Tap chi Khoa hgc va Phat trign 2010: Tap 8, sd 1; 120- 129 TRUONG DAI HOC NONG NGHIEP HA NOI
HIEU QUA Sir DUNG DAT VUNG GO DOI HUYEN NAM DAN - TINH NGHE AN
Land use efficiency in the Low-Hill Area of Nam Dan District, Nghe An province
Tran Van Chinh , Nguyen Van Hien'
Khoa Tdi nguyen vd Moi Irit&ng. Trirdng Dgi Iwc Ndng nghiep Hd N()i Bp Tdi nguyen vd Moi trir&ng
Dia chi email tac gia lien l a c [email protected]
TOM TAT
Viing go ddi tiuyen Nam Dan, tinh Nghe An co dien tich 16.191,07 ha. Hien trang su" dung d i t nong nghiep khong mang lai hieu qua vi nhieu ly do khac nhau nhu" he thong cay trong khong phii hg'p, SLP dung dat thieu quy hoach. Hien tai c6 7 loai hinh su" dung dat: chuyen lua nu'O'c (LUTI), 2 lua - 1 mau (LUT2), 1 liia - 2 mau (LUT3), rau - mau (LUT4), cay an qua (LUT5), cay lau nam khac (LUT6) va rirng (LUT7). Tren quan d i i m sir dung b i n vQ-ng, cac loai hinh du'g'c s l p x§p theo thLP t y LUT4, LUT2, LUT3, LUT5, LUT6, LUT7 va L U T I . Loai hinh LUT cho hieu qua kinh t& cao n h i t (gia trj gia tang dat 55.420.000 d; gia trj san x u l t dat 81.470.000 d va hieu qua ddng von la 2 l l n ) . Loai hinh chuyen lua cho hieu qua kinh t4 t h i p n h i t (gia trj gia tang 15.458.000 d, gia trj san x u l t la 27.598.000 d va hieu qua ddng vdn 1,22 l l n . Trong d i l u kien cua Nam Dan, tren v i i n g go ddi, chung toi d§ x u l t ap dung cac loai hinh sau: Chuyen liia 953,48 ha, 2 lua - 1 mau 906,43 ha, 1 liia - 2 mau 27,0 ha, rau - mau 1.341,10 ha, cay an qua 66,0 ha, r i f n g 5.199,8 ha.
Tir khoa: Danh gia dat; hieu qua su* dung dat, loai hinh sir dung dat, sir dung d i t bdn vO'ng.
SUMMARY
The low - hill area of Nam Dan District, Nghe An province consists of 16,191.07 ha. Land use has been less effective due to unsuitable cropping system and lack of land use planning. There are 7 land use types: only paddy rice (LUT1), 2 paddy rice crops- upland crops (LUT2), 1 paddy rice- 2 upland crops (LUT3), vegetables - upland crops (LUT4), fruit (LUT5), perennial crops (LUT6) and forest (LUT7). With respect to sustainable land use, these cropping patterns can be classified in the following order LUT4, LUT2, LUT3, LUT5, LUT6, LUT7, LUT1. The LUT4 has highest economic efficiency, while LUT1 has lowest economic efficiency.
Key w o r d s : Cropping system, land use type, land use efficiency, low- hill area.
1. D A T VAN D E kien tfldi lieu, he lh6'ng giao thong gap nhieu lrd ngai. Ky t h u a l lrdng trgt dUdc ap dung Vung gd d6i Nghe An ndi chung va Nam cung rat khac nhau lrong dieu kien dia hinh Dim ndi rieng co dia hinh phfle lap, p h l n ldn cu the. Van de dai ra cho phat trien ben la dat dd'e. ngheo dinh dudng. Hdn nfla dieu vflng vung gd ddi la viec nang cao hieu qua 120
Hieu qua su dung dit viing go ddi iiuyen Nam Dan tinii Nghe An san xua't, dn dinh ddi sd'ng dan cU nhUng
ddng lhdi phai bao ve tai nguyen mdi IrUdng rat de bi pha vd, suy Ihdai dat (Nguyen Van Hien, 2008). De gdp p h l n phat t n e n ndng nghiep ben vflng vung gd ddi ndi chung va Nam Dan ndi rieng, hieu qua sfl dung da't nong nghiep vUng gd ddi dugc danh gia de linn cd sd de xuat loai hinh sfl dung lrien vgng.
2. PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtl
Dieu Ira Ihu Ihap va xfl ly eac ngudn sd' lieu va tai lieu cd san lai eac phdng, ban ehfle nang cua huyen va linh.
