Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc so 2 - 2020
DONG VON H 6 T R O PHAT T R I E N CHINH THU'C VA PHAT TRifeN KINH TE - XA HOI VUNG DAN TOC THIEU SO
VA MIEN NUI 6 VIET NAM^
TS. Tran Minh HSng Vien Dan toe hoc NCS. Nguyin Thanh Luan Tru-d-ng Dai hoc Kinh tl - DHQG Ha Noi
Tdm tdt: Trong qud trinh Ddi m&i, Viet Nam da nhdn dupe ngudn hd trp phdl trien chinh thiec (ODA) rdt y nghia tit- cdc qudc gia, td chiec tdi chinh qudc ti l&n di ddu tu phdt triin kinh te - xd hpi vd mdi trudng. Riing vung mien niu vd dan tpc, ngudn von ODA da gdp phdn bii dap thiiu hut vi ngdn sdch nhd nu&c de thuc hiin chinh sdch phdt triin kinh ti - xd hdi tgi nhimg noi viing sdu, vung xa, viing dgc biit khd khan. Bdi viit ndy tdng hpp tinh hinh thuc hiin ODA d vung ddn toe thiiu sd (DTTS) vd miin nui nu&c ta, phdn tich hiiu qud, tdc ddng cua ngudn von ndy ddi v&i phdt trien kinh te - xd hpi tgi dia ban dupe khdo sdt. Qua do, neu lin mdtsd kit qud da dat duac. nhimg vdn di dgt ra nhu bdi hpc Hnh nghiim nhdm ndng cao han nica hieu qud hap tdc phdt triin qudc ti, gdp phdn thuc Men chinh sdch ddn tdc ciia Bdng. Nhd nie&c ta trong giai dogn mai.
Tir khoa: Hd trp phdt triin chinh thuc (ODA), tdc dpng vd hieu qud ciia ODA, ddn lpc thieu sd vd miin nui. Viet Nam.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 28/2/2020; ngdy gui phdn biin: 3/3/2020; ngdy duyet ddng: 16/4/2020
Bat van de
Thuc hien Doi mdi dit nudc do Dang ta khdi xudng va lanh dao hi nam 1986, trong nhung nam diu thap ky 90 cua thi ky XX, Viet Nam da khdng nhirng thoat khdi cupc khiing hoang kinh te - xa hgi trim trpng va keo dai ma cdn tao ra nhirng budc tien vugt bac vdi viec cai thien tinh hinh chinh tri ddi ngoai, kinh tl trong nudc dat miic tang tradng cao, ddi song ciia ngudi dan dupe cai thien. Day la bdi canh dan din ca hgi de Viet Nam va cdng ddng tai trg qudc tl ndi lai quan he hop tac phat triln. ivfhd dd, Viet Nam da dat dupe nhieu thanh tyu
' Bai viat la k^t qua nghien ciiu cua d l tai '•'Qudn ly von vay nu&c ngodi cho muc tieu phdt tiien smh ke lid gia dinh ddn tpc thiiu so tinh Ldo Cai", Truang Dai hgc Kinh t l - Dai hgc Q u i c gia Ha Ngi, do NCS. Nguyen Thanh LuSn thirc hien Bai vilt co su dung s6 lieu va dugc su ho trg ciia d l tai cap Nha nuac ''Ddnh gid tdc dpng, hieu qua chirong trinh. du dn oia cdc to chuc gudc te thuc hien a viing ddn toe thieu so mien nin tu nam 1990 din nay", ma s l ' CTDT.40,18/16-20, do Vien Dan tgc hpc chii tri, TS Trin Minh Hang lam chii nhiem.
i l Trdn Mini, Hdng - Nguyarnjl'Ili!^
dang ghi nhan vi phat trien kinh t6 - xa hpi trong han 20 nam qua, song cung con nhieu ton tai trong qua trinh thu hiit, quan ly, sil dung nguSn v6n va hS trg cua cac chuong trinh, du an quoc t8.
Tren co so tdng quan cac s6 heu v6 tinh hinh thuc hien ODA o vung DTTS va mien mil, chu ygu la tai hen tit dia ban nghien ciiu, bai vigt nay tap trung phan tich vg hi?u qua, tac dong ciia ODA d5i vcfi phat trign kinh tg - xa hoi dat nuoc; neu Ign nhiing vSn dg dat ra de khac phuc, nhiim tang cuong va phat huy hon nua hieu qua hop tac phat tnln quoc te cua Viet Nam trong giai doan moi.
1. Quail ly va thuc hifn cac du an ODA 6- Viet Nam 1.1. Quy mo vd hinh thwc ODA ef VietNam
NguSn v6n h6 ho phat trign chlnh thiic (Official Development Assistance - ODA) bao gom hai liinh thiic: hS trg khong hoan lai va tin dung uu dai, lai suSt thap c6 dieu kien cua cac qu6c gia co ngn kinh tg phat trign va nhung thg che tai chinh quoc te Ion danh cho cac nuoc ngheo hoac dang phat trign. Vi kh6i lugng vay v6n thudng Ign, thoi han vay dai, lai suat vay thap ngn ve co ban dugc su dung vao xay dung he thong ha tang giao thong, he thong thuy lgi, cac chugng trinh kinh te Ion,...
Sau hgn 20 nam tien hanh doi mgi kmh te va gia nhap vao qui dao kinh te toan cau sau rgng hon (1993 - 2018), Viet Nam da tigp nhan 80 ty USD ht ngudn vien trg ODA, trg thanh mgt trgng nhirng nugc tiep nhan nguon von niiy nhigu nhat tren thg gioi. Theo so lieu cua Bg Kg hoach va Dau tu, trong t6ng s6 80 ty USD ciia ODA, g6m co 7 ty USD la vien trg khong hoan lai, 71,38 ty USD la von vay vol lai suat dugi 2%, con lai 1,62 ty USD von vay kem uu dai nhung lai suat van thap hon von vay thuong mai. Co can cac nha tai trg chinh ODA gom co: Nhat Ban 34%, Ngan hang Thg gigi (WB) khoang 29%, Ngan hang Phat trign Chan A (ADB) khoang 20%, Trung Quoc 4%, Han Qu6c 4%, Phap 3%,... (T5ng hgp s6 heu ciia Bg Kg hoach va Diu tu, 2019).
