GENJI MONOGATARI - VAN DE TAG GIA VA LICH Sif VAN BAN
NGUrENTHIUMAHH'
Tom tat: Bdi viet trinh bay nhirng vdn de ca bdn lien quan din tu Hiu vd nghien cuu Genji monogatari, cho thdy sire hdp ddn di kem vol nhirng thdeh thirc ldn trong cong viec tim hieu tdc phdm ndy, tir vdn de tdc gid den lich sir, ngon ngii vd ngi dung vdn bdn. Qua do cung cd the thdy dugc vi tri ciia Genji monogatari frong viec nghien ciru vdn hgc Nhdt Bdn ndi rieng vd trong ddi song vdn iwa Nhdt Bdn noi chung, trdi qua nhieu giai dogn trong khodng mu&i the ky. Nhirng cdu hoi ve Genji monogatari khdng co ldi gidi ddp vdn ton tgi trong sudt tien trinh ndy, nhu mgl nghieh ly ciia vdn hoa vd tdm hon Nhdt Bdn, de cdng viec nghien cuu tdc phdm ndy luon Id mgt hdnh trinh md rgng ve phia trudc, thu hut nhieu hoc gid d Nhgt Bdn vd tren the gidi tham gia.
His khda: Nhat Ban, Genji Monogatari, Van dfl lac gia, Lich sir van ban
1, Murasaki Shikibu va van de tac gia Genji monogatari
Ngay nay, ai biflt dfln tae pham Genji monogatari W-.^^^ (Truyfln Genji) cQng dflu biflt Murasaki Shikibu ^ ^ o ^ | S la tac gia.
Tren mgi an ban Genji monogatari - tir bd anh chup ban chflp tay, nguyen ban cd chii thich dfln eac ban djch sang tieng Nhat hifln dai - dflu ghi ten tac gia la Murasaki Shikibu. Trong cdc cdng trinh nghifln ciiu, cac hpc gid cQng thudng diing cdch ghi
"Gert/7 monogatari ciia Murasaki Shikibu"
dfl ndi dfln tae phdm nay. Tuy nhien, nflu dgc ky cdc cdng trinh nghien cuu vfl Genji monogatari bdng tieng Nhat thi chac chan se gap khong it bai viflt tap trung hoac cd de cap dfln van dfl tdc gia cua bd truyen, hoac se g^p nhiing cdng trinh dua ra gia thuyflt rdng Genji monogatari la tae pham cua nhiflu tac gia. Vay nfln hiflu thfl nao ve van dfl ndy?
ThS, Bo mdn Nhdt Ban hpc, Tmcmg Dai hoc Khoa hoc xa hOi & nhan vin, Dai hgc Qu6c gia TP H6 Chi Minh.
Trudc hflt. phdi cong nhan rang van dfl tren la mdt tdn nghi tat yflu mang tinh lich sir, do nhiing thiflu sdt vfl tu lieu lifln quan dfln Murasaki Shikibu va tac pham Genji monogatari. Trong cac tu lieu viflt bang tiflng Nhat Ihudng thay ghi rang: Genji monogatari Id mdi Iruyen ke irudng thifln (hay tiflu thuyet) xuat hifln vao Irung ky thdi Heian (hoac vao the ky XI). Vay cd thfl ndi rang, cung nhu nhiflu irudng hgp dd dugc biflt trong lich su nghien ciiu van hgc cd difln, khong cd tu lieu chinh xac cho thdi diflm xuat hifln ciia Genji monogatari. Cdn ve Murasaki Shikibu Ihi cdc tu liflu dflu cho biflt ba la mgt tac gia nu song vao thdi Heian nhung khong ro ndm sinh va nam mat, kfl ca tfln ggi Murasaki Shikibu cung khong phai la tfln that cua ba. Vi vdy, trong nhirng trudng hgp can dam bao tinh chinh xac, ngudi ta chi diing nhirng each ndi khdng xac djnh nhu
"Murasaki Shikibu duge eho la tde gia cua Genji monogatari" ho^c "theo nhiing tu lieu lich sir ban dau thi phan ldn tac pham Genji monogatari dugc Murasaki Shikibu viflt vao
NQHIEN cUu DONG BflC A, SO 7(149) 7-2013 6 1
Nghien ciiu khoa fe 1
khoang ndm Choho 3 (lure khoang ndm 1001)".
Bfln canh dd. Irong qua Irinh nghien ciiu ve tac pham Genji monogatari, cdc nha nghifln ciiu da phat hi^n nhiflu diflm gay thdc mac vfl van de sang lac, va mdi nhd nghifln ciru cd Ihe cd nhiing each ly giai khac nhau.
hodc dua ra nhirng gia thuycl khac nhau, vfl nhu:ng van dc do, liiy ihco gdc dg liflp can hoac liiy vao quan diflm ca nhan. It nhat, trong pham vi nhCrng lai lieu nghien ciru ma chiing tdi liflp can dugc. cd nhirng quan diflm va lap luan vfl van dfl tac gia ciia Genji monogatari nhu sau:
Cd lap luan cho rang Genji monogatari khdng phai la lac pham cua riflng tae gia Murasaki Shikibu ma la mdt bd truyen do nhiflu ngudi vifli nfln. Nha nghifln ciru FuJImoto Izumi trong cdng trinh "Genji monogatari" tasusakusha no akashi \'S^.^
t J l ^ J ^M'^'^'^^^iL (Bdng chiing da lac gia cua Genji monogatari)^ dd chirng minh cho lap lu^n nay bang each chi ra nhung diflm gay nghi van trong lac pham. cu the la nhiing bang chimg ve tinh khdng thdng nhdt trong each miflu ta nhan vai, Ihfl hifln d tinh each, hanh ddng, ldi ndi, tam ly, hoan canh song v.v... ciia cac nhan vat chinh cung nhu tinh khdng lifln lue trong mdi quan he vdi cac nhan vat phy. Tuong tu, cd thfl thdy mdt vai cudn sach Ihien vfl gia Ihuyflt nay nhu
"Genji monogatari" 99 nazo 'M^Pj}%Vi 99 '^ W^ (99 bi an trong Genji monogatari) hay
"Genji monogatari" no nazo 'M'^^Jilu ^ M:
(Nhung bi an trong Genji monogatari).
