iTng dung mo hinh IPA de danh gia cac thuoc tinh quan trong cua trwotig dai hoc 6* Viet Nam - Goc nhin cua hoc sinh trung hoc pho thong
Nguyin Thi Kim Chi**'
Tdm tat: (J Viet Nam. nhieu nhd qudn ly giao due tgi cdc trudng dgi hgc da coi gido due ddo tgo nhu Id mgt logi hinh dich vu vd da nhgn thdy lam quan trgng cua viee edn cung cdp dieh vu ddo tgo tot nhdm dap ieng vd thu hdt sinh vien iheo hgc tai Irudng.
Trong nghien cuu ndy, tdc gid su dung mo hinh IPA (Importance - Performance Analysis) de ddnh gid mice do quan trgng cua edc tieu chi thudc tinh cua trudng dgi hgc dudi gdc do cua nhieng hgc sinh trung hgc phd thdng (THPT) - nhiing ngudi se thu hudng djch vu gido due vd se trd thdnh nhieng sinh vien trong tucmg lai gdn. Qua day, tdc gid cung hy vgng se gop phdn hd trg cho cdc nhd qudn ly gido due trong viec xdc dinh dugc nhieng diem mgnh, diem yeu cua trudng dgi hgc, tic do cd gidi phdp nhdm ddp ieng lot han niea nhu cdu cda nhieng sinh vien tiem ndng.
Tir khoa: Md hinh IPA, Lya chgn trudng dgi hgc, Quyet djnh chgn trudng, Y dinh chgn trudng, Giao due dai hgc
1. Ve Md hinh IPA
Md hinh IPA dugc Martilla va James xay dung vao nam 1977. Ket qua nghien ciiu ciia IPA giup cho cac doanh nghiep xac djnh ro tam quan trgng ciia cac chi tieu dich vu, nhiing diem ydu diem mgnh cua san pham/djeh vu cung cap tren thi trudng. IPA dugc thuc hien bang each so sanh hai tieu chuan hinh thanh nen quyet djnh lya chgn ciia khach hang la Tim quan trgng ciia cac thudc linh va Miie do thuc hien cac thudc tinh chat lugng. Viec so sanh nay rat can thiet vi tam quan trgng cua cac thudc tinh ve chat lugng dugc coi
la su phan anh gia tri tuong ddi cita nd ddi vdi nhan thtie ciia khach hang va muc do dgt duge ciia cac thudc tinh ve chat lugng ciing can dugc ddi chieu lgi vdi muc do quan trgng cua chiing (Nigel Slack and Steve Cooke, 1991). Tir sy so sanh. ddi chieu nay xac djnh dugc hanh vi lieu dung ciia khach hang. Neu mdt thudc tinh chat lugng nao dd ma thap se phan anh mirc anh hudng it den nhgn thiic ehung ve chat lugng djch vu/san pham ciia khach hang.
Ngugc lgi neu thudc linh chat lucmg nao cao se anh hudng ldn den nhan thuc cua hg(J.D. Barsky, 1995).
'•' ThS.. Tnrdng Dai hoc Kinh doanh va Cong nghe ^^^i danh gia miic dd quan trgng Ciia Ha NOI: Email: [email protected] cac thudc tinh chat lugng, cac nha nghien
32 Thdng Hn Khoa hoc xa hdi. sd 2.2017 ciiu thudng xac dinh thdng qua cac budc
sau: (1) Thao luan nhdm cac chuyen gia, nha quan ly de liet ke day dii danh muc cac thudc tinh chat lugng de lam can cii dua ra cac danh gia; (2) Thiet k l bang hdi de thu thgp thdng tin cua khaeh hang danh gia mirc do quan trgng eiia limg thudc tinh, danh gia mirc dp thyc hien cua chiing; (3) Xir ly dii lieu va sir dung gia tri trung binh (mean) de tinh loan va so sanh eae miic dp quan trgng ciing nhu miic do thyc hien ciia limg thudc tinh chat lugng,
Den nay. md hinh IPA da dugc sir dung rdng rai trong ITnh vuc djch vu nhu du ljch. giao due. ngan hang... Rieng ddi vdi ITnh vyc giao due. IPA dugc ung dung de xac dinh tam quan trgng ciia eae thude tinh trudng dai hgc ddi vdi hgc sinh dang hgc tai cac irudng THPT khi hg lua chgn trudng dai hgc.
