46. I-/ 4 1 <^i|
KHAO V£ MOT S6 C H f HAN IT GAP
(TRONG MOI LIEN HE VOfI C H C N O M DONG HINH)
NGUYEN QUANG H O N G <*>
B
ai nay chia lam hai phan cho tien trinh bay: (1) Khao sat tu lieu; (2) Van de va thao luan.1. Khao sat tir lieu
Xin quy uac viet tat hai bp tu dien lon cua Trung Hoa, la nhirng nguon dan cu lieu khao sat trong bai nay, nhu sau:
• KX - Khang Hy tu min. iM.^,f m [1716]. t p ^ ^ J ^ t t l K , ( 1 9 5 8 ¥ » ) .
• HD - Hdn ngii dgi tu diin. i^^
*¥*» . mmtm&m^t, mtrnt
tHfiStt, i99o'f c^gepiK).
Duoi day la 15 trucmg hgp tieu biiu dugc dua ra khao sat va d6i chiSu.
(1) @ «KX, tr.226» : [ « g i Tap van] "H513J a cat thia, -ff Ji am (Han Viet) la at; ['S.W, Nggc thien]: Ifeifc la 'an'" . «HD, 262» : e. [JiSI Quang van]
".SSW 6 cat thiet" (> am HV df), A S Nhap thanh, S 8 i Hat van, ®I5 Anh mlu"; [5M Ngoc thien] "n$, ifeiJi At la 'an'". Sv. Trong van Nom cua Viet Nam cung CO chu nay, ciing nghia, am gin nhau: dn BS. Con c6 chu Nom di thJ:
(i.i 0 Lim y: iM, am Han ngir trung dai la
*[at], cung voi am dn duong nhu co quan he "am (nhap) ducmg doi chuyen"
[xem: Nguyen Quang Hong - Am duang doi chuyen...]. Ky thuc chu H^ von co
"khau" P bieu y va "an" ^ bieu am.
(2) W «KX, tr.226» : [*ffi Tap van] "S.StO c6 ma thiSt, s ' l i am (HV) qud, iPStfe la ddng, go dat". ((HD, tr.l82)) : gud, i thanh KhiiII, vjn Ma,
^ mhi Kien; [ 3 i ^ Nggc thien] "M, i S t i l Qua, la d6ng dat, go dit". Sv. Trong van Nom tiSng Viet cung co chii tucmg tu, gan am, ciing nghia: gd M., cung vi6t
» . Chit Nom di thS co: fi, Mt,^
(3) a . ((KX, tr.708» : [ « « Quang van] "i.&iJi chi mau thifa"; [^BM Tap van] "^iSM chi mau thifa, ^ i j ; am (HV) chil"; [WiX Thuyfa van] '"^itW.
sMl Cho vang diu den, }k1t±%^^
i t "khuySn" bieu y, "chu" bi6u am, dgc nhu chff'. «HD, tr.564» : zhu, i thanh Khu, iM van Ngg, ^ mau Chuong (giai nghTa nhu tren). Sv. Chii Nom tiing Viet cung CO chii ciing hinh, gan am: cho S., '•' GS.TSKH Vi?n Nghien cuu Han Nom.
KHAO VE MOT SO C H C HAN IT GAP . ma nghia cua cha thi tr6 Ioai cho noi
chung, chuf khong chi gicri han la "cho vang diu den".
(4) Jft «KX, tr.716:> : [*ffl Tap v?n] "mikin to c6 thifa, "kM am (HV) tS; IS.S Nggc thien] "Wl!l loai thu".
<HD, tr.572» : zhii, 4 thanh Khil, vin Mg M-, mau Tam 'll^ (giai nghia nhu tren). Sv. Trong van Nom nguoi Viet ciing CO chii nay, dgc la cho # gin am, nghia tro loai cho chijr khong philm chi loai thli chung chung. DSy la chii di thi ciia chii cho l i noi trSn.
(5) m <KX, tr.708)) : [ » « Tap van] " ^ ; ^ t n cir chi thiet, ^ ^ am ky",
^'iWiil^M9. d Nhfi- Nam ggi cho laiy. «HD, tr.568)) : 9/, T thanh Binh, i, van Chi, S mlu Qu&i, (giai nghia nhu tren). Luu y: Am Han trung dai la
*[kei]. Sv. Chii nay tugng ling voi chii Nom Vi§t R cdy [kyi^], la cha d6ng nghia nhung khdc hinh, khac am voi hai chii ch6 ^/% n6i Iren.
