTa Id tgo dli CO sd vat chat ban ddu de mdi ngudi con cd thi ty ldp dugc. Trong da sd hudng hgp, con trudng nhgn phan nhieu hon; cdc con trai khac chia deu nhau. Bd m? thudng giir lgi mpt phan, cd the Id thira rupng hay con trau hogc mpt sd do dgc cd gia trj, md ngudi Tdy gpi Id "chupng co ke". Phan tai sdn ndy dugc gdp vao phan cua ngudi con (thudng la con trudng) ma bo me se chung song trong dp tudi gid.
Ngudi con nay khdng nhiing phai nudi bd me, md cdn cd trach nhiem chdm lo viec tang ma vd thd ciing... Neu bd me qua ddi, con trudng ciing chii bde diing ra chia ldi san ciia bd me de lai. Trong trudng hgp
ndy, gia sdn thudng chia diu nhau cho cac anh em trai. Tuy nhien, cdc em ludn ddnh cho anh ca phan nhieu hon vi da cd c6ng nudi dudng bd me trong mot thdi gian dai.
Ngdi nhd cua bd me ciing thudc phdn anh ca... Phu nii khdng cd quyin thira kl tai sdn tuy rdng chinh hp gdp phdn ddng kl lam ra nhiing cua cai dd. [6, tr.l77].
Ngudi Tdy d Bach Thdng, Bde Kgn cd tuc Ie chia mdt thua rupng cho con gai chua lay chdng de ty canh tac. Hoa mdu thu hogch dugc Id cua rieng con gai. G^p liic thieu dn thi gia dinh mdi mugn tgm, sau se trd lai bang hoa mdu cua vy sau. Khi di idy chdng, cd gdi dugc dem theo loan bp sd hoa mdu (hoac tien ban hoa man) dl rieng ndy, con rupng thi trd lai cho bo me. Nha trai ma khd gid thi cd gai de het so hoa mdu ho^c tien lgi, tuyet ddi khdng mang theo. Ngoai ra, con gai ve nhd chdng cdn dupc dem theo mdi sd do vat sinh boat, trang siic vd vgt nudi lam gidng (thudng la vai ddi gd hodc vit) vdi tu cdch Id qud tang ciia hp hang than thupc.
Vdi trudng hcrp gia dmh khdng cd con trai md chi cd con gdi, ngudi di d re ddi cd quyen thira ke hau het tai sdn ctia bd me vp, bao gdm ca ban thd td tien. Con trai nudi ciing cd quyen thtra ke tai sdn nhu con trai rudi, cho dil gdc Id ngudi cung hp hay khdc hp. Id ngudi Tay hoac Ichong phai ngudi Tay [3, tr.73].
Cling tir lau ddi, mdi ddng hp ngudi Tdy cd quy udc tuong trg giup dd nhau trong san xuat cimg nhu trong smh boat hdng ngay. Trong ddng hp, gia dinh nao cd vipc Iam nha mdi, cudi xin, tang ma... cac gia dinh khac ty giac den giup, cd the ddng gdp bdng lien bac, hien vgl hogc siic Iao dpng...
Dac biel, yong ddm lang, ngudi Tay d Bac Kgn quy udc ddng hp vieng trudc theo thit ty ben ndi (pang nd), ben ngogi (pang ldng), con re (luc khuai) [3, tr. 99]. Trong khi dd, dam tang ciia ngudi Tay d huyen Chiem Hod, linh Tuyen Quang lai quy udc den phung vieng ngudi qua cd theo Irinh ty cdc gia dinh trong ban; hg hang ben ndi, ben ngogi; ben vg; con cdi; chdu, chat, gpi la hua nhdng, iheo trinh ty nhu sau:
- Cac gia dinh Irong ban vieng Irudc, do trudng ban dan ddu. Theo quan niem ciia ngudi Tdy, day la le vieng md dudng cho ngudi qua cd ve the gidi vdi dng ba td tien.
- Kha po, klia rae, Ie vieng cua hai ben npi, ngoai;
- Budng lang, le vieng ben ddng vg;
- Luc nhinh, luc khuoi, luc lieng: le vieng ciia con gai, con re, con de, con nudi;
- Cac chau npi ngogi {lan, len, lin): le vieng ciia cac chau, chat ndi, ngoai.
Le vat ciia bdn hua nhdng ben tren gidng nhau. Rieng le hua nhdng ciia luc nhinh. luc khuai. luc lieng thi co sy khac nhau. Day dupc coi la le ldn nliat, xiic dpng nhal [7, tr.218]. Trong le tang, cac thanh vien Irong gia dinh va hp hang tryc tiep iham dy mgi ihii tuc nghi ll dudi su dieu khien ciia thay Tdo nhu le com, lam tang, pha nguc, chia tdi sdn. Theo quy udc, ddng hp co ngudi qua cd, cdc gia dinh thanh vien deu lu nguyen giiip dd tang chii. Co the la vdi met vdi liem, can ggo, chai rugu, bd ciii, con lgn, con gd va thgm chi cd lien, cac dd vat cdn Irong tang le. Dieu dd, the hien sy quan lam ve mat tinh than, trach nhiem ciia nhirng ngudi cting ddng hp ddi vdi lang chii.