Nha nghien eiru Nakamura Hlroshi trong bai viflt "Genji monogatari no sakusha" 'M R ^ IS '^ # # (Tdc gia cua Genji
monogatari) cung cho rdng: cd nhiflu gia^i thuyflt ve van dfl tac gia cua Ge«PI|
monogatari. Chang ban nhu trong truy$n Vji-h' Dainagon monogatari "^fiai^t^^^^
(Truy?n vfl quan Dainagon d Ujl) cd de c§p den vi?c con gdi eiia Murasaki Shikibu la Daini Sanmi da viflt cac chuong Irong ph^n
"Uji ihap thiep" (10 chuong cudi ciia Genji monogatari hien nay). Hay nha nghien cim Keichu luy cdng nhan Murasaki Shikibu la lac gia Genji monogatari nhung van d^t nghi van vfl vice ba cd sang lac toan bg tac pham hay khdng.
Ngodi ra, theo mgt sd tai lieu khac thi trong lich sii tiflp nhan, tim hiflu Genji monogatari, da tirng ed gia thuyflt cho rdng ngudi viflt nfln tae pham nay khdng phai la Murasaki Shikibu md la cha ciia ba, Fujlwara Tametokl. Tuy nhifln, sau khi co nhirng cdng trinh cdng phu dugc viel ra de chii gidi vfl Genji monogatari, ddng thdi c6 nhiing hgc gia. nha vdn nha tho ndi tiflng chinh thirc cdng bd quan diflm eiia minh ve tac pham nay thi ngudi ta nghieng ve xu hudng chdp nhan Murasaki Shikibu la tac gia, va gid thuyet ndy bi gal ra khdi dong nghien ciiu chii luu hay chi tdn tai nhu la mgl van dfl lich su mang linh Iham khao.
Ndi chung. Genji monogatari la mgt lac pham kifll xudt nhung lai xudt hien tii rdt sdm va cd qud trinh luu truyen, tdn tai lau dai trong lich sii vdn hgc Nhat Ban, nfln vi?c,; j||
nay sinh nhiing van dfl thiflu rd rang vfl ldc gia hay ban than tac phdm Id diflu tdt yfla jjj Viec hoai nghi vfl tac gia eiia bg truyen nay cung can dugc ddt ra vd thao lu^n dfl co thi nghien eiru tdc phdm chi tiflt hon. Tuy nhifln, j qua viee khao sat tu lieu nghien ciru, cd t h ^
' s ^ ^ r m^mu ^'m'^^<Dm , mm\k\^Wi,
'0*5:^5JF9E^^«g r ^ f t ^ ^ n j ^^-^^1972
6 2 NGNrlN CCiru DdNG M c A. so 7(149) 7'20n
Nghien citu khoa hpc
thay rang cho dfln nay, nhiing y kifln dat nghi vdn vfl vdn dfl tac gia chi Id thiflu sd so vdi loan bg nhiing cdng trinh nghien ciru vfl lac pham. Hon nua, nhung quan diflm theo hudng nay thudng duge trinh bay bdi nhiing nha nghien ciru khdng ehuyfln nghiflp, va tdc phdm cua hg thudng khdng phd bifln, khdng xuat hifln nhiflu trong kho tai lieu hgc thual d cac mdi irudng nghifln ciru han lam.
Mat khac, dii ed nhu-ng y kifln bay Id su hoai nghi vfl van dfl lac gid ciia Genji monogatari thi nhiing tde gia trinh bay cac quan diflm ay chua tirng phu nhan hoan toan quyen tac gia ciia Murasaki Shikibu ma Ihay vao do ehi dua ra gia dinh rang ed nhiflu ngudi cung sang tdc nfln lac pham, hoac cho rdng tac pham da dugc chinh sira. bd sung, Iham chi thay ddi mdt sd ndi dung nao dd.
Ndi tdm lai, nhiing luan diflm nay dflu dugc trinh bay theo kieu dua trfln nhiing bang chirng vfl mdt sd diflm mau thuan hay thiflu linh nhat quan trong tac pham dfl dat ra nghi van xoay quanh vdn dfl sang tac ra tdc pham.
6 phia ngugc lai, hau hflt nhirng nha nghien ciru Genji monogatari cho rang tac pham la do Murasaki Shikibu sdng tac, da dua vao dau dfl khdng dinh diflu ndy? VI khong cd ban thdo gde do ehinh Murasaki Shikibu viflt, nen mgi thdng tin ve lac pham Cling nhu tdc gid dflu dugc xac dinh dua vdo nhiing thu tjch thdi Heian - ma chii yflu la Murasaki Shikibu nikki ^ ^ ^ 0 IS (Nhat ky Murasaki Shikibu) va Sarashina nikki H i^ 5 IB (Nhat ky Sarashina) - ciing nhirng cong trinh ehii giai Genji monogatari do cae nha nghien ciiu bifln sofin tir thdi Kamakura (1192 - 1333) trd vfl sau, chdng ban nhu Suigensho y\^M^)> do Kawachigata (nhiing ngudi thugc hg nha Kawachi) bien soan vdo thfl ky XIII, Okuiri ^K do Fujiwara Sadaie
bifln so&n vdo khoang ndm 1233 v.v... Trong Nhdt ky Murasaki thi khdng cd Ihdng lin chinh thirc ghi nhdn sy kifln Murasaki Shikibu sdng lac Genji monogatari nhung cd kfl ehuyen Ihifln hoang Ichljo dgc vd nhan xflt vfl ngudl vifli, hay edc loai giay dugc chuan bi va cung cap cho viflc vifli lac phdm nay. Trong Nhdt ky Sarashina ihi cd vifli vfl ehuyfln tac gia nhat ky nay ihudng thirc va chep lai tdc pham Genji monogatari. Theo Nakamura Hiroshi thi nhirng nha nghifln ciiu cd uy tin tir thdi Kamakura trd dl dd cd nhirng suy luan hgp ly trfln co sd lim hiflu va danh gia vfl nang lye van chuang ciia Murasaki Shikibu dfl cho rang ba chinh la tac gia CLia Genji monogatari. Dfl ndi ro hon vfl van dfl nay, chiing toi xin trinh bay nhung gidi thiflu so luge vfl Murasaki Shikibu - mgt cay but nii ndi tiflng trfln van dan Nhat Ban thdi Heian bfln canh Sei Shonagon va Izumi Shikibu.
