KINHTE
CAI CACH KINHTE
THEO DONG THUAN WASHINGTON VA MOT SO DANH GIA
» TRAN MANH KIEN
TOM TAT:
"Cai each kinh te " d cac qui md khac nhau ludn la muc lidu quan trpng d bdu hd't cae qud'c gia.
Nhieu nUde dang phdt triln cd nhdng chUdng trinh cai each toan didn nln kinh td' de dn dinb va day nhanh tdc dp tang trUdngkinh te hoac giam bdt bat binh dang xa hpi. Trong khoang 40 nam trd lai ddy, cbUdng trinb cai each kinh te' theo Ddng thuan Washington (Washington Consensus) dddc dda ra vdo cud'i thap nidn 80 cua tbd' ky 20 - cd le la toan didn nba't va ndi bat nhd't. Chddng trinh cai each nay cung da gdy tranh cai rd't nhilu gida cac hpc gid va gidi lam chinb sdch tiong hang chuc nam qua v l cdch tbdc tid'n hanh va hidu qua cua nd. Bdi vid^t nay ban v l cai each kinh te' tiieo Ddng thudn Washington vd mot sd' ddnh gia cua tac gia.
Td khoa: Cdi cdch kinh td', khdng hoang, dong thudn Washington.
1. Bdi canh ra ddi cua Ddng thuan Washington
Tbeo Kregel (2008), cac nddc My Latinb da thd nghidm 2 chie'n Idde phdt tiien khde nhau trong hai thd'ky qua. Trong 100 nam dau tidn sau khi gidnb ddc lap. My Latinb dd tbeo duoi vide hdi nhdp vdo he thd'ng thUdng mai qud'c td' thdng qua ebid'n lUdc phdt trien hUdng ra bdn ngoai (Outward-onenled) dua irdn xud't khau bang hda nguyen lidu. Kd't qua nhin chung rd't kha quan vd vao dau The chid'n thd nha't, thu nhdp binb qudn dau ngddi d Argentina (nln kinh t l My Latinb tidn tid'n nhd't) da vddt Phdp, Ddc, Y va Tay Ban Nha; GDP binb qudn dau ngudi cua khu vifc cao bdn Nhdt Ban va gd'p khoang ba lan mdc trung binb eua phan eon lai cua cdc nddc Ddng A.
Tuy nhidn, vao thap nien 1930, khi cudc Dai Khung hoang S My lan ra toan cau ddn tdi gia bang hda thd sut giam manh vd chinh sach bao bd d cdc
nude phat triln Idn ngdi thi ehinh sdch hddng ngoai eua cae nUde My Latinh da dao ehilu. Ddc bidt trong Tbd chid'n thd 2, vide nhap khau may mdc vd hang hda td chau Au bi gidn doan ndn vide pbai triln cdng ngbidp ndi dja la mdt lUa chpn td nhien eua cac qudc gia trong khu vUc, Chinh sdch nay nha'n manh tam quan trpng cua nhu cau trong nddc trong vide xdy dUng nganh cdng ngbidp uong nUdc de tbay the' hang nhdp khau cua chau Au va cud'i cung dddc gpi la "Cdng ngbidp hda bang thay the' nhdp khau", Tddng td nhu kinh ngbidm tdi thid't d ebdu Au, eac nUdc My Latinh cung Uai qua mdt giai doan "phep mau kinh td'" vdi sU tang trUdng rd't nhanh nbd chinh sdch nay. Trong 21 nam td nam 1950 1970. 8 qud'c gia Idn d My Latinb (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay va Venezuela) da tang ttUdng vdi tdc dp trung binh vUdt qua 5,25%/nam vdi thu nbap binb quan dau ngUdi tang hdn 2,36%/ndm,
So 4 - T h a n g 3/2019 57
Tuy nbidn, chien lUdc phdt tridn dUa vao ndi dia nay dd'n lUdl nd da td ra khdng pbu hpp vdi sU toan clu hda cua ddng tai chinh gia tang xay ra vao nhdng nam 1970 sau kbi he thd'ng Bretton Woods bi pbd vd. Vide tdi quay vdng ddng dollar dau md (Petrodollars) td ede nUdc xua't khau dau da tao ra sd gia tdng manh vide vay nd td bdn ngoai ddn dd'n khung hoang nd, sieu lam phdt vd nhdng thdp ky md't mat (Lost decade) cua thap nidn 1980. Mdc sd'ng da gidm xud'ng, mdc thu nhdp binh qudn dau ngUdi tiong khu vUc vao ndm 1985 gan nhd khdng vUdt qua nam 1975 va d mdt sd' qud'c gia da giam xud'ng mdc phd bid'n vao giiJ'a nhdng nam 1960, Tha't nghiep tang Idn bdn 15% d nhieu qudc gia. Lara phdi trung binb trong khu vdc la 150%, bung nd thanh sieu lam phat d Bolivia, Argentina va Brazil.