Viing DTTS va mien niii nuoc ta do eg sg ha tang ygu kem va dieu kien phat trien thap hon so vgi cac vung dgng bang va &o thi khac trgng nuoc, ngn dugc Chinh phii va Nha nugc dac biet quan tam trong viec sii dung ODA chg phat trign kinh tg - xa hgi, thuc hien chinli sach dan tgc thai ky cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa. Sau 5 nam trien khai thuc hien Dg an '"Tdng cuang hcrp tdc quoc te ho tro phdt triin kinh te - xd hoi vitng dong bdo ddn toe thiiu sd" theo Quygt dinh sS 2214/QD-TTg ngay 14/11/2013 cua Thu tuong Chinh phu, dua vag su dung vgn ODA da co gan 2.000 chuong trinh, du an dugc trien khai tai mgt so bg, nganh va dia phuong. Trong do, co 200 du an giam ngheo va an sinh xa hgi da dugc trign khai trgng viing DTTS va mign niii, hr Tay B5c dgn Tay Nguygn; 252 du an ve giao due, dao tao day nghg va giai quygt viec lam cho nguoi DTTS; 10 du an vien trg da va dang ho trg cho 5 tinh Tay Nguygn (trong do co 4 du an vien trg khong hoan lai cua Quy Toan can Cong dang Chau Au - EU va GAVI - Lign minh toan cau vg vic-xin va tigm chiing; 6 du an vien trg vay
Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc sd2 -2020 15 cua WB, ADB, JICA - Ca quan Hgp tac Quoc te Nhat Ban vdi tong kinh phi d k tu, ho trp
cho ca viing khoang 88.712.151 USD. Chi rieng cac tinh thudc viing Tay Bic cd 9 dy an, trong dd cd 4 du an vien trg khdng hoan lai do Quy Toan cau va GAVI tai trp, 5 du an vay vin WB, ADB va JTCA (Uy ban dan tdc, 2018).
1.2. Qudn ly ODA
Khi thyc hien cac chuang trinh, dy an ODA, cae qudc gia vien trg diu cd nhirng chinh sach, thu tyc rieng nhu dieu kien bat bupc, yeu cau eac qudc gia tiep nhan can tuan thii nhu xay dung bao cao nghien cuu tien kha thi, cac thu tiic ve dau thau, quy trinh giai ngan, che dp bao cao dinh ky,... Nhijng thu tuc nay cd the khdng tuang dong vdi cac bd Luat DSu tu, Luat Tai ehinh cua qudc gia tiep nhan, nhat la trong khau dau thau. Dieu nay khien ODA gap nhieu khd khan trong qua trinh thyc hien; tien dd cac chuong trinh, dy an cd the bi keo dai thdi gian so vdi du kien, dong thdi gay tdn that ngudn luc, giam hieu qua sir dung von. Do do, viec nam bat va thyc hien dimg cac chu truang ciia quoc gia vien trp la vd ciing can thiet doi vdi nhirng qudc gia tiep nhan. Lay vi dy, mot trong nhiing tieu chi de phan loai du an cd tam quan trpng quoc gia (theo Luat Dau tu cdng cua Viet Nam) la su dung vdn dau tu cdng tir 10.000 ty ddng trd len. Nhirng du an nay anh hudng den kinh te - xa hdi cua dat nudc, nhat la cac du an quan trgng qudc gia phai cd Nghi quyet ciia Qudc hdi thdng qua. Ddi vdi nhiing dy an cd quy md Idn phai phan ky dau tu' theo giai doan cho phii hgp vdi nhung nguon luc. Ngay ca khi phan ky dau tu' theo giai doan thi cac dy an deu phai dugc Quoc hpi quyet dinh chu truang dau tu, viec nay se mat nhieu thdi gian chuan bi du an.
Quy trinh thii tiic lien quan din vdn ODA la ylu td rkt quan trpng ddi vdi kha nang thu hut va hieu qua sir dung vdn ODA, bao gdm cac luat Dku thkn, Bku tu, Ngan sach Nha nudc, Dilu udc quic tl...; van ban hudng dan luat, cac Nghi dinh, Quyit dinh, Thdng tu quy djnh vl thu hut va sir dyng vdn ODA,... He thing van ban phap luat nay ngoai ylu td ddng bd, chat che cdn phai nghien cuu din tinh phii hcrp vdi thdng le qudc te va cac nha tai trp. Ben canh cac van ban phap luat lien quan, chinh sach va thii tyc la nhung npi dung quan trgng trong qua trinh luan chuyin va sir dung ODA. He thdng chinh sach ODA ciia nudc tilp nhan vien trp, tao khudn khd ting thi cho qua trinh tilp nhan va sir dyng von, do do co tac ddng trudc tien tdi hieu qua sir dyng ODA. Tiln dp giai ngan va thuc hien dy an phy thupc nhieu vao quy trinh thu tuc lien quan cua cac qudc gia vien tro ciing nhu nhimg quy dinh hanh chinh cua quic gia tilp nhan vien trp. He thing chinh sach ro rang, dong bd, thii tyc don gian, ggn nhe, linh hoat se thuc dky tiln dp giai ngan, rut vdn, day nhanh tien dp thuc hien dy an, nang cao hieu qua sir dung ODA.
Giai ngan luon la vSn de nan giai ddi vdi cac dy an ODA d Viet Nam thdi gian qua.
Luat Ddu hr nudc ta cho phep giai ngan vdn ODA theo tiln dp thyc hien du an, nhung Luat Ngan sach Nha nudc lai quy dinh giai ngan theo du toan; thkm quyen dieu chinh vdn giua cac du an (khdng lam tang tdng muc dku tu) vdi nhirng nguyen tac bat budc, keo dai thdi
16 Trin Minh Hdng - Ngin^lThmji}^
gian thuc hien cac thti tuc giai ngan,... Bgn canh do, Luat DSu tu cong ban hanh nam 20 khic phuc dugc tinh trang dau tu dan trai, phan tan nhung toi nay lai phat siuli ba' '^'P vg phap ly, lam anh hugng tot tign dg giai ngan v6n.