Murasaki Shikibu sinh Irudng Irong mpt gia dinh quy lgc, la hau due cua Fujiwara Yoshifusa trong mdt ddng doi quy loc limg lay thdi Heian vao Ihfl ky thir IX. Fujiwara Kanesuke, mgl dng Id Irong dong hg Fujiwara, la mdt tfln tudi ldn ciia lap tho Gosenshu t ^ ^ ^ (Hau soan tap - mgt thi tap ldn dugc bien soan iheo sac lenh ciia triflu dinh). Cha ciia Murasaki Shikibu la Fujiwara Tametokl, mdt tri thiic vd cung Id mdt nhd tho ldn. Nhii-ng nhd nghifln ciiu khi viflt ve than thfl Murasaki Shikibu Ihudng ndi dfln giai Ihoai kfl rang, cd lan vi mdt bai tho cam than ciia Tametokl ma Thifln hoang Ichljo da thay ddi quyflt dinh, bd nhiflm cho dng mgt chiic vy tdt hon^, va nhan xet rang
'Xem ^ ' h S S f : ^ (Imakouzi Kakusui), f^st^gfiWi S t t t l ^ J (Murasaici Shikibu - Cuoc ddi va tinh each) in trong B ^ X ^ W ^ S W M ^ S m^m^]l] ^ ^ ^
NGHIEN cdru D O H G B ^ C fl, %6 7(149) 7-2013 63
giai thoai ndy chu yeu ndi vfl tdi ndng tho ca ciia Tametokl hon la su thdng tifln ciia dng trfln hoan Id.
Murasaki Shikibu lir nhd da Id ra la ngudl cd nang Iuc vfl hge van, cd the hge chti Han nhu nam gidl vd liflp thu kifln thiic Han hgc rat nhanh. Nhiflu hgc gid hifln dai nghifln ciru vc Murasaki Shikibu da diing lir "khi chat hpc gia" hay "sir thdng tuc ihifln bam" de ndi vfl tai ndng van chuang cung nhu mire do tiflp Ihu Hiin hgc ciia ba. Diflu dd khifln eho cha ctia bd rat ngac nhifln nhung cung cd ihfl la mgt ddng Iyc dfl dng truyen dal cho con gdi nhiflu tri thirc vfl van hgc cd difln.
Theo phong tuc Ihdi Heian, con gai Irong gia dinh thudng dugc cha me sdp xflp chuyen hdn nhan. va ddi tugng kflt hdn thudng la nhu'ng ngudi quen biflt vdi gia dinh. Murasaki kflt hdn vdi Fujiwara Norltaka - mgt ngudi ciing Ihfl he vd cung kha than ihict vdi Fujiwara Tametokl, vd sinh con gal la Daini Sanml - sau trd thanh nhu mau ciia thifln hoang Relze''. Ndi chung, cac tu lieu dflu ghi nhan day la mdt cugc hon nhan ngan ngui vi Norltaka mat sdm. Sau khi chong mat, Murasaki Shikibu vao cung lam nir quan^, phuc vy cho thii phi Akiko (tire Fujiwara Shoshl), vg ciia thifln hoang Ichljo.
, 1972, tr. 74- 80 va Donald Kecne (2004), Murasaki Shi/cibu's The Tale of Genji (Edited and with an iniroduclion by Harold Bloom). Chelsea House Publisher pp.11.
^ ^HM'^ (Ishimura Sadakichi), ^^.A^ltX^^ii.
J {Murasalii Shilcihu vd Daini Sanmi), ^ : i : # ( i ) f 5 S ^ ^ l
mm ms:m^\i\ fr^-i:. 1972,tr.75.
^ "NO' quan" Irong tilng Nhat la i ^ chi nhCtng ngudi hSu can cho vua va hoang tgc thoi Heian. Nhfl-ng nguoi n^y thuong CO cha, anh hoac ch6ng la vS sT phuc vu trong quan dpi Hoang gia. Hg chu ySu phuc vy cho d6i s6ng tinh than cua nha vua va c^c cung phi, co dia vj cao hon nh&ng cung nQ chi chuyen hSu ha trong doi s6ng sinh hogt thucmg ngay.
Dya vao ca tap cua ddng hg Fujiwara^i Nhdt ky Murasaki Shikibu, cac nha nghifln curu cho rdng trong thdi gian Iam nii quan cho thii phi Akiko, Murasaki Shikibu mang lam trang eiia mgt phy nii gda bua, ndi bu6n vi euge sdng don ehiec thieu hanh phiie gia dinh; nhung bii lai, chinh hoan canh vd tdffl trang ay, kflt hgp vol tai ndng thifln bam Vr vdn tri thirc ddng kfl vfl van hgc cd difln, d5 trd Ihanh dieu kien sang tdc Iy ttrdng, dac biflt cho trudng hgp ddu tu dfl viflt tan van dai bdng chir kana. Theo lu lieu nghifln cmi, day Id giai doan dinh eao trong sy nghiep sang lae eiia ba. Theo dd, trong thdi gian nay Murasaki Shikibu dd viet nhieu tha lanka, Nhgt ky Murasaki Shikibu vd Gergi monogatari.