Dieu tra xac dinh cac loai hinh sfl dung va cac he thd'ng sfl dung da't tai vflng gd ddi cua huyen can cfl vao ban dd hien lrang sfl dung da't, ban dd dia hinh, lren ed sd dinh nghia ve vflng gd ddi eua Le Dflc An (1995), Vu Tfl Lap (1990) va cua Nguyin T r i n Trgng va cs., 1994, sfl dung p h l n mem Mapinfo. Danh gia hien lrang va hieu qua sfl dung dat theo phfldng phap dieu tra ndng thdn nhanh (RRA) Ihdng qua hdn 100 phieu dieu tra ndng hg.
- Cac chl lieu dung de danh gia hieu q u i kinh te bad gdm; Td'ng gia Iri san xua'l (GTSX); Td'ng chi phi bie'n ddng (CPBD); Gia ti'i gia tang (GTGT); Hieu qua ddng vo'n (HQDV); Gia Iri ngay cong (GTNC). Gia vat tu, san pham dugc linh lai dia phUdng nghien eflu vae lhdi diem nam 2008,
- Chi lieu danh gia hieu qua xa hdi; Kha nang dam bao an loan lUdng thuc va cung cap cac san pham cho nhu elu lai cho; Kha niing lieu Ihu san pham cua cac kieu sfl dung dat d hien tai va tfldng lai; Kha nang thu hut lao dgng giai quyet viec lam cho nong dan eua eae loai hinh sfl dung dai,
- Chl lieu danh gia hieu qua mdi Irudng;
.Mfle sfl dung phan bon; Mfle sfl dung thud'e bao ve ihflc vai; Do che phu da't cua cay trong.
- PhUdng phap xfl ly s6 lieu. Cac sd lieu td'ng hdp dUdc xfl ly va xay dflng bang bieu b i n g bang linh Excel.
3. KET QUA NGHIEN CUU
3.1. Hien trang sijf d u n g dat v u n g go doi h u y e n N a m D a n
T6ng dien lieh cua vung go d6i dugc xac dinh la 16.191,07 ha, ehie'm 55,07% dien tich lu nhien eua huyen, lrong dd; da't ndng nghiep 12.560,58 ha, dai phi n6ng nghiep 864,57 ha, dai chUa sfl dung 2.765,92ha (Hinh 1).
Vung gd ddi Nam Dan cd he ihdng sfl dung dat kha da dang va phong phu. Toan vung cd 7 loai hinh sfl dung dat vdi 25 he lh6'ng cay trdng (Bang 1) .
3.2. Hieu qua siif d u n g da't v u n g go doi h u y e n Nam D a n
Danh gia hieu qua cac loai hinh sfl dung dat du'dc xem xel d eac mat: kinh le. xa hdi va mdi trfldng bang eac chi lieu eu the. Viee danh gia dfldc lien hanh ehe tal ea cac loai hinh sfl dung dai dUa lren eac kel qua thu dUdc lrong qua lrinh dieu tra phdng van ndng hd va cae can bd dia phUdng. Trdng dd, hieu qua kinh te dUdc xem la diem khdi d i u cho viec lUa chgn cac loai hinh sU dung dai lrong tUdng lai.
3.2.1. Hieu qud kinh te
Hieu qua kinh te dUdc danh gia ihdng qua eac chi lieu tdng chi phi vat chat, long gia tri san xual, thu nhap hdn hdp, gia tri ngay edng, hieu qua mgt ddng chi phi. De lhuan ldi che viec danh gia va lfla chgn cac loai hinh sfl dung dai, eac chi lieu kmh le dfldc phan thanh eae cap khae nhau. Mfle phan chia lhee eae nhdm hieu qua dfldc the hien lrong bang 2. Mfle phan chia nay chi cd y nghia so sanh lfldng ddi va chi ap dung cho dieu kien eu the cua vung go doi huyen .Nam Dan (Nghe An).
Tran Van Chinh, NguySn Van HiSn
864,57 (ha) 5,34%
2,765,92(ha) 7,08%
12.560,58(ha) 77,58%
D DSt ndng nghiSp D Dat phi nong nghiep ^ DSt chira sir dung H i n h 1. D i e n t i c h , cd c a u stf d u n g d a t vflng go doi n a m 2007
B a n g 1. Cac loai h i n h suf d u n g d a t n o n g n g h i e p
Cac loai hinh sii dung d i t Chuyen liia
2 lua - mau 1 liia - 2 mau
• 1 . .
Chuyen rau, mau
'. • • , • • ••• .
