D O A N H N G H I E P & P H A P L U A T
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V i s a o c a c N g a n h a n g l a n g t r a n h
H O P c I S n g b a o l a n h ?
Viec xac d j n h d u n g chu t h e t r o n g giao djch hop d o n g dan sir la h e t sue can t h i e t , giup d l thuc hien hop d o n g cung n h u xac d i n h quan he t r a n h chap (neu co) sau nay. Trong t h a i gian qua, do viec van d u n g n g o n n g u phap ly k h o n g ro rang tai cac t o chuc t i n d u n g da v o t i n h t i e p sue cho cac phan t u ca hpi lua dao.
on a i la nhung vu tranh chap co lien quan den hoat ddng the chap, vay vd'n tren dia ban Ha Ndi, cung nhu nhung vu "gom sd dd" cua hang nghin hd dan d mdt so tinh de di the chap chiem doat hen vay. Su viec ndi com den muc Ls.
Truong Thanh Due - Chu tich cdng ty luat Basico da but chien qua bai vie't "Dung, sai cua uy quyen the chap" dang tren Tap chi thi trudng tai chinh tien te, sdra thang 3/2011 de phan bac lai bai vie't "Hop ddng uy quyen, nhung van de ly luan va thuc tien ap dung phap luat" dang tren tap chi T. cua tac gia N.V.B - Tham phan Tda an nhan dan td'i cao. Theo dd, Tham phan B neu len mdt vu an "Ong Th. uy quyen cho dng D. duoc dung gia'y chung nhan quyen su dung dat cua dng Th. de cam cd', the' chap vay vd'n tai mdt Chi nhanh Ngan hang o thanh phd' Q". Ong D. khdng tra duoc no vay va da bi ket tdi lua dao chie'm doat tai san, nen cac cap Toa da quyet dinh phat mai tai san the chap cua dng Th. de thu no cho ngan hang.
Qua dd, Tham phan B da cho rang, cd mdt loat van de da bi nhan thuc va ap dung sai phap luat trong vu viec nay nhu: Hop ddng uv quyen sai trai; Hop ddng tin dung vi pham phap luat va cd su nhap nhang giua hop dong cam cd', the' chap va bao lanh. Ls. Due lai dat van de: Chang le, mdt van de co ban va rd rang
Cac ngan hang thuang lanh tranh Hpp dong bao lanh vi khong "an toan"
nhu hop ddng uy quyen, ma tu chu sd huu cho den phdng cdng chung, tu ngan hang cho den mdt loat co quan phap luat hen hanh to tung la cdng an, vien kiem sat va toa an may cap, deu nham lan, sai trai (!?).
Cudc but chien thu v i nay bat dau tu lap luan cua tham phan B cho rang: dng D da loi dung hop ddng uy quyen cd chung thuc de vay hen cho D thay vi cho Th. Ls. Due phan bac: The chap cd the duoc hieu la mdt trong nhung quyen dinh doat khac dd'i vdi tai san. Chu sd huu cd the true tiep thuc hien hoac uy quyen cho ngudi khac thuc hien quyen dd. Va ket luan, trong trudng hop nay, duong nhien ong Th. duoc uy quyen ky hop ddng the chap va da nhan danh dng D.
ky hop ddng the chap vdi ngan
hang de bao dam cho nghia vu tra no vay cua minh.
Ls. Dire tiep tuc lap luan: Ban chat cua vu viec ndi tren la dng D. vay vd'n ngan hang, cd bao dam bang the chap quyen sir dung dat (theo uy quyen) ciia dng Th.. Trong vu an ndi tren, dng D. la ngudi ky hop ddng tin dung vdi ngan hang
"vay vd'n cho chinh ban than minh"
chu khdng phai la "loi dung hop ddng uy quyen cd su chung thuc cua cdng chung" de vay vd'n ngan hang. Vi la hop ddng rin dung giua dng D. vdi ngan hang, nen dng D.
phai ky hop ddng bang chinh tu each cua minh, chu khdng the nhan danh dng Th. de ky hop ddng vay vd'n. Vi vay, dng Th. khdng cd ly do gi lai phai ky vao hop ddng rin dung nhu thac mac cua tac gia. Con
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TAP CHI PHAP LV -4SO Cl OI THANG '
Can tach bach chu the hpp dong trong giao dich the chap va bao lanh trong hop dong tin dung cd nhac
den ten ngudi the chap va tai san the chap la hoan toan can thiet va dung phap luat. Viec nay cung tuong tu nhu trong hop ddng the chap cd nhac den ten nguoi vay vd'n va hop ddng tin dung.