Tir nhiing tu lieu trfln, cd the thay rang, luy cdn nhiflu diflm ehua rd va nhiflu van dS phirc tap vfl tdc pham Genji monogatari va than thfl Murasaki Shikibu, nhung suy luan cho rang Murasaki Shikibu la lac gia Gen/i monogatari khdng phdi la khdng hgp ly, Irudc hfli vi Genji monogatari dugc viet bang chii kana - loai vdn tu ma nil gidi quy tde thdi Heian Ihudng sii dung trong viet ldch. Tuy nii gidi thdi ky ay khdng tham gia vdo chinh sy va he thdng quan Iai ciia triflu dinh, nhung cac cd gai sinh tnidng trong nhu:ng gia dinh quy tdc thi vdn dugc d^y do chu dao, tinh thdng Man hgc va cd thfl \hSS^
tho, viflt van. Bdng chirng la bfln canh Murasaki cdn cd cac nCr sT ten tudi gdn vol nhiing tac pham ndi tiflng nhu Sei Shonagon vdi Makura no soshi | t ^ T hay Izumi Shikibu vdi Izumi Shikibu nikki ^P:^5COT, IE (Nhdt ky Izumi Shikibu). Tir dd, co ff thay rang tuy Genji monogatari la mgt ki?t j tdc klidng cd tifln lfl, khd cd thi tin la xuSt hien vao thdi diflm dy, nhung khdng c6;;
64 NGHIEN CCrCI D O N G B ^ C fl, SO 7(149) 1 ^
Nghien citu khoa hpc
nghia phai Id nam gidi mdi dii biit lye dfl viet nfln mOt tdc phdm nhu vay. Han niia, xet m6c dg thdng nhat ve y thirc tham m j va tu duy nghfl thuat the hien trong tae phdm, khd CO thfl cho rdng Genji monogatari Id thdnh qua cua nhiflu ngudi cd tu tudng va trinh dg khac nhau. Vi vay cd thfl ndi, nhu nhan xet ciia nha nghifln ciiu Kano Shigefumi^, neu Murasaki Shikibu khdng phai Id ngudi viflt nfln todn bg tac pham Genji monogatari thi cung sdng tac phan ldn tae pham ay; va nflu cd ngudi ndi tiflp Murasaki Shikibu viflt phan con lai thi ngudi dy phai rdt gan vdi Murasaki Shikibu ve trinh do, tu tudng va cam thiic thdm my.
2. Nhirng van de ve lich s u van ban Genji monogatari
Nhu dd ndi d phdn trfln, tdn nghi Irong nghifln ciiu vfl Genji monogatari khdng chi cd vdn de tde gia ma cdn cd rat nhiflu thac mdc, gid thuyet vfl ban than ldc pham Genji monogatari. Dfl xem xet ve khia canh ndy, chiing tdi xin neu ra mdt sd van dfl lifln quan dfln tinh lich su cua tdc pham da dugc cac hgc gia Nhat Ban ddt ra va tim each gidi ddp trong qua trinh nghien ciiu Genji monogatari, gan lien vdi qua trinh sao chep va luu truyfln tac pham.
Trudc hflt la van dfl di ban. Cac nhd nghifln curu Genji monogatari, tuy rdng cd thfl khdng thflng nhdt y kifln d mdt sd diflm, dflu nhdn thdy vdn de tdn tai di ban ciia tac phdm nay. Va lai, nflu nhin vao lich sii bao ton va luu truyfln tac pham, se de dang thay rdng viflc phdt sinh di ban la vdn de tat yflu.
Theo gia thuyflt dang tin cay nhat hifln nay thi Genji monogatari dugc viflt trong khodng thdi gian ddu the ky XI (1001-
1008), tire la vao nua cuoi thai Heian ( 7 9 4 - 1185). Bdn thdo gdc eiia tae phdm hdn Id ban chep tay trfln gidy washi, theo ldi kfl Irong Nhdt ky Murasaki Shikibu. Vi thdi ky nay chua ed ky thuat in nfln trong qua trinh tde phdm dugc phd bifln, nhirng ngudi mudn doe bode yflu Ihich lac phdm ndy cung phdi tu chep lai bang tay, nhu tac gia Nhdt ky Sarashina da kfl rang minh tu tay chflp lai lac pham. Cd the hinh dung viflc phal sinh di bdn la do nhirng sal lech vd tinh hay cd y khi tdc pham dugc nhiflu ngudi sao chflp qua nhiflu lan nhu vay.
Vdn dfl nay cd dugc de cap va phan tich trong mgl sd bdi vifli, cdng trinh nghifln ciru ve Genji monogatari. Viflt vfl van dfl nay mdt each tap Irung va chi tiflt nhat Id tac gia Inaga Keijl vdi cdng Irinh Genji monogatari no kenkyu - seirilsu lo denryu M^^i'Jta'^
5iF ^ — f^^ ^ fe WiL (Nghien ciru Genji monogatari Vdn de hinh thdnh vd luu truyen tdc phdm). Ngodi ra, trong bd sach Nihon bungaku kenkyu shiryo H ^ J J C ^ ^ i f
^ g | 4 ^ # (Tdng hgp cac bai nghifln ciiu ve Genji monogatari) ciing cd mgt sd bai viflt phdn tich ve van dfl nay. Chang ban tdc gia Tokieda Motokl trong bai viflt "Bunsho ni okeru suiko-kaiko-bekko" 'X.'m-'-- ^ '^ ^
^lili* ^%%- TA^] {Vdn de chinh sira, cdi bien vd di bdn trong vdn cinrong) da phan lich sy khac biel vfl chii dfl cua cac chuong Irong phdn "Ujl Ihap thiflp" va cho rang tac phdm ed di ban d phan nay, hay phan nay cd thfl dugc viflt bdi hai ngudi khac nhau^.
Dfl hiflu ro hon vfl van dfl nay, cd le can phai biflt qua Hch su van ban cua tac pham
• % # 5 f i 5 C , UfA.Ch!Dtitz'0(Ditt£L\ iTruy$n Genji monogatari), ^a^'W^x., 1987.
^P^fiEME Tokieda Motoki i r i * { : i * 5 ( t 5 l t l £ • *
^ • S'lliJ (Vin de chinh sua, cai bien va dj ban trong van chuang) in trong U^^^M^M'^M'S mS:!^
mm\ ^ " W S . 1972, tr. 2 4 3 - 2 5 4 .