Bang 1. Lam phat d mot so quoc gia My Latinh
Bolivia (Vlexico Argentina
Peru Brazil
On dinh hoa (Stabilization)
1985 1987-1988
1991 1990 1994
Cai each cau tnic (Structural
Retonn) 1985 1985-1988 1987-1991 1990 1988-1990
Tyi^iam phat/nam trudc khi on dinh hoa (%) 23.455
159 1.344 12.368 2.103 Nguon: Birdsall, 2010 Be giai quye't cudc khung hoang nay, Ke' hoach Brady yeu cau dda ra ede bidn phdp thu hut ddng vd'n td nhdn qud'c td' du d l tia cac kboan np ion dong. Nhieu qudc gia cung quay trd lai chid'n lUdc thd'ky 19 dUa tren tbUdng mai md. Hp thdng qua viec loai bd cac the che' phat trien dUa vdo ndi dia de eho phep tbUdng mai difa trdn ldi the'so sdnb.
Trong bd'i canh dd, vao nam 1989, Williamson dadUaramdtbd 10 chinh sach, sau nay dUdc gpi la
"Dong Ihuan Washington" ma dng cho rdng eac nddc My Latinh nen lam theo dl eai cdch nln kinh td'. Theo Birdsall (2010), nd la mdt phidn ban My Latinb cua nhffng gi trong thdc te' da tid thanh mdt sd ddng thudn trdn toan thd' gidi vdo nhdng nam 1990 sau Slf sup do cua hd thdng cac nddc XHCN cu vdi md binb kinh td' tap trung va qud trinh tif do
boa kinh t l thanh cdng d cac nddc td ban md di ddu la My va Anh; Nd ed diem chung vdi phidn ban qud'c te' la dUa trdn niem tin rang sU thinb vddng kinh Id' chi cd the cd dUde bang each khai tbdc sdc manh eua thi irudng; Nd tuyen bd'rdng sU phat tridn kinh td' la qud quan trpng de ndm trong tay cdc nha hoach dinh ehinh pbu va gidi quan chdc quan hdu.
Phidn ban My Latinh cung ed 2 didm nhd'n quan trpng la dn djnh kinh te vT md vi bat dn vi md da trd tbdnh "truyin tbd'ng" d khu vdc nay vd tbay ddi chie'n lUdc phat triln bddng ra bdn ngoai tbeo kinh nghidm thanh cdng cua cdc nUdc Ddng A. (Bang 2).
Tbeo Williamson (2004), cd it nha't 3 each hilu ve nhdm 10 chinh sdeb trdn:
Mot Id, each sd dung ban dau cua tdc gia: Ddy la nhdng chinh sdch da dddc ddng y rpng rdi d Washington rang ra't dang mong mud'n eho cdc qud'c gia My Latinh ke td ndm 1989,
Hai Id, tap hdp ede chinb sdch kinh td' dddc cac td chdc d Washington, nghTa la cdc td chdc tai cbinh qud'c te (M) ma chii ye'u la IMF vd Ngdn hang The gidi cung Bd Tai ebinb My khuyd'n nghi cho cac nddc dang phdt Uien ndn ap dung.
