HOfP DONG HANH CHINH - KINH NGHIEM CUA CONG HOA PHAP VA NHUTVG GQfl M d CHO PHAP LUAT
VIETNAM
Trdn Thi Thu Phuffng*
Tdm tdt: Bdi viit tim hiiu khdi niem hgp ddng hdnh chinh vd nhimg dgc diim nhan diin theo qui dinh cua phdp lugt Cpng hda Phdp; tie do dua ra ggi md cho viec xdy dung chi dp phdp ly vi hpp ddng hdnh chinh trong phdp lugt Viet Nam.
Abstract: The article seeks to clarify the concept and features of administrative contract under the law of the Republic of France; thereby it draws certain implications for devising a legal regime on administrative contract in Vietnamese law.
1. Khdi niem va d^c diem cua hgp dong hanh chinh theo qui dinh cua phap ludt Cong hda Phap
Hgp ddng hanh chinh la mdt che dinh da tdn tai kha lau trong he thdng phdp ludt cua Phap, cung vdi sy xudt hien cua phap ludt hdnh chinh. Ddy Id h6 qua eua nguyen tde phdn chia quyen lyc giiia hanh phap vd tu phdp ndi chung va giiia thdm phdn hanh chinh vd thdm phan dan sy ndi rieng. Theo dd, cdc thdm phan dan sy khdng dugc quyen gidi quyet cdc tranh chap lien quan din nin hdnh chinh'. Cac qui dinh cua phap ludt tu se khdng the dieu chinh cdc quan he phdt sinh tu viec thyc hien cdc hoat ddng cua nIn hdnh chinh quoc gia. Ca sd cua sy dilu chinh nay la sy khdc biet giila chu the cdng vdi chu thi tu, mdt ben la dai dien cho Nha nude, cho lpi ich chung, cdn mdt ben ehi vi Igi ich cua chinh minh. Chinh vi vay, chi dinh hgp ddng hdnh chinh cd nhiing dac thu nhdt dinh.
' Khoa Kinh te - Luat, Dai hgc Thucmg mai.
' Xem Pierre Tifine, Droit Administratif Francois, Revue General du Droit online, 2013, s6 4645, https://www.revuegeneraledudroit.eu/blog/2013/08/l 2/droit-administratif-fi-ancais-quatrieme-partie-chapit r e-2/, truy cap ngay 15/8/2019.
Ve bdn chat, hgp ddng Id sy thda thudn giUa cac ben tren ca sd binh dang. Tuy nhien, trong linh vyc hdnh chinh, c6 nhung vdn dl md chu the cdng khdng the thda thudn vdi ddi tdc, nhdt la khi cdc ddi tac nay lai la nhiing ddi tugng chiu sy rang bupc cua chinh nen hanh chinh va phai phuc tung Igi Ich chung. Sy bdt bmh dang giila cdc chu thi trong hgp ddng hdnh chinh bat ngudn tu viec Igi chung cua qude gia khdng the ddt dudi Igi ich cua mdt chu the tu. Do do, cd nhung trudng hgp cac quyen va nghia vu qui dinh trong hgp ddng se bi thay ddi, dieu chinh theo y chi cua chu thi cdng. Nhiing trudng hgp nay dugc du lieu trong cdc dieu khodn dugc gpi chung la dieu khodn bat can xiing vl quyin va nghia vu giiia cdc chu thi. Sy tdn tai cua cac dieu khodn bat can xiing vl quyin vd nghia vu giila chu the cdng vdi chu the tu vd cac quyen don phuang cua chu the cdng trong mot sd trudng hgp vi Igi ich chung cua quoc gia cung Id vi nhiing ly do nay.
Tu thdi Napoleon, cdc qui dinh vl hgp ddng hdnh chinh da dugc ban hanh. Dd la dao ludt ngay 28 thang Mua nam thd 8
15
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUATSO 3/2020
(khoang ngay 17/2/1800)^ Theo do, hgp ddng hdnh ehinh la nhung hgp ddng dugc ky kit bdi ehii the cdng quyin trong linh vyc cdng trinh cdng. Sau ndy, chd nghia ty do kinh te da ddn den sy xudt hien cdc loai hgp ddng hanh chinh nhu: Hgp ddng nhupng quyen trong linh vyc dudng sdt, trong linh vyc xay dyng cdu, trong lliih vyc chieu sdng cdng cdng... Tu thyc tiln ndy, cdc hpc thuyet ve hgp ddng hanh chinh da thyc sy phdt trien d Phdp vdi rdt nhiiu cdng trinh nghiSn ciiu^. Ddp ung nhu cdu cua thye te, phap luat cua Cdng hda Phap da cd nhieu qui dinh ve hgp ddng hdnh chinh nhdm tao ra mdt che do phdp ly rieng biet ddi vdi loai hgp ddng nay. Ben canh dd, boat ddng cua cdc thdm phdn hanh chinh trong thdi gian qua cung da tao ra nhiing dn 18 khd phong phu ve hgp ddng hanh chinh.