,
Cay an qua
Cay lau nam khac Ri>ng trong
Ky hieu LUTI LUT2
• ' . ' .: ' ,
LUT3
LUT4
• ;'. .
LUT5
LUT6 LUT7
Cac he th6ng cay trong Liia xuan -liia miia Lua mua
Lua xuan - Lua mtia - Khoai lang Liia xuan - Liia miia - Ngo dong Lua xUan - Liia miia - Dau Iwang Ngo xuan - liia mua - ngo dong Lac xuan - dau he - Ngo dong 1 Lac xuan - dau tu'ang - dau co ve
Lac xuan - lac thu - xu hao Ngo xuan - dau tu'cng - ngo dong Du-a chuot - dau he - ca chua Lac xuan - du'a h l u - ngo dong Mu'op - du'a h l u - dau co ve Ot xuan - du'a hau - cai b l p Chanh
Cam Na H6ng xiem Vai , , -^
Nhan Bu-oi Chudi Dau nuoi tam Thong
Bach dan, keo, tre...
Dien tich (ha) 1163,31 81,00 191,57 527,03 7,00 27,00 795,68 41,00 100,00 17,73 27,40 20,11 316,95 203,504 528,30 87,70 23,80 74,80 34,00 23,80 20,10 482,60 66,00 50,75 3,209,05 172
Hieu qua su" dung dit vung gd ddi huyen Nam Dan tinh Nghe An
B a n g 2. P h a n cap miifc do danh gia hieu qua kinh t e svf d u n g dat
d p
danh gia Rat cao Cao Trung binh Thip
Ky hieu VH
H M L
(Tr GTSX .5 ha/nam)
>60 40-60 20-40
<20
(Tr GTGT
•.a/ha/nam)
>40 25-40 10-25
<10
GTNC (lOOOa/cong)
>55 45-55 35-45
<35
HQDV (lan)
>2.5 2-2,5 1,5-2
<1,5
Bang 3. Hieu qua kinh te cac loai h i n h siSf d u n g dat c h i n h
Loai hinh sir dung d i t Chuyen lua 2 liia - mau 1 liia - 2 mau Chuyen rau, mau Cay an qua Cay lau nam khac Rirng trbng
GTSX (lOOOd)
27.598 49.383 43,470 81 476 50 862 52.000 59,000
MifC L H H VH
H H H
CPBD (I.OOOd)
12 140 21.692 22.735 26.056 21.806 14.080 5.848
S6 cong LD (cong)
405 762 685 940 466 1 720
452
GTGT (lOOOd) Mire
15.458 27.692 20.735 55.420 29.055 37.920 17.717
M H M VH H H M
GTNC (10003/
cong) 36.79 36,36 30,27 56,81 62,92 22,05 39,34
Mire M M L VH VH L M
HQ (lln) 1,22 1,28 0,91 2,05 1,39 2,69 3,05
DV Mire
L L L H L VH VH
Tren cd sd phan cap nay, LUT ehuyen lua cd gia tri san xua't la 55,195 lrieu dong/ha vdi chi phi la 24,280 trieu ddng/ha.
Yeu clu" lao ddng dd'i vdi eay trdng eua LUT nay la 810 edng/ha. Gia iri ngay edng cua LUT nay 38,17 nghin ddng/cdng.
Tren quan diem san xua't cd lgi nhuan ke't hgp vdi dieu kien thfle te d Nam Dan, khi xem xet hieu qua kinh te, ehung tdi eho diem theo trgng sd l l n Ifldt la: GTGT - 50% sd diem, GTSX - 25%. sd diem va HQDV - 25%
so diem ldi da va thu dUde bang dinh mfle tieu chuiiii (Bang 4).
Vdl eae lieu chuan neu lren, tdng hdp so lieu tfl bang 3, ket q u i dctgc trinh bay d bang 5.
3.2.2. Hieu qud xd hdi
Pham vi nghien eflu chi de cap den mdt sd chi tieu nhu sau;
- l<ha nang dam bao an loan lUdng Ihfle va cung cap eac san pham cho nhu cau lai chd.
- Kha nang lieu Ihu san pham cua cae kieu sfl dung dai d hien lai va tfldng lai.
- Kha nang thu h u t lad ddng giii quyet viec lam cho ndng dan eua eae loai hinh sfl dung dai.