(6) JH <KX, tr.710» : [ * M Tap V^]"M*P-KI dien tri thifa, * • # am (HV) di, U\Si la loai thii. <HD, tr.585» : yi,
•T thanh binh, i van Chi, \1X mau Di, (giai nghia nhu tren). Sv. Trong van Nom tieng Viet chQ nay dgc gin am la Dai, c6 nghia xac chi la loai doi, tiic Jffi S. "chugt bay" (theo ten ggi ciia nguoi H4n), chii khong phai la noi din loai thii mg ho nao do.
(7) m (KX, tr.721» : [JSM Buong v5n][*W Tjip V!in][W# Van hgi][iHW Chinh v ^ ] "ffiitW tha dat thilt, S M am (HV) IhdI. [sft JC Thuyfa vto] "ia 'h^7ii.M-kM Nhu cho con, s6ng ducri nucrc, an ei". «HD, tr.579» : Id, A Nhap thanh, ^ vin H?t, iS mau Thiu,
[Bic Thuyfa van] ")^^m9 Khuyin bieu y, lai bieu am" (giai nghia nhu tren). Sv. Chii nay ciing co trong chii Nom Viet, cung nghia, nhung dgc la ra/
^ . Am nay thuc ra rat phii hgp voi thanh to bieu am la H lai. Con co nhung chu Nom di thi nhu: M , ^•
8) «». « KX, tr.747» : [ £ * * g g Ngii am Tap van] "J^^tJi hg cau thiet, S ^ am hdu, iEin.tii loai dua to qua".
«HD,tr.lllO» :|sl nhu chii {-6];|l;t}, am gdu, ^ thanh Binh, i^ van Hau, M miu Kiln, [M0. Tap van] "{'&) TJ J^}
i M i ^ dua to qua, ^}Ai^ hoac Hau bieu am". Sv. Chii Nom tieng Viet ciing diing chii ^ nay vol am hdu, de tro loai dua to ma cr Trung Hoa ggi la "tay qua"
(9) ^ <KX, tr.909)> : [ * « T4p van] " # ) 2 ^ bac mgt thifa, "§"# am (HV) bql.M^^ gag nghiin". «HD, trl311)) : bo, A thanh Nhap, iS vin Mgt, M mau Tinh. [ l E ^ Nggc thien]
" # , *** Bgt, bgt g!ig". Sv. Chil Nom tiing Vi?t ciing co chii nay, am dgc, hinh chii va nghia chii ciing tuong tv nhu trong Han van: # bot. Co chfl: N6m di thi la t#.
(10) JS (KX, tr.l092» : [SaM Tap van][rF:BM Chinh van] "^^ij] 6 hing thilt", [ftgM Tap van] "M&W 6 cong thilt, deu CO am (HV) la ongM", [ 5 S Nggc thien] " W * t S ^ Y ong !a ten loai trimg, M R t t f e lung that eo".
(HD, t r . l 2 0 a : weng, T thanh Binh, M vin Dong, mau Anh ^ . [ I f t S Thuyit van] <DA^ ten loai triing "j®, Sttt^MA^ Ong, loai triing tren da trau da ngua, M.^ trimg biiu nghia, ^ B ong biiu am"; ® t 8 « , mMi^ Y
41
TAP CHI HAN N 6 M SO 3 (124) - 2014 NGUYEN QUANG H6NG
ong la ong that eo. Sv. Trong van Nom tiing Viet, chii nay doc la ong ^, tro loai ong noi chung.
(11) ^ «KX. tr.l214)) : [SMM Duong van] #-th,-^ chucmg da thiet, [ ^ gi Tap van][gR#' Van hoi][IRHi Chinh v§n] "±1^'KJ chi da thidt M ^ # DSu CO am (HV) la gid", [t^Z^ Thuyet van]
" # ± i ^ la 'dit do"', [ W a Bat nha]
"?!pik la 'do' vay". «HD, tr.l462» : zhe, J : thanh Thugmg, % van Ma, M mau Chuang, (giai nghia nhu {Wi~X. Thuyet van]. Lai viit: ® " ^ ^ f e ^ l l f e Mau do tia, mau tim sam", © " ^ ^ . ^ I f e Nhuom thanh mau do". Sv. Trong van Nom tieng Vi?t cung c6 chii nay dgc la do ^ (?^+ll vt), CO nghia nhu ^ hoac
^.lEfe trong Han ngir. Co nhieu bien the va di the trong chii Nom, nhu: M >
t^ f< J~ t^ A...
(12) M «KX, tr.l383» : [ S g Nggc thien] ' " s t t am (HV) la muoi", [^M Tu vimg] "WWi khuon mat".