C) Phdp, mpt hgp ddng dugc coi la hgp ddng hanh chinh khi hgp ddng dd dugc phdp ludt qui dinh la hgp ddng hdnh chmh;
hodc trong trudng hgp mpt van bdn qui dinh thdm phdn hdnh chinh cd thdm quyin gidi quySt tranh chap ve hpp ddng cua ca quan hanh chinh. Phdp ludt cua Cdng hda Phdp da cd nhiing qui dinh ve hgp ddng hdnh chinh trong Bd ludt ve Thi trudng cdng nam 2006, sau nay duge thay the bdi Bd ludt ve
= Tieng Phap la Loi du 28 pluviose an Vm (lich Cach mang Phip). Day la mot trong s6 nhiing dao luat quan trgng dSu tien dudi then Napoleon. Ten chinh thiic ciia dao luat nay la: Luat lien quan den viec phan chia lanh thi ciia nuoc cgng hoa va nen hanh chinh.
^ Mathias Amilhat, La notion du contrat administrative et son regime: Quelques evolutions.
Journal du Droit administratif, 2019, chu dl hgp ding cong, tren trang web: http://www.joumal-du- droit-administratif.fr/?p=2340, truy caip ngay 15/8/2019. Bai vilt da ting hgp nhiing nghign cmi ve hgp ding hanh chinh vl mat ly luan ciing nhu ve mat th\ic tiln xet xir ciia Cong hoa Phap.
Dat hdng cdng'*, trong do dua ra cdc tieu chi xac dinh mot hpp ddng la hgp ddng hdnh ehinh. Cy thi, hgp ddng dat hdng cdng dugc ky bdi phap nhdn cdng quyin Id hgp dong hanh chinh, theo myc dich cua hgp ddng eung nhu nhiing dilu khodn trong hgp ddng.
Nhiing hgp ddng nhu hgp ddng cung dng dich vy edng; hgp ddng xay dyng, sua ehua ca sd vat chdt; hgp ddng chuyin giao quyen xdy dyng, sda ehda, qudn tri dich vy, trong liiih vuc qude phdng, an ninh, niu dap ling cdc tieu chi dugc neu trong luat se dugc coi la hgp ddng hdnh chinh.
Trong trudng hgp khdng ed ludt qui dinh, mpt hgp ddng se duge xdc dinh la hgp ddng hanh chinh khi dap dng nhung tieu ehi dugc dn le Phap neu ra. Cdc tiSu ehi nay dugc phdn thdnh 02 nhdm:
+ Tieu chi ve mat td chuc (hay tieu ehi ve mat chu thi): Day la edng cu ddnh gid quan he hdnh chinh trong phdp ludt hanh chinh cua Phdp^. Cu the, de dugc xdc dinh Id hgp ddng hanh chinh, hgp ddng dd phai dugc ky ket bdi chu the cdng quyen.
Hgp ddng duge ky ket giila cdc chu thS tu se ludn dugc suy dodn la hgp ddng dan sy. Tuy nhien, nguyen tdc ndy cd nhiing ngoai le. Theo dd, hgp ddng van cd thS duge coi Id hgp ddng hanh chinh n6u thupc mpt trong sd trudng hgp sau: (1) Khi mdt ben chu the tu dugc sy uy quyen eua chu the cdng quyen ky ket hgp dong hoac khi
'' Tieng Phap la "Code de la commande publique".
Bg luat nay tong hgp cac qui dinh dilu chinh vl vi^c dat hang cong tu Phap lenh si 2018-1074 ngay 26/11/2018 va Nghi dmh s6 2018-1075 ngay 3/12/2018. Bg luat nay co hieu luc tir ngay 1/4/2019.
' Tieu chi nay co nguIn goc tir thi ky XIX, d^a tren su phan biet giiia chu the cong quyin va chii thi tu.
Tuy nhien, tieu chi nay da co su thay dii theo thoi gian, cimg vdi su phat triin cua phap luat hanh chinh Cong hoa Phap. Xem: Paul-Maxence Murgue- Varoclier, Le critere organique en droit administrative francais, LGDJ, 2018.
HOP DONG HANH CHINH..
khdng cd su iiy quyin, nhung chu th§ tu ky kit hop ddng vi Igi ich cua chu till cdng quyln^; (2) Khi chu thi tu la mpt td chuc dugc thdnh lap, chiu sy kilm soat bdi chu the cdng quyen vd ddng gdp phdn tdi chinh chu yen ciia minh cho ehu the cdng quyen va hgp ddng dugc ky kit nhdm thuc hien dich vu cdng''; hoac (3) Khi hgp ddng tranh chap la hgp ddng phu eua mpt hgp ddng hdnh chinh^.
Ngugc lai, an 18 cua Phdp cho rang, viee cdc ben deu la chu thS edng quyen khdng phai Id yiu td quyit dinh d6 xdc dinh hgp dong hanh ehinh. Hgp ddng se chi dugc xdc dinh la hgp ddng hdnh chinh khi yeu td ve mat npi dung cdng duge ddp ling. Neu khdng, hgp ddng do se Id hgp ddng dan sy.
Trong bdn an ngay 7/4/2014, Toa phdn quyen da dua ra quan diem cho rdng, tru trudng hgp cd qui dinh khac eiia phap ludt, hgp ddng la hgp ddng ddn sy tru khi nd chua dung nhiing dilu khodn bat hgp ly cua ludt chung hay thude che dp phdp ly bdt hgp
^ Toa phan quyin cua Phap (Tribunal des conflits) vao nam 1963 da dua ra quan di6m nay trong vu viec C6ng ty Peyrot ngay 8/7/1963. Theo do, tham phan cho ring con^ trinh xay dung duong quoc Ig va cac dudng cao tic thugc trach nhiem cua Nha nude.
Cong trinh nay dugc giao cho chii the tu dam nhiem.