NGHliN C(ra DdNG BflC ^, Sd 7(149) 7-2013 6 5
Genji monogatari qua cac thai ky. Tac pham dugc sang tac vao nira cudi thai Heian, vdo liic md tdng ldp quy tgc ndm giii quyen Iyc chinh In dang d dinh cao ciia sy phdn vinh nhung sap sua bude vdo giai doan Ihodi Irao.
Vi vay, khdng khd dfl hinh dung rdng chdng bao lau sau dd, quyfln Iyc ciia tang Idp quy tdc ehuyen dan sang tang Idp vd sT, va cd nhiflu xung dgt xay ra do sy bifln ehuyfln nay. cho dfln Iuc Mac phu dugc thanh lap d Kamakura vao nam 1192. Trong hoan cdnh lich sir nhu vay, Genji monogatari - dugc xem la dinh cao vdn hgc Heian - da dugc ddn nhdn ndng nhiflt trong ddi sdng van hda cung dinh lir liic dugc viflt ra, vd tiflp tyc dugc luu truyen trong xa hdi quy tdc dang tren dudng suy thoai.
Vdo thdi Kamakura, cd cdc tdc gia ddng thdi la nha nghifln ciiu vdn hgc da tap hgp, chinh ly cac bdn chep tay Genji monogatari vdn da tdn t^i mgt thdi gian dai trong trang thai da tap va tan man. Kflt qua ciia viee lam cong phu nay la su xuat hifln eua 3 bd Genji monogatari vdi 3 tfln ggi khac nhau. Bd thir nhdt la Aobyoshibonkei W l ^ ^ f t ^ ^ (Bg sach bia xanh) hay cdn ggi la Teikahon %%.
>{i (Sdch ciia Telka), do Fujiwara Sadaie (Fujiwara Telka) tap hgp va chinh ly. Theo danh gia cua nhd nghifln ciru hien dai ikeda Kikan thi day la bd cd gia tri nhal vi cd ndi dung gan vdi nguyfln ban nhat. Bg thir hai la Kawachibon M F^ ^ (Sdch cua Kawachi), do Minamolo Mitsuyuki va con Id Minamolo Chikayuki (nhirng ngudl thude hg Kawachi, tue ddng hg da limg lam quan d Kawachi) tap hgp vd chinh ly tir nhirng bdn chep tay dugc luu truyen. Ngoai ra cdn cd mgt bg tuong ddi ddc biflt la Beppon S'J^ (nghia la mgt loai sdch khae), khdng ro ngudi bifln soan. Sach nay cd ndi dung khac vdi
Aobyoshibonkei md cung khong gi^
Kawachibon, nhung khdng phai Id mgt tS', sdch cd ngi dung khac hdn. Vi vgy cd A? ki^
cho rdng sdch ndy Id mdt sy pha trOn ciia Aobyoshibonkei vd Kawachibon, hoac U dang chua hodn chinh cua Aobyoshibonkei ma Fujiwara Sadaie liru lai Irong qud trinh:
chinh ly^ Cd 3 bg sdch tren - dac biflt \i Aobyoshibonkei - dugc xem Id vdn bdn chii^
Ihdng cua Genji monogatari, ciirfg tdn t^
Irong mgt thdi gian ddi va Id tu liflu cdn bin eho viflc chinh ly, chu giai, nghien ciiu, bien dich tac phdm lir thdi Kamakura trd vfl sau, ddng thdi eung Id tu li?u cho an ban Genji monogatari dau tien trong thdi Edo (1600- 1867).
Tir thdi Muromachi trd di, viflc ghi chflp, chinh ly Genji monogatari van dugc tiflp tuc thuc hien ciing vdi viflc ehii gidi, nghien cuu vd phfl binh tae pham. Vi tat ca nhiing tu lieu ghi chep Irong thdi Irung dai deu la ban viet lay nfln ciing trong khoang thdi gian do, tu lieu ve Genji monogatari tdng len rat nhieu vfl sd lugng (riflng vdn ban Genji monogatari Ihdi Muromachi da cd mdt tram mdy chyc ban) ddng Ihdi cd nhung cdng trinh da hoan Ihifln lai bj phan tdn, that lac ddn di. Bo Aobyoshibonkei cua Fujiwara Sadaie ciing bi that lac khd nhiflu, den nay chi cdn Iai 4 chuong.
Dfln cudi thdi Edo, nhd du nhap V$ thuSt in, van ban Genji monogatari dugc ehuyen sang mgt hinh thuc mdi, tao diflu kien cho viec bao tdn tae pham d dang thdng nhat v6;.
ngi dung. Ban in Genji monogatari dau tien"^
dugc thuc hifln vao khoang cudi thfl ky XVI ddu the ky XVH, ed ten la Kokatsujibon t T S ^ ^ (nghia la ban in boat tir c6). Ban nay
'mfflftjE Ikeda Kikan, m.$zmm\^m-t^1k%
(Khdo luan vitJenji monogatari), @ | & # 0 , 1947.
66 NGHI£N caa DONQ BAC R. sd 7(i49) i
Nghien citu khoa hpc
dugc in chii cd ldn, gdm 10 cudn, dfln nay vdn dugc bdo tdn tai kho sdch ciia nha xudt ban Ryumon Bunko, tai thu vi$n Qudc hgi Nhat Bdn vd thu vien trudng Dai hgc nii Tokyo.
Ngoai vdn dfl dj bdn nhu dd trinh bay, vdn dfl vfl cdc chuang (tiflng Nhdt Id "kan" # - quy^n) trong cdu tnic tdc phdm cung la mgl mang dfl tdi dugc nhieu nhd nghien ciiu quan tdm tim hieu. Theo cac nhd nghifln ciiu thi trong van ban Genji monogatari hifln nay ed cac chuang duge ggi la "narabi no kan" (cde chuang song hanh). Ngi dung d cdc chuang ndy khdng thfl hifln ro trinh lu trudc sau trong CO cau chung ciia tae phdm^. Bfln canh dd Igi cd nhung nhdn vdt dot ngdt xudt hien trong mdt chuong ndo dd, nhu mdt kiflu "di tat" vao cau chuyen ma ddc gid chua limg dugc lam quen trong nhirng chuong trudc (ching hgn nhdn vdt Rokujo dot ngdt xudt hi^n d chuong Yugao •9^). Va cung cd trudng hgp ehi ed tfln chuong ma khdng cd ngi dung (nhu chuong Kumogakure SHi ^ ) ddt ra nhieu nghi van vfl vi tri, y nghTa cua chuong nay trong tac pham, hay y dd ciia tde gia vfl chuang nay trong qua trinh sang tdc.
