NGON N G 0
SO 9 2008 PHAN TICH TAC PHAM VAN CHUONG
T H t f P H A N T I C H M O T B A l C A D A O H A l H l / d C T I T B I N H D I E N N G O N N G t f H O C T R I N H A N
TS LE D I N H T U d N G Bai ca dao "- Ctfdi nang, anh
toan ddn voi, ... Bao nhieu cu. rim, cu ha, /De cho con ldn, con gd no an..." dUdc d i n trong NgU vdn 10, Tap 1 (Nxb GD, 2006) khong chi
"la ldi ddi dap v u i dua cua nam n i i thudng thay trong ca dao" ma cdn bde Id kha nang t r i nhan tuyet vdi, kha nang sii dung ngdn ngu! dieu luyen va sU trai nghiem (experience) phong phii ciia ngUdi con gai Viet Nam.
1. T r i n h a n (cognition) la tat ca n h i i n g qua t r i n h tiep nhan, cai bien va l d u giii dut lieu trong t r i nhd cua con ngUdi dudi dang nhung bieu tiidng tinh than (mental representation). Nd cung dUdc coi nhU la each x i i l i thdng t i n dudi dang n h i i n g k i hieu, cai bien nd t i i dang nay sang dang khac. Hoat ddng t r i n h a n (cognitive activity) la hoat ddng tU duy d i n den viec thdng hieu mdt ndi dung nao dd.
"Ket qua ciia hoat ddng t r i nhan la tao ra mdt he thdng n h i i n g y niem giiip con ngddi hieu biet, gia dinh, suy nghi va/ hoac tddng tuqng ve cac ddi tUdng cua the gidi hien thUc va cac the gidi kha di" [1,3].
Y niem (concept) la ket qua cua qua t r i n h t r i nhan cac nhan
t d nhU truyen thdng dan tdc, tdn giao, he tU tudng, k i n h nghiem sdhg, h i n h tUdng nghe thuat, cam xuc... va he thdng gia t r i de tao ra cac bieu tUdng t i n h than. V a i trd chii yeu ciia y niem trong t d duy la pham t r u hoa, tdc nhdm hop nhiing ddi tUong cd sU gidng nhau nhat dinh nao dd thanh nhiing ldp tUdng dng. Nd quy cai da dang cua nhirng hien tUdng quan sat dUdc va tudng tUdng mdt cai gi dd thdng nhat, dda chung vao mdt he thdng va cho phep lifu giQ nhung kien thdc ve the gidi. Chinh v i vay, y niem la "nghia t r d u tUdng dUdc t d ngii va cac ddn v i ngdn ngii khac bieu dat" [5, 74] va nd the hien each n h i n the gidi cua con ngu'di qua ngdn ngii tU nhien va van hoa cua cdng ddng sd dung ngdn ngd dd.
Nhd dac t i n h he thdng cua minh, y niem thUdng dUdc sd dung vdi nghia an du, tdc vdi "sU thay the ten goi dUa tren sU ddng nhat hoa cac sU vat, hien tddng, t i n h chat... k h i t u duy lien tudng cua con ngddi phat hien ra b chung i t nhat cung cd mdt net hay mdt dac diem nao dd" [8, 2]. A n du, theo Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics,
52 Ngon ngOr sd 9 nam 2008 va so sanh (simile) la hai loai h i n h
thai t u t d phd bien nhat cua ldi ndi.
A n du y niem (conceptual meta- phor) la mdt trong nhdng hinh thdc y niem hoa, tdc qua t r i n h t r i nhan bieu hien va h i n h thanh khai n i e m mdi. Ndi each khac, nd la each nhin hien thUc nay thdng qua mdt hien thuc khac trong ddi sdhg cua con ngddi.
Y niem va an du vda mang ban sac van hoa vda mang cac dac t r d n g cua lich dai. Dd la n h d n g ndi dung can t i n h den cung la ddi tUdng cua phan tich v a n ban.