Sfl phan bd' cac loai hinh sfl dung dai lrong vung xua't phat tfl tap quan san xua't cua nhan dan dia phfldng, tfl nhu c l u tieu Ihu eua thi trfldng. Dd'i vdi vung gd ddi, san xual lfldng thfle la nganh ddng vai trd quan lrgng hang d i u vdi mue tieu phan d i u la p h i i dam bao an loan lfldng thfle. Do dd, trong danh gia hieu qua xa hdi, kha nang dam bao an loan lfldng thfle va cung cap cac san pham eho nhu cau tai ehd dfldc quan tam trflde tien. Chi tieu ve kha nang tieu thu san pham va Ihu h u l lac ddng giai quyet viec lam eho ndng dan cua cac loai hinh sfl dung dat dfldc xep ngang nhau.
Bang phfldng phap ehe diem va chgn lrgng so'theo 40:30:30 cho.3 chi lieu phan cap trong bang 6.
Tran Van Chinh, NguySn Van Hien
Bang 4. Tieu chuan danh gia miife hieu qua kinh te
Mire hieu cua cac ch VH
H M L
qua i tieu
GTGT
>40 40-30 30-20
<20
GTSX Diem
>20 20-15 15-10
<10
HQDV
>20 20-15 15-10
<10
Tong diem
>80 80-50 50-30
<30
T6ng ho'p Ml >c chung
VH H M L
LUT
Bang 5. Hieu qua kinh te ciia cac loai hinh sii dung da't
GTGT GTSX HQDV
Diem
TSng hop ig diem
36 53 45 86 56 73 65
Mire Chung L M M VH H H H LUTI
LUT2 LUT3 LUT4 LUT5 LUT6 LUT7
23 31 28 45, 33 38 25
6 15 12 25 15 17 19
7 7 5 16 8 18 21
Bang 6. Phan cap mufc do hieu qua xa hoi (diem)
Mire danh gia Rat eao Cao Trung binh Thip
Ky hieu VH
H M L
Kha
. • ' !
nang cung cap san phim
40-30 30-20 20-0
< 10
Kha nang dam bao thi tru'ong
30-25 25-15 15-10
< 10
Kha nang thu lao dong 30-25 25-15 15-10
< 10
hilt Tong diem
>90 90-70 7 0 - 5 0
<50
Bang 7. Hieu qua xa hoi ciia cac loai hinh sii dung da't nong nghiep vung go doi
LUT Kha nang cung d p san pham
Kha nang dam bao thi tru'ong
Kha nang thu hiit
lao dpng Danh gia chung Chuyen liia
2 liia - mau 1 lua - 2 mau Chuyen rau mau Cay an qua Cay lau nam Rirng
30 40 20 40 40 10 20
20 30 20 30 30 10 30.
10 20 10 30
io
30 10
60 90 50 90 80 50 60
M VH L VH
H L M
124
Hieu qua su dung d i t viing go ddi huyen Nam Ban tinh Nghe An
Hieu qua xa hgi cua cac loai hinh sfl dung dai vUng gd ddi huyen Nam Dan dUde bieu dien d b i n g 7. treng dd:
- Nhom loai hinh sfl dung dai 2 lua - mau. chuyen rau. mau, cay an qua dat hieu qua cao. Trong tUOng lai. loai hinh nay dUdc du kie'n md rdng de phu hdp vdi kha nang phat Lrien san xual cua vung va lhi trUdng lrdng khu vUc. Tuy nhien vdi eay an qua dei hdi mfle diu lu ban d i u eao nen kha nang md rgng phu thudc vao hifdng Uu lien dau lU phat trien cua dia phUdng.
- Ldai hinh sfl dung da't chuyen lua dUdc nong dan cdi la lay cdng lam lai nen dai bg phan cae hg lrdng lua chu ye'u lan dung lao dgng lrong nha, san pham eung cap eho gia dinh lii chu yeu, gia Iri ngay cdng lao dgng (38.170 d), nen hieu qua xa hdi chi dat d trung binh.
- Cac loai hinh sfl dung dat; 1 lua - 2 mau. cay lau nam khac dai hieu q u i xa hgi d mfle thap. So vdi eac LUT chuyen lua, 2 lua mau. chuyen rau, mau lhi LUT 1 lua - 2 mau va cay lau nam khae kh6ng dam bao dUde kha nang cung cap san phan. Cac loai hinh nay thu hut mfle lao dgng Ihap vi gia Iri ngay cong tha'p.
- Loai hinh sfl dung dat rflng co kha nang thu hul lao dgng dat d mfle trung binh, nhflng kha nang cung cap s i n pham va lieu Ihu luon d mfle dam bao nen hieu qua xa hgi d mfle lrung binh.