Ba Id, niem tin cua cac nha phd binb tin tudng rang do Id cdc cbinh sdch md cdc IFI dang tim each dp dat cho khdcb hang cua hp. Quan diem eua cac nba pbd binh nay ed the cd khac nhau ddi chut nhdng hp deu cho rang cac IFI la nhdng ngddi tbeo chu nghia "Tdn td do" (Neoliberalism) vd dang tim cdeh giam thilu td'i da vai trd eua nha nddc thdng qua cdc ebinb sach cua Dong thudn.
Birdsall (2010) cho rang, trdi ngUdc vdi nhdn thdc phd bid'n, 10 chinb sach nay khong "thuan tuy thi trddng", Williamson tham chi khdng dl cap dd'n vide td do hda tai khoan vdn, Ve td do hda thi trUdng tai cbinh trong nddc, Williamson cung ehi keu gpi eho phep dan dan xdc dinb lai sua't theo thi trUdng. Tddng tU nhU vdy, dng tranh xa cac lUa ebon eUc doan trong cbinh sach ty gia hd'i doai, cd dmh hoac ly gia tha ndi hoan toan. Thay vao do, dng chu trUdng gid ly gia bdi dodi canh tranh tren thi irUdng ma trong ihUe te' ddi bdi sU can thidp cua ngdn hdng trung Udng.
Cdng tbdc eua WiUiamson cung khac xa vdi quan diem cd'p tid'n ung hd Nba nUde td'i gian tbUdng dupe quy cho Dong thudn. Trong nhdm cac chinh sach nay cung khdng cd quan diem cua
KINH IE
Bang 2. Danh sdch 10 chinh sdch can thuc hien trong D6ng thudn
Ky luat tai khoa Tai du tidn phan bo chi tieu cdng Cai each thue Lai suat thdc dUdng Ty gia hdi doai canh tranh
Tu do hoa thUdng mai Dau tu trdc tiep nUcic ngoai Tu nhan hda Giai dieu ti^t
Quyen s6 hQu
Tham hut ngan sach nen du nhd de co the dupc tai trp bang thue ma khdng can sd dung thue lam phat
Chi tieu cdng nen bo qua cac dy an dUdc ung hp rpng rai ve mgt chinh tn nhung khdng kha thi ve hieu qua kinh te
Md rpng cd sd thue va giam thud' suat bien
Lai suat nen dupc quyet djnh bdi thj trudng va dat dupc lai suat thuc dUdng vda phai Cin mdt ty gia hdi doai thdng nhat 6 mdc du canh tranh de tao ra sij tang triidng nhanh chdng trong xuat khIu
Thay the nhdng hgn che thUdng mai dmh lUdng bang thue quan va se dUdc giam din tdi mdc khoang 10%
Rao can can trd dau tU true tiep nude ngoai va sy gia nhap cOa cac cdng ty nude ngoai nen dupc bai bd
Doanh nghiep Nha nude nen dUdc tu nhan hda
Chinh phij ndn bai bo cac quy dmh can trd su gia nhap cua cac cdng ty mdi hoac han che canh tranh
He thdng phap ly can cung cap quyen sd hdu an toan cho ngudi dan ma khdng phai tra chi phi qua cao.
TrUdng phdi Trpng cung kdu goi giam ganh nang thud'hoac thu hep ban quy md eua nba nddc. Chac chan, td nhan hda cac DNNN la mdt chinh sach trung tam tiong dl nghi eua Williamson, nhUng nd khdng dddc coi la mot bien phap de gidm quy md cua nhd nddc ma la de dat dddc hieu qua kinh td' va tdi dinh hddng chi tidu eua ehinh phu nhieu hdn ebd y td', gido due vd cd sd ha tang.