2. Tdng qnan cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu va de xuat md hinh cho Viet Nam
* Md htnh cita M. Joseph vd B. Jo.->eph M. Joseph va B. Joseph la nliiing ngudi dau tien ap dung md hinh IPA nhim xac djnh cac mirc dp quan trgng cua tirng thudc 'inh trirdng dai hgc ddi vdi viec lua chv).^ tiudng dai hgc ciia hgc sinh. Cac tac gia da lien hanh 2 nghidn ciiu nhim xem xel cac yeu Id anh hudng den quylt djnh lya chgn tnrdng dai hgc ciia sinh vien qudc le. Mdt la, nam 1998, tai New Zealand cac tae gia da xay dyng dtrgc 17 thang do va khao sat 300 hgc sinh cudi eip THPT'*'. Hai la, nam 2000, cac tac gia ' ' Nghicii cuu cua M. Joseph va B. Jcseph nam 1998 chia thanh 6 yeu t6 g6ni: I) Chinti sach hoc phiva h6 tro lai chinh; 2) Chuong iriiih hue; i) Khia canh co siV vat cli^t va c^c nguon luc: 4) Danh lieng {2 thang do); 5) Chung (3 iJiang .1o) V^u to Chung gom anh huong ctia gia dinh, ban be, ban cung lira va th6ng tin ciia truong dai Jioc.
da k l thira chinh cdng trinh nghien cim ciia minh d New Zealand va phit trien tiep nghien ciiu tgi Indonesia. Ddi tufpng nghien ciiu la 200 hgc sinh THPT d khu vuc trung tam cua Indonesia. Sy khac biet giQa hai nghien ciiu nay la sy phan chia 17 thang do thanh 5 y l u id. Dilm khac biet la yeu td Chung trong nghien ciiu nam 1998 dugc chuyin ten thanh yeu td Thdng tin v l chuang trinh hgc va nghe nghiep trong nghien ciiu nam 2000'*'.
* Md hinh cua Karl Wagner vd cdc cgng su
Nghien eiiu cua Kari Wagner va cac cgng su dugc tien hanh d Malaysia nam 2009, khao sal 162 hgc sinh dang theo hgc tai ldp dy bj dgi hgc hoac nhiing hgc sinh vira tdt nghiep THPT. Bdi canh giao due tai Malaysia va Indonesia cd nhieu net tuong ddng. do vay, Karl Wagner va cdng sy da ke thira nghien ciiu ciia M. Joseph va B. Joseph (1998) va dieu chinh cho phii hgp vdi muc tieu nghien cCm' '.
Ket qua nghien ciiu ciia 3 md hinh tren dugc tac gia ldng hgp trong Bang 1 (trang ben).
Nghien ciiu ciia M. Joseph vA B Joseph nSm 2000 giong 4 yeu to cua nghien ciru ma cac ong da thuc hiln nam 1998 g6m: 1) Chinh sach hoc phi va h6 trcr tai chinh; 2) Chuong trinh hpc; 3) Khia canh CO so vat chat va nguon luc; 4) Danh tiing; ngoai ra, yeu lo Chung dugc d6i thanh 5) Thong tin v^
chuong trinh hoc va ngh^ nghiep.
i"i Cl} the la mo hinh nay g6m 6 yiu to: I) Chinh sach hpc phi va ho trp tai chinh; 2} Chuong Irinh hpc: 3) Khia canh ca so vat chat, trang thiei bj va ngufin luc; 4) Danh tieng; 5) Nguon thong tin cua nha truang; 6) Ngucri anh hudng (gia dinh. ban be va ban ciing lop). Nhu vay, mo hinh ciia Karl Wagner va cong SL. da chia tach riSng yeu to Chung cua M.
Joshep va R Joshep (1998) thanh 2 yeu t6. dat ten la Thong tin cua truong dai hoc va Ngu6i anh hucmg.
Iing dmig md hinh SPn... 33 Mo hinh nghien ctiu Joseph Kee
Ming Sia
Ngoai ba nghien ciiu vira neu va tdng hgp d tren, dang chii y cdn cd md hinh nghien ctiu ciia Joseph Kee Ming Sia, thuc hien nam 2010. Ddi tugng trong nghidn ciiu la hgc sinh THPT dang hgc cac chuong trinh dy bi tai cac trudng d Malaysia, nhiing hgc sinh da cd chiing chi tir ky thi tdt nghiep qude gia (SPM/MCE), hoac chiing chi tir chuong trinh dy bj dgi hgc (cd 2 nhdm cap do A va nhdm thi tuyen dgi hgc), nghTa la nhung hgc sinh nay thuc sy cd y djnh chic ehan lua chgn trudng dai hgc tai thdi diem khao sat. Md hinh nghien ciiu dugc ke thira va cd dieu chinh tir ca 3 md hinh cita D. Chapman (nam 1981), M. Joseph va B. Joseph (nam 1998 va nam-2000) va Karl Wagner va cdng sy (nam 2009).