«HD, tr.l830» : mei, [ B g Nggc thien]
" ' a ' t t am (HV) la muoi', " B , J H ^ Muoi la khuon mat". Sv. NomViet ciing CO mgt chii vgi nghia hoan toan tucmg dong vgi chii Han do, nhung am dgc va hinh chii c6 khac nhau doi chiit: mat i^
(M dien bieu y, )^ mat - chii khong phai
^ vi - bieu am). 6 day, giiia am Han va am N6m phai chang co sir lien he theo quy luat "am duong ddi chuyin", hay chi la su nhim lan (6 mat chfl Han) khi viit
^ mat thanh ^ vi. Co nhilu biln thi va djthlchiiNom: j l , S , ft , l l ...
(13) # «KX,tr.l418» :[*gMTap vjn] "te^-BJ c6 tam thifa, "a-fl" am (HV) cam, Will la 'm6i nhir'". «HD, tr.l848» : gdn, ^ thanh Binh, Vi vin
Dam, S. mau Kiln, ffiik la mil nhil.
Lai viSt: Con co nghia la "^-til 'an' vay"
(din theo Tir Kha ^ S J [ j f ^ ^ S * ] ) . Sv, Chfi nay trgng van Nom Viet dgc la cam
•fif, CO nghia la 'thuc pham nau chin tir gao' nhu '/IttS' trong Han ngii. Con co chii Nom di the la " 1 ^ "
(14) « «KX, tr.l439» : [ J t « Duong van][iEB8 Chinh vSn] "HBSIS ngu kha thilt"; [MiS. Tap v$n] [ B 1 # Van hgi] agnTiS] ngO kha thilt, M S S j diu cho am (HV) la ngff'; [ i f t i Thuyfa van] " t S . i i J | S a i S Ba nga la dang ngua lie diu". Lai nhu sach [WW Bac nha] viit: " S i ^ , JIM Nga loc la con v^t thuoc loai ngua". ((HD, tr.l894» : ® e , _tl thanh Thugng, BJ van Ca, M. miu Nghi, "HffisM nghia la ngua lie diu"; <S e , W- thanh Binh, 5); vin Ca, W mau Nghi, "HM con vat thuge loai ngya".
Sv m . <KX, tr.l440)) : [fM^ Tv vung b6] "Hi^^ ngii ha thiet, ^^ am (HV) nga, S f f 4 'ngua di' vay". «HD, tr.l894)) : ® e, tm , "Wff", ® i, "1^1 R , W S nhu chit S , thu^c loai ngua".
Sv. Trong van N6m chua thay chii SI hay M., ma thuang mugn chii Han ngu IX de ghi am ngua. Tgi ngg rang may chii Han nay la ghi cac ngii tg "dong nguyen" (cimg goe). Hinh thiic so khai ciia chiing co the tai l$p la *[inr)a] ( ^
*[ma-t)a] ?). Sau do c6 sv biln chuyen theo hai hudng: Hoac gia "dl rung" [-i)-]:
*[nu)a]>[ma] (tra thanh am dgc cua chii Han Ml ma); hoac gia "ddnh roi" [m-]:
*[mT)a]>[r)a] (tro thanh am dgc ciia chii Han S , S va ca IX, ding thiri cOng lien quan vcri ngua trong tiing Vi?t.
(Luu y: Vin a bien thanh vin ua 14 chuyen de thiy trong tiing Viet, nhu lua
42
KHAO VE MOT SO CHC HAN IT G^P . {j mien Trung co noi gpi 1^ Id. Neu nhu
trong van Nom co bat gap i^,.^ d6 ghi ngua thi cimg la rdt hgp lg. Chii N6m con CO mpt di thi dl ghi ngft to ngua:^
(15) ^ iKX, tr.l483:& : [jftti Quang v$n][^iM Tap van] ""STR-KI C6 hoa thilt, ^ ^ am (HV) la qua"; [J^H Quang vSn] ",ftf^ ten chim". ^HD, tr.1918:^ : ge, ^ thanh Binh, W: vin Ca,
^ mau Kien, " , ^ ^ ten chim". Con viet {M'.U^) a tu diin iKX, tr.l502» : [^HM T ^ van] "-^^ij] c6 hoa thilt, ^
^ am la qua, .%^ ten chim". ^HD, h-.1937» : guo, ^ thanh Binh, :)<i vim Qua, ^ mau Kien, , ^ ^ ten chim, X ^ chim cong tuac. Sv. VSn Nom tieng Viet CO chii ^ dpc la qua, x^c chi giong qua, tuong ling vdi Han ngG la !^M "6 qua".