Ve tinh hinh giai ngan, Bg Kg hgach va DSu tu chg bigt, du bao mirc giai ng^"^
va v6n vay im dai giai doan 2016 - 2020 khoang 26 dgn 30 ty USD, binh quan mgi nam khoang 5 dgn 6 ty USD. Song, thuc tS nam 2016 chi giai ngan dugc 3,7 ty USD va nam 2017 la 3,6 ty USD, rk thap so vgi kg hgach. Viec cham giai ngan xuSt phat tu nhiing nguy^"
nhan, vuong mac da tich tu tu giai doan truoc, chua dugc giai quyet triet de nhu thieu von d6i ling, cham dgn bu giai phong mat bSng, digu ehinh du toan, tliay doi thigt ke, nang luc ban quan ly nha thau hoac du an, thay ddi thii tuc va chinh sach.
l.S. Tinh hinh thu-c hien cdc dirdn ODA
d cac tinh dugc khao sat, nhdt la nhiing tinh mign mil, ngu6n von ODA co vi tn rat quan hgng. Dgn nam 2018, t6ng von ODA da d k tu tren dia ban tinh Vinh Phiic khoang 177 trieu USD, trgng dg v6n ODA dg tinh chu quan la 123,7 trieu USD. Tai tinh Bac Kan, tii nam 1993 - 2017, ce 80 chugng hinli, du an sit dung v6n ODA va v6n vay uu dai ciia cac nha tai trg nugc ngoai da hoan thanh va ban giao dua vao su dung. Binh Phugc cung la tinh da tigp nhan va quan ly nhieu du an sir dung nguon von ODA, bao gom nhgm cac du an: Du an sti dung nguBn v6n JBIC (Ngan hang Qudc te Nhat Ban) vol 10 du an trong linh vuc dau tu ha ting giao thong, cdu duong va dien khi hoa nong thon, t6ng miic dau tu khoang 4,6 trieu USD; Du an sir dung ngu6n v6n ciia WB va ADB trong Hnh vuc cung cap nuoc sach, xir ly nuac thai, nang cdp chat lugng nganh giao due, y tg, ddu tu eg so ha tang nong thgn va phat trign cgng dong vai tong miie ddu tu dat khoang 51,3 trieu USD. Cae nguon von ODA tren da gop phan vao viec phat triln kinh tg - xa hgi va nang cag chdt lugng dgi sgng nhan dan trong tinh.
Ngu6n v6n ODA tai Viet Nam, trong do co viing DTTS va mign mii dugc thyc hien theg 3 hinh thiic chinh ggm ODA vien trg khong hoan lai ehigm 10 - 12%, ODA vay im dai chigm 80% va ODA h6n hgp chigm 8 - 10%. Hieu qua sir dung ODA ciing dugc cac nha tai trg danh gia tich cue. Khoang 80 ty USD ma cac nha tai trg danh cho Viet Nam trong han 20 nam qua mang den cho Viet Nam nguon von b6 sung quan trgng phuc vu qua trinh phat trign kinh tg - xa hgi, xoa doi giam ngheo, phat trign nong nghiep, ngng thon, xay dung ha tang dao tag phat trign ngu6n nhan luc. Vgi ket qua da dat, Viet Nam dugc danh gia la mgt mo hinh thanh cong trong huy dgng va sir dung ODA tren mgt s6 linh vyc nhu xay dyng co so ha tdng, nang lugng, nong nghiep, giao due, y tg, moi truang a vyng DTTS va mign niii.
- ODA trong xay dung ca sa ha tdng (giao thong, ndng luong): Giao thong van tai la nganh tigp nhan v8n ODA nhigu nhdt. Chi rigng thoi ky 1990 - 2013, nganh nay da hoan thanh va tigp tyc thyc hien t5ng cgng 132 du an vol t6ng v6n ODA hon 17 ty USD. Cac chuong trinh, du an ODA da hg trg Viet Nam xay dung, nang cdp he thong giao thong quoc g,a cung nhu giao thong vimg va cac tinh, thanh, trong do co viing DTTS va mign nui.
Tgp chf Ddn tpc hpc so 2 - 2020
Du an phat triln ca sd ha tang ndng thdn ben virng cac tinh miln nui phia Bfic do ADB tai trg dupe thyc hien tir thang 5/2011 din thang 6/2017 vdi tdng sd vdn 138 trieu USD, trong do Chinh phii Viet Nam ddi ung 30 trieu USD. Qua thyc hien, Du an da tang cudng kha nang tilp can va sir dung co sd ha tang ndng thdn cua ngudi ngheo, ngudi DTTS. Dugc triln khai tai 15 tinh phiaBSc, Dy an da nang cap va xay mdi 568km dudng giao thdng.
Ngoai ra, Dy an cdn dau tu xay mdi, nang cap 10 chg; nang cap kenh thuy lgi giiip 12.400ha dat canh tac dugc tudi, tieu on dinh va cap nudc sinh hoat eho 2.100 hd dan.
Nham tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho viec di lai, sinh hoat, dam bao an toan giao thong cho ngudi dan tai cac vimg kho khan, Thu tudng Chinh phii da phe duyet chu truang dku tu Chuang trinh xay dyng cau dan sinh vung DTTS giai doan 2014 - 2020, vdi tong vdn dku tu la 8.338,98 ty ddng, bao gdm vdn ngan sach Trung uong, vdn vay ODA, vdn ngan sach dia phuang va von xa hpi hoa. Trong do, vdn vay ODA chiem tren 67%. Ben canh xay dung he thdng cau treo, cau cung, Chuang trinh cdn hd trp nang cap, cai tao va bao dudng dudng dia phuang tai eac khu vuc cua du an. Muc tieu cu the ciia Chuang trinh nham xay dyng hoan chinh cac tuyen dudng giao thdng ket ndi lien viing; cac tuyen dudng di dugc quanh nam den trung tam cac xa. Xay dung cac cau cd quy md nhd gdp phan xay dung ca sd ha tang viing DTTS den nam 2020 dat 100% dudng true lien xa dugc nhya hda, be tdng hda va tren 50% dudng true thdn, ban, ap dugc "cung hda" dat chuan. Tir dd, dap img co ban nhu cau ket ndi giira cac loai dudng trong he thdng giao thdng ndng thon, hoan toan xda bd chia cat cpng ddng (Bd Giao thdng van tai, 2019).