2. Mot sd' danh gia va nh§n xet ve ke't qua cua Dong thu$n
Chid'n lUde thuc bidn cdc chlnh sdch trong Dong thudn khac nhau d cdc nUde My Latinh va cung mang lai kit qua khde nhau. Mot sd' qud'c gia tbeo dudi chie'n lUde tndi de (radical) bdn, nhanh chdng hdn va nhdng qud'c gia khac dda vao each tid'p cdn din dan (gradualist) hdn. Vi du, trinh td cai each d ChUe, Uruguay vd Costa Rica dac trdng cho cdch tid'p can dan dan ve td do hda thddng mai, tai chinh (tdde hda tai khoan vd'n), thi trddng lao ddng va cai each tai kbda. Chile da cdi each td trddc va la mot Uong nhdng qud'c gia ed thanb ticb td't nhd't ve tang mfdng kinh te d My Latinb. Trddng hdp eua Uruguay cung ndi tid'ng trong khu vifc ve cdch tid'p
can cai each cd ed'u ddn dan. ThUdng mai dUdc td dd hda nhanh chdng, nhdng td nhdn hda vd linh boat hda tbi ti-ddng lao ddng lai cham chap.
NgUpc lai, phdn Idn cdc qud'c gia My Latmh khac nhu Peru, Mexico, ArgenUna, Bolivia va Brazil, da theo each tid'p can tridt de. TUdng tu nbU lieu phdp sd'c (shock therapy) d Ddng Au sau sU sup dd eua chu nghTa xa hdi, cdc qudc gia nay bat dau mdt chid'n Idde ra't "td'e dd " dd'i vdi eai cdch kinh tl.
Tbeo nha kinh te' hoc ndi tid'ng Anne Krueger, qua trinb chuyen ddi ddi hdn se eho phep cdc nhdm ldi ich to chdc Slf phan dd'i eai cdch. Do dd, cac nha hoach dmh chinh sach d cac qud'c gia nay cho rang td'e dd eai each cang nhanh thi dieu ehinh va tdng trddng kinh te' se cang nhanh.
Phan Idn cae nddc My Latmh da day manh cdc cai cdch dddc khuyd'n khich Uong Dong thudn thdp nien 1980 va dac bidt la trong thdp nidn 1990. Tuy nhidn, ket qua vdo cud'i thap ky do la ddng tha't vpng vd gay bd'i rd'i, Ddng thd't vpng bdi thdnh qua cua eai each la rd't nbd bd so vdi nhdng no Idc cai each vd gay bdi rd'i bdi tbid'u sU nhan tbdc ro rang la sai lam nam d dau.
So 4 - T h a n g 3/2019 59
Theo Alsbyab (2013), nhilu tac gia phd binh rang Dong thudn it quan tdm tdi cdc ehi phi xa hdi vd ehinh tri eua eai cdeh va cung ddnh gia thd'p cdc ehi phi kinh td' eua qud trinh cai each vi tin rang quy md cua chung la khdng dang ke va tac ddng cua chung dude gidi ban trong ngdn han.
Nhdng sai lam gd'c re ciia nen tang tri thdc eua Washington Consensus la cdc gdi cdi each dUdc ap dung mdt cdch phd quat eho moi qud'c gia va cdng tbdc cda bp dUa trdn quan dilm Tan cd diln dUde danh chd cac nen kinh te thi irUdng hoan chinb. Suy ngM lai ve ke't qua cai cdch, World Bank cung thda nhdn rang "khdng ed bd quy tae chung duy nba't"
cho lang irUdng kinh id' va vi vay can phai "tboat khdi cdng thdc va tim kie'm nhdng "Cdch thdc hdnh td'tnha't"(BestPractices)" cho moi qudc gia va can
"dUa vao phdn tich kinh te sdu hdn de xdc djnh nhdng can trd dd'i vdi tdng trUdng" d tdng qud'c gia cu tbi (Zagba & Nankani, 2005, tr.Xiii).