Tuy nhien, vi chii the nay thirc hien vi loi ich ciia chu thi cong nen cac hgp ding dugc ky ket giiia chu the tu nay vdi cac chii the khac de thuc hien cong trinh se thugc su di6u chinh cua tham phan hanh chinh.
Xem tdm tit ban an tren trang web: http://www.
tribunal-conflits.fr/decisions-quelques-grands-arrets.
html, truy cap ngay 6/2/2020. De ro hon ve chiic nang, nhiem vy ciia Toa phan quyen ciia COng hoa Phap, xem them tren trang web: http://www.tribunal- conflits.fr/, truy cap ngay 06/02/2020. _ '' Tham chinh vien, ngay 21/3/2007, ve khiiu nai s6 281796, Thi trdn BoUogne-Billancourt, https://www.
legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJ uriAdmin.do?oldAction=re chJuriAdmin&idTexte=CETATEXT000018259435
&fastReqId=719605297&fastPos=l, truy cap ng^y 26/8/2019.
8 Pierre Tifine, tldd.
ly cua ludt chung hoac tru khi hen quan den boat ddng cd bdn chdt xudt phdt tu quyen luc cdng. Vdi quan diem ndy, ede hgp ddng se chi dugc coi la hgp ddng hanh chinh neu thda man tieu chi ve mat td chuc vd tieu chi ve mat npi dimg^.
+ Tieu ehi ve mat ndi dung: Ben canh tieu ehi ve mat td chuc, de dupe xdc dinh la hgp ddng hdnh chinh, hgp ddng cdn phdi dap ung mdt trong nhung tieu chi sau: Ddi tugng cua hgp ddng cd mdi lien he du chat che vdi dich vy edng; hgp ddng ehua dyng nhiing dieu khoan bat hgp ly'° cua luat cdng; hodc hgp ddng do khdng thudc dieu ehinh cua ludt chung.
Nhiing tieu chi nay van duge ghi nhdn trong dn le cua Phdp mdt each thdng nhdt, du ndi dung cac tieu chi nay cd nhung thay ddi nhdt dinh theo thdi gian. Mdi ddy nhdt, trong ban dn sd 416664 ngdy 7/6/2018 ve Cdng ty Geo France Finance, Tham chiiih vien (Conseil d'Etat)" cua Cgng hda Phap da kit ludn rdng, mot hgp ddng khdng phdi la hgp ddng hdnh chinh theo qui dinh cua phdp ludt, eiing khdng nham thyc hien dich vu edng vd khdng chua dyng bat ky dieu khoan ghi nhdn dac quyen eua chu the edng trong viec thyc hien hgp ddng, ddng nghia vdi viec nd khdng thupc che do bdt hgp ly
^ Toa phan quyin, ngay 7/4/2014, C3946, https://www.legifrance. gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin. do?
oldAction=rechJuriAdmin&idTexte=CETATEXTOO 0028839801, truy cap ngay 15/8/2019.
'*• Tilng Phap la "clauses exorbitantes du_ droit commun". Day la nhung dieu khoan khong ton tai trong hgp ding dan su, trao cho chii the cong m6t so dac quyen hoac Igi the qua miic hoac qui dinh nhiing nghTa vu hoac sy phu thugc qua miic.
" Tham chinh vien (hay con dugc ggi la Hgi ding Nha nuac) dugc coi la Tda an hanh chinh toi cao cua Phap va la co quan tu vdn cua Chinh phu trong viec chuan bi cac du an luat, nghi dinh... Xem them ve Tham chinh vien tren trang web: https ://www.conseil -etat.fr/le-conseil-d-etat/missions, truy cap ngay 06/02/2020.
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUATSd 3/2020
cua hgp ddng hanh chinh, du dugc ky kit bdi chu the edng quyen'^
Dieu khoan bdt hgp ly eua ludt cdng da dugc xdc dinh bdi dn le cua Phdp tu khd lau.
Trong ban an ngdy 20/10/1950, Tham chmh vien da dinh nghia dieu khoan nay nhdm myc dich trao cho cae ben cdc quyen vd nghia vu dac biet, xet ve mat ban chdt, so vdi nhiing quyen vd nghia vu thudng dugc cac ben tu do thda thudn trong phdp luat dan su va thuang mai'^. Vdi dinh nghia nay, cd the thdy, dieu khodn bdt hgp ly se la bat hgp phap trong phdp ludt ddn sy va thuong mai.
Chinh vi vay, sy tdn tai cua cdc dieu khoan nay la tieu chi xdc dinh tinh chat hdnh chinh cua hgp ddng. Hgp ddng hanh chinh tao ra su bat binh dang giita cdc chu the bdi nd trao cho mot trong cae ben chu the nhiing quyen md ben kia khong cd, vi du quyen don phuong sua ddi hgp ddng, quyen don phuang cham diit hgp ddng du khdng cd vi pham tu phia ddi tac, dieu khodn cho phep chu th8 cdng quyen dugc quyen tryc tiep kiem sodt nhirng tai lieu ke toan cua ddi tac, dp dat hinh thdc khai thdc, quyen dugc ddnh gid chat lugng san pham... Tuy nhien, viee danh gid dieu khodn nay phy thugc nhieu vao gidi thich cua thdm phan hanh ehinh.