Ngoai muc tieu tren, Chuang trinh xay dung can dan sinh vung DTTS ciia Chinh phii dupe trien khai cdn hudng den thiic day phat trien kinh te - xa hdi khu vyc, dam bao an ninh luong thyc; dam bao qudc phong - an ninh; phuc vii cdng nghiep hda - hien dai hda nong nghiep, nong thdn; nang cao nhan thuc, nang lyc cho cac cap ehinh quyen va cac tang ldp nhan dan de thyc hien ngay cang tdt hon cdng tae quan ly, khai thac, bao tri ket can ha tang giao thdng nong thon nham keo dai tudi thp cdng trinh va tiet kiem kinh phi dau tu.
Tai tinh B^c Kan, nhimg dy an cai tao, nang cSp dudng tinh, dudng xa, ha tang giao thong da tao thuan lgi cho ngudi dan thdng thuong, thuc day phat trien kinh te ndng thdn.
Ben canh do, cac dy an cdn gop phdn kit ndi phat trien kinh te nhiing viing trong tinh cung nhu vdi cac tinh trong khu vyc, nhu Du an nang cap cai tao tinh Id sd 255 tai huyen Chp Ddn; Dy an tayln dudng tir 254B (Dai Sao) - Khudi Xdm - Pac Cop xa Phong Huan (Chp Don); Du an dudng Ddn Phong - Nam Tdc (huyen Bach Thdng).
Ciing vdi giao thdng, viec xay dung ca sd ha tang ve dien ciing dugc quan tam. Sir dung ngudn vdn ODA va vdn uu dai cua cac td chuc tai chinh qudc te da giup cho Tdng cdng ty Dien lyc miln Nam cd them ngudn vdn bd sung quan trpng xay dung ha tang ludi dien, dua dien ra hai dao, den cac huyen, xa mien nui, viing ddng bao DTTS, nhat ia cac xa vung sau, vung xa, gdp phSn xda ddi giam ngheo, nang cao ddi sdng vat chat, tinh than cua
Trin Minh Hdng - Ngine^jnilH^
nguoi dan,... Neu nam 1995, ty le hg dan eg dien tren dia ban quan ly cua T6ng cong ty 0i?ii lyc mign Nam la 37,1% thi dgn nam 2015 da co toi 98,5% (tang 61,4%); ty le IW dan nong thon CO dien nam 2015 la 97,92%, tang 73,1% so vgt nam 1995.
- ODA trong nong nghiep: Hgn 20 nam qua. Ban Quan ly cac dy an nong nghiep dugc Bg Nong nghiep va Phat trign nong thon giag quan ly va hiln khai thyc hien 23 chuang ttinh, dy an vol tdng s6 v6n ddu tu uoc tinh khgang 1,968 ty USD hi cac nha tai ttg la ADB, WB, Cg quan phat ttiln Phap (AFD), Chinh phii Dan Mach (DANIDA), Chinh phii Cong hna Phap.
Cac du an eg pham vi hoat dgng tai 63 tmh, thanh ttgn ca nuoc va da dang ve ITnh vuc nhu trong trgt, chan nuoi, khai thac va nuoi ttgng thiiy san, phat triln eg so- ha tang nong thon, phong chong thien tai, dich benh trgn cay ttgng, vat nuoi, san xudt nong nghiep ben viing, thich ung bien dei khi hau.
Den nay, cac chugng trinh, dy an ODA da ddu tu, nang cdp gan 5.000km duong giao thong nong thgn, tao dilu kien thuan lgi cho hoat dgng di lai, san xuat nong nghigp, van chuygn neng san cua nguoi dan. Hon 700km kgnh muong ciing vai cong trinli ho dap thiiy lgi, 22 ttam bgm dugc cai tao giiip dam bao lugng nugc tu'oi, tieu on dinli cho khoang lOO.OOOha cac loai cay trgng. Gdn 600 ehg nong thon va chg an toan thuc phdm dugc cai tag, nang cdp tai 18 tinh, thanh phd voi 25.000 hg tilu thuong dirge hugng lgi; gdn 100km dg kg bign, de ke s6ng chgng liin, phuc hgi; nang cdp 21 cang ea/bgn ca va gan 50 vimg nuoi ttong thiiy, hat san duoc nang ciip eg so ha tiing.
Danh gia hieu quit thigt thyc rtt dy an v6n ODA mang lai, co thg kg den su thanh eong eiia du an Chuyen doi nong nghiep bin vimg tai Viet Nam (VnS AT) thuge Ban quan ly cac dy an ngng nghiep dg WB tai trg chinh, voi tong so von khoang 301 trieu USD. Day la mgt ttgng nhung dy an Ign, quan trgng eua Bg Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon, gop phan trien khai thyc hien dg an tai eo cau nganh nong nghiep thong qua tang cuong niing lyc the chg cua nganh; dgi mgi phugng thirc eanh tac bgn vung, nang cag chuoi gia tti hai nganh hang Ilia gao va ea phg tai hai viing san xuat hang hoa chu luc cua Viet Nam la Dong bang song Cim Long va Tay Nguygn - noi thuge vimg DTTS. Theng qua dy an, ngugi nong dan dugc dag tag ky thuat, tiep can hinh thitc canh tae mgi, qua dg lya ehgn giai phap canh tac thong minh de thich nghi voi bign doi khi hay, giam ehi phi siin xuat, nang cao nang sudt va bao ve moi tnrong.
Hoat dgng tin dung nong nghigp tix ngudn v5n ODA cang phat huy hieu qua. Tit ting v6n giai ngan hon 3.500 ty dgng, da c6 hang triim ngan khoan vay tai ngu'oi nong dan. Trong do eo thi kl din nhu: cao su tilu diln dat 334 ty ding vai trgn 27.220 khoan vay;
nganh chan nuoi va tring trgt dat 885 ty ding vgi gan 147.400 khoan vay; che va cay an qua dat gdn 883 ty dgng voi tren 40.000 khoan vay; chuoi gia tri khi sinh hgc gan 75 ty ding voi 441 khoan vay; tai canh tae ca phe hon 1.000 ty ding vgi 3.350 khoan vay; nang cdp day chuygn, thilt bi chi biln lua gao eho cac doanh nghiep dat gan 300 ty dong cho 8 doanh nghiep tham gia lign kit chudi gia tri liia gao.