5. Ket luan
Ddng hp Id rapt to chirc phi quan phuong dua tren quan he huyet thdng tinh theo ddng cha (phu he), trong dd ngudn gdc td tien ludn dugc coi trpng.
Trudng hp (cdc hp) d ngudi Tay Id ngudi cd uy tin, dao diic, tich luy nhieu kinh nghiem sdn xudl, am hieu cdc nghi le, nam chac phong luc tap quan cua ddng hp.
Tieng ndi ciia trudng hp cd lac dyng rat ldn ddi vdi cdng tac van dpng qudn chung, nhd dd ddi sdng d mdi lang ban ciia ngudi Tdy ngdy cang tdt ban. Cting vdi trudng hp, nhirng ngudi cd uy lin Irong ddng hp deu co vai trd quan Irpng, dupc mpi ngudi kinh ne, lieng ndi ciia hp dugc mpi ngudi nghe va lam theo.
Ddng hp cd nliiing quy udc rieng, dupc coi la "he thong phdp Iy"quy djnh quyen lpi va nghTa vu cua cac Ihanh vien trong dong hp. Mac dil, quy udc chi truyen mieng, nhung dupc cac thdnh vien trong dong hp nghiem liic thyc hipn. Dieu dd, gdp phdn quan Irpng trong viec dn dinh, trat tu, ky cuong xa hpi.
Ben canh nhtrng yeu td lich cyc cua ddng hp den quan Iy vd phat trien xa hdi thi van cdn ldn tai nhieu han che. Trong bp may chinh quyen, tu tudng cimg cd ddng hp, md ra ca quan he thong gia da keo Iheo su gia tang tinh trgng be phai, mdc ngoac de ciing CO quyen luc. Dd cung la mdt Irong nhtrng nguyen nhan khien cho trong bd may nhd nudc cac cdp nhieu ngudi khdng du nang luc, pham chdt de dam duong chiic vu, cdng viec dugc giao, lam suy giam hipu Iyc hoai ddng ciia bd may chinh quyin.
Tham chi d ttmg noi, limg liic cd ihl trd Ihdnh nguyen nban dan din nhung mau
N g u y e n N g p c T h a n h , N g u y e n Thiiy D u o n g
thuan, hiem khich giita hp nay vdi hp khac.
giQa dia phuang ndy vdi dia phuang khac.
Chii tbich
' Ego theo tiSng Latin cd nghTa la "Toi", day cQng Ik ky hi^u trong dkn tQc hgc bieu thj mdi quan he cua c&i tdi vdi anh, em, chiu, chat t^^^c h^.
•* Nhieu tpc ngudi d Viet Nam, trimg ten ho, nhung khong cung gdc. Dd la trudng hgp hg Bui d ngudi Mudng, hg H& d ngudi Thai... Ciic ddng hg d ngirdi Tky cung khdng phai \k ngoai le.
T d i l i e u t h a m k h a o
[1] Ngujcii Tudn Anh (2001), "Quan he ddng hg vdi vi^c id chde quySn lire dja phuong". Tap clii Van hod - Nghf thugl, sd 8 (206).
[2] Tji Thj Anh (2017), Bien doi quan hf dong hp Ctia ngu&i Tdy d xd Quan Lang, huyfn Chi Ldng. linh Lgng San lir ndm 1986 den nay, Lugn van thgc sT, Nhan hgc, Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hgi vk Nhan van Ha Ngi.
[3] Trieu Quynh Chau (2017), Ddng hp cua nguai Tdy a huyen Bgch Thdng, linh Bde Kgn, Lu^n an tien sTNhan hgc, Hgc vi§n Khoa hgc xk hgi.
Ha Ndi.
[4] Phan Dai Doan (2010), Ldng xd Viet Nam - mpt so vdn de kinh te - xa hgi - vdn hda. Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia, Ha Ngi.
[5] B^ v a n Hau (2012), Nghien cmt mpt so net bien ddi vdn hoa ngudi Tdy igi Lgng San trong qud trinh ddi mdi kinh te - xd hpi, Lugn dn tien sT Nhan hgc, Hgc vien Khoa hgc xS hgi.
Ha N^i.
[6] N h i k t^c gia (1992), Cdc ddn lpc Tdy Nimg d Vift Nam, Vi?n Dan tgc hge, Hk Ngi.
[7] Nguyin Nggc Thanh (Chu bien - 2015), Vdn hoa truyen ihdng ddn tpc Tdy d Tuyen Quang, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hk Ngi.
[8] Tong c^ic Thong ke (2010), Kit qua Tdng dieu tra ddn sd vd nhd a, Nxb Thdng ke. Ha Ngi.
[9] Dang Nghiem Van (2007), Vdn hda Vift Nam da lgc ngirdi, N.\b. Giao dye. Hk Ngi.
[iO] Ha v a n Viin vk cdng su (2004), Bdn sdc vd truyen thdng vdn hod cdc ddn Igc tinh Bac Kan, Nxb Van hda dan toe. Ha Ngi.
[ I I ] La Cdng Y (2010), Din vdi ngudi Tdy vdn hoa Tdy, Nxb Khoa hge xa hdi, Ha Ngi.