Hien nay, phdp luat cua Phdp da cd sy thay ddi trong each nhin nhan ddi vdi dieu khodn qui dinh ve quyen dugc dan phuang chdm dut hgp ddng. Vdi su phat trien cua phap ludt ve nghia vu ddn sy, sy xuat hien cua dilu khodn dang ndy trong hgp ddng ddn sy khdng cdn xa la. Chinh vi vay, trong
'^ Tham chinh vien, ngay 7/6/2018, ban an so 416664, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuri Admin.do?idTexte=CETATEXT000037034094,truy cap ngay 15/8/2019.
'^ Tham chinh vien, ngay 20/10/1950, Stein - Lebon, http://www.marche-public.fr/Marches-publics/Defini tions/Entrees/Clause-exorbitante.htm, truy cap ngay 22/8/2019.
bdn dn sd 08-03623 cua Tda phdn quyen, ngay 20/2/2008, Tda phdn quyin cho rdng dilu khodn cho phep chu thi cdng quyen duge Idy lai can hp vdo thdi gian bdt ky yd vdi ly do bdt ky khdng dugc coi Id dieu khodn bdt hgp ly cua luat chung. Bdi, luat chung cho phep tdn tai trudng hgp tiida thuan su dyng tam thdi, ngoai le cua che dd cho thue try sd trong thuang mai, vdi dieu kien tinh tam thdi nay dugc chung minh bdi hodn cdnh dac biet md cdc ben deu biet'''.
Ben canh do, neu dilu khodn qui dinh dac quyen cho chu thi cdng va dat chu thS tu dudi nhUng dac quyen cua chu the edng de ddi lai lpi ich khdc cho chu th6 tu, di6u khodn do se khdng dugc coi la dieu khodn bdt hgp ly eua luat chung. Cy the, trong vu viec neu tren, ngudi thue dugc quyen ty do sic dyng do dae va trd phi bdo dudng. Do vay, qui dinh trao quyen cho chu th8 cdng dugc Idy lai can hp vdo thdi gian bdt ky va vdi ly do bit ky khdng dugc coi la bdt hgp ly cua luat chung.
Mdi day, Tda phan quyen cua Phap da dua ra dinh nghia mdi ve dieu khodn bit hgp ly cua phdp ludt chung nhu sau: "La dieu khodn ma, vdi nhung dac quyen dugc thua nhdn cho chu the cdng quyen trong viec thyc hien hgp ddng vi Igi ich ehung, the hien rang hgp ddng dd thupc che dd bat hgp ly cua hgp ddng hdnh chinh"'^-
Nhu vay, de xdc dinh dieu khodn bat hgp ly ciia luat chung cdn phdi dap ling ddng thdi 02 tieu chi: Thu nhat, dieu khodn do phai dugc thyc hien nham Igi ieh chung; thu hai.
''' Toa phan quyen, ngay 20/2/2008, ban an s6 08- 03623, https://wv™.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi .do?idTexte-JURlTEXT000018692691, truy cap ngay 22/8/2019.
'= Toa Phan quyin, ngay 13/10/2014, SA Axa France lARD n.3963, https://wv™'.legifrance.gouv.fr/affich JuriAdrain.do?idTexte-CETATEXT000029778703, truy cap ngay 22/8/2019
HOP BONG HANH CHINH..
dieu khodn dd phdi trao cho chd thi cdng quyen nhiing dac quyin hoac Igi thi bdt hgp ly, hoac qui dinh cho ddi tac nhiing n ^ a vu hoac sy dp ddt mot cdch bdt hop ly.
2. Che do phap ly cua hgp ddng hanh chinh theo qui dmh cua phap luat Cong hda Phap
Khi mot hgp ddng dugc xdc dinh Id hgp ddng hdnh chinh, hgp ddng do se chiu sy dieu chinh cua cdc qui pham phdp ludt rieng biet ve qud trinh giao ket va thye hien hpp dong. Nhu vay, cac hgp ddng hanh chinh phai tudn thu cdc qui dinh cua phdp ludt vl qua trinh giao ket, vdi nhung trinh ty, thu tuc cu the vd vdi cac ndi dung dugc thi hien ro trong hgp ddng.
Vigiao kit hgp ddng
Trudc tien, ve mat chu the, theo qui dinh cua phdp luat Cdng hda Phdp, chu thi cdng quyen cd thdm quyin giao kit hgp ddng hdnh chinh bao gdm:
+ Nhd nude: Ld co quan hanh chinh d trung uong vdi dai dien la cdc bd trudng, ede ca nhdn dugc bp trudng uy quyin, dudi do la cdc thi trudng. Trong mdt s6 trudng hgp, hpp ddng hdnh ehinh can dugc thdng qua bdi mot luat hodc mot nghi dinh, hodc mdt ca quan cd tham quyen.
+ Chinh quyen d dia phuong: Hgp ddng phai dugc ky ket bdi mdt chu thi hanh chinh vdi sy thdng qua cua tap thi. Tuy nhien, nguyen tac phdi dugc tap thi thdng qua da dugc phdp luat Cdng hda Phdp giam bdt the thuc thyc hien thdng qua Bg luat chung ve chinh quyen dia phuang. Qua dd, nguyen tac nay phy thudc vao gid tri cua hgp ddng va vdi dieu kien phan tai chinh du kien thye hifn hgp ddng da dugc neu rd trong dy todn ngdn sdch. Gan ddy, trong cdc quyit dinh cua minh, Tham ehinh vien da khdng cdn coi viec phdi thdng qua hgp ddng mpt each tap the la dieu kien ve hieu lyc cua
hgp ddng hanh chinh, nSu dap ling mdt sd dieu kien nhdt dinh'^.