2. Bai ca dao dddc khao sat gom h a i t h a m thoai: mot t h a m thoai trao va mot t h a m thoai dap.
Tham thoai dap trong ca dao khdng ddi hdi nghiem ngat ve t i n h chinh the cua cac he thdng cung n h u cac yeu t d cua chdng doi vdi ldi ddi, n h u n g gia t r i cua cac yeu td, cua cac he thdng p h a i dUdc tdn trong va phat trien de tao nen t i n h t h i n g thua (ve t r i tue va sd dung ngdn td) giiia v a i trao doi va vai nhan ddi.
T h a m thoai trao t r o n g bai ca dao la ldi cua chang t r a i trong vai ngudi chUa vp.
Cudi ndng, anh toan didn voi, Anh so qudc cdm, nen voi khong ban.
Dan trdu, sd hq mdu hdn,
Ddn bo, sd hq nhd ndng co gdn.
Miin Id cd thu bdn chdn, Ddn con chuot beo, mdi dan, mdi ldng.
Ngoai sd h a i hudc t r o n g lap l u a n de dan den quyet d i n h ve l l vat dan eddi, ldi ddi cua chang trai mang n h i e u n d i dung.
a) Chang t r a i m d i ngudi con gai dap l a i ldi doi. Ngu'di dap phai sd dung t h d the luc bat va dam bao dUdc t i n h l i e n ket ( h i n h thdc va ndi dung) v d i l d i ddi. Ve lien ket h i n h thdc, chang t r a i da sd d u n g am dng t r o n g t d t h d tam cua cau bat. D i e u dd cd nghia la ldi dap cua cd gai p h a i b i t d i u bang cau luc va chd cudi ciing p h i i la thanh b i n g va am ang hoac dng.
Cd gai phai sd dung k h a nang ddi dap (cai ngdn) cua m i n h de t r a ldi.
b) Chang t r a i n h d cd gai chia (mdt) con chudt de l a m tiec mdi ddn, mdi ldng. Yeu cau cd gai chia chudt nhung cung khdng p h i i hoan toan la chia chudt. Chang trai m u d n t i m h i e u y n i e m cua cd gai ve gia t r i cua le vat d i n cudi, ve each lo toan viec nha va each an d vdi moi ngUdi.
Trong lap luan cua minh, chang t r a i da tao cho con chuot beo (le vat d i n cudi) va moi didn, mdi lang r a t n h i e u gia t r i (nghia).
(i) T i n h nguyen, t r o n trong le vat d i n cudi
T i n h nguyen, tron dddc bieu dat qua n h d n g y d i n h cua chang trai ve l l vat d i n cudi n h u voi, trdu, bo, thii bdn chdn, con chuot: M u d n d i n cudi nguyen/ t r o n ca con.
(ii) Su q u a n t a m cua chang t r a i ddi vdi gia dinh, ho hang nha gai
T h u phan tich.. 53 Toan dan voi, trau, bb, nhUng
chang t r a i sd, tiic "khong yen long do ludng trtfdc khd ndng khong hay ndo do" [9, 870] xay ra v6i ho hang nha gai. D u la lap luan hai hudc, nhUng trong cai hai hu6c do the hien ro y niem cua chang t r a i ve trach n h i e m cua m i n h doi vdi ngudi than.
(iii) M o n g phia nha gai td chiic bQa tiec de mdi ho hang, dan lang den chung v u i trUdc k h i cd gai di lay chong
Net nghia nay chang trai kheo leo tich hdp tii: ddn trdu, sd ho mdu hdn, ddn bb, sd ho nhd ndng co chdn, ddn con chudt, mdi ddn, mdi ldng. Tat ca nhiing chi tiet dd lam cho ngUdi nghe nhan thay le vat dan cUdi la t h a n h phan cua mdt bufa tiec cd day d i i ho hang va dan lang.