3.2.3. Hieu qud mdi trudng
Hien nay, lac ddng mdi trudng dien ra rat phfle lap va lhee nhieu ehieu hfldng khac nhau. Dei vdi san xual ndng nghiep, cay tr6ng du'dc phat trien td't khi phfl hgp vdi quy trinh ky lhuat san xua't va dac linh, chat lfldng cua da't. Tuy nhien. lrong qua lrinh san xuat dUdi sU hoat dgng quan ly cua eon ngifdi sfl dung he thdng eay trdng se lao nen nhflng anh hfldng rat khae nhau de'n m6i trfldng (Dd Nguyen Hai, 2001).
Nghien eflu nay chi de cap den mgt s6 anh hfldng ve mat mdi tru'dng cua cac kieu sfl dung dat hien lai lh6ng qua cac chi lieu nhfl mfle sfl dung phan b6n; mfle sfl dung thud'e bae ve thfle vat va do che phu dai.
• Ve mUc sii dung phdn bon
De danh gia mfle d i u lU phan bdn va xac dinh anh hUdng cua chung den vflng smh thai, de lai tie'n hanh tdng hdp 100 phieu dieu tra ve linh hinh dau tfl phan bon cho Iflng cay lrdng va so sanh kel qua vdi tieu chuan bon phan can ddi cho cac cay trdng cua Nguyen Van Bg (2000) (Bang 8).
Qua so lieu bang 8 cho lhay, lu'dng phan bdn, ly le bdn phan lrung binh gifla N;P205;K20 dd'i vdi cay lrdng eua vung gd doi huyen Nam Dan ehua hdp ly. Dac biet phan chudng cdn dUdc sfl dung qua il, Iham chi Iheo ba eon ndng dan ehe biet, d6'i vdi eay dai ngay chi dUdc bdn khi lrdng. Vdi mfle bdn lren. cd the khang dinh phan bdn dfldc sfl dung d day ehua the gay d nhiem da't. Tuy nhien, de dap flng yeu eau nang cao hieu qua sfl dung da't va san xuat nong nghiep ben vflng cua vung cin phai cd hUdng dan cu the ly le phan bdn N;P205;K20 can dd'i cho Iflng cay lrdng.
• Ve miic sii dung thuo'c bdo ve thUc vat Trong qua trinh san xual n6ng nghiep tai vung go doi huyen Nam Dan, p h l n ldn cac n6ng he deu sU dung ihude b l e ve thfle vat thed hfldng dan eua can bg hdp lac xa ndng nghiep hoac can bd bao ve thfle vat eua dia phudng. Lfldng lhu6'c bao ve ihflc vai dfldc sfl dung lUdng dd'i rgng rai, h l u hel eae loai eay lrdng (trfl ehu6i) deu phun thudc bao ve Ihflc vai il nhat 1 lln/vu. Hau hel thuo'c dfldc sfl dung dung chung loai va cd xua't xfl ro rang (Bing 9).
Tran Van Chinh, NguySn Van HiSn
B a n g 8. Liidng p h a n h d n c h o cay t r o n g diftfc dxidc sii d u n g (N, P2O5, K2O)
Cay trong
Lua xuan Lua mua Ngo Lac Dau tirong Khoai lang Mu'op Cai bap Ca chua
N kg/ha
64,4 66,24
86,6 86 55,2
8 121.6
78,2 101,2
Lu'O'ng bon P2O5 kg/ha 51 52,7 51,8 50 68 10 60 11,9 30,6
K2O kg/ha 50 50 63,5
75 60 3 68 50 55
Phan chuong
tIn/ha 8 8 6 6 1,5
6 7 4 8
N kg/ha 120-130
80-100 150-180
30 20-30 50-60 80-100 160-190 180-200
Tieu P2O5 kg/ha 80-90 50-60 70-90 60-90 40-60 40-50 60-80 60-80 90-180
chuan"
K2O kg/ha 30-60 0-30 80-100
45-60 40-60 60-90 100-120 100-120 150-240
Phan chuong
tan/ha 8-10 6 - 8 8 - 10 8 - 12 5 - 6
15-20 15-20 20-25 Tlieo .\guven I an Bd (20(10)
B a n g 9. T i n h h i n h su" d u n g t h u o c b a o ve thvfc v a t c h o m o t so cay t r o n g
Cay tr6ng chinh
Cay liia
Cay ngo Cay lac Dau tuong
Ca ehua (du'a ehupt )
Bap eai, su hao. .