+ Dan vi cdng lap: La dan vi thdnh lap bdi chu thi cdng quyin theo qui dinh cua phdp luat. Ngudi qudn ly cua don vi cdng lap duge quyin ky kit hgp ddng hdnh chinh tren ca sd thdng qua y kiln tap thi. Trong mot so trudng hgp, hop ddng cdn phdi dugc sy chap thudn eua chu thi cdng quyin.
Ve hinh thuc cua hgp ddng Theo qui dinh cua phdp luat Cdng hda Phdp, hgp ddng hdnh chinh thudng phdi dugc xac lap bdng van ban. Theo Nghj dinh sd 2016-360 ngdy 5/3/2016, hgp ddng thi trudng cdng cd gid tri Idn hon hoac bdng 25.000 euros HT'^ phdi duge giao kit bdng van ban. Ddi vdi hgp ddng nhugng quyin dich vu cdng, phap ludt Cpng hda Phdp cung yeu cdu hinh thuc van bdn, khdng phu thupc vdo gid tri cua hgp ddng.
Ve lua chpn ddi tdc
Viec lua chpn ddi tdc cdn phdi dugc thyc hien tren ca sd cdng khai, canh tranh, ddc biet la ddi vdi nhirng hgp ddng thi trudng cdng vd hgp ddng nhugng quyen dich vu cdng. Ddi vdi 02 loai hgp ddng nay, phap luat Cdng hda Phdp cd hai qui che phdp ly khdc nhau dugc qui dinh trong 02 phdp lenh.
Ddi vdi hgp ddng thi trudng cdng, can cii Phdp lenh sd 2015-899 ngay 23/7/2015, cdc hgp ddng thi trudng cong dugc giao ket nhdm thyc hien cdng trinh cdng, cung ung
'* Tham chinh vien, 28/12/2009, so 304802, https://viTvw.Iegifrance.gouv.fr/affichJiiriAdmin.do7i dTexte-CETATEXT000022203485, va Tham chinh vien, ngay 9/5/2012, sd 355665, https://vi^w.
legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin.do?oldAction=re chJuriAdmin&idTexte=CETATEXT000025833596
&fastReqId=1353641010&fastPos=l, truy cap ngay 22/8/2019. _
'^ HT la vilt tat ciia cum tir "hors taxe" dugc hieu la ngoai thue, chua tinh thue.
NHA NUOC vA PHAP LUATSd 3/2020
san phdm vd dich vu cho chu thi cdng cdn phdi dugc thuc hien theo thu tuc dugc phdp ludt qui dinh de cd thi chpn dugc dl nghi cung cdp cd Igi nhdt. Cac thu tuc nay edn dam bdo tinh cdng khai, minh bach vd dap ung dugc tieu chi canh tranh. Quan dilm nay ciing the hien rd trong Phap lenh sd 2017-562 ngay 19/4/2017 thdng qua yeu cdu ve thu tuc tuyen chgn ddi vdi nhiing hgp ddng ve chiem huu va sd dyng trong linh vuc cong nhdm myc dich khai thdc Igi ich kinh tl'^.
Ddi vdi hgp ddng nhugng quyen dich vu cdng, che do phdp ly cua hgp ddng nay dugc dieu chinh bdi Phap lenh sd 2016-65 ngdy 29/1/2016. Hgp ddng nhugng quyen dich vu edng la hgp ddng bdng van bdn, theo dd, mdt hoac nhieu chu the edng quyen giao viee thyc hien cdng trinh hoac qudn ly mpt dich vu cho mdt hoac nhieu chu the kinh tl; ddng thdi chuyen giao nii ro cua viec khai thdc cdng trinh vd dich vy cho cdc chu thi ndy. Ddi lai, cac ehu the nay dugc quyen khai thdc cdng trinh vd dich vy hoac quyen dugc trd cdng. Theo qui dinh, phy thude vao gid tri eua hgp ddng ma cdc hgp ddng nay phdi tudn thu the thuc cdng khai va cac qui dinh bdo ddm canh tranh, cdng bang cho cac chu the kinh te va tim dugc de nghi cd Igi nhdt.
Ve trdch nhiem khi viphgm Trudng hop viec giao ket hgp ddng vi pham cdc qui dinh ve cdng khai, dam bdo canh tranh se ddn den viec cam ky ket hgp ddng hoac sy vd hieu cua hgp ddng. Trong mdt sd trudng hgp, nhung vi pham ve quyen binh dang cua cdc chu the kinh te cdn cd the
bi xd ly hinh sy theo Dilu 432-12 Bo luat Hinh sy cua Cdng hda Phap^^.
Ve ndi dung cda hgp ddng
Tuy vao tung loai hgp ddng md phdp ludt Cdng hda Phdp cd nhiing yeu cdu khac nhau vl npi dung hpp ddng. Mdt sd npi dung cua hgp ddng se phai tudn theo qui dinh vl tdi chinh cua Bp Kinh tl vd Tdi chinh Phdp.
Ve viec thicc hien hgp ddng 6 ngi dung ndy, hgp ddng hdnh ehinh cd nhiing dac thu so vdi hgp ddng ddn sy.
