'J)hdfi ludi od 'Doank nghilft 86 7 (232)-2011
HOAN THllN PHAP LUAT
VE DICH VU LOGISTICS Of VllT NAM
v u THI NHUNG
\. NhOrng bait cap ciia phap luat dieu chinh djch vu logistics d Viet Nam dirdi gdc nhin Luat Thuong mai
Logistics Id thuat ngtr dugc hieu theo nhidu nghla khdc nhau. Cd ngudi hidu Id hau cau, cd ngudi Id tie'p van hoac cung img vat tu... Tuy nhien, tat cd cdch hidu dd ddu khong bao hdm het y nghia, pham vi hoat dgng ciia dich vu logistics, cung nhu chua phdn dnh dting ddn bdn chat ciia boat dgng nay "Vi vay cho de'n nay ngudi ta chua tim dugc thuat ngti thdng nhat, phti hgp dd dich ttr logistic sang tie'ng Viet.
Xuat phdt ttr viec hieu theo nhidu nghia khdc nhau nhu vay, cho nen rat hiem nudc ndo tren the gidi cd mgt van bdn didu chinh rieng vd dich xoi logistics. (J Viet Nam cting vay, dich vu logistics dugc didu chinh d nhidu van bdn phdp luat thugc nhidu ITnh vyc khdc nhau: Bg luat Dan sy nam 2005, Luat Doanh nghiep nam 2005, Luat Ddu tu nam 2005, Luat Thuong mai nam 2005, Nghi dinh sd 140/2007/ND-CP ngay 05/09/2007, Luat Canh tranh nam 2004, Luat Hdi quan nam 2005 (sira ddi),... Tuy nhien, quy dinh trye tie'p ve dich vu logistics thi chi cd Luat Thuang mai nam 2005 vd Nghi dinh sd 140/2007/ ND-CP ngay 5/9/2007 ciia Chinh phil quy dinh chi tiet Luat Thuang mai vd didu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistics vd gidi ban trdch nhiem ddi vdi thuang nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics, dac biet Id Luat Thuong mai nam 2005 da quy dinh nhtrng van dd mang tinh chat ndn tdng cua dich xn logistics, mac dti vay, luat vdn cd
nhung ban che nhat dinh.
Thu nhdt, xi dieu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistic, tai Didu 233 Luat Thuang mai nam 2005 quy dinh: "Dich vu logistics la boat dgng thuong mai, theo dd thuong nhan td chii'c thyc hidn mot hoac nhidu cong doan bao gdm nhan hang, van chuyen, luu kho. luu bai, lam thii tuc hdi quan, cac thil tuc gia'y td khdc, tu van khdch hang, ddng gdi bao bi, ghi ma ky hieu, giao hdng hoac cdc dich vu khdc cd lien quan de'n hang hod theo thoa thuan vdi khdch hang dd hudng thii lao", Nhu vay, ndi mot cdch don gian, dich vu logistics la viec thyc hien vd kidm sodt hdng hod cting nhtmg thong tin cd lien quan tir noi hinh thdnh hdng hda ddn noi tieu thy hdng hod cudi ciing. Didu dd nghla Id, Luat Thuang mai nam 2005 tie'p can logistics theo nghia hep, coi logistics gdn nhu tuong ty vdi hoat dgng giao nhan hang hda, Tuy nhien, cung can chu y dinh nghla trong Luat Thuong mai cd tinh md, the hien d chd: "... Hoac cdc dich vu khac cd lien quan tdi hdng hda". Khdi niem logistics trong mgt .so linh vyc chuyen ngdnh cung dugc coi la cd nghia hep, tire la chi bd hep trong pham vi, ddi