Cay an qua
Ten thudc Padan 95SP Applaud 10WP Basudin 40EC Vibasa 10H Rogo 40%
Phares 50SC Ethofenprox 50EC Fenralerate 20EC Deeis 2,SEC Endosulphan 30EC Daeonil 75WP Regent 5SC Oncol 20EC Pegasus 50EC Basudin 40EC Regent Bitox40EC Sherpa 25EC
S6 lln phun 1 -2 lln/vu 1 - 2 lln/vu 1 lln/vu 1 lln/vu 1 lln/vu 1 lln/vu 2 - 3 lln/vu 2 - 3 lln/vu 3 lln/vu 3 lln/vu 2 lln/vu 3 lln/vu 3 lln/vy 1 lln/nam 1-2 lan/vu 1-2 lln/vu 1 lan/nam 2 lan/nam
Lilu lu'ong sir dung 0,8kg a.i/ha 1kg a.i/ha 0,9 kg a.i/ha 1,5kg a.i/ha 0,7-0,8 kg a.i/ha 0,7 lit/ha 0,8- 1,0 kg a.i/ha 0,8- 0,9 kg a.i/ha 0,6-0,7 kg a.i/ha 0,5 kg a.i/ha 2,3kg/ha 0,7 - 0,8 kg a.i/ha 0,8-0,9 kg a.i/ha 0,45-0,82kg/ha 0,9 kg a.i/ha 0,7-0,8 kg a.i/ha 0,9- 1,2 kg a.i/ha 0,9- 1,0 kg a.i/ha I.Xgudn: long lurp lir ket qua dieu Ira)
- Dei vdi cac cay rau nhU; ca chua. dUa chudt, bau bi. bap cai. su hao. Qua kel qua dieu tra cho thay. sd lan sfl dung Ihud'c bao ve thfle vat nhieu hdn so vdi cac cay lrdng khae, cu the ca chua 5 - 6 lln/vu, dfla chugl 7 - S lan/vu. bau bi 4 - 5 lln/vu. Cac loai lhu6c thu'dng su' dung nhU; Deeis 2,SEC li-fl
sau due qua, Daeonil 75WP va Endosulphan 30EC trfl bg p h l n d ca chua, dfla chugl, bi xanh; Regent 5SC va Oncol 20EC trfl sau td, sau khoang, bg nhay d bilp cai, rau cai...
Nhfl vay, do'i vdi cac cay rau, do s6' lan phun thuo'c nhieu, hdn nfla co lan phun ngay 126
Hieu qua su dung d i t viing go ddi huyen Nam Dan tinh Nghe An trUdc khi thu hoaeh nen lUdng thude bao ve
thuc vat cdn du trong dat va trong san pham rau qua, eo kha nang gay anh hudng xa'u den mdi trfldng dat. nfldc va chat lugng s i n pham. Tuy nhien. mfle sU dung n&y cung ehUa d nhiem moi IrUdng den mfle bao dgng va thfle le d Nam Dan lrong nhflng nam qua chfla cc vu ngc dge nao do rau lfldi gay ra.
• Do che phll ddt
Mfle do che phu I n h hfldng ldi kha nang cho'ng xoi mdn da't. Nhin chung mfle che phu cang cao dat dfldc bao ve cang let. lu'dng da't bi xoi mdn cang il. Ddi vdi mfle do che phu dai cua cay trdng, can cfl vao lhdi gian cay lrdng cd mat va mat dd cua chung de chia ra; che phu rat eao (VH), ehe phu cae (H), ehe phu lrung binh (M) va che phu Ihap (L). Cin chu y rang, cac cay lrdng ngan ngay deu dUdc lrdng tren da't cc dd ddc Ihap (<8"). Theo dd.
kel qua Ihu dfldc lrinh bay d bang 10.
Neu cho riing. mfle sfl dung phan ben va sfl dung thuo'c bao ve ihflc vat chfla lam anh hUdng xau ldi m6i trfldng lhi mfle do che phu trd nen ye'u to' quye't dinh tdi hieu qua moi tru'dng cua cac LUT.
Co the ke't luan h l u he't cac LUT dat mfle trung binh (M) ve hieu qua mdi Iritdng, rieng LUT 1 (chuyen lua) dai mfle eae (H).
Khi cho hieu qua kinh le la cd sd hang dau de dfla ra quyet ctinh ap dung met ldai hinh su' dung dai lhi la lan lUdl cd mfle KHQKT chie'm 50% sd die'm va dflgc chia ra cac mfle; rat cao vdi 40 - 50 diem, cao vdi 40 - 30 diem, trung binh vdi 30 - 20 diem va tha'p CO dudi 20 diem; HQXH chie'm 25% sd' diem
va chia ra eac mfle: rat eae eo 25 - 20 diem, cao e6 20 - 15% diem, trung binh co 15 - 10 diem va tha'p ed dudi 10 diem: HQMT ehieni 25% so' diem va chia ra cac mfle rat cao co 25 - 20 di6m, cao cd 20 - 15% diem, lrung binh CO 15 - 10 diem va tha'p dfldi 10 diem.
