NGHIEN ClJfU & UfNG DUNG
NGHIEN CliU CAI TIEN CAC TM N6HIEM TRONG C H I M N G TRINH SINH HOC LdP 10 TRUNG HOC PHO THONG
• •
• T r a n K h a n h Ngoc^ Nguyen T h j H i e n . T r a n Thj A n h Diep Tradng DHSP Ha Npi
hi nghiem (TN) cd tae dung giao due hpc l « ^ sinh (HS) mpt each toan dien, dap Ung td't cac nhiem vu tri due - ddc due trong qua trinh day hpc Sinh hpc (SH) ndi ehung va day hpc SH Idp 10 THPT ndi rieng. Tuy nhien, viec day hpc cae TN thuc hanh d eae trudng phd thong cdn gap nhieu khd khan va bat cap, dac biet la khi thUc hien qui trinh TN theo SGK.
Tren cd sd thd nghiem cac TN trong ehUdng trinh SH ldp 10 THPT theo SGK, chiing tdi da rut ra dUdc nhOng thuan ldi va khd khan khi thUe hien cac TN, tu dd xay dUng mpt sd qui trinh TN chuan lam tai lieu tham khao eho GV va HS, gdp phan nang cao chat IUdng day - hoc eae bai TN thuc hanh thupc chUdng trinh SH Idp 10 THPT.
1. Do! tu'(;<ng n g h i e n cufu:
Gae TN trong SGK SH ldp 10 THPT.
2. PhUdng p h a p n g h i e n ciifu: nghien cUu li thuye't, thd nghiem cac TN va phUdng an eai tie'n trong phdng t h i nghiem va sd dung phUdng phap thdng ke toan hpc de xii li sd lieu thu dUdc, phan tieh va danh gia ke't qua T N .
3. Nguyen tac thCr n g h i e m - cai tien cac TN
- Moi TN lap lai 5 lan.
- Cac TN tie'n hanh theo hudng dan eiia SGK va TN cai tie'n deu dupe ghi lai ke't qua chinh xae.
- Ne'u eae TN tie'n hanh theo SGK phu hdp thi giO nguyen.
- Ne'u cac TN tie'n hanh theo SGK ehUa phii hdp (khong cho ke't qua rd rang hay cac budc chuan bj va tie'n hanh TN gap khd khan) se de xua't cac phUdng an cai tie'n de dUa ra dUde qui trinh TN ehuan.
- Cac TN dUde eai tie'n tren eac phUdng dien: Mau vat, dung eu, hoa chat, each tie'n hanh.
- Cae qui trinh TN chuan dUdc danh gia dUa tren cac tieu chi: -i- Mau vat re hdn, de kie'm hdn, cd the cho ke't qua td't hdn; + Hoa chat re hdn, dd kie'm hdn, dd pha che hdn, d i bao quan hdn ma cho ke't qua tUdng tu hoac eho ke't qua td't hdn va djnh IUdng hoa chat can dung cho moi TN; + Dung cu: Can thie't de lam TN, hd trd trong viee tie'n hanh TN; + Cac budc tie'n hanh TN: D i tie'n hanh va cho ke't qua td't.
4. Qui t r i n h thii n g h i e m va cai t i e n cac thf n g h i f m g o m cac bifdc s a u :
Budc 1: Xae djnh muc tieu cua TN -> BUde 2: Xae dinh cd sd khoa hpe cua TN -^ BUdc 3: Thii nghiem TN theo SGK -^ Budc 4: Danh gia TN theo
SGK: ne'u phu hdp thi giO nguyen, ne'u khdng phu hdp thi chuyen sang bUde 5 ->
BUde 5: De xua't phUdng an cai tie'n -> BUdc 6: Thii nghiem phUdng an eai tie'n -^ BUde 7:
Danh gia phUdng an eai tien -^
BUdc 8: Xay dUng quy trinh TN chuan.
Vi du minh hga qui trinh thd nghiem va cai tien cac TN trong chUdng trinh sinh hoc 10 THPT: TN ve hnh h i f d n g cua n h i f t d p , pH d o ! v d i hoat t m h cua amilaza (Bai 27: Mot sd TN ve enzim - SGK SH ldp 10 nang cao).
Budc 1. Xae dinh muc tieu cua TN: ChUng minh dUpc anh hudng ciia nhiet dp, pH ddi vdi hoat tinh ciia enzim.
Budc 2. Xae djnh ed s6 khoa hoc cua TN:
- Enzim la nhOng chat xuc tac SH, lam tang td'c dp phan Ung ma khong bj bie'n ddi sau phan Ung.
- Moi enzim cd mpt nhiet dp, pH tdi Uu, tai dd enzim cd hoat tinh cao nha't.
- Amilaza ciia nudc bpt ngudi thudc loai oc-amilaza, xiic tac eho phan Ung thiiy phan tinh bdt thanh eac dex- trin khae nhau, mantozd va san pham cudi ciing la glu- cozd. Khi ke't hdp vdi lot, hd tinh bdt cd phan Ung tao thanh phdc mau xanh dam dac
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So 63 thang 11 nam 2010NGHIEN coru & OTNG D U N G
trUng. Do dd, trong cac T N , ngudi ta thudng svi dung lot de phat hien sU ed mat ciia tinh bdt. [1]
Bddc 3. Thd nghiem TN theo SGK: Xem trang 89 - SGK SH Idp 10 nang cao.