(iv) Tinh sang, to trong tiec cUdi Trong quan niem ciia ngUdi Viet N a m trUdc day, md tiec cd md bd, md ldn hoac md trau, md bd mdi la sang va mdi ddng ngUdi tdi dU mdi la tiec ldn. Dda tren y niem (ve ddng vat boh chan) dd, chang t r a i da k h d n kheo danh ddng voi, trdu, bb vdi chuot: Miin Id co thu bdn chdn. Mdc dd sang dUdc nang len vdi dac trUng beo.
Vdi each lap l u a n nay, chang t r a i khdng n h d n g dat ra van de sang va ldn trong biia tiec ma cdn neu ra mdt van de khac: tuy dieu kien vat chat cua m i n h de cd the to chdc dUdc bda tiec vda sang vda to. Dd la van de khd k h a n ddi vdi ngUdi ngheo k h i xda.
(v) Cach sd dung vat chat Thit chudt thddng khdng dddc sd dung (mdt each rdng rai) trong cac biia tiec, nhat la tiec v u i . Qua viec nhd chia con chudt, chang t r a i mudn biet y niem cua cd gai ve each sd dung vat chat vdi sd' lUdng i t va chat hfdng binh thUdng cho tiec cUdi.
Cdng vdi nhiing an du y niem neu tren, qua mbi ddn, mdi lang, chang t r a i cdn dat ra cho cd gai mdt van de khac can the hien trong ldi dap: Cach lo toan, an d.
Ngu'di Viet Nam sd'ng vui budn cd nhau. Khi xUa, nha nao cd chuyen vui, nha dd cd bdn phan mdi va cung mud'n dUdc mdi ho hang, lang xdm de'n an biia cdm mudi vdi minh.
NgUdi ta khdng t i n h nhieu de'n k i n h te. V i vay, trong chdng miic nao dd, cd the ndi la gia d i n h nao mdi lang cd nghia la gia dinh dd khao lang. Cang v u i , khao cang ldn. Chang t r a i the hien y niem dd chi bang may chii: mdi dan, mdi lang.
Cac noi dung tren la n h i i n g an du y niem lien quan den nhieu he thd'ng nghia. Chdng cung chinh la nhdng dieu k i e n dua ra cho ldi dap, dong thdi ciing la nhdng dieu can kiem chdng ve kha nang lo toan (cai cdng) va each an d (cai hanh) cua cd gai trong vai dap.
Tdm lai, bang each lap luan hai hudc thdng qua y d i n h d i n cUdi, y d i n h mdi ho hang, lang xdm den chia v u i , chang t r a i t i m hieu cac y niem cua cd gai (trong
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vai ngUdi dap chu*a co chong) ve ngon, cong va hanh.
3. Ldi dap ciia co gai the hien su" hoan hao ve ngon t d , sU thong minh, sac sao ve t r i tue, sU t i i n g t r a i ciia mot ngddi biet lo toan va ta'm ldng bao la cua mdt ngUdi phu n i l .
3.1. Nhd trai nghiem cua minh, cd gai n h a n ra cac "yeu cau" do chang t r a i dat ra va da cam On that duyen dang, dang yeu: "Chdng ddn the, em lay ldm sang, I Nd ndo em Iqi phd ngang nhd Id...".
E m cam tha'y sang, trie cam thay
"cd tien t a i va danh vong, dupe nhieu ngddi t r o n g xa hdi k i n h trpng" [9, 846]. Them vao dd, cau pha luat (bay chii thay cho sau chii) da tdn cai e le, cai nhe nhang trong ldi ndi cd gai. Tuy vay, t i n h lien ke't giiia ldi dd'i va ldi dap v l n dupe t d chdc chat che den khdng the td't hdn dupe.
3.2. Vdi kha nang lien ket van ban chat che cua minh, cd gai tiep tuc: "NgUdi ta thach ldn, thdeh gd, I Nhd em thdeh ctidi mqt nhd khoai lang". Va bang each lien ket nay, cd da kheo leo, nhe nhang va diu dang t d chdi yeu cau trdc tiep (chia chupt) cua chang t r a i . Cd da xac dinh dupe nghia tUdng m i n h khdng phai la dieu chang t r a i ndi den. Dieu chang mudn de cap den chinh la y niem ve l l vat d i n / thach cudi, ve each an d, lo toan cdng viec.