Bang 1: So sanh ket qua nghien ctru ciia M. Joshep va B. Joshep (1998,2000) va Karl Wagner (2009) 1 Xep
. hang
M . Joshep va B.Joshep
(1998)
M. Joshep va B.Joshep (2000)
Danh tieng Chuong trinh hoc Chinh sach hoc phi va va ho trp tai chinh
Thong tin ve chuang trinh hpc va nghe nghiep Ca sd vat chat va nguonlyc Chinh sach hpc phi va ho trq tai chinh
Danh tieng
Chuang trinh I hoc Ca so vat chat
va nguonluc Chung
'Chirone trinh 'hoc i Danh tieng
' Nguai anh 'huang , Ca so vat chat
va nguonluc Thong lin ciia truang dai hoc
Nhu vay, cd the thay, diem ehung ciia cac nghien ciiu tren la sir dung md hinh IPA trong xay dung cac chi tieu va danh gia do ludng miic dg quan trgng cua thuge tinh trudng dgi hgc theo quan diem cua hgc sinh THPT - nhiing sinh vidn tuong lai.
Trong nghien curu nay, tac gia ciing ke thira nghien ciiu cua cac tac gia neu tren va lua chgn 5 yeu td la thuge tinh cCia trudng dai hgc gdm: 1) Chinh sach hgc phi va ho trg tai chinh; 2) Chuong trinh hgc; 3) Co sd vat chat va cac ngudn luc;
4) Danh tilng; 5) Thdng tin ve nghe nghiep va chuang trinh hgc.
3. Phiromg phap nghien cihi
a. Do ludng cdc khdi niem: Ung dung theo IPA, tac gia bai viet da thiet ke mdt nghien eiiu djnh linh nhd. Tac gia mdi 5 chuyen gia trong ITnh vyc giao due, ngdn ngii. Muc tieu chinh la xem xet miic do phu hgp va diln giai chinh xac ndi dung ciia cac thang do. Cac thang do dugc ke thira tir hai nghien ciiu cua M.
Joseph va B. Joseph (1998, 2000), Karl Wagner va cgng sy (2009); va Joseph Kee Ming Sia (2010). Mdt bang eau hdi djnh lugng dugc thiet ke dua tren thang do Likert 5 diem neu len nhirng danh gia ciia ciia hgc sinh vdi miic do quan trgng cua cac thudc tinh, tir (1) khdng quan trgng den (5) rat quan trgng.
b. Phuang phdp thu thgp die lieu dugc chiing ldi thyc hien thdng qua viec phdng van cac hgc sinh THPT thudc dja ban Ha Ndi da tham gia ky thi dai hgc va Idt nghiep THPT nam 2016.
Thdi gian thyc hien dieu tra Karl Wagner va
cpng su-(2009) Chinh sach hpc phi va hd tra tai chinh
34 Th6ng Hn Khoa hoc xa h$i. sd 2.2017 bit diu tii giiia thang 6/2016 ddn hdt
thang 10/2016, dgc biet la khoang thdi gian hgc sinh trd lai trudng THPT de hodn tat cac giay td thii tuc de dang ky cac nguyen vgng, hoac xet tuyen dai hgc.
Mau thu thgp dugc chia lam hai giai dogn khac nhau. Giai dogn 1, de danh gia so bd tinh lin cay cua ckc thang do da dugc xay dung, tac gia tien hanh dieu tra vdi lugng mlu la 100 mau. Ket qua thu ve dugc 113 phieu dieu tra hgp le sir dung cho danh gia so bd; Giai dogn 2, sau khi da hoan thien ed mau bang each phat trien cd mau (mang quan he), tae gia phat di 500 phieu dieu tra cho thu thSp du; lieu nghien ctiu chinh thiic.
4. Ket qua nghien ciru va thao luan a. Md td mdu nghien cicu Sd phieu dieu Ira hgp le thu ve la 361/500 phieu sii dung cho nghidn ciiu dgt ty le hdi dap 72%. Trong dd, mau dieu tra dugc phan loai theo cac lieu chi nhu sau:
Ve gidi tinh: Trong 361 hgc sinh dugc khao sat, ty le nam nii kha can bang vdi ty le nii la 53% (191 hgc sinh) va nam la 47% (170 hgc sinh).