Bddc 4. Danh gia ket qua TN theo SGK. Sau 5 lan thuf nghiem theo SGK, chiing tdi nhan tha'y: ne'u tie'n hanh theo SGK thi dng nghiem 1 (de d nhiet dp 100°C) va dng nghiem 3 (de d cdc nUdc da) khdng chuyen mau xanh dam chUng td rang tinh bpt da bj t h i j y phan hoan t o a n . Nguyen nhan la do each b d tri TN nhu SGK the hien anh hudng cua nhiet dp de'n cd chat chU khong phai de'n enzim. Sau khi nhd amilaza va de d nhiet dp phdng trong 15 phut, enzim vSn hoat dpng binh thudng. TN chUng minh anh hudng cua pH ddi vdi hoat tinh ciia amilaza mdi chi cd d'ng nghiem chUng minh anh hudng ciia mdj trUdng axit ma thie'u dng nghiem chUng minh anh hUdng c i i a mdi trudng kiem de'n hoat tinh cua amilaza.
Hoa chat Ho tinh bot 1%
lot V te Nudc cat Da vien NaOH 5%
SL 1 lp 1 lp 200 ml 1 khay 1 lo Bang 1
ONg 1 2 3 4
5
Thanh phan
2 ml ho tinh bot 1% + 1 ml dich nudc bpt pha loang 2 ml ho tinh bpt 1% + 1 ml dich nudc bpt pha loang 2 ml ho tinh bpt 1% + 1 ml djch nudc bpt pha loang 2 ml ho tinh bpt 1 % + 1 ml djch nudc bpt pha loang + 1 ml HCL 5%
2 ml ho tinh bpt 1% + 1 ml djch nudc bpt pha loang + 1 ml NaOH 5%
Bieu ki#n nhi#t dQ Dat trong coc nudc dun s6i each thuy
Dat trong coc nudc da Dat trong cdc nUdc am 40°C Dat trong cdc nudc am 40°C
Dat trong cdc nudc am 40°C
Bang 3
Bude 5. De xuat phUdng an eai tien.
1. Hoa chat (Chuan bi cho 1 nhom HS) (Bang 1)
2. Dung cu TN (Chuan bi cho 1 nhom his) (Bang 2)
3. Gach tien hanh
- Bddc 1: Lay 5 dng nghiem, danh sd thU tu tU 1 de'n 5.
- Bddc 2; Tie'n hanh dat cac d'ng nghiem (ONg) trong cac dieu kien TN nhU sau: (Bang 3)
- Bddc 3: GiO nguyen dieu kien TN, sau 15 phut, nhd 1ml HCL 5% vao dng nghiem 5 (trung hda NaOH).
- Bddc 4: Nho 1-2 gipt lot y te vao ca 5 dng nghiem.
- Bddc 5: Quan sat sU thay ddi mau sac ciia dung djch trong dng nghiem.
* Ldu y: - Khdng nen pha dich nudc bpt va hd tinh bpt qua sdm vi neu de lau hd tinh bdt cd the bj thiu, do dd ke't qua TN khdng rd rang; - Khdng nen nhd lot y te khi d'ng nghiem 1 dang cdn ndng vi d nhiet dp cao lot bj thang hoa.
- Bddc 6. T h i i nghiem phUdng an cai tie'n. Sau khi 5 lan lap lai TN theo phUdng an cai tien, ke't qua thu dupc nhU sau: (Xem Bang 4)
- Bddc 7. Danh gia phUdng an cai tien.
Dyng eg Ong nghipm Den con Kieng Ludi dun
SL 5 cai 1 cai 1 cai 1 cai
Dyng cy Pipet Bop cao su Coc thuy tinh 100ml Nhiet ke
SL 2 cai 1 cai 3 cai 1 cai
ONg 1 2 3 4 5
~~^---~-^^^ Lan Dieu kifnTN^^-^--,..^^^
- Dat trong cdc nudc each thuy dang sdi
- Dat trong cdc nudc da - Dat trong cdc nudc am 40°C - Dat trong cdc nUdc am 40°C (1 ml HCL 5%) - Dat trong cdc nudc am 40°C (1 ml NaOH 5%)
1 + + - + +
2 + + - + +
3 + + - + +
4 + + - + +
5 + + - + +
Bang 2
Chu thich: "+": Chuyen mau xanh dam.
"-": Khong chuyin mau xanh dim Bang 4. Ket qua thiy nghi$m phdOng an cai tien
(Xem tiep trang 7)
Sd 63 thang 11 nam 2010
,.:i^^^^^^^s^-
NGHIEN cufu & UfNG DUNG
kho hdn, vdi ta't ca 10 mUc dp. Hien t a i , chiing toi da phat trien dUdc khoang hdn 20 Ung dung de phuc vu cho viec hpc c i i a sinh vien tai nha trudng.