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc so 2 - 2020 19 Rieng nong nghiep va phat triln ndng thdn thu hiit khoang tren 100 dy an ODA va phi
chinh phu nudc ngoai, tap trung vao giup ddng bao lara quen vdi phuang thuc, kiln thiic san xu4t mdi, tilp can vdi cac cdng cu san xukt hien dai hon, tiln tdi xda bd loai hinh canh tac cho hieu qua thSp, gop phan nang cao thu nhap cho ddng bao; md rpng thi trudng xukt khiu hang hda va dich vu san pham la the manh cua vimg mien nui nhu gl va cac san phim tir gd, dl thil cdng my nghe;... Dac biet la viec thuc day thu hut dau tu true tilp nudc ngoai, tap trang vao cac ITnh vuc the manh ciia vung; uu tien dy an ndng nghiep img dung cdng nghe cao, chuyen giao nhiing tien bd ky thuat cd gia tn kinh te tir viec nhan gidng cac loai cay tring, vat nudi mdi, du an phii hgp vdi nhu cau, ttinh dp va dieu kien cu thi cua vung DTTS.
0 cap dp dia phuang, huyen Sa Pa tinh Lao Cai den nam 2018 cd 72 du an vl linh vyc nong nghiep, dupe trien khai thanh 2 loai hinh, gdm tieu du an sinh kl va hd trg dich vu san xuat; tieu dy an ho trp cac hoat ddng phat tnen kinh te xa hdi cho phu nii. Cu thi, vdi tilu dy an sinh ke ho trp dich vu san xuat cd 18 md hinh nudi de theo nhdm, 9 md hinh nudi lan gidng dia phuang, 9 md hinh nuoi gia cam, 1 md hinh bao tdn cay thulc diing dl tSm, 1 mo hinh trong cay dia lan, 1 md hinh trdng cay atiso tren dat nuong.
O Dak Lak, ndng nghidp cua tinh dupe hudng lgi tir cac du an: Da dgng hda nong nghiep, Du dn cgnh tranh ndng nghiep (ACP), Dy dn chuyin ddi ndng nghiep ben vG^ig (VnSAT), Du dn phdt trien hg tdng phuc vu sdn xudt cho cdc tinh Tdy Nguyen. Cac du an da ddng gdp rat ldn cho sy phat tnen ndng nghiep va kinh te cua tinh nhiing nam qua, nhat la co tac dpng, nang cao thu nhap tdi hang ngan hp ndng dan, dac biet hd ddng bao DTTS tai chd va phu nu. Du an da dang hda ndng nghiep (giai doan 1999 - 2006), dupe hd trg vdn, ky thuat phat trien cao su tieu dien cho 3.000 hd ndng dan ciia tinh, ma da sd la hd ddng bao DTTS.
- ODA ddi v&i phdt triin gido due vd ddo tgo: Trong giao due va dao tao, tat ca cac cap hpc d viing DTTS deu nhan dupe su hd trp thdng qua cac chuang trinh va du an ODA, giup tang cudng nang lyc day va hpc, hd trg tre em hi thiet thdi dugc den trudng, day manh giao due cho tat ca mgi ngudi.
Tinh Lao Cai trong giai doan 2014-2018 dupe tilp nhan 9 chuang trinh, du an ODA dau tu cho giao due vdi tdng sd vdn 433 ty dong. Trong bdi canh Lao Cai con nhieu kho khan, viec thuc hien cac chuang trinh du an tir ngudn vdn ODA da tac ddng tich cyc cho sy nghiep phat ttiln giao due, timg budc kien cd hda, chuan hda trudng hpc, ldp hpc; tang cudng kha nang tilp can tinh cong bing trong giao due cho tte em viing cao khd khan, nang cao chit lupng giao dye toan dien tten dja ban.
- ODA vd phdt trien y ti: Ngudn vdn ODA da chilm ty le hd trp quan ttpng cho cac chuang ttinh y tl qudc gia nhu tang cudng co sd vat chit va ky thuat cho cdng tac kham va chiia benh, nang cao chit lupng dich vu y tl, xay dyng co sd san xuat khang sinh, trung tam truyen mau qudc gia,...
Trin Minh HJng - Ngminjnd^llil:^
UNICEF CO chugng trinh ho trg tang cuong cham soc phat niin tre em 'o^n . ^ Chugng trinh dugc thuc hien tir nam 2017 - 2021, vgi du an cdp quoc gia (tai Ha No') tinh trgng dilm a viing DTTS la Gia Lai, Kon Tum va Dien Bien. Du an ean thiep cham see sam taan dien dugc trien khai long ghep tai cgng ding va tuyln y tl eg sg de nang ca luc ciia can bg y tl toygn ttung uong va tinh; thuc hien chiln luge ttyyen thong ^ ay hanh vi ling ghep nham nang cag nhan thiie, thuc ddy hanh vi cham sec silc klio^ ^ ™ •' _ em, tiem chimg mo rgng, dinh duong, nude sach, ve sinh moi truong. Ve han muc v ^ dy an, v5n ODA khgng hoan lai la 5.119.595 USD; v6n dii ling cua Chinh phii Viet Nam ve tiln mat 16.036.659.088 ding, va hien vat ttrgng dugng 8.056.332.000 ding (gom co so ha tang ky thuat, dgi ngii can bg quan ly va ehuyen mgn sdn eg).