Thdm chi cd nhiing nhd nghifln eiiu di sau vdo ndi dung chi tiet ciia tac pham, dd cho rang chuang dau tifln ctia tae phdm ed edu tnic vd tuyen truyen phiic tap hon ca, nfln ed kha nang dugc viet sau cdc chuang khac, hogc do ngudi ddi sau viet thflm vdo'"
NhCrng thdc mdc lien quan den cac van dfl trfln trd thanh cac de tai dugc trifln khai phdn
Chang han chuong MofawAMs/ii Tj^^^j .Yomogiu Tilt' 4 j va chuong Sekima T ^ ^ j hay cdc chuong trong cSu chuyen \k ning Tamakazura.
' > # J S Nakamura Hiroshi, f i l ^ f t ^ l t g r o ^ i j (Su Wnh thinh Genji monogatari). in trong B:$;:iC^W5E^
M t S t m^mmM] t ^ ^ , 1972, tr. 1- 19.
tich trong nhiflu bai nghifln cim chuyen sau, hodc trong nhiJng chuyen ludn edng phu vfl tac phdm. Chdng hgn trong bai "Genji monogatari no seirilsu" M^'^^Wi ^ J^^..
(Su hinh thanh Gerji monogatari), nha nghifln ciiu Nakamura Hiroshi cho biflt chuong Kiritsubo ^ ^ (chuang ddu eiia tdc pham Genji monogatari) edn ed tfln ggi khac la Tsubosenzai ^ lllj" ^ , va khdng chi chuang nay ma cac chuang sau dd nhu Hahakigi ^ if-, Akashi OJ^, Niou no Miya " ^ ^ v.v...
dflu cd tfln ggi khde. Ddng thdi tac gia cung lap luan rang, trong lac pham co nhiflu diflm ngii phap dugc sir dung vao thdi Kamakura, vd mgt sd nhan vat duge miflu Id vfl mat tinh each, eu xii gidng nhu kieu phu nii difln hlnh thai trung dai, nen co nhiflu kha ndng tdc pham dugc ngudi ddi sau chinh siia hoac viflt thflm mdt sd doan, va vdn ban dugc luu truyen bi bien ddi kha nhiflu so vdi ban gdc"
Nhiing ndi dung trfln cho thay su phiic tgp trong van de lu lieu cua tae phdm Genji monogatari. Dieu dd ggi Ifln nhirng de tai nghifln cim, nhirng tim tdi phan tich thii vj vfl tdc pham, vd cung la minh chung cho thay van ban Genji monogatari hifln nay la kfll qua ciia mgl qua Irinh lich sii lau dal va phirc tap, vi vay da trai qua nhiflu thay ddi, bao gdm nhiflu sai leeh so vdi ban gdc ban dau.
Thuc Irang dd la siic hap dan va ciing la thach thirc ldn trfln con dudng nghien ciiu Genji monogatari.
3. Ljch Stf chii giai Genji monogatari Trfln thuc tfl, sy tdn lai va luu truyfln tac pham Genji monogatari khdng the tach rdi qua trinh ehu gidi, khao ciiu vfl tac phdm. Do vdy, ndi vfl nhiing van dfl mang tinh lich sir
" ^ i t t i S Nakamura Hiroshi, tWd.
NGHIEN cau DdNG BflC ((. Sd 7(149) 7-2013 67
Nghien citu khoa h^
eua lac pham Genji monogatari khdng the khdng ndi dfln van dfl chii gidi vd tiep nhgn tdc pham ndy.
Theo nha nghien ciru Inaga Kelji Ihi vi?e chii giai Genji monogatari la hfli siic can thiet dfl ddng ddo ngudi dgc tiflp can lac pham. Ngay trong chuong ddu lifln ciia edng trinh Nghien ciru Genji monogatari - Vdn de hinh thdnh vd liru truyin ldc phdm, dng dd viflt rang: '^Nhirng ngudi dgc Genji monogatari, ihoal tien vi mgl niflm hoai co mo hd nao dd, da Iat md trang ddu tifln eua bd sach nay. Nhung rdi hg ehdng mat khi ddi difln vdi mgt dung lucmg vd eiing dd sg, cgng vdi van phong, tu ngii khac xa ngdn ngir ddi Ihuong, va khdng it ngudi dd quay lung vdi Ihfl gidi cd difln"'^
Genji monogatari dugc ra ddi vao nira cudi Ihdi Heian thi dfln thdi Kamakura, nhirng bg sach ehii giai vfl lac phdm da xudi hifln, gdn nhu ddng thdi vdi nhiing van bdn chinh ly dugc ndi dfln d phdn tren. Tuy rdng khoang each giiia su xudt hien eiia Genji monogatari vdi nhirng cdng trinh ddu tifln chii giai vfl tae phdm nay ehi khoang chirng 2 Ihfl ky (tir thfl ky XI dfln thfl ky XllI), nhung dd la khoang thdi gian md lich sii vdn hda Nhdt Ban cd su Ihay ddi ldn. Tu thdi Kamakura trd dl, nhii'ng ngudi Iam ehii nfln chinh Iri Nhat Ban khdng hdn Id nhiing ngudi cd hgc thirc hay Irinh do Ihdm my cao nhat trong xa hdi, nfln vdn hda ciia thdi trung dai ddn ehuyfln sang mgt mau sdc khde, dung di va gan gui vdi tdng ldp binh dan han.