V. KET LUAN
BUdc dau, trang web la mdt cdng cu hd trd dae lUc trong viec giang day hpc phan vat ly dai CUdng tai trudng dai hpc Yersin Da lat, dang tie'p tuc dUdc bd sung va hoan thien.
So vdi phUdng phap day truyen thd'ng thi viec sii dung cdng nghe thdng tin trong giang day ddi hdi thdi gian, cdng sUc, kinh nghiem, va phUdng phap giang day cua ngUdi day.
Trong xu the doi mdi phUdng
phap day va hpc, viec sii dung he web Portal vat ly dai cUdng da va dang ho trd td't cho qua trinh day va hpc vat ly, md ra kha nang trao ddi thdng tin, tUdng tac tri thUc giOa nhOng ngUdi hpc, giiip hinh thanh thdi quen tU hpc va tU nghien cUu ciia ngudi hpc.B
Tai ieu tham khao
1. Luke Welling, Laura Thomson, PHP and MySQL Web Development, Paperback Edition, (2009).
2. Hugh E. Williams, David Lane, Web Database Applications with PHP & IVIySQL, Paperback Edition, (2009).
3. David Haliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker, Cd s6 vat ly (Tap I, II, III, IV, V), NXB Giao due, Ha Noi, (1998).
4. Ronald Geautreau, William Savin, Vat ly hien dai (ly thuyet va bai tap), NXB Giao dye, Ha Ngi,, (1997).
5. Irodop I. E., Xaveliep I.V., Damsa O. I., Tuyen tap cac bai tap vat ly dai cUdng , NXB Giao dye.
Ha Noi, (1994).
6. Douglas C. Giancoli, Physics - Principles with applications, 5"
Edition.
7. David Wall, IVluIti - Tier, Application programming with PHP;
Practical guide for architects and programmers. Paperback Edition, (2004).
8. Richard N. Katz, Web portals and higher education: Technologies to make it personal. Paperback Edition, (2008)
10. http://www.phet.colorado.edu.
11. www.php-mysqi-tutorial. com/
installing-php-and-mysqi.aspx
Nghien ciili cai tien cac tlii ngiiiem.
Qua bang tren, d§ dang nhan tha'y rang sau khi thay ddi dieu kien TN, chi cd dng nghiem 3 khdng cd sU chuyen mau xanh dam chUng td ami- laza da thiiy phan tinh bpt trong dieu kien nhiet dp khoang 40''C va pH trung tinh.
NhOng d'ng nghiem cdn lai bj thay ddi dieu kien nhiet dp hoac dp pH nen enzim bj mat hoat tinh, khdng xay ra sU thuy phan tinh bdt. Do dd, khi cho lot y te vao trong cac dng nghiem, dung djch trong dd deu chuyen mau xanh dam, chUng td van cdn tinh bpt ben trong dng nghiem.
- Bddc 8. Ke't luan va xay dung qui trinh TN chuan. So sanh giUa ke't qua thu dUdc khi tie'n hanh TN theo SGK va
(Tiep theo trang 4)
TN cai tien, ket hpp dd'i chieu vdi cd sd khoa hpc, cd the nhan tha'y rang TN cai tien cd ke't qua phii hdp vdi cd sd khoa hpc. Ben canh dd, TN cai tie'n cdn khae phuc dUdc mpt sd tdn tai ciia SGK ve hoa chat, dung cu va cac budc tie'n hanh TN, ke't qua TN thu dUdc rd rang, dS quan sat. Do dd, cd the suf dung TN cai tie'n lam qui trinh TN chuan khi thUc hien TN ve anh hudng cCia nhiet dp va pH de'n hoat tinh enzym amilaza.
Ap dung qui trinh tren de tie'n hanh thuf nghiem va cai tie'n 8 TN trong chUdng trinh sinh hpe Idp 10 THPT, chiing tdi da tien hanh dupe 5 TN cai tie'n ve mau vat, 5 TN cai tie'n ve dung cu va 8 TN cai tie'n ca ve hoa chat va cac budc tie'n
hanh. TU dd chiing tdi cung de xuat xay dung 8 qui trinh TN chuan, cd the sii dung lam tai lieu tham khao cho GV va HS pho t h d n g . •
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Tran Thj Ang, Ph^im Thj Tran Chau, (2006). Hoa sinh hpc. NXB Giao dye.
2. Dinh Quang Bao, Nguyen DUc Thanh (2003). Li luan day hpc Sinh hpc. NXB Giao dye.
3. Tran Thj Anh Diep (2010), i ThU nghiem va cai tie'n cac thi nghiem phan sinh hpc vi sinh vat - sinh hpc 10 THPT, Khoa luan tdt nghiep dgi hpc.
4. Nguyin Thj Hien (2010), ThU;
nghiem va cai tien cac thi nghiem phan sinh hpc te bao - sinh hge 10 THPT, Khoa luan tot nghiep dgi hgc.B
So 63 thang 11 nam 2010