Muc Ueu vl dn dinh kinh td' vT md, td do hda thddng mai va td nhdn hda cung da trd thanb muc tidu tu tiian ebd khdng ehi la pbUdng tien de hUdng tdi cdc muc tidu tham vpng hdn vl lang trUdng va phat trien cdng bang bin vdng.
Ve ed bdn, Ddng tbudn nham muc dich loai bd khudn khd dieu tie't va can thidp cua nhd nddc vao nen kinh td'. NhUng trong khi lam dilu dd, nd da khdng chu y den "Ly thuyd't ve cdi td't thd nhi", Theo dd, khi cd sU bidn didn cua tbi trUdng khdng hoan hao, vide giam bdt mdt so' sU meo md kiidng nhd't thid't mang lai hidu qud tieh cUc cho nln kinh te'. "Ly thuyd't ve cai tdt nba't tbd nhi" neu bat tdm quan trpng eua vide hidu chinh cac cai cdch khi cd sU hien dien cua tinb khdng hoan hao va khdng hodn ehinh cua tbi trudng cung nhU cae khung ihl che'bien tai,
Ddng thudn Washington cung khdng chu y ddy du dd'n cac va'n de tinb te' ve trinh Uf va nhip dp cua cai each. Y tudng ebinb la cdc cai cdch phai dddc tie'n bdnh nhanh chdng va thidn ve Heu phdp sd'c, vi eac tid'p can dan dan cd khuynb hudng dddc hieu la
"thie'u di Slf manh me eua eai cdch" (Wilhamson, 2002), Hau nbd d khap mpi ndi, cdc cai each nao ma cd thi dddc tid'n hdnh nhanh chdng va dd dang se dUde tid'n bdnh trddc. Cdn nhdng cai cdeh nao can nhieu thdi gian bdn va/hoac se anh hddng dd'n cae Ipi ich nhay cam hdn da bi tri hoan. Dilu ndy, cung vdi Slf ebu y khdng du de tbd tu eua eai each.
cung anh hddng xa'u den dp tin cdy va tinh bdn vdng cua qud trinh cai cdch.
Mdt khia canh nffa can dddc xem xet can than nhdng thddng bi Ddng thudn Washington bd qua la mdc dp tin cay trong qua trinh cai each. Nidm tin vao cdc edi cdch la mdt trong nhffng yd'u td khde bi lam suy yd'u bdi sU khdng nhd't qudn gida bdnh ddng va ldi tu vd'n, bdi tham nhung, bdi sU tdn tai cua chUdng trinh nghi sU bi mat va bdi dp Idc cua ede nhdm Idi ich manh me md ddi khi da lam cdi each sai dudng. Met sd' thd't bai trong eai each cung cd the dUdc quy che qua trinh chinh trj trong viec quan ly va tbue day cdi each. Chinh phu khdng the thuyd't phuc ngUdi ddn rang cai each se dem lai ldi ich ebo sd' ddng trong xa hdi.
Ddc bidt, d cac nUde dang phat triln, cbUdng trinh cai each khdng phai luc nao cung nam bat dddc nhdng vdn de vd nhu edu thdc sd eua sd' ddng ngudi ddn. Cdi cdeh thudng dUdc ngUdi dan hilu rang dddc thuc hidn la dd dp lUc id cdng ddng qud'c te', Cac quy djnh cua Dong thudn da khdng nam bat dupe tdm quan trpng eua vide hieu dddc cac ddng lUc cbinh tri ddc bidt cua ede qud'c gia khde nhau va danh gia thd'p sU quan trpng cua vide xdy dUng sd ddng thuan de cd dUdc sU ben vdng ve mat chinh tri ebo cai each.