Ve hgc lue: Ty le hgc sinh cd hgc lyc kha chidm cao nhil vdi 58% (208 hgc sinh), tiep den la hgc sinh gidi la 32% (114 hgc sinh), sd hgc sinh hgc tiamg binh la 9% (34 hgc sinh) va 1% la hgc sinh ylu kem.
Phdn logi trudng theo khu vuc: Kit qua cho thay cd 52% sd hgc sinh hgc tai cac trudng ngi thanh (186 hgc sinh) va 48% hgc sinh hgc tai cac trudng ngogi thanh (175 hgc sinh).
Phdn logi theo loai trudng: Ty le hge sinh hge eae trudng cdng lap cung cd ty le rit cao vdi 253 hgc sinh (70%) va 30%
hgc sinh hgc tgi cac Irudng ngoai cdng lap (108 hgc sinh).
Phdn logi theo hinh thirc lua chgn trudng: Ty le tham gia du thi xet tuyen dai hgc cao gip hon 5 lin so vdi xet luyen hgc ba vdi 304 hgc sinh tham gia thi xet tuyln (84%) va chi cd 57 hgc sinh dang ky xel tuyln hgc bg (16%).
Phdn logi thdi gian dinh hudng chgn trudng: Ty le cao nhat cd djnh hudng chgn trudng la nam ldp 12 vdi 38% (138 hgc sinh), tilp theo la chua cd y djnh vdi 29% (103 hgc sinh), cd y djnh tir ldp 10 la 20% (72 hgc sinh) va thip nhit d ldp 11 vdi 13% (48 hgc sinh).
Xet vl CO ban hd so ddi tugng dieu tra kha phii hgp, ty le nii nhieu hon nam khdng dang kl (8%), ty le hgc sinh thudc ndi thanh va ngoai thanh kha can xiing. Ty le hgc sinh cd hgc luc kha, gidi chiem ty le cao (khoang 90%), ty le hgc sinh theo hgc tai cac tnidng cdng lap cao han sd hgc sinh theo hgc tgi cac trudng ngoai cdng lap dieu nay phii hgp vdi thyc te dao tao tai cac Irudng THPT hien nay tai khu vyc Ha Ndi. Nhiing hgc sinh kha, gidi thudng cd xu hudng thi dai hgc va xet nguyen .vgng do vay ty le thi xet tuyen chiem khoang 84% la rat hgp ly.
b. Ket qud ddnh gid mirc do quan trong cua cdc thuge tinh trudng dgi hgc (Bang 2)
* Danh gia miic do quan trgng ciia hgc sinh vd chinh sach hgc phi vd ho (rg tdi chinh
Ket qua phan tich tir dii lieu khao sat cho thay chinh sach hgc phi va hd trg tai chinh cd diem danh gia kha tdt vdi dilm tnmg binh la 3,871 (SD - 0,847) tren thang do 5 diem. Trong dd, khia canh dugc danh gia cao nhat d cac trudng lua chgn la "chinh sach hd trg tai chinh nhu hgc bdng, trg cap hay vay uu dai" (4,139);
va thap nhat d khia canh "chinh sach hoc phi hgp ly" (3,687).