tugng cua ngdnh dd. Tuy nhien, Luat Thuong mai nam 2005 lai khdng dd cap ve didu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistics va theo quy dinh tai Didu 234 thi thuang nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics Id doanh nghiep kinh doanh dich vu logistics theo quy dinh cua phdp luat, Chinh phii quy dinh chi tiet didu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistics trong cdc van ban hudng ddn thi hdnh. Theo dinh nghla vd dich vii
^J)hdfi ludi od 'Doank ngkilfi 86 7 (232)-2011
logistics trong Luat Thuong mai nam 2005 thi:
"Dich vu logistics la hoat dgng thuang mai, theo dd thuang nhan td chtrc thyc hien mgt hoac nhidu cong doan bao gdm nhan hang, van chuydn, luu kho, lim bai, ldm thii tuc hai quan, cdc thti tuc giay td khdc, tu van khdch hang, ddng gdi bao bi, ghi ma ky hieu, giao hdng hoac cdc dich vu khdc cd lien quan de'n hdng hod theo thod thuan vdi khdch hdng de hudng thii lao". cum ttr "thyc hien mgt hoac nhidu cdng doan" da ddn den cdch hidu neu cd mgt doanh nghiep nao dd kinh doanh bai ky mgt trong nhidu cdng vide nhu dinh nghla thi .se ddn de'n he qua la doanh nghiep kinh doanh bat ky dich vu van chuyen, hoac luu kho, luu bai... tren nguyen tdc cung bi xem Id kinh doanh dich vu logistics vd phdi ddp irng cac didu kien kinh doanh dat ra ddi vdi viec kinh doanh dich vu logistics.
Tuy nhien, doanh nghiep cung cd the lap luan khdc la dich vu van chuyen, luu kho... neu dugc cung cdp rieng re la cdc hoat dgng dgc lap, thi khdng thd xem Id dich vu ndy Id dich vu logistics vd hg kh6ng phdi chiu didu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistics.
ThU hai, ve quydn vd nghia vu ciia thuang nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics. Didu 235 Luat Thuong mai nam 2005 quy dinh quydn va nghia vu kinh doanh dich vu logistics nhu sau:
"1. Trtr trudng hgp cd thoa thuan khdc. thuang nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics cd cdc quydn xa nghla vu sau day:
a) Dugc hudng thti lao dich vu vd cdc chi phi hgp ly khdc;
b) Trong qua trinh thyc hien hgp ddng, neu cd ly do chinh ddng vi lgi ich ctia khdch hang thi thuong nhan kinh doanh dich xn logistics cd thd thuc hien khdc vdi chi ddn ciia khdch hang, nhung phdi thong bdo ngay cho khdch hdng;
c) Khi xdy ra trudng hgp cd the ddn den viec khong thyc hien dugc mgt phan hoac todn bg
nhirng chi ddn cho khach hang thi phdi thong bdo ngay cho khdch hdng dd xin chi ddn;
d) Trudng hgp khong cd thod thuan xd thdi ban cLi thd thyc hidn nghla vu vdi khdch hdng thi phdi thuc hien cdc nghia xn ciia mmh trong thdi han hgp ly-
2. Khi thyc hien viec x'an chuyen hang hoa, thuang nhan kinh doanh dich vu logisics phai tuan thil cdc quy dinh ciia phdp luat vd tap qudn van tdi".