Trong hodn canh do, cd thfl hinh dung ddc gia thdi Kamakura, tuy so vdi dgc gia ngay nay thi rat gdn vdi thdi diflm ra ddi cua Genji
" ! i i H ^ - Inaga Keiji TiifttifgroiJF^E-Bgi ^ fe M\ {Nghien ciru Genji monogatari - Vdn di hinh thdnh vd luu truyin tdc phdm), ^Y^^\'^, 1977, tr. 13.
monogatari, cung gap khdng it khd khan E mudn hilu todn bg tdc pham nay, vi Genjp monogarari sit dyng ngdn ngCi, Idi viet d|c trung ciia gidi quy t^c thdi Heian, sii dyng nhiflu dien cd va cd nhieu 3? tho trich dan tir tu li?u vdn hgc cd difln. Hodn cdnh lich sir nhu vgy cd the la Iy do ra ddi ciia nhung bO.
sdch chii giai Genji monogatari.
Theo tu lieu nghien ciiu hi?n nay thi lit thdi Kamakura trd di, lich sii chii gial, nghien cuu Genji monogatari phat trifln song song vdi Hch su sao chflp va luu truyfln tac pham ndy. Vi vay, khdi lugng lu ll?u chu gidi eung dd sg va phiic tap khdng kem khfli lugng vdn ban Genji monogatari qua cac Ihdi ky lich sir.
Vi qud Irinh chu gidi Genji monogatari bat dau tir thdi Kamakura va vdn tiflp tuc phal trien cho dfln thdi hien dgi, nfln ngdy nay ngudi ta ggi chung nhCrng cdng trinh dugc bien sogn trudc thdi Meiji la
"kochushaku" iS" fl: f^ (nghTa la sdch chii gidi thdi co difln), hoac ey thfl hem, nhihig ^ cdng Irinh cd nhdi dugc bien sogn vdo thdi Kamakura va Muromaphi ihi ggi Id "kochu"
'^'{^ (cd chu giai), nhirng edng trinh dugc bifln soan sau dd eho dfln ddu thdi Edo (cu6i thfl ky XVII) thi ggi Id "kyuchu" IHJi (ciru chii gial) va nhtmg cdng trinh tir cudi thdi Edo dfln nay dugc ggi la "shinchu" Srii (tan ehu gidi).
Nhirng cdng Irinh thu^c logi "cd chu giai"
la nhung bg sdch ddu tien dugc bifln soai^^^
vdi muc dieh giai thich vfl Genji monogatari^
nhu mgt each bd trg cho ngudi dgc tiflp thu • tdc phdm nay. Theo nha nghifln cim Inaga Keiji thi nhiing cdng trinh trong giai do?n j nay ehii yflu thifln hudng vfl chu thich cac ^A kifln dugc md td trong tac phim, giai thicP cac dien c6 va cac y tho dugc trich din tir tu
.J
68 NGHIEN cau DdNG B^C ^, sd 7(149) 7-2013
Nghien citu khoa hpc
lieu van hgc co difln. Theo quan ni?m phd bifln nhat thi "cd chii giai" gom cd cac edng trinh Genjishaku M^U, Okuiri ^ A , Suigensho 7K W- ^'> , Shimeisho ^ 0^ fe^^
ihonshimeisho ^^^Hj3^>, Gencinisaihisho W.'^MWJ^, Koan Genji rongi ^L'icU^'^
M vd Kakaish 'iWH^)*. Dl kem vdi cae cdng trinh ndy cdn ed nhirng bg saeh gidi thich ngi dung Genji monogatari theo hudng ddi chieu nhan vat trong tdc phdm vdi cac nhdn vgt lich su cd thyc, sau ndy dugc cac nha nghifln ciiu hifln dgi tap hgp va chinh ly thdnh bd sdch Genji monogatari kokeizu W-
Nhung edng Irinh thude loai "cuu chii giai" dugc bifln soan trong khodng thdi gian tir niia cuoi the ky XV dfln eudi thfl ky XVII, gom ban 20 bd sdch. Trong dd thudng dugc biflt den la cdc cdng trinh nhu Genjiwahisho M^^^^> vd Kachoyosei A^%Mn ciia Ichijo Kaneyoshi, Rokasho # 1.^ ife> cua Sanjonishi Sanelaka, Kogetsusho M H ^i^
ciia Nlshimura Kigin. So vol nhiing cong trinh "cd ehii giai" thi nhiing edng trinh nay chii thich ve Genji monogatari trfln cai nhin cau tnic loan difln vfl tdc phdm, vi trong giai doan rad nhiing cdng trinh nay dugc bifln soan thi van ban Genji monogatari cung da chinh thiic dugc cdng nhan cd cau triic 54 chuong nhu hien nay. Vfl ddc diem ngi dung, theo nhgn xet ciia nhd nghifln cuu Inaga Kelji, nhihig cdng trinh thude logi "cyu ehu giai" chii trgng dfln viflc binh chu nhiing dac diem van chuong ciia tac pham hon la dac diflm tu lieu'•*
"neo^^»m li Haruki, Fjf.fttimaf^Swflf^J {Nghien cuu Lich su chii gidi Genji monogatari), ^ t f i f i , 1980.
'* inaga Keiji, tldd.
Nhu-ng cdng trinh thugc thdi ky "tdn ehu giai" dugc vifli trong khoang ihdi gian tir trung ky Ihdi Edo trd vfl sau, theo Tit diin Bdeh khoa todn thu thi dfln nam 1861 cd 10 cdng trinh thugc loai ndy dugc bifln sogn, trong dd ndi bat nhdt Id cac cdng trinh Genji monogatari tama no ogushi 'it5ift'-I^J^u Ji '^
'J^ISy (1796) ciia Motoori Norinaga, Genji monogatari shinshaku 'M^'^^%Mf\M (1762) ciia Kamo Mabuchi, Shikashichiron iS^^-t iim) (1703) ciia Ando Tameakira va Genji monogatari hyoshaku ^K:%.}nM'f^ (1861) ciia Hagiwara Hlromlchi'^. Cd the thay hau het nhiing cdng trinh "lan chii gial" dflu dugc vifli bdi cac nha qudc hgc ndi lieng.