Tdng hdp tfl eae bang ke't qua, ddng lhdi sfl dung dinh mfle; lren 90 die'm la higu qua rat eae, 90 - 70 diem la eao. 70 - 50 diem la trung binh va dfldi 50 diem la hieu qua thap (Bing 11).
3.3. De xua't cac loai h i n h siif dung da't cd hieu qua va c6 trien v o n g
3.3.1. NhUng cdn cic lUa chpn cdc loai hinh sii dung ddt
De lfla chgn cae loai hinh sfl dung dat dfla lren ed sd 5 nguyen tae "danh gia quan ly dai dai ben vflng" cua FAO, d vung gd ddi Nam Dan, mgi loai hinh sfl dung dat dugc xem la ben vflng phai dat dfldc 3 yeu cau:
- Dal hieu qua kinh le eao; loai hinh su dung da't bao gdm nhflng cay lr6ng cho hieu qua kinh te cao, lao ra kh6'i lugng san pham ldn, dUdc lhi IrUdng chap nhan.
- Dal dUde hieu qua ve mat xa hgi; loai hinh thu hfli dfldc nhieu lao dgng xa hgi. tao ra nhieu viec lam, mang lai Ihu nhap cad, dam bao ddi sd'ng ludn dn dinh che ngUdi lao dgng.
- Dam ban ve hieu qua mdi Irudng; ldai hinh sfl dung da't il gay eac lac ddng lieu cUc cho m6i trfldng dai dai lrong sfl dung: phai lao dfldc kha nang ehe phu ldn, han che x6i men, rua lrdi dai, khdng gay ra 6 nhiem mdi trfldng, dam bao dfldc can bang sinh thai va khdng lam cho dai bi suy ihoai.
B a n g 10. Mufc do che phu da't cua cac LUT
L U T s I LUT 1 LUT 2 LUT 3
Mu'c ehe phii H M M
L U T s I LUT 4 LUT 5
Mire che phu M M
L U T s I LUT 6 LUT 7
Mire che phii M M
Tran Van Chinh, NguySn Van HiSn B a n g 1 1 .
LUT
LUTI LUT2 LUT3 LUT4 LUT5 LUT6 LUT7
H i e u q u a s i i
KHQKT
L/15*
M/25 M/25 VH/45
H/35 H/35 H/35
d u n g dat ciia cac
HQXH
M/13 VH/23
• M/13 Hf18 H/18 L/8 M/13
l o a i h i n h t r e n
HQMT
H/18 M/13 M/13 M/13 M/13 M/13 M/13
v i i n g go doi
Dan Tong diem
46/100 61/100 51/100 76/100 61/100 56/100 61/100
h u hgia
y e n N a m D a n ehung
Mire L M M H M M M 7'ic .SY) Id mire ddnh gid. mdu sd id sd diem luong ung
B a n g 12. De xuat dien tich cac loai hinh sii d u n g dat n o n g n g h i e p viing go doi h u y e n Nam D a n
Loai hinh sir dung d i t Dien tich hien trang Dien tieh de xuat Tang (+), giam (-) 2 liia
2 vu liia - mau 1 vu lua - 2 mau Chuyen rau mau Cay an qua Cay lau nam Rirng
1163,31 725,60
27,00 585,59 1.275,10
13.70 3.259,80
953,48 906,43 27,00 780,92 1 341,10
13,70 5.199,80
-209,83 -1-180,83
+ 195,23 -^66,00
.'• +1.940,0C
3.3.2. Liia chpn cdc loai hinh svC dung ddt Tfl nhflng can cfl lren va Ihdng qua kel qua danh gia hieu qua kinh te, xa hgi va m6i trfldng cua eac loai hinh sfl dung dai Ireng bang 11, cac leai hinh sfl dung dai dfldc de xuat nhif sau;
LUT2; 2 lua - 1 mau, LUT3: 1 lua - 2 mau ; LUT4: chuyen rau, mau ; LUT5; cay an qua ; LUT7; lrdng rflng. Rieng LUTI:
chuyen lua. luy hieu qua dai mfle tha'p nhUng can phai dam bao an loan lfldng ihuc nen van dUdc de xua't ap dung, mac du dien lich se giam; LL'T7; Cay lau nam (chu yeu la dau nu6i lam) du'dc gifl nguyen dien tich.