Theo quy dinh tren, thi cdc chii thd kinh doanh dich vu logistics cd quyen thoa thuan vdi nhau vd quydn vd nghla vu. Sy thda thuan ciia cdc chii the dugc phdp luat dat len hang ddu. trong trudng hgp cdc chil the khdng thod thuan dugc thi theo quy dinh, hg cd cdc quydn vd nghia vu tai Didu 235. dd la quydn dugc hudng thii lao dich vu va cdc chi phi hgp ly khdc. Tuy nhien, "chi phi hgp ly khac" la chi phi gi thi chua co van bdn hudng ddn, hay khi thyc hien hgp ddng ve nguyen tdc thuang nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics phdi tuan thii cdc quy dinh vd nghia vu trong hgp ddng, trong dd cd viec man thil cdc chi ddn ciia khdch hdng, tuy nhien,
"qud trinh thyc hien hgp ddng, neu cd ly do chinh ddng vi Igi fch ciia khdch hdng thi thuang nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistic cd thd thyc hien khdc vdi chi ddn ciia khdch hang". Ly do chinh ddng cd thd do thdi tiet hoac vi mgt ly do khdch quan ndo dd, dd dam bdo lgi fch cho khdch hang, thuong nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics kh6ng ldm theo chi ddn ciia khach hang. Cac chi ddn ndy thudng dugc chi ro trong hgp ddng cd thd dd la chi ddn vd phuong tien de van chuydn hdng hda, hay chi ddn X'd hinh thirc bao qudn hang, phuong thii'c thanh todn... Nhung hien nay chua cd van bdn ndo hudng ddn vd van de nay. Vi vay, viec xdc dinh the nao la ly do chinh ddng neu kh6ng dugc cdc ben thda thuan ghi trong hgp ddng thi rat khd giai quye't khi
^kdfi ludi od ^oank ngkiep. 86 7 (232)-2011
cd tranh chap xdy ra.
ThU ba, quy dinh vd gidi han trach nhiem ddi vdi thuang nhan kinh doanh dich xn logistics.
Thong thudng, gidi ban trdch nhiem cua thuang nhan kinh doanh dich xu logistics thyc hien theo quy dinh cua phdp luat hoac do cdc ben ty thoa thuan. Gidi ban trdch nhiem de'n dau thudng dugc cdc ben thd hien rat ro trong hgp ddng. Dudng nhu didu khodn trdch nhiem bao gid cung dugc cdc ben rdt quan tam, dac biet la thuang nhan kinh doanh dich xn logistics. Theo Didu 238 Luat Thuang mai thi: "Trtr trudng hgp cdc ben cd thda thuan khdc, todn bg trdch nhiem cua thuong nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics khdng xorgi qud gidi ban tdn that vdi khdch hang". Day la trdch nhiem cao nhat dugc dat ra ddi vdi thuang nhan. Tuy nhien, d day khong ndi ro gidi han tdn thai cho khdch hdng Id gidi ban tdn that hien tai hay gidi ban ton thdt trong tuong lai. Vi thyc te, cd nhiing tdn that xuat hien tai thdi diem hang hda bi hu hdng, nhung cd nhiing ton thai cd tinh tuong lai. chang han do hang hda bi cham anh hudng den thu nhap hinh thdnh trong tuong lai ciia khdch hang.
Luat Thuang mai nam 2005 la co sd quan trgng cho doanh nghiep nghien ctai x'a tridn khai dich xu logistics. Tuy nhien. theo nhu phan tich d tren.
Luat nay vdn cdn nhtmg ban che nhat dinh cdn dugc khdc phuc trong thdi gian tdi.