Ngoai ra, linh vuc y tl du phong va lam sang phong ching sit ret cap tinh va cap vung, v6n dugc vay tit du an ODA ciing rdt quan ttgng. Bmh Phugc - mgt trong 4 tinh thugc vung DTTS dugc Vien Sgt ret cen ttiing va ky sinh tttng Tmng uong (Bg Y tl) xac dinh co ky smh ming s6t ret khang Artemismin o Viet Nam. Theo kit qua nghign ciiu cac nam 2010 - 2016, ty le ton tai ky sinh ttimg sit ret vag ngay thu 3 dilu tti (D3) a tinh Binh Phuoc lien tue tang g miic bag dgng (c6 ty le ky sinh trimg sit ret duong tmh D3 >10%). Do do, tinh da nign khai thyc hien chugng ttinh ung phn khdn cdp voi sit ret khang Artemisinin tai Tieu vung song Me Kong (QMS) theo khung hanh dgng khu vuc giai dean 2013-2015, tham gia thyc hien Dy an
"Sang kiln khu vuc ngan chan sit ret khang thuoc Artemismin" do Quy Toan cau phong ching AIDS, lag va sit ret tai ttg. Nhg sy tai ttg nay, sit ret khang thulc Artemisinin 6 Binh Phuoc da duge khing chi vao nam 2017 (So Y tl tinh Binh Phuoc, 2018).
- ODA doi vol bdo ve vd phdt triin moi truang bin vOng: Trong linh vuc moi ttirgng Cling CO rdt nhilu chugng ttinh, dy an dugc sit dyng von vay ODA. Chang han nhu Chugng trinh "Mo rgng quy mo ve sinh va nuoc sach ngng thgn" dua tren kit qua vay ven Ngan hang Thi giai (WB), vai ting kinh phi han 225 ttieu USD, dugc thyc hien tit nam 2016 - 2020 tai 21 tinh con nhilu kho khan vl nguin nuoc sinh hoat ciing nhu ne ngp ve sinh moi buong, nhdt la g nhung ngi thugc vung ding bao DTTS. Hieu qua kinh te ma chuong ttinh da va se dem lai la giam ganh nang hang ngay phai di lay nuoc xa khu dan cu, dac biet la cac hg cu dan vimg ven biln, hg dgng bao DTTS a cac tinh miln mii. Viec cung cap nuoc saeh a nhirng vimg khan hilm nuoc se giam chi phi su dung nuac va g6p phan cai thien dieu kien kinh tl - xa hgi. Ngucri dan nong thon khi tilp can vol ngugn nugc s^ch va dieu kien vg sinh dugc cai thien se lam giam tinh trang benh tat ttong khu dan cu, nhat la cac benh lien quan din nguin nude va ve sinh nhu thugng han, tieu chay, ly, sot ret, ta, phy khoa va mgt so benh thuang gap dii voi tre em, phu nii; giam chi phi kham chiia benh cho gia dinh va xa hgi; tang cuong sire khoe nguoi dan.
Hieu qua xa hgi ma chugng ttinh dem lai la viee sir dyng nugc sach, nha tieu hgp ve sinh, thuc hign thoi quen ve smh an loan va giir gin moi ttuong xanh - sach - dep. ggp phan dam bao sire khog cho cgng ding dan eu, nang cao chat lugng cugc sgng cua ngue,, dan
Tgp chi Ddn lpc hoc sd2-2020
nong thdn. Qua dd, nang cao nep sdng van hoa, van minh, cd y thuc giii gin va bao ve mdi trudng. Xda bd din tap quan thilu ve sinh ciia ngudi dan ndng thdn, dong bao DTTS, nhit la viec su dung tryc tiep nudc sdng, sudi dang bj d nhiem trong sinh boat. Ket qua kinh tl - xa hgi cua chuang trinh, dy an su dyng vdn ODA cdn gdp phan han che su chenh lech vl dilu kien sinh hoat giira ndng thdn va do thi, giiia ddng bang va mien nui, ddng thdi lam giam di dan 6 at vao do thi va di eu ty do d cac viing khan hiem nudc.
Giai doan 2006 - 2010, tinh Binh Phudc da dau tu hoan thien he thing cung cip nudc sinh hoat cho toan bd ndi thi xa Ddng Xoai (cdng suat 4.000mVngay dem) va tilp tuc triln khai dy an nang cap he thdng cap nudc vdi cdng suat 20.000m^/ngay dem, ting vdn diu tu' 15,768 trieu USD. Ben canh dd, tinh cung tiep nhan triln khai du an diu tu he thing thoat nudc va xir ly nudc thai cdng suat lO.OOOmVngay dem vdi tdng vdn dau tu 17,5 trieu USD.
Viec dau tu' he thong cap nudc va xir ly nudc thai sinh boat da gdp phan nang cao chat lugng cupc song cho ngudi dan thi xa Dong Xoai thdng qua nang cao chat lupng ngudn nudc sach va ve sinh moi trudng tir vdn ODA.
2. Tac dpng cua cac chuong trinh, du- an ODA d^n phat triln kinh tl - xa hoi d vimg dan toe thieu so va mi§n niii Viet Nam va mot sd vSn dat ra
2.1. Tdc dpng cdc chuffng trinh, du dn ODA din phdt trien kinh ti - xd hpi & viing ddn tpc thieu so vd mien nui
Trudc Doi mdi nam 1986, nen kinh te d vung DTTS va mien nui nudc ta mang dam tinh ty cung ty cap, Nhii'ng nam ddi mdi theo hudng xay dyng nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hgi chii nghTa, eae chuong trinh, dy an ODA da cd vai trd ldn de ket ndi viing mien nui va DTTS vdi thi trudng ca nudc va qudc te, chii yen qua he thdng giao thdng, thong tin lien lac; qua cac viing nguyen lieu chuyen canh va dap ung nhu cau tieu thy ciia ngudi dan ngay mpt nang cao. Lgi ich ldn nhat ciia von vay nudc ngoai la cai thien can can thanh toan.
Von nay cd the cung cap nhung khoan vay dai ban de dap ung nhu cau nhap khau cac hang hoa dau tu, giam ap lyc len can can vang lai trong ngan va trung han, cho den khi nang luc san xuat npi dia dugc cung cd. Vi vay, ODA da gdp phin tao nen sy chuyen bien tir nen kinh te tu cap sang nen kinh te budc dau gan vdi san xuat hang hda d vimg DTTS va mien nui.