Tren ed sd hieu qua sfl dung dai, can cfl vao dieu kien cua dia phfldng va lren kel
qua xay dUng ban dd ddn vi dat dai (Le Vi Hdang, 2008). dien tieh cac loai hinh sfl dung dai dUdc de xua'l lhay ddi (Bang 12).
Leai hinh sfl dung dai 2 vu lua giam 209,83 ha do ehuyen sang 2 vu lua mau 180,83 ha va 29 ha sang ehuyen rau mau.
Loai hinh sfl dung dai ehuyen rau mau lang 195,23 ha do ehuyen tfl 2 vu lua 29 ha va loai hinh sfl dung dai eay hang nam khac 166,23 ha.
Loai hinh sfl dung dat lrong cay an qua tang 66 ha la do cai tao tfl loai hinh sfl dung dii't lrong eay lau nam khac.
Khai lhac 1.940 ha dat chua sfl dung dUa sfl dung vao mue dich lrdng rflng.
128
Hieu qua SLT dung dat viing go ddi huyen Nam Dan tinh Nghe An
4. KET L U A N
Vflng gd ddi huyen Nam Dan tinh Nghe An CO long dien lieh 16.191,07 ha. chie'm 55,07% dien tich ifl nhien eua huyen, lrong dd: dat nong nghiep 12.560,58 ha, da't phi n6ng nghiep 864,57 ha, dai ehfla sfl dung 2.765,92 ha. Hien nay lren vung nay cd 7 loai hinh sfl dung dat: LUTI; ehuyen lua.
LUT2; 2 lua - mau, LUT3; 1 lua - 2 mau.
LUT4: ehuyen rau - mau, LUT5; cay an qua, LUT6; Cay lau nam, LUT7; trdng rflng.
Hieu qua sfl dung dai cua cae loai hinh dfldc s l p xep Iheo thfl tfl; LUT4, LUT2, LUT3, LUT5, LUT6, LUT7 va LUTI. Xet ve hieu qua kinh le LUT chuyen rau - mau cho GTGT 55.420.000 d. GTSX 81.470.000 d va HQDV la hdn 2 lan; LUT chuyen lua co hieu qua tha'p nhai, vdi GTGT la 15.458.000 d, GTSX la 27.598.000 d va HQDV chi 1,22 lln. Cac LUT cdn lai cd GTGT trong khoang 20.735.00 d - 37.920.000 d, GTSX dao dgng 43.470.000 - 59.000.000 d , cdn HQDV bie'n ddng rat Idn Ifl 0,9 de'n 3,05 lln, Mgt each lu'dng dd'i, ta sap xep hieu qua xa hdi theo thfl tfl: LUT4, LUT2, LUT5, LUT 7, LUTI, LUT 2 va LUT6. Ve mat moi Ircfdng lal ca ciie LUT chl dai mfle lrung binh, trfl LUTl- chuyen lua cd the dat mfle cao.
Cac LUT dugc de xual ap dung d vflng gd ddi Nam Dan vdi dien lich cu the nhfl sau;
Loai hinh sir dung d i t 2 lua
2 vu liia - mau 1 vu liia - 2 mau Chuyen rau mau Cay an qua Cay lau nam Rirng
Dien tich hien trang 1163.31
725,60 27,00 585,59 1.275,10 66,00 3.259.80
Dien tich de xuat 953.48 906,43 27.00 780,92 1.341,10 66,00 5.199,80
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Le Dflc An (1995). Mgi s6' dae diem dia mao Viel Nam. Bao eae hdi nghi khoa hge dia chat Viet Nam l l n thfl 3, Ha Ndi.
Nguyen Viin Bg (2000). Bdn phan can dd'i va hgp ly cho eay trdng. NXB. Ndng nghiep.
Ha Ndi.
Do Nguyen Hai (2001). Danh gia dat va hfldng sfl dung dat dai ben vflng lrong san xual nong. Luan van lien si Ndng nghiep - Trfldng Dai hge Ndng nghiep Ha Ndi, Nguyen Van Hien (2008), Danh gia hieu qua
sfl dung da't ndng nghiep vung go ddi huyen Nam Dan linh Nghe An, Luan van thac si Ndng nghiep.
Le Vy Hoang (2008). Xay dflng ban dd ddn vi dai dai vung gd doi huyen Nam Dan, linh Nghe An. Luan van thac si Ndng nghiep.
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Khoa hgc ky Ihual, Ha Ngi.
Nguyen T r i n Trgng, Dong Xuan Ninh, Luu Dflc Hong, Dao Xuan C i n (1994). Kmh le go ddi vdi phat lrien san xuat hang hoa.
NXB. N6ng nghiep. Ha Ndi.