2. Dinh hudng hoan thien phap luat ve dich vu logistics d Viet Nam
2.1. Hodn thien phdp ludt ve dich VM logistic phdi dqt trong tdng the hodn thien phdp ludt thuo'ng mai noi chung
Mgt trong nhtmg nguyen tdc quan trgng dugc xdc dinh ngay tu ddu qua trinh xay dyng Luat Thuang mai nam 2005 dd thay the Luat Thuang mai nam 1997 la cu thd hod dudng Idi. chinh sdch dd bdo ddm tinh khd thi cua quy dinh phdp luat. Do
dd. Luat Thuong mai nam 2005 da bo di nhtrng quy dinh khong cdn thiet hoac khong cdn phti hap xdi thyc tidn nhu cac quy dinh x'd chinh sach thuong mai. nhting quy dinh mang tinh phan biet ddi xir giua cdc thdnh phdn kinh te (chinh sdch uu dai ho trg cho hgp tdc xa hay nhtmg quy dinh phan biet ddi xir gitra doanh nghiep cd vdn ddu tu nudc ngoai X'd doanh nghiep trong nudc). Ben canh viec mo rgng pham xi didu chinh. thi Luat Thuong mai nam 2005 da bd sung nhimg quy dinh x'd mot sd hoat dpng thuong mai mdi. dac biet la dich vu giao nhan dugc md rgng thanh dich xu logistics (gdm nhidu boat dgng nhu luu kho. phan loai. ddng gdi, gdn mac...), dugc thira nhan rgng rai trong thuong mai qudc te. Vi vay, khi hodn thien phdp luat x-e dich xn logistics phdi dat trong x'iec hodn thien phdp luat thuang mai ndi chung x'd phti hgp vdi he thong phdp luat dd, bdng cdch:
Thu nhdt. rd sodt cdc xan bdn hien hdnh. xem xet quy dinh nao khong phii hgp se loai bd x'd thay xao dd la cdc quy dinh phu hgp hon xdi Luat Thuang mai x'a thyc te. nhu Bg luat Hang hdi Viet Nam nam 2005 can dugc tridn khai thuc hien tdt X'di viec hoan thien cdc van bdn chi tiet dudi luat;
thyc hien cd hieu qua cdc cbng udc qudc te x'd hang hdi ma Viet Nam da gia nhap. cdc hiep dinh ciia ASEAN X'd khu x'yc vi x'an tdi vd dich xu x-an tai;
tiep tuc xem xet gia nhap cdc cong udc quoc te ve hang hdi cd lien quan. Nghi dinh sd 140/2007/ND- CP ngdy 05/9/2007 quy dinh chi tiet Luat Thuong mai xd didu kien kinh doanh dich xn logistics x'a gidl ban trdch nhiem ddi vdi thuong nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics da dugc ban hdnh, nhung chua phu hgp vdi viec kinh doanh dich x'u logistics hien nay, cdn tie'p tuc nghien cuu sira ddi, qua dd tao mdi trudng phdp ly thuan Igi cho x'iec phdt tridn dich \v logistics trong Nganh Hdng hdi. Ben canh dd, Luat Giao thdng dudng bg cung can dugc sira
j)hdfi ludt od 'Doank ngkiep 86 7 (232)-2011
ddi. dua them quy dinh trdch nhiem dan su cua ngudi xan tai dudng bg nhdm tao thuan lgi cho xan tai da phucmg thtrc.
Thu hat. cdn sdm ban hdnh cdc x'an ban qux pham phdp luat dd didu chinh dich xu logistics, nurc te, mac dti nudc ta cd ca mpt he thdng phdp luat chung vd phdp luat chuyen ngdnh didu chinh dich vu ndy nhung vdn thieu, ngay bdn than Nghi dinh sd 140/2007/ND-CP ngdy 05/9/2007 quy dinh chi tiet Luat lliuong mai vd didu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistics va gidi han trdch nhiem ddi X'di thuang nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics cung khong day dii, chua bao qudt dugc hei cdc hoat dich xn logistics md mdi chi chuyen vd linh x'uc van tdi.
Thu ha. tren co sd Luat Thuong mai. cdc dao luat chuyen ngdnh cdn dugc xay dyng vd hoan thien cho phti hgp, nhtmg linh vyc boat dgng dich vu logistics cu the khong nhat thiet phdi dugc quy dinh vd cflng khdng thd quy dinh het dugc trong Luat 'ITiuofng mai ma se dugc chi ro pham xi didu chinh trong cdc dao luiit chuyen ngdnh. Chang ban nhu logistics trong van tai dudng thuy thi dugc quy dinh trong Bg luat Hang hdi nam 2005.