Cy thi, chu thi cdng quyin dugc quyin kiem tra, gidm sat vd dinh hudng viee thyc hien hgp ddng. Chu thi cdng quyen cd the yeu cdu ddi tdc phdi thyc hien theo nhiing yeu cdu cua minh. Trong trudng hgp khdng thyc hien theo yeu eau cua chu the cdng quyen, ddi tdc cd the bi phat tien bode chiu cuong che hanh chinh, hodc yeu cdu cham diit hgp ddng.
3. Nhfi-ng ggi md cho phap luat ViSt Nam
Viec phdp ludt va dn le cua Cdng hda Phdp dua ra cac tieu chi de xdc dinh hgp ddng hdnh chinh la nhdm phdn dinh ch§ dp phap ly dp dung cho hgp ddng hdnh chinh vd hgp ddng ddn su, ciing nhu phdn dinh thdm quyen cua thdm phdn hanh chinh vdi thdm phan dan sy. Tuy nhien, phap ludt cua Viet Nam hien nay dudng nhu khdng di theo hudng ndy.
Phap ludt Viet Nam hien nay chua co chi dinh rieng ve hgp ddng hdnh chinh, ma ehi cd chi dinh chung ve hgp ddng trong B6 ludt Dan sy. Ddi vdi nhung linh vyc chuySn nganh, phdp ludt Viet Nam lai cd qui dinh
'^ Xem Phap lenh so 2017-562, https://vi'ww.
legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte-JORFTE XT000034443238&categorieLien=id, truy cap ngay 22/8/2019.
'^ Xem Dilu 432-12 Bo luat Hinh su ciia Cgng hoa Phap, https://www.iegifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode Article,do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000028311900&cid Texte-LEGITEXT000006070719&dateTexte=2013 1208, truy c|p ng^y 6/2/2020.
HOP DONG HANH CHINH..
dieu ehinh rieng. Vi du nhu trong linh vuc thuang mai, phdp ludt Viet Nam cd Ludt Thuang mai nam 2005 dilu chinh vl quan he giua cae chu thi tham gia vdo quan he hgp ddng trong linh vuc thuang mai. Trong nhiing linh vye chuyen' ngdnh nhu du lich, bdo hiem, chiing khodn... phdp ludt Viet Nam cung cd qui dinh rieng dieu chinh.
Cung vdi cdch tiip can nay, trong linh vyc hanh chinh, Viet Nam khdng cd khai ni6m phdp ly ve hgp ddng hdnh chinh, nhimg ed qui dinh phdp ludt dieu chinh quan he hpp ddng giiia cac chu the trong mdt sd linh vyc hdnh chinh cu the, vi du trong linh vuc ddu tu, ddt dai, xdy dyng, y te... Viet Nam cung da cd mdt dao ludt rieng ve td tyng hdnh chinh (Ludt Td tung Hanh chinh nam 2015), nhung dao ludt nay ciing chi gidi han ddi tupng dieu ehinh cua minh d viec gidi quyet cdc vy viec lien quan den quyet dinh hdnh chinh vd hdnh vi hdnh chinh, chd khdng gidi quyet vu viec ve hgp ddng. Dang luu y, Viet Nam chua co van ban phap ludt dieu chinh ve linh vuc hdnh chinh ndi chung vd ve hgp ddng hdnh chinh ndi rieng.
Hgp ddng trong linh vyc hdnh chinh thudng la cdc hgp ddng dugc ky ket giua ea quan nha nude cd thdm quyen vdi td chdc, cd nhdn nham uy quyen hoac hgp tde trong viec thuc hien dich vu cdng, bao gdm nhung hoat dpng phuc vu cac Igi ich chung, thiet yeu, cdc quyen vd Igi ich hgp phdp cua cdng ddn hoac td chue. Vi du, hgp ddng trong linh vyc hanh ehinh eiing cd the dugc ky ket giua ea quan, td chuc, cd nhan cd tham quyen vdi td chdc, ed nhdn nhdm uy quyen cho cdc chu the nay eung ling sdn phdm, dich vy ca bdn, thiet ySu cho td chuc, ca nhdn theo qui dinh cua phdp ludt trong ede linh vyc xdy dyng ha tang ky thudt, eung ling dien, nude, ve sinh, mdi trudng, bdo ddm trat tu xa hdi... Trong linh vue ndy, cd
the thdy, hgp ddng theo hinh thuc ddi tdc cdng tu thudng dugc sd dung. Bdi, ddu tu theo hinh thuc ddi tac edng tu dugc hiiu la mpt hinh thuc dau tu dugc thye hien tren ca sd hgp ddng du an gida ca quan nha nude cd thdm quyen va nha ddu tu, doanh nghiep dy an de xdy dyng, edi tao, van hdnh, kinh doanh, quan ly cdng trinh ha tdng, cung cdp dich vu cdng.
Theo ndi dung qui djnh eua phap ludt Viet Nam hien hdnh, cd till thdy quan he hgp ddng trong ITnh vuc hanh chinh ed nhiing dac thu so vdi hgp ddng trong linh vye dan sy, thuang mai. Nhiing dac thu ndy the hien d yeu cdu ve cdng khai vdn dl giao ket hgp ddng trong liiih vuc dich vu cdng, v8 ddu thdu canh tranh, ede ngi dung lien quan den phi, le phi, ve sy kiem tra, gidm sdt va danh gid ciia ca quan, td chuc, ca nhdn cd thdm quyen ddi vdi ehdt lugng eua dich vu. Ben canh dd, vi8c trien khai thyc hien cac boat dpng dich vu cdng ndy ciing can tuan thu cdc nguyen tac Id cdng bdng, khdch quan, cdng khai, minh bach, bdo ve Igi ich chung. Nhirng ddc thu nay xudt phdt td viec hgp ddng dugc giao ket giiia mot ben Id ca quan nha nude cd thdm quyen vi Igi ich chimg cua cpng ddng, cua bd mdy ehinh quyen va mpt ben la td chuc, cd nhdn tham gia thyc hien vi lpi ich rieng. Viec xa hpi hda, cho phep sy tham gia cua chu the tu vao boat ddng cung cap dich vu cdng phai dugc thye hien tren ea sd cdng bang, cdng khai, minh bach, khdch quan, khdng phdn biet ddi xd, tdn trpng cdc quyen vd Igi ich hgp phdp cua cac ca nhan, td chuc.