Td viec phan ticb cdc kd't qua cbinh eua cdi each, ed tbd tbd'y ddng thuan Washington vl ed ban khdng dat dupc muc tieu cua nd. Cdch tid'p can cua nd la tbid'u sdt, vl nd difa tren mdt each giai tiiich qua ddn gidn ve nen kinh td' va ebu ye'u tap trung vao cac muc tidu kinh le nham thue day canh tranh de day nhanh tang trUdng, Nd dUa trdn khdi nidm ve "Cai td't thd nba't" cua nen kinh te va do do danh gid thd'p tam quan trong eua viec tang cUdng khudn khd thi cbe' va phap ly. Theo nghia nay, Dong thuan dd de cap de'n mdt md hinh kinh te vT md khdng ibUe sU thich hdp de md td cdc nln kinh te trong thUe id' va dac bidt la thUc te' cua eac nddc dang phdt nien.
Mat kbde, ifu tidn bang dau cho cdc va'n dl kinh td', chddng trinh nghi sU dien hinh eua Dong thudn da bd qua cdc muc tieu xa bdi va cung khdng xem xet tinh ebd't be thd'ng cua qud trinh cai each.
Ben canh dd, Dong thuan tudn tbeo each tid'p can "Mdt kich thudc phii hdp vdi td't ed" d l cai cdch vd tin tddng vao sd tdn tai cua mdt cdng thdc phd quat khd dung cd till ap dung d mpi qud'c gia eho
60 Sd4-Thang 3/2019
KINH IE
tang trudng va phat triln. Hien nay, da so' mpi ngddi da thda nhan rdng khdng cd mot cdng tbdc pho qudt nhd vay va cung khdng cd each tbdc mang tinh chudn mifc nao cho cai each
6 mpi qud'c gia va mpi thdi diem.
Dieu nay ed nghia la mdi qud'c gia va cdc td chdc qud'c te' nen suy nghT vl ebUdng trinb cai each phu hdp, cd tinh de'n tinh dac thu cua mdi qud'c gia va giai quye't cdc nhu cau cu the cua qud'c gia dd. Cai each nen tid'p tuc difa vao cd cbe' tham gia vd bao gdm td't ca cac tang Idp xa hpi ddn sU de lang cddng ehd'p nhan va giam sd dl khdng ddi vdi cai each.
Dieu nay ngu y, dac bidt dd'i vdi cdc nUdc dang phdt triln va chuyen ddi, can tbue day ddn chu hda vd khdng hinh dung eac cdi each kinh td'nbU mdt cdi gi dd khdng lidn quan de'n eai each chinb tri va chuyen doi xa hpi,
Chi ra nhdng thd't bai va thda nhdn nhdng bd't cap eua Dong thudn Washington khdng ed ngbia la td't ca mpi tbd dIu sai hoac rang nhdng gi da dUpc thifc hien pbai dUdc dao ngUdc lai.
Phong trao eai cdch cung ed tbdnh tich ddng Idu y. Trddc hd't cac nddc kem phdt triln da nhdn tbdc dddc nhu clu thay ddi va thie't lap phUdng tidn va pbd'i hdp
nd Idc theo dudi mot chUdng trinh cu the d l thue day tang trUdng, thuc day phdt trien va nang cao mdc sd'ng, Hdn nffa, nhdng eai each nay mang lai nhdng tie'n bp quan trpng trong kie'n tbdc ve tdng trudng va phat triln vi ta cd the nhan ra ke't qua kbi dp dung vao thdc te' nhffng ldi khuyen va md thdc phdt hiln.