Luat Tliuong mai nam 2005 va van ban hudng ddn thi hanh luat ndy quy dinh nhung vdn dd mang tinh chat chung ctia dich xn logistics nhu: Khdi niem dich vu logistics, didu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistics, quydn x'd nghia vii ciia cdc thuang nhan kinh doanh dich x'u logistics, gidi ban trach nhiem... Cdn voi mdi loai hinh dich xn logistics cu thd. thi phdi dp dung cac quy dinh cua phdp luat chuyen ngdnh. Nen khi cdc luat chuyen nganh cd su thay the. sira ddi. bd sung, thi Luat Thuang mai cung phai cd sy didu chinh cho phu hgp. Ngugc lai.
khi Luat Diuong mai dugc sira ddi. bd sung xa hoan thien thi cdc luiit chuyen ngdnh didu chinh dich xu logistics cu thd cflng phai dugc hoan thien
cho tuong ung.
Khi ma cdc luat chuyen nganh da cd sy quy dinh cu thd doi x'di nhung dich xn logistic nhdt dinh thi phdp luat thuong mai cung chi qux dinh nhflng X'dn dd mang tinh chat chung ma thiM.
Thif tif. trong khi phap luat thuong mai da hoan thien bdng each xien ddn xa dp dung rat nhidu cdc van kien phdp ly, thi phdp luat vi dich vu logistics mudn hodn thien cung nen dp dung x'a vien ddn cdc xan kien phdp ly cua cdc td chu:c qudc te chuyen ngdnh nhu Lien minh Vidn thong Qudc te (ITU).
To chu'c Hang khong dan dung Qudc te (ICAO)...
Cdc X'an ban phdp ly ciia cdc td chirc qudc te nay cung Id cdc didu udc qudc teda phuong. Viec ngi luat hda vd chuydn hda nhung van kien ndy dugc thd hien ro rdng trong cdc luat chuyen ngdnh didu chinh dich vu logistics nhu Bg luat Hang hdi, Luat Hdng khong dan dung...
2.2. Hodn thien phdp luat ve dich vu logistics phdi ddp Ung yen cdu cua tu do hod thicang mai Ty do hda thuang mai Id ndn thuang mai dugc hinh thanh va phdt tridn theo cung cdu va cdc quy luat kinh tethi truong, khong cd sucan trd bdi bien phdp hanh chinh cua Nhd nudc. Trong thuang mai qudc te, thuong mai ty do dugc hieu Id mpt ndn thuong mai ma vd nguyen tac, dp dung chinh sdch cho hang hda, dich xn, von va lao dpng dugc ty do di chuyen qua bien gidi. Trong thyc te, cdc qudc gia ddu dp dung cdc chinh sdch nhdm che ngy it hoac nhidu ddi x'di sy di chuydn do.
Tuy nhien, tu do hoa thuong mai la mpt tat yen khdch quan, du mudn hay khong mudn cdc qudc gia ddu khong tranh khdi. Vi vay. dd dap iing yeu cdu ciia ty do hda thuang mai, cdc qudc gia khong ngung hoan thien phap luat ciia minh dd phu hgp xdi ""tat ydu khdch quan". Viet Nam mudn hoan thien phdp luat, trong do cd phdp luat xd dich x'u logistics, thi viec hoan thien nay phai dap ung yeu
'J)hdp ludt od 'Doank ngkiep 86 7 (232)-2011
cdu cua ty do hda thuang mai.
Viec ddp ung yeu cdu ciia ty do hda thuang mai thd hidn a cdc cam kdt ve md cira thi trudng. Hien nay, d Viet Nam da cam kei md cira thi trudng x'd cdc dich xu nhu dich xn hdng hdi. dich x'u x'an tdi hang khong vd cdc dich xn khdc... Do dd. phdp luat xd dich x'u logistics phdi dugc dat trong mdi tuong quan x'di cac cam kei md cira thi trudng. sao cho phti hgp vdi yeu cdu ciia ty do hda thuong mai.
Phap luat X'd dich x'u logistics phdi thd hien ddy dii
cdc cam kei cua Viet Nam trong x'iec mo cua thi trudng loai hinh dich xu nay. thdi ban. ngi dung phdi cd sy didu chinh cho phii hgp.