Vi du, trong quan he ddi tdc cdng tu, theo qui dinh cua Nghi dinh sd 63/2018/ND-CP cua Chinh phu vl ddu tu theo hinh thdc ddi tdc cdng tu (sau day vilt tdt Id Nghi dinh 63/2018/ND-CP), hpp ddng dy dn sau khi dugc ky kit phdi dupe ca
NHA NVdc VA PHAPLUATSO 3/2020
quan nha nirac co tham quyen cong khai tren He thong mang dau thiu qu6c gia, voi mot s6 noi dung mang tinh bat bupc nhu gia, phi, hang hoa, dich vu. To chuc, ca nhan chi co the dugc thanh toan muc gia hoac phi theo qui dinh cua phap luat, hoac theo hgp dong, hoac khi dugc ca quan, to chuc CO thim quyen chap thuan.
Ngoai ra, quan he hgp dong trong ITnh vuc hanh chinh ciing the hien nhiing dac quy^n nh4t dinh cua ben cong quyen trong viec giao k8t va thuc hien hgp dong. Chang han, lien quan d6n hgp dSng dugc ky kit gHJa CO quan nha nude co thim quyen va nha dto tu trong quan he d6i tac cong tu, CO quan nha nuoc co thim quySn dugc quyen t6 chiic kiSm tra, giam sat chit lugng cong trinh, ki6m tra vi8c tuan thu cac qui trinh theo yeu ciu tai hgp dong d\t an, tieu chuan, qui chuin quiin ly van hanh cong trinh theo hgp d6ng du an, &i nghj nha diu tu yeu ciu nha thiu di6u chinh hoac dinh chi thi cong khi xet thiy chit lugng cong viec thuc hien khong dam bao yeu cau. Viec giam sat, danh gia du an phai tuSn theo qui dinh cua phap luat v6 giam sat, danh gia dau tu va thoa thuan tai hgp dong du an.
Ben canh do, viec ky kit hgp dang trong linh vuc dich vu cong thucmg dugc tiln hanh tren eg so ket qua dau thau, dat hang hoac giao ke hoach. Ben ky ket hgp d5ng thuang dugc xac dinh tren co sa quyit dinh phe duyet kit qua lua chpn nha diu tu va kit qua dam phan, hoan thien hgp d6ng. Do vay, niu quyet dinh nay ban hanh khong dung qui dinh ciia phap luat, hgp d6ng dugc ky ket giiia co quan nha nuac CO thim quyin va nha dau tu chac chin bi anh huang.
Nghi dinh 63/2018/ND-CP ciing neu len nhiing yeu ciu vl ngi dung ca ban cua hgp d6ng dugc ky kit giiia co quan nha
nuac CO thim quyin vcri nha dau tu. Dong thii, Nghi dinh 63/2018/ND-CP qui dinh truong hgp sua ddi, bl sung hgp ding troilg do CO truong hgp do su dilu chmh bao cao nghien ciiu kha thi lam co so dl to chile lua chpn nha diu tu trong cac tnrang hop dugc phap luat qui dinh. Hgp ding cung cap dich vu cang ciing co thi chju anh huong boi cac quyit dinh cua co quan nha nuoc co tham quyin nhim trung mua, trung dung tai san la dai tugng ciia hgp ding vi ly do qu6c phong, an ninh, hoac vi Igi ich quoc gia, tinh trang khin cip, phong, chlng thiSn tai.
Nhu vay, co thi thiy, viec ky ket va hieu luc ciia hgp ding trong linh vuc hanh chinh chiu anh hucmg boi cac quyet dinh hanh chinh, chiu su giam sat cua cac co quan, ta chiic co thim quyin. Day la dac thu cua hgp ding trong ITnh vuc hanh chinh so vcji hgp ding trong ITnh vuc dan su, thuong mai. Tuy nhien, do phap luat Viet Nam hien nay chua co dao luat vl ITnh vuc hanh chinh noi chung, nen chua xac dinh r6 dugc cac nguyen tic phap luat co ban ciia linh vuc nay, dl tii do, lam ca so cho viec giai quyit cac tranh chap phat sinh tii hpp ding hanh chinh. Chinh vi vay, thuc tiln giai quyit quan he hgp ding trong linh vuc hanh chinh Men nay chua dugc than dao, chua bao ve dugc cac Igi ich chung, thiet yiu, bao dam trat tu, cang bing xa hgi. Vi du, viec giao kit va thuc hien cac hpp dong CO lien quan din quyen lpi cua ben thii 3 la nguoi dan trong thai gian vvta qua da gay kha nhiiu tranh luan cii ve thuc tien thuc hien ciing nhu trong khoa hpc phap ly vl hgp ding hanh chinh™. Dac biet, nhiing
^^ Xem quan difim cua cic nlia ngliien ciiu vg iicrp d6ng lianh chinh tieu bieu nhu; GS.TS. Pham H6ng Thai, "Hap ddng hanh chinh - hmh thicc hoat dong hanh chinh nha nte<yc'\ Tap chi To chiic nha nuoc, s6 1/2013; "Hop dong hanh chinh trong quan ly nha nuoc", Nxb. Dai hgtc Qu6c gia, 2016; P O S T S . V5
HQP DONG HANH CHINH...