Qhg dung mo hinh IPn.. 35
Bang 2: Banh gia ciia h^c sinh THPT ve cac chi tieu thuoc tinh ciia trirfmg dai h9c^
Chi tieu danh gia Trung
binh 9 $ Ifch
chuin
Khoang tin c?y 95%
tren C§D duoi Chinh sach hpc phi hpp ly
1 Chi phi sinh hoat hop ly
Co chinh sach ho trg tai chinh (hgc bong, trg cap, 1 khoan vay uu dai.-J
1 Che do thu cac khoan phi (hgc phi...) linh hoat B&ab gia chong ve chinh sach hgc phi Cac khoa hgc/ mon hgc voi ngi dung va cau true va 1 da dang de hgc sinh lua chgn
; Di^u kien dg dang ky cac chuong trinh hgc/ mon hoc la linh hoat
1 Cac chuang trinh hgc chuyen sau/ nang cao phii hop voi nhu cau ciia hoc sinh
Chuong trinh hgc vai nhieu ngi dung thuc tien Cho phep linh hoat khi chuyen chuang trinh hgc/
3,687 3,856 4,139 3,803 3,871 3,560 3,820 3,823 3,753 3,765
1,064 1,138 1,018
3,577 3,738 4,033 I,I02T 3,689 0,847 1 3,783 1,246 ! 3,431 1,087
1,076 1,129 1,151
3,707 3,711 3,637 3,645
^ 3,797 3,974 r ' 4,244
3,917 \ 3,959 3,689 3,932 1 3,934 1 3,870 3,884 '
• chuyen mdn/ chuyen nganh
Ddnb gii ehung ve chuvng trinh hQC 0,912
Mdi trudng khuyen khich hgc tap cho sinh vien 3,770 1,062 ' Cac ngudn luc can thiet de dap iing nhu cau hgc tap ! 3,953 | 1,062
3,880 ,
"77063"
cua sinh vien
Bgi ngu can bo, giang vien giau kinh nghiem, chat luong cao
Danh gia ehung ve nhan to ctf sd vat chat Truong c6 danh tieng ve hgc thuat
Trucmg co cac chucmg trinh hgc chat lugng, uy tin Truang co cac chuang trinh hgc dugc cong nhan/
danh gia cao v6 gia tri hgc thuat
3,958 3,894 3,892 3,715 4,047
1,068 1 0,944 1,099 1 1,061 j 0,986 !
3,848
3,778 ] 3,605 ! 3,945 1
4,069 3,991 4,006 3,825 4,149 I Danh gia ehung ve danh tieng nha trtrong '
Cac thdng tin lien quan den ca hoi nghe nghiep cho i
sinh vien , , Cac thong tin lien quan den ITnh virc hgc tap/ i
I nghien ciru cua sinh vien I Cac thdng tin lien quan den bac sau dai hgc hoac |
cac khda hgc de hgc bac cao hem ^ Danh gii ehung vl nhSn to thong tin nha trircmg i
3,885 ; 3,781 3,778 3,795 3,785
0,834 1,062 * 1,060 1,042 • 0,929
3,798 , 3,671 3,669
^ 3 , 6 8 7 ^ 3,689
3,971 3,891 3,888 3,903 3,881 ' Tinh loan cua tac gia vdi sy hd trg ciia phin mlm SPSS.
36 ThOng Hn Khoa hpe xti hoi. sd 2.2017 Dieu nay cho thay sy thay ddi rd ret
va rSt phii hgp vdi bdi canh hien tai, chinh sach hgc phi cua cac trudng da cd nhieu thay ddi, khoang each hgc phi giiia trudng ngoai cdng lap va cdng lap da thu hep.
Ngay trong trudng dai hgc, thi hgc phi ciJa trudng ciing cao len tiiy theo cac chuong trinh dao tao ma hgc sinh cd y dinh theo hgc. Do vay, hgc sinh quan tam nhieu den chinh sach ho trg tai chinh, hgc bdng hgc phi, cac khoan cho vay uu d§i, tir do hgc sinh cd the cd ca hdi nham giam bdt ganh nSng tai chinh cho gia dinh.
* Danh gia miic dd quan trgng cua hoc sinh ve chuang trinh hgc
Ddi vdi nhan td chuong trlnh hgc, hgc sinh da lua chgn diem danh gia ehung cung kha cao vdi dilm trung binh la 3,744 (SD = 0,912). Trong do, khia eanh dugc danh gia eao nhat la "trudng cd chuong trinh hgc chuyen sau/nang cao phu hgp vdi nhu cau cua hgc sinh" (3,823) va thip nhat d khia canh "cac khda hgc/mdn hgc vdi ndi dung va cau tnic da dang dl hgc sinh lua chgn" (3,560). Ddi tugng khao sat trong nghien ciiu nay la cac hgc sinh chuan bj vao dai hgc, kit qua nay kha thii vi. Cac hgc sinh da dan trudng thanh trong viec lua chgn chuong trinh hge. Hg can nhae va cd nhu cau dugc hgc tap, nghien ciiu sau/nang cao d cac chuyen nganh nghien ciiu de thu nhan kiln thirc.
* Danh gia cua hgc sinh vl nhan td ca sd vgt chdt vd nguon luc
Kit qua phan tich tir dii lieu khao sal cho thdy diem danh gia vl co sd vat chdt dap ling ngudi hgc tir cac hgc sinh kha tdt vdi dilm trung binh la 3,894 (SD 0,944). Trong dd, khia canh dugc danh gia cao nhat la "ddi ngu giang vien giau kinh nghiem, chdt lugng cao" (3,958) va thip nhat d khia canh "mdi Irudng khuyin khich hgc tap cho sinh vien" (3,770). Hgc sinh
quan tam nhieu den ddi ngQ giang vien vua gidi trong giang day, vira cd kinh nghidm thyc tl. Dilu nay phan anh rd thuc te rang, hgc sinh danh gia vai trd quan trgng ciia ngudi thSy trong giang d^y bac dai hgc la chii dao.