Vdi sy hd ttg da dang cua cac chuang trinh, du an ODA ve nong lam nghiep, cdng nghiep, tieu thu cdng, du ljch, dich vy, da tao ra sy ehuyin ddi co cau nen kinh te cua dong bao cac DTTS hi nong - lam - ngu nghiep sang ca ciu ndng - lam - ngu nghiep - thuang mai - dich vu. Hoat dgng thuang mai khdng chi la nghi ddc lap ma cdn gan vdi nong, lam, ngu nghiep cd san xuat hang hda. Co cau nay co thi kliac nhau vl miic dp d irhimg kim vyc va dia phuong cu the, song da giup chuyen ddi co ciu kinh tl va giu' dn dinh xa hdi d vung DTTS va mien niii nudc ta trong ban 30 nam dli mdi dit nudc, thyc hien cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hoa.
Ngoai hieu qua phat triln kinh tl, ngudn vin ODA cdn gop phan dang ke ve y te, giao due, bao ve mdi trudng d vung miln nui va DTTS trong hon 30 nam Ddi mdi dit nudc. Vdi
Trdn Minh Hdng - Ng^^^SSJSl^iiJ^
viec ddu ttr c6 hieu qua ciia cac chuang ttinh, du an ODA kit hgp voi cac cliirgng trinh phat trign giao due eua Chinh phu, vg ea ban da khong eon tinh ttang trudng ldp tara bg <» ™ng nay; giag vign va hgc sinh diu dugc ttg giiip thilt thyc. Dilu de ggp phdn cho viec phe cap giao due, xoa mil chii va dao tao nguin nhan luc dli vol ding bag DTTS. Nho do, chat lugng giao dye g vimg DTTS va miln nui nang cao hgn truoc Dli mai.
Vg y te va cham soc sire khoe cgng ding, tit sir dyng hieu qua vin ODA va von doi img eiia Chinh phu, co so vat chdt va nguin nhan lye ehg nganh y tl dugc dau tu nhieu hgn.
Qua cae chuong ttinh van dgng, giao due, giup do ngugi dan va hgc smh thyc hien ve smh, phdng benh, da giup dgng bag DTTS sg tilp can va huong lgi tit hon vm dich vu y te ceng.
Nho vin ODA, qua ddu tu tring rimg, khoanh nugi bao ve rimg, cac chuang trinh, dn an quic tg da giiip nguai dan phat triln va tang dg che phii eua rung, tao thu nhap tir hoat dgng nay. Tren eo so boat dgng trirc tilp va gian tiep, eac chuang trinh, du an quoc tg von ODA con giiip nang cao ky nang lam viec cua can bg chuang trinh, du an; niing cao ky thuat trong san xudt va dich vu, kha nang ll chiic san xudt, tg chirc cugc song cho nguoi dan.
2.2. Mot so vdn de dat ra
Hon 20 nam Viet Nam tigp nhan ODA cho viing DTTS va miln nui cho thdy nhieu dong gop eua nguin vin nay dli vdi sy phat ttiln kinh tl - xa hgi cua dat nugc; song viec thu hut, quan ly, sir dyng ODA cung bgc Ig han chi, thi hien d nhirng digm mang tinli viin de dat ra nhu sau:
Mot la, nang luc hdp thy nguin vin ODA chua dap ixng ygu can. Cd the nhin nhan thyc trang nay thdng qua ty le giai ngjin so vgi ngugn vdn ODA diii ky ket trong hgn 20 nam qua cua ca nude trong dd cd viing DTTS va mien nui ehi dat khoiing 67%.
Hai la. thiet kg cua mgt sg chugng ttinh, dy an ODA ehua sat vdi thuc tg Viet Nam ndi chung, eiia cac dia phuang d viing DTTS va mign nui ndi rigng. VigX so dy an ODA thi diem nhung mo hinh phat ttien nhu tin dyng quy md nhd, quan ly va kinh dganh nudc sach, phat trign sinh ke, bag ve va phat trien rimg, nhung ehi hgat diing khi con du an ma khdng the nhan rgng, ap dung ttong thyc te sau khi dy an kit thiic. Cimg mgt linh vyc nhu xda doi giam ngheo, nhirng nha tai trg ap dung cac me hinh khac nhau, dan den trimg lap, kem hieu qua, liing phi ngudn lyc eua dia phuang eung nhu eiia nha tai trg.
Ba Id, viec ldng ghep cac chuang trinh, dy an eiia Chinh phu trgn dia ban vdi cac chugng tnnh, dy an ODA nhilu khi triing lap vdt nhfmg ngi dung gan nhau lam han chi hieu qua ngudn vdn.
Bon la, mdt sl bg, nganh va dia phugng dl xay ra nhirng vy viec vi pham c;ic quy dinh quan ly ODA cua Chinh phu va cua nha tai ttg; cd bilu hien that thoat, lang phi gay ^^
hudng den uy tin qudc gia.
Tap chi Ddn tdc hpc sd2 - 2020
Ndm Id, sy phdi hgp trong ndi bd cac bd, nganh, giiia Trung uong va dia phuong vdi cac nha tai trg chua thdng sudt, nhat la nhirng linh vuc cd su tham gia cua nhilu nha tai trg hoac cac chuang trinh, dy an da nganh, da cap, da myc tieu.
Sdu la., khau td chuc quan ly mpt sd du an cdn thieu chuyen nghiep. Nang luc, trinh dp chuyen mdn cua dpi ngu can bd tham gia quan ly dy an cdn ban chi, nhit la d eac dja phuang. Nhan sy cac ban quan ly du an thudng khdng dn djnh, nhilu trudng hgp boat ddng kiem nhiem. Cdng tac dao tao quan ly du an chua thyc hien thudng xuyen, he thing, bai ban, Bdy la, dy an ODA dupe trien khai thudng phu thupc vao nudc ngoai, vao chinh cac nha tai teg. Cd nhiing ddi tae yeu cau phia Viet Nam khi nhan dy an ODA phai hudng dy an do cho cac cdng ty cua nude hp thyc hien.
Tdm la, giai ngan vdn ODA gap nhieu khd khan ma chu ylu la do nha thiu lap va trinh chil dau tu hd so thanh toan phan khdi lugng cdng viec, tien dp thyc hien dy an cham dan den khdi luong nghiem thu it, giai ngan eham; sy thay ddi ve ca che, chinh sach, dac biet la cong tac giai phdng mat bang d cae dia phuang cdn la rao can ldn.