Ls. Due cho rang: tac gia da nham lan mpt each co ban tu uy quyen ky hpp ddng the chap sang uy quyen ky hpp ddng hn dung, nen mdi cho rang da cd su "nhap nhang" trong vu viec ndi tren. Trong trudng hpp nay, dng Th. chi ky mdt hpp ddng uy quyen the chap la du yeu to phap ly, chu khdng cd bat ky ly do nao bat phai ky them mdt hpp ddng the chap hay hpp dong "bao lanh"
nua. Neu ket luan nhu Tham phan B, thi hang van hpp ddng tin dung va hop ddng the chap tai san dupe ky ket tren co sd uy quyen the chap tu trudc den nay deu vd hieu do vi pham vi pham nghiem trong quy dinh cua phap luat. Va nhu vay thi cung ctong nghia vdi viec hop ddng uy quyen ndi chung, hpp ddng uy quyen the chap ndi rieng khdng cd gia tri phap ly (!?).
Nhan tien Ls. Due nhac den ndi dung va hinh thuc cua hpp ddng uy quyen, tdi mudn ndi rd ve chu the cua loai hop ddng nay. Ve nguyen tac, chu so huu tai san (SHTS) cd the uy quyen cho ngudi khac mua ban, the chap... tai san cua minh. Tuy nhien, ngudi dupe uy quyen khdng
dupe nhan danh chrnh minh, ma nhan danh chu SHTS de dam phan, ky ket. Phai the hien rd y chi cua chu SHTS va bao cho ben uy quyen ve viec thuc hien cdng viec dd, theo khoan 1 Dieu 584 Bp luat Dan su (BLDS) ve nghTa vu cua ben dupe uy quyen. Ngudi dupe uy quyen dupe nhan danh va vi loi ich cua ngudi uy quyen, xac lap giao dich dan su trong pham vi dai dien. Bdi phap luat dan su quy dinh nguoi uy quyen phai la chu SHTS.
Dieu 715 BLDS: Hpp ddng the chap quyen su dung dat la su thoa thuan cua cac ben, theo do ben su dung dat (sau day gpi la ben the chap) dung quyen su dung dat cua minh de bao dam thuc hien nghia vu dan su vdi ben kia (ben nhan the chap), chu khdng phai vdi kieu lap luan nhu cua luat su la "duong nhien dng Th. dupe uy quyen ky hpp ddng the chap va da nhan danh dng D. ky hop ddng the chap vdi ngan hang de bao dam cho nghia vu tra np vay cua minh"!. Hay kieu "Ban chat cua vu viec ndi tren la dng D. vay vd'n ngan hang, cd bao dam bang the chap quyen su dung dat (theo uy quyen) ciia dng Th.". Chinh su nham lan viec bao dam bang... uy quyen mdi dang sp!
Luat su cho rang Tham phan B da nham lan mdt each co ban tu uy quyen ky hpp ddng the chap sang uy quyen ky hpp ddng hn dung thi tdi
D O A N H N G H I E P & P H A P L U A T
e rang, luat su cung da nham lan ve cac chu the trong hpp ddng the chap va hpp ddng bao lanh tien vay? Theo quy dinh cua phap luat hien hanh, viec bao dam tien vay bang tai san sd huu (TSSH) cua chinh nguoi vay, thi gpi la the chap, viec bao dam tien vay bang TSSH cua ngudi khac thi gpi la bao lanh! Bdi nghia vu cua ben bao lanh dupe quy dinh nhu sau:
- Dieu 369 BLDS: Trong trudng hop da den han thuc hien nghia vu thay cho ben dupe bao lanh ma ben bao lanh khdng thuc hien hoac thuc hien khdng dung nghia vu thi ben bao lanh phai dua tai san thudc sd huu cua minh de thanh toan cho ben nhan bao lanh;
- Khoan 1 Dieu 4 cua Nghi dinh 163/2006/ND-CP ngay 29/12/2006 cua Chinh phu ve giao dich bao dam: Tai san bao dam do cac ben thoa thuan va thudc sd huu cua ben cd nghia vu hoac thudc sd hiru cua ngudi thii ba ma ngudi nay cam ket dung tai san dd de bao dam thuc hien nghia vu cua ben cd nghia vu dd'i vdi ben cd quyen...
Nhu vay, ca hai loai hop dong neu tren deu cd chung thudc tinh la tai san bao dam phai thudc sd huu cua chinh minh. Nhung do chu the hpp ddng giao dich khac nhau nen he qua phap ly cung khac nhau: Vdi hpp ddng uy quyen the chap thi quyen tai san the chap phai giao nop ngay khi hpp ddng dupe cdng chung cho ben nhan the chap; dd'i vdi hpp ddng bao lanh thi chu SHTS chi phai giao nop tai san bao dam khi ben dupe bao lanh khdng thuc hien hoac thuc hien khdng du nghia vu tra np cua minh. Cd khdng su thieu ddng bp, chdng cheo giua cac Luat Dan su, Luat Dat dai va Nghi dinh 163/2006/
ND-CP.,... hay tam ly lo ngai quy dinh long leo ve nghia vu bao lanh cua chu HSTS se la "mpt tham hoa"
ma cac ngan hang dang lang tranh hpp ddng bao lanh?S
LI/ QUANG VINH
SO CUOI THANG 7/20! I • TAP CHI PHAP LY