Neu phdp luat ve dich xu logistics khdng dugc dat trong mdi tuong quan x'di yeu cdu ciia ty do hda thuang mai se bi lac hau, rdi rac. khong phan anh diing ddn bdn chat ciia loai hinh dich xu nay. Vi X'ay. xiec hodn thien phdp luat vi dich vu nay khong tdch rdi trong xiec ddp urng cdc yeu cdu ctia tu do hda thuona mai D
Trdch nhiem din sir trong Hnh vac...
(Tiip llhui lriiii\; 2,SIdd bdi thudng thiet hai khi hg Id chii thd gay thiet hai vd cd trdch nhiem phai bdi thudng, cd doanh nghiep thi tinh khodn bdi thudng thiet hai vdo gid thanh sdn pham. trong khi dd cd doanh nghiep lai hi trtr xao lgi ldc sau thue.
Thu sdu: Cdn xac dmh rd bien phdp khac phuc hau qua do 6 nhidm mdi trudng thugc loai trdch nhiem nao (hdnh chfnh hay dan sy), xi theo quy dinh tai Didu 268 Bg luat Dan sy nam 2(XD5 thi:
"Khi sir dung, bdo qudn, ttr bd tdi sdn ciia minh, chu sd bun phai tuan theo cdc quy dinh ctia phdp luat xd bdo xe moi trudng: neu lam 6 nhidm m6i trudng, thi chu sd hun cd trdch nhiem cham durt hdnh vi gay 6 nhiem, thuc hien cdc bien phdp dd khdc phuc hau qua va phdi bdi thudng thiet hai"", nhung tai Didu 3 X'd cdc dieu khac trong Nghi dinh 117/2009/ND-CP ngay 31/12/2009 ciia Chinh phii xi xir ly vi pham phdp luat trong linh x-yc bao x'e moi trudng cung quy dinh cdc cd nhan hoac td chu'c gay 6 nhidm moi trudng ngodi viec bi .xu phat, cdn bi dp dung hinh phat bd sung nhu: Bugc phuc hdi moi trudng, thyc hien cdc bien phdp khdc phuc 6 nhidm moi trudng...
Nhu vay, bien phdp phiic hdi mdi Uudng, khac phuc 6 nhidm moi trudng thuoc trdch nhiem dan su hav
trach nhiem hdnh chinh? Ro rang, d day cd sy quy dinh chdng cheo giua cdc quy dinh cua phdp luat trong ITnh xyc bdo x'e moi trudng.
ThU bdy: Thdi ban dp dung trdch nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai trong linh xyc in6i trudng cung la vdn dd con nhidu tranh cai. Thiet hai phdi dupc bdi thudng todn bg xd kip thdi da trd thdnh nguyen tdc luat dinh. song trong linh vyc moi trudng, do gia tri ciia cdc thiet hai xd mdi trudng thudng rat ldn va khd xdc dinh nen da sd cdc trudng hgp, viec dp dung trdch nhiem bdi thudng todn bg vd kip thdi cdc thiet hai la didu khd cd thd thyc hien dupc.
Phdp luat can cd cdc quy dinh mang tinh linh hoat ban trong ITnh vyc nay. Chdng ban nhu. ngudi gay thiet hai ddi vdi moi trudng cd the bdi thudng mpt ldn hoac nhidu ldn trong khodng thdi gian tdi da mpt sd nam nhdt dinh ndo dd. kd ttr ngay dp dung trdch nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai.
Tdm lai. trdch nhiem dan sy trong ITnh x'yc bao X'e moi trudng d nudc ta hien nay ddng mpt vai tro quan trgng nhdm gdp phdn lam giam sy d nhiem.
suy thodi moi trudng. Chinh vi vay. viec hodn thien cdc quy dinh vi trdch nhiem dan su trong ITnh vyc bao ve inoi trudng Id cdn thiei Q