* Danh gia miic dd quan trgng cho danh tieng cua nhd trudng
Danh tieng cua cac trudng dugc lua chgn danh gia d miic kha vdi diem tnmg binh la 3,885 (SD = 0,834). Trong dd, khia canh dugc danh gia cao nhat la
"trudng cd cac chuang trinh hgc dugc cdng nhan/danh gia cao ve hgc thuat"
(4,047) va thap nhat d khia canh "trudng cd cac ehuong trinh hgc chat lugng, uy tin" (3,715). Danh tieng ciia trudng dai hgc the hien d nhidu khia canh. Ngay nay, ddi vdi hgc sinh, danh tieng, uy tin cua trudng dai hgc khdng nhung dugc hgc sinh/sinh vien, cac doanh nghiep/td chiic...
ghi nhan ma cdn phai dugc cac td chiic uy tin ve hge thuat danh gia.
* Danh gia ve miic do quan trgng cua nhan td Thong tin nha trudng vi nghi nghiep vd chuang trinh hgc
Thdng tin nha trudng eiing dugc danh gia d miic kha tdt vdi diem tnmg binh la 3,785 (SD - 0,929). Dilm danh gia cao nhat thudc ve khia canh "trudng cd cac thdng tin lien quan din bac sau dai hgc hoac cac khda hgc de hgc d bac eao hon" (3,795); va thap nhat d khia eanh
"Irudng cd cac thdng lin lien quan den ITnh vyc hge tap, nghien cim ciia sinh vien" (3,778). Nghien ciiu nay hudng den hgc sinh THPT da cd dii cac dieu kien de lua chgn trudng nao do de theo hge, do vay thdng lin ma hg quan tam nhat la cac khda hgc bac cao ban ma hg cd co hdi tham gia. Theo ket qua nghien ciiu dinh linh, hgc sinh cho rang cac trudng dai hgc cd chuong trinh dao tao thac sy, cd khda
^ g dyng md hinh JPK...
hgc lien ket vdi nudc ngoai dugc td chtic trong va ngoai nudc se lgi the.
5. Ket luan
Nghien ciiu cho thay hgc sinh THPT danh gia cac thudc tinh quan trgng cua trudng dai hgc theo thii tu tang dan tir:
Thu nhdt, co sd vat chat va cac ngudn luc, Irong do quan tam den chat lugng ddi ngii giang vien la hang dau. Thir hai la danh tieng cua trudng dai hgc, the hien chii ylu d miic do cdng nhan ciia cac td chiic uy U'n danh gia hgc thuat. Thic ba la chinh sach hgc phi va hd trg tai chinh, trong do ho trg tai chinh la quan trgng nhat. Thie lu la thdng tin ve nghe nghiep va chuang trinh hgc, hgc sinh quan tam den thdng tin ve bac hgc cao hon nham nang cao kien thiic.
Cudi ciing la chuong trinh hgc, hgc sinh de cao vai trd quan ttgng cac chuang trinh hgc chuyen sau/nang cao d bae dai hgc.
Ket qua nay cd the giiip cac nha quan ly giao due, cac nha quan ly d cae trudng dai hgc nang cao chat lugng dich vu dai hgc nham dap iing hon niia nhu cau cua hgc sinh/sinh vien; nhan thiic rd diem manh, yeu cua trudng dai hgc nham cd nhirng chien luge luyen sinh phu hgp. Ve phia hge sinh THPT, nghien ciiu nay ciing chi rd "tinh trudng thanh" cua hg trong quyet dinh lya chgn trudng the hien d vide Ur tin, sau sic danh gia cac tieu chi chit lugng cua trudng dai hgc. Tuy nliien, nghien eiiu nay ciing cd nhtmg han che nhat dinh, do la chi hudng den nhdm hgc sinh dang cd y dinh lya chgn trudng dai hgc trong tuong lai gan. Do vay, nghien ciiu tuong lai se hudng den danh gia hoan thien IPA gdm ca phan danh gia miic do thuc hien cac thudc tinh chat lugng a
Tai lieu tham khao
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