mdu thudn phdt sinh tii hgp ddng BOT trong xay dyng ca sd ha tdng cdng cdng nhu dudng cao tdc, dudng qude Id, ha tdng ky thuat... la do chua thuc sy chu trgng dSn Igi ich chung cua ngudi ddn. Viec cho phep ben chu thi tu cua hgp ddng thuc hien quyin ndng gia dieh vy (phi dudng cao tdc, gid dien...) eung da gay hue xuc cho ngydi ddn.
Hon niia, viec giai quyit cdc hgp ddng nay theo cdc nguyen tac phap ludt dan sy vd thuang mai Id chua thyc su hgp ly. Ddy chinh la minh chiing ro rdng cho thdy su cdn thi§t phdi ban hdnh ede qui dinh phdp ludt ve hop ddng trong linh vyc hanh chinh.
Theo qui dinh cua phdp ludt Viet Nam hien hdnh, can cii Dieu 67 Nghi dinh 63/2018/ND-CP, cdc ben cua hgp ddng trong quan he ddi tde edng tu cd the gidi quyet tranh chdp bdng thuang lugng, hda gidi. Trudng hgp khdng the gidi quyet bdng thuang lugng, hda gidi thi cd the giai quySt bdng trgng tai hoac tda an Viet Nam. Trong trudng hgp gidi quyet tranh chap bang tda dn, thdm quyen se thudc tda dan sy theo thu tuc to tung dan sy. Bdi, tda dn hdnh chinh khdng cd thdm quyen giai quyet cdc tranh chap nay theo qui dinh cua phdp luat Viet Nam hien hanh. Can cii Dieu 30 Ludt Td tyng Hdnh chinh ndm 2015, tda hanh chinh cua Viet Nam chi cd thdm quyen gidi quyet vu viec lien quan den hdnh vi hanh chinh, quy§t dinh hdnh chinh cua ca quan hdnh chinh nha nude, td chuc dupe giao thyc hien qudn ly hdnh ehinh nhd nude, ca nhdn
Tri Hao, "NhUng vdn de ca bdn vi hgp dong hdnh chinh trong qudn ly nhd nuac", Nghien ciin duoc tai trp boi Quy Nafosted, 2011; "'Cdc phuang thuc gidi quyet tranh chdp hgp dong hdnh chinh bdng tdi phdn". Tap chi Luat hoc, so 3/2016; quan diem cija PGS.TS. V6 Tri Hao trong bai v\k cua luat su Ha Van Chay, "Hgp ddng hdnh chinh, mot khdi niem mdi trong du dn lugt hdnh chinh cdng", Bao Phap luat thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh, thang 7/2017.
cd thdm quyen, md khdng cd thdm quyin dl gidi quyet cae vu viee lien quan din linh vyc hgp ddng. He qud Id nhiing vdn dl phdt sinh tu quan he hgp ddng se dugc gidi quyit bdi tda dan sy theo td tung ddn sy, hoac theo cdc phuang thue giai quyit danh chdp khac dugc thira nhan trong quan he thuang mai nhu trgng tdi, hda gidi.
Tu nhiing dac thii cua hgp ddng hdnh chinh ddn den yeu cdu cd ca quan ehuyen trdch de giai quyet tranh chap phat sinh tu hgp ddng hanh chinh. Cy thi, viec gidi quyet cae tranh chdp lien quan din hgp ddng trong linh vyc hanh chinh cdn dupe trao cho tda hanh ehinh ed tham quyen gidi quyet vdi 2 ly do ca ban sau.
Thie nhdt, neu de tda dan sy gidi quyet nhiing vdn de phat sinh tu hgp ddng hdnh ehinh cd lien quan den quyet dinh hanh chinh, hanh vi hanh chinh se gdy khd khdn trong viec dua ra phuang an gidi quyet. Bdi, viec xem xet tinh hgp phdp cua quyet dinh hdnh chinh, hdnh vi hdnh chinh thugc thdm quyen cua tda hanh ehinh. Khi dd, viec gidi quyit tranh chdp lien quan den hgp ddng trong linh vyc hdnh chinh se phy thudc vao quyit dinh cua tda hanh chinh. Vi vay, nen tdp trung tham quyen gidi quyet tranh chdp hgp ddng hanh chinh eho tda hanh chinh.
Thu hai, nen giao thdm quyen gidi quyit tranh chdp phdt sinh tu hgp ddng hanh chinh cho tda hanh chinh nhdm tan dung ngudn thdm phdn cd ehuyen mdn sdu trong linh vuc nay. Nhu da phdn tich, hgp ddng trong linh vyc hanh chinh dugc dieu chinh bdi nhiiu van bdn quy pham phdp ludt, vdi cdc dac thu so vdi hgp ddng trong linh vyc dan sy, do vay, viee gidi quyet ede hgp ddng ndy cdn dugc trao cho tda chuyen trach vl linh vye hdnh chinh.
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