trong trao luu qudc hgc thinh hanh d Nhal Ban vao thfl ky XVIII - XIX. Thay vi chit trgng dfln linh van chuang ciia tac pham nhu cac bd sdch "cyu chu giai", nhiing cong trinh
"tan chii giai", theo tinh thdn Nho giao thdi qudc hgc, da cd khuynh hirdng binh gial Genji monogatari theo quan niflm gido hda vfl luan ly dao dire ciia Nho giao vd Phat giao. Tuy nhifln, trong so cac nhd nghifln ciru Genji monogatari thdi ky nay cd Motoori Norinaga la ngudi da dua ra ly Ihuyflt ve y thirc tham my "mono no aware" vdi cdng trinh Genji monogatari tama no ogushi.
dugc cho Id mgt phal hifln quan trgng vfl iir duy nghfl thuat cua Genji monogatari. dugc nhieu hgc gia duong thdi va sau nay cdng nhan.
Tir thfl ky XX dfln nay, nhd nhirng diflu kifln thudn lgi do sy thay ddi hodn canh kinh tfl - xd hgi, viec tiflp nhan va nghien ciiu Genji monogatari ngay cang phat trifln, lao ra khdi lugng Ihu tich vfl lac pham ngay cang nhiflu hon, phong phii hem. Ngay nay,
^ https://ja.vi'ikipedia.org/wiki/i!gft#)R
NGHIlN cau DONG B^C k SO 7(149) 7-2013 69
Nghien citu khoa hm
ngodi nhO-ng cdng trinh chii gidi thugc cac giai doan kfl Iren cdn cd nhiflu cdng trinh mdi. Nflu tim kiem d cac thu vifln hodc ciia hang sach se thay hang loat cac cdng trinh cd lya de gan gidng nhau nhu Genji monogatari chushaku W^W^frlY-.^H (nghTa la chii gidi Genji monogatari), Genji monogatari shinshaku ilJj'iiS^^Jmi|)flJ>! (nghTa Id chu giai mdi ve Genji monogatari) hodc Genji monogatari iiyoshaku 'Ml^Wunirl'-^'l (nghTa la binh giai Genji monogatari). Vi dgc gid cang ngay cang each xa thdi dai sang tdc Genji monogatari nen trong thdi hifln dai, vice chii giai lac pham hau nhu gdn lifln vdi vice dich nguyfln tac ra tiflng Nhal kim van.
Do dd, loai sdch dugc danh gia cao va dugc diing phd bifln nhal hien nay Id saeh cd in nguyen tdc kflm Iheo phan chii gidi vd ban dich hifln dai.
Genji monogatari la mgt tuyfll lac ciia van hgc cd dien Nhat Ban da thu hiil sy quan tam cita nhiflu tang Idp, nhiflu thfl he ddc gia kfl tir liic dirge viflt ra vao Ihfl ky XI. Lich su tiflp nhdn, nghien ciru Genji monogatari tir thdi Heian den nay da lao ra mgt khdi lugng tu lieu dd so, phong phii vfl tac pham, mat khac cung lam phat sinh nhiflu "diflm md"
trong van ban, nhiflu nghl van vfl van dfl lac gia va ljch su hinh thanh tac phdm nay.
Nhirng tu lieu ay cd y nghTa quan trgng ddi vdi viflc nghifln cuu Genji monogatari trong Ihdi dai ngdy nay, cung cap cho ngudi nghien ciiu nhu-ng Ihdng lin chi tiflt, quan Irgng vfl ldc gia, vfl van bdn va vi tri tdc phdm trong ddi sdng van hgc Nhat Ban. Bfln canh dd, ngudi nghien ciru dgc biflt la ngudi nude ngoai nghifln ciru vfl van hgc Nhdt - cung cdn tim hiflu thflm vfl sy phiic
tgp va nhOng nghi vdn ndi tren dfl cd sy tl trgng can thiet khi dua ra nhimg khdng djnh, nhan xet v^ vdn bdn tac phdm, hogc c6 nhiing nghifln ciiru mdi, gdp phan lam sang td nhi/ng vdn dfl mang tinh lich su cdn tdn tgi den ngay nay.
T A I LifiU T H A M K H A O ^ 1. Donald Keene (2004), -Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji (Edited and with an ^- Introduction by Harold Bloom), Chelsea House '' Publisher.
2. M^^ Fujimolo Izumi, T [TEfiiW^
M J ^ ^ i t # c D | i E j (Biing chirng da tdc gid ciia Genji monogatari), ISHi^tttHHS, 1988.
3. \^^^m Ii Hamki, m^^^m'i^^
<f>^^\ (Nghien ciru Lich .sir chd gidi Genjt'^
monogatari) J'^B.^±, 1980. '^
4. rtliffl%^ Ikeda Kikan, ^m.^^m\Z.m
" t ^ ^ n m ^ J (Khdo ludn ve Genji monogatari),:^
@ l l » 0 , 1947. \ 5. f i l M ^ — Inaga Keiji, fM&:<^W<r>^ :
% — fiSc iz: i: {E ofc J (Nghien cuu Genji monogatari - Vdn de hinh thdnh vd luu truyen J
ldc phdm), ^r^mx 1977. ••]
6. ^m'^mr. Inaga Keiji, ^UR(Di^^^
^ i t ^ l S j (Tdc gid Genji - Murasaki Shikibu), :
^m±, 1982.
7. W^M'X Kano Shigefiimi, Uf/^Zh'q (DfAfz'O (Dn 4^ L J [Cdu chuyen vi Genji monogatari). ^O^^Sli^, 1987.
8. ^ i S ? ^ Namba Hiroshi, ^^mX^\k (Vdn hgc monogatari), H—^^^ 1971.
IVj (Bg sach nghien ciru van hgc Nhdt Ban, phan tong hgp cac bai nghifln ciiu vfl Gem monogatari tdng cgng 4 tgp), ^ ^ ^ , 1972. 4
70 NQHIEN cau DdNG B^C fl, sd 7(149) 7-20B