Ket luan
ODA la ngudn hd trp ciia Chinh phu, cac Td chirc qudc te va lien Chinh phu danh cho cac nudc ngheo, dang phat trien. Do vay, Chinh phu nudc tiep nhan phai cd ttach nhiem dilu phoi, sir dyng ODA vdi nhan thiic sau sac rang, nhan dan se la ngudi ganh chiu eai gia phai tta cho sy that bai neu vdn ODA khdng dugc sir dung hieu qua. Trong cau true ngan sach tai chinh quoc gia, ODA la mdt ngudn lyc ben ngoai rat quan ttpng, song khdng the thay the dugc ngudn lyc ttong nudc d cap dp qudc gia ciing nhu trong pham vi mpt ITnh vyc cy the. Vi the, can phai coi ODA la mpt chat xiic tac, mdt ngudn lyc bd sung cho qua trinh phat trien.
Nhu vay, can coi ODA la ngudn lyc ben ngoai de bo sung chii khdng thay the ngudn luc npi sinh cho phat trien d cap dp qudc gia, nganh, dia phuong, don vi thy hudng. ODA khdng phai la "thir cho khdng" ma la vay ng nudc ngoai theo eac dieu kien uu dai, gan vdi uy tin, trach nhiem qudc gia trong quan he vdi cpng ddng tai trg qudc te, ddi hoi trach nhiem rat cao ciia Chinh phu nudc tiep nhan trudc du luan trong nudc va du luan nudc tai trg.
Nhirng thanh ttm vl cai each ddi mdi, phat triln kinh tl - xa hdi va hpi nhap kinh te qudc te la CO sd quan ttpng tao dung niem tin cua cdng ddng qudc te, la tien de bao dam cho sy thanh cdng cua viec van ddng va thu hut ODA trong giai doan tdi d nudc ta. Bdi vi ngudn vdn ODA da ddng vai ttd quan trpng ttong sy nghiep phat trien kinh te - xa hdi va bao ve mdi trudng, thyc hien chinh sach dan tdc ciia Dang va Nha nudc ta trong ban 30 nam Ddi mdi.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bp Giao thong van tai (2019), Chucmg trinh xdy dung cdu ddn sinh vung ddn tdc thiiu so cua Chinh phu: Nhip cdu ndi nhicng bd vui, tren trang http;//mt.gov.vn/vn/tin-
Trdn Minh HSng - NgiirenjSJJj^
tuc/60381/chugng-trinh-xay-dung-cau-dan-sinh-vung-dan-toc-thieu-so-cua-chinh-pliU"' 'P cau-noi-nhung-bo-vui!.aspx (Truy cap ngay 20/2/2020).
2. Bg Lao dgng - Thugng binli va Xa hgi, UNDP, Vien Han lam K-hoa hoc xa hgi Viet Nam (2018), Bdo cdo ngheo da chiiu a Viet Nam: Gidm ngheo a tat cd cac chieu canh de ddm bdo cuoc song co chdt luang cho moi ngu&i. Ha Ndi.
3. Bg Tai chinh (2017), Bdo cdo tinh hinh tiip nhgn vd sti dung vin ODA vd von vay mi ddi ndm 2017, Ha Ngi.
4. Cg quan phat triln qudc t l Hoa Ky (2013), Chiin luac hap tdc phdt trien quoc gia tai Viet Nam 2014-201S, Hi Ndi.
5. Ngan hang T h i gidi (2011), Ngdn hdng Thi gi&i ding hdnh ciing Viet Nam tren du&ng phdt trien. Ha Ngi.
6. Ngan hang T h i gidi (2018), Buac tiin mai- Gidm ngheo vd thinh vuang chung a Viet Nam, Ha Ndi.
7. Sd Y t l tinh Binh Phudc (2018), Bdo cdo tinh hinh y ti tinh Binh Phu&c nam 207 7, Binh Phudc.
8. Thti ttrdng Chinh phu'(2016), D l an "Dinh huang thu hut, qudn ly vd sir dung nguon von ODA vd von vay ini ddi cita cdc nhd tdi tro nu&c ngodi thai ky 2016 - 2020", Quyit dinh s l 251/QD-TTg.
9. Uy ban dan tdc (2013), Bdo cdo kit qud rd sodt chinh sdch ddn toe giai dogn 2006 - 2012, de xudt chinh sdch giai dogn 2013 - 2016. dfnh huang den ndm 2020, Bao cag so 07/BC-UBDT trinh Thii tudng Chinh phii, ngay 18/1/2013.
10. Uy Ban Dan tdc (2016), Tinh hinh Mnh te - xd hoi viing ddn toe vd mien nui ket qud thuc hien cdc chinh sdch ddn toe ndm 2016; nhiem vu ndm 2017, Bag cao tdng kgt.
11. i i y Ban Dan tdc (2018), Bdo cdo Sa kit 5 ndm thuc Men Nghi quyet so 2214/QB- TTg ngdy 14/11/2013 cua Thii tuang Chinh phu phe duyet Be dn "Tdng cu&ng hop tdc quoc te ho tra phdt trien kinh te - xd hoi viing dong bdo ddn toe thieu so". Ha Ndi.
12. tjy ban Kinh t l ciia Qudc hdi (2014), Bdi mai thi che qudn ly, sir dung vd gidm sdt von ODA nhdm tdng cucmg tinh ben vimg ciia na nu&c ngodi vd no quoc gia Viet Nam trong giai dogn phdt trien m&i 2013 - 2020, Ha Ngi.
13. UBND tinh Dik LSk - Bg K l hoach va Ddu ttr - Ngan hang The gidi (2013), Du- dn Gidm ngheo Khu vuc Tdy Nguyen tgi Dak Ndng, Dak Lak, Gia Lai, Kon Turn, Qudng Ngai vd Qudng Nam. Bao eao Nghign citu kha thi tinh DSk Lak, ban danh may, iuy fai s d Kg hoach va Diiu tu tinh D i k Ldk.
14. Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam (2011), Gidm ngheo a Viet Nam: Thdnh tuu vd Thdch thiic. Ha Ndi.