Chang t r a i xUng anh (ngdi t h d nha't, so i t ) va t u n h a n ddn eddi. Cd gai khdn ngoan dap nhd em thdeh ctidi. Thdeh ctidi - "Ra
Ngdn ngiir so 9 nam 2008 dieu kien cho nha trai ve sinh le
de ga con gai cho" [9, 909]. Thach cUdi dupe thdc hien trUdc dan cUdi.
ChUa thach sao da ddn? Rdi, nha em da thach dau ma dan sang the?
V a hdn nda, chUa biet yeu cau cua nha gai ve le vat ddn cUdi (tdc chUa cd thach) t h i dau le vat d i n cUdi cd sang t h i nha t r a i van chua tdn trpng nha gai. Cd gai da t h i n g . Cd gai cdn cao tay hdn nda: Nhd em (ngdi t h d h a i sd' nhieu) thach cUdi. Thach cUdi va d i n cudi phai lay t u each gia d i n h , hp tdc. A n h (con trai) dan cUdi v d i t u each ca n h a n dau cd dupe.
Dd la n h d n g y n i e m cua co gai ve dan cUdi va thach cUdi.
3.3. V d i viec thdeh ctidi mqt nhd khoai lang, cd gai da the hien mdt each rd r a n g y niem cua minh ve t i n h nguyen, tron ddi vdi cac dieu k i e n (le vat thach/ d i n cudi, tiec v u i , each ddi n h a n , x d the) ma chang t r a i dat ra.
Mqt, t r o n g y n i e m cua ngUdi ndng dan V i e t N a m , mdt mat la mdt so Udc lupng, mat khac, "bieu t h i t i n h chat nguyen toan khdi, k h d n g sdt mpt t h a n h phan nao",
" t i n h chat toan k h d i k h d n g the chia c i t , hoac t i n h chat thdng nha't, nha't t r i n h u mpt k h d i " [9, 642].
Mqt nhd bao h a m nghia tron, tdc
"day du, den t a n cung mdt gidi han, mpt pham v i nao do" [9, 1038]
va nguyen ven, tiic "hoan toan d i y du, khdng bi suy suyen, mat mat"
[9, 694]. V d i mqt nhd khoai lang, cd gai cd the:
T h i i phan tich.. 55 Cu to thi de mdi ldng,
Cbn nhiicu nho, ho hdng an choi.
Bao nhieu cu me, chdng oi!
De cho con tre an choi gid nhd;
Bao nhieu cu rim, cu hd, De cho con lqn, con gd no an.
M o t nha khoai lang da tron, da nguyen. Den dem chia ra, no van nguyen la khoai, cu v i n la cu to, cu nho va den ca cu me, cu rim, cu hd cung t r o n la khoai va van nguyen ca cu.
Chi mot ngUdi da t u n g t r a i va co kha nang t u duy nhanh nhay mdi cd the nhan ra net nghia nguyen, tron cho cac yeu td' le vat dan/ thach cUdi, tiec (thiic an, m a m cd) va tiec v u i (thanh phan t h a m gia tiec). Le vat dan cUdi ciia chang trai la thu boh chdn.
Tuy nhien, de mdi ddn, mdi ldng (tiic trong he thd'ng tiec), t h i nguyen cd con khdng cdn dam bao dUdc t i n h nguyen ven niia. Bdi, trong he thdng cua biia tiec cUdi nay, ddng vat bdn chan da bien t h a n h (yeu td) thUc pham. Va, trong tam thdc cua ngUdi Viet Nam, thuc pham chi la mdt bd phan (dd'i lap vdi ngu cdc) cua bda tiec ma thdi:
Mdt bda tiec, thdc pham dau rat cao sang, nhUng thie'u (thanh to) ngu cdc t h i van khdng t r o n ven.