Xet vl kd't qua tdng trUdng kinh t l trdng giai doan sau eai each thi khd thd't vong, nhd't la vdi cac qud'c gia "thien td". Tuy nhien, xet vl khia canh cdng bang thi hau he't cac nddc cho thd'y eai thidn vl mdc dp cdng bang do Iddng bang be sd'Gini. Td't ca cdc nddc deu eho tbd'y cd sU eai thidn ve he sd' Gini (Gini giam ed nghia la giam bdt mdc do bd't
binh ddng). Cdc nude "thien td" cd mdc dp gidm bd't binh ddng td't hdn nhdng cd td'e dp tang difdng GDP tha'p hdn so vdi cae nddc "dn hda". (Bang 3).
Bang 3. Tang trirdng kinh te va bd! binh dang thu nhgp d mot so quoc gia My Latinh
Tang trudng GDP blnti quan dau
ngudi/nam 1985-1999
Tang trudng GDP blnii quan dau
ngudi/nam 2000-2012
%Uiayd6i h$so Gini/nam 2000-2011
Cac ched^ theo d^ tuy canh ta Argentina
Bolivia Ecuador Venezuela
Average
1,50 1,03 -0,38 -0,23 0,4S
1.95 1,93 2,66 1,77 2,08
-1,23 -0,64 -1,47 -1,21 -1,14 Cacnudcdandiudntioa
Brazil Chile Colombia*
Costa Rica Mexico
Peru Uruguay Average
0,47 4,61 1,41 2,36 0,74 0,03 2,87 1,73
2,00 3,12 2,71 2,60 0,88 4,25 3,03 2,66
-1,07 -0,66 -0,60 -0,05 -1,16 -1,22 -0,21 -0,65 Ngudn: Arnaut, 2015
Cudc tranh ludn ve kd't qua eua lan sdng cdi cdch nhdng nam 1980 va 1990 cung dd truyen cam hdng cho vide tim kid'm cdc giai phap tbay the' vd cai tie'n ddi vdi Dong thuan Washington.
Do dd, eac bd cbinb sach mdi va nhdng edi ten mdi CO gdng sda ebffa va/hoac cai thidn cac quy dinh vl sU ddng thudn va giai tiiich eac each tid'p can mdi de phat trien da dddc tao ra, chang han nbd "Sd ddng thuan Washington dddc tang cddng" ("Augmented" Washingtdn Consensus) bd' sung them cdc cbinb sdch nbU: Quan tri cdng ty tdt, Chd'ng tham nhung. Tang cUdng an sinh xd hdi, Tdp trung giam ngheo... (Rodrik, 2002) bode
"Ddng thuan Barcelona"... •
So 4 - T h a n g 3/2019 61
TAI LIEU THAIM KHAO:
1. Ahhyab, N. (2013). The Political Economy ofRefonn and Development of the Washington Consensus.
2. Arnaut, J. L (2015} The redemption of the Washmgton Consensus in Latin America. Groniek, 46(199).
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4 Kregel, J (2008). The discrete charm of the Washington consensus. Journal of Post Keynesion Economics, 30(4), 541-560.
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Ngay nhSn bai: 6/2/2019
Ngay phan bign danh gia va suTa chiJa: 16/2/2019 Ngay cha'p nhan dang bai: 26/2/2019 Thong tin tdc gia:
ThS. TRAN MANH KIEN
Khoa Kinh t6' Quoc te, Tracing Bai hgc NgSn hang TP. H6 Chi ISIuih
THE ECONOMIC REFORM UNDER THE WASHINGTON CONSENSUS AND ASSESMENTS
• IVlaster. TRAN MANH KIEN Faculty of International Economics Bonking University of Ho Chi Minii City
ABSTRACT:
Economic reforms at different scales liave always been an important task of most countries.
Many developing countries have comprehensive economic reforms to stabilize, accelerate the growth of their economies or reduce the social inequality at these countnes. In the past 40 years, the economic reform under die Washington Consensus which was mtroduced m the late 80s of die 20fli cenmi7 could be the most comprehensive and most prominent economic reform. This economic reform has also been a very conttoversial topic among scholars and policymakers for decades over its work and its effectiveness.
Keywords: Economic reform, crisis, the Washington Consensus.