Ndi each khac, cd gai da ngam ndi rang, nguyen ca con chudt, con bd, con t r a u hay con voi di nda, k h i da sd dung de mdi lang xdm t h i chdng ciing khdng cdn t i n h nguyen, t i n h t r o n niia.
Khoai lang, n h u nhiing ngu'di Viet N a m ngheo khac, cd gai cho rang cd the dddc ddng ddc lap cho mdt biia tiec: Mdt biia tiec nguyen khoai. Sd dung khoai lang de mdi, t d lang xdm, ho hang den tre nhd deu dUdc hudng cai tron, cai nguyen ven cua le vat thach/ d i n cUdi. Cd dUdc nhan thdc dd, cd gai phai cd nhiing trai nghiem trong cudc sd'ng gia dinh va xa hdi.
3.4. Trong dd'i dap cua minh, y niem ve nguyen, tron trong cac yeu td' (le vat thach/ dan cudi, tiec vui, an d, lo toan) cdn lai van dUdc cd gai tiep tuc duy t r i va phat trien.
Cd da sd dung le vat dan/ thach cUdi "day du, den tan cdng" ve chung loai: to - nho, nguyen - me, tdt - xau. Ngay ca nhung loai khoai bd di (cu rim, cu ha) cung dUdc t i n h toan den tan cdng de dam bao t i n h tron: t r o n viec nha.
T i n h tron trong ldi dap cua cd gai cdn bao ham nghia day du va nghia sd dung het qua liet ke cu to thi..., cbn nhd cu nho..., bao nhieu cu... Su day du va kha nang lo toan cua ngUdi dap dUdc the hien qua viec quan t a m t d ngddi ngoai xa hdi den ngUdi trong ho hang, gia dinh (ldng, hq hdng, con tre), lo toan t d viec vui, viec d den viec lam: an choi, gid nhd, chan nudi.
Chon khoai lang l a m le vat thach cUdi la sd tai t i n h cua ngUdi dap lai. B i n g viec thdeh ctfdi mqt nhd khoai lang cd gai khdng nhdng the hien sU k h i e m nhUdng, b i n h di nhung lai phd hdp vdi hoan canh cua nhdng ngu'di dan lao ddng
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trong canh ngheo, ma con khai
thac va phat t r i e n mot each t r o n ven cac y n i e m ve: le dan/ thach ctfdi, tiec ctfdi, gia t r i cua le dan/
thach ctfdi va "doi nhan, xu" the".
Cac y n i e m do n a m t r o n g cac he thong y niem (cung cac yeu to' cua chung) t h a t ro r a n g va chat che.
Ngddi da co n h i i n g y niem r a n h mach va m a u mtfc ve cong, ngon va hqnh cua p h u nut n h u da de cap d tren, lai la (trong vai) mot co gai chUa chong. M o t co gai chda chong co nang ltfc t r i n h a n n h u vay that dang t r a n trong.
Tom l a i , qua cac he thong le vat dan/ thach ctfdi, tiec cUdi, quan he ho hang, lang xom, co gai khong n h i i n g the hien dtfdc stf thong minh, horn h i n h ma con the hien dtfdc y niem ciia m i n h ve t i n h tron ven trong doi nhan, x i i the p h u hdp vdi hoan canh ngheo k h d cua nhiing nguoi lao ddng. Chon khoai lang l a m l l vat ( d i n / thach ctfdi), cd gai da the hien stf t r i nhan tuyet vdi va day t r a i nghiem ctfa m i n h theo cac he thdng l l dan/ thach cUdi, tiec ctfdi, an d va lo toan cudc sdhg cua ngtfdi phu n d trtfdc day.
T i n h hai htfdc cua bai ca dao chi la nghia ttfdng m i n h . Nd chi la phtfdng tien. N d i dung c h i n h cua nd n a m d y n i e m va an du.
Ngdn ngtf so 9 nam 2008 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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t r i nhan, tu! l i thuyet dai cUdng den thuc t i l n tieng Viet, Nxb KHXH, H, 2005.
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