Trong van Nom con nhilu chft bien the va di thi khac nhu: ,^^, k%, %, ?i| ...
2. Van de \k thao Iuan
Nhung tu lieu dugc khao sdt tren day CO the ggi ra mpt so van de dang dugc suy nghT va bien luan. De dang nhan thay rang, giua nhiing chii Han va tucmg ung voi chiing la nhung chiJ Nom vira dan nhu tren la co net tucmg dong nhat djnh. Vgy duyen do cila sy tucmg ddng nay la tir dau, tinh chdt ciia no the nao? Thao luan va nhan thiic ve nhiing van de nay co le s6 la b6 ich cho viec nhSn di?n diing din m6i quan he giiia chii Hdn va chii Nom, ciing nhu dii vcd nghien ciiu ngon ngu va vdn tu Han va Vi$t noi chung. Cach tilp can ciia chiing toi vdo vipc giai quylt nhftng vin dl nay Id nhu sau:
2.1. Xet tir khia cgnh ngon ngU. Cdc ngft to Hdn va Vipt dugc de cap den a
day khong hin Id "d6ng nguyen" (cung g6c) trong npi bp Han ngft [xem: Vuong Luc: Ddng nguyin tu diin], md co phan chic do la nhung ngii to "dong nguydn"
theo con duong tiep xiic gifta cdc ng6n ngft md CO. Gifta cdc ngon ngft do co the CO hoac khong co quan h6 than thupc (hp hang). Nhilu khd nang do Id luu tich cua qua trinh tilp xiic tir sdm giiia Hdn ngft voi cac ngon ngft cua cdc dan t6c lan can 6 phucmg Nam. Toi nghi rang day hau het Id nhiing ngu to von khong CO sin trong tieng Han c6 dai, ma dd mugn tir cac ngon ngft ldng gieng rdi dung nap va tilp tuc Hdn hoa. Dang luu y la: (a) Nhftng ngft to dang xet tii co chi kim rat it dugc su dung trong Hdn vdn.
Trong khi do thi nhiing ngft to tuong ling trong van Nom tieng ViSt (vd co the cd trong cdc ngon ngft khac d phucmg Nam) deu rdt thucmg dimg den. (b) Moi quan h? ve nghia chft vcri dm chft vd cd hinh chft trong Han vSn nhieu khi c6 v6 mo ho. Trong khi do thi quan h? hinh - dm - nghia cua ngu to trong chft Nom Vipt (va cac ngon ngft phuong Nam khac) la khd cu the vd ro rdng.
2.2. Xet tic khia cgnh vdn ttr. Nhung ngugc lai, rat kho de noi ring cdc chft dang xet ciing la do ngucri Han mugn tir vdn tu ciia cdc dan tpc lang gieng. Mpi nguoi deu biet rang, to tien ngucri Hdn a Hoa Ha chinh la nhirng nguoi daii tien trong the gioi phuang Dong da sdng tao ra loai hinh van tu khoi vuong, tu tugng hinh den bieu dm bieu y. Tren th\rc te, ngay tu som truoc khi cdc dan tpc khdc 6 vung dat A chau ndy che ra vdn t\r cho minh (ma khong it Id dya vdo chit lipu vd cd mo hinh cau tao chii Hdn), hp dd 43
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 3 (124) - 2014 NGUY£N QUANG HdNG
sam giao luu tiep xiic vdi nguoi Han. Boi vay, CO nhieu kha nang Id t6 tien nguoi Han dd thong qua khau ngft de tiep nhan mpt s6 tu ngfi ngoai tpc, roi sau do dS ghi Iai, hg da dya vdo mo lunh cau tao chu Han de tao ra nhiing chu vuong tuong ling cho ngft to vay mugn. Nhftng chft da xem xet a tren, tft doi Tong ve truoc, tham chi ngay tft doi Han (nhu trong Thiryit vdn gidi ttr ciia Hiia Thiin) da le te xudt hi$n trong cdc tdc phim Hdn van.
Con voi chft N6m cua nguoi Viet, thi theo nghien ciiu cua chiing t6i, phai tft diu the ky XII mdi hinh thanh [xem:
Nguyen Quang Hong - Khdi lugn vdn tu hoc chit Nom]. Nhung khong vi the ma nhit quyet cho rdng ngucri Viet da mugn cdc chft CO san do trong co tich Han van de dimg cho chii Nora cua minh. Vi sao vay? Can phai luu y rang: (a) N h u da noi a tren, m i y chft dang xet Id rat it khi dugc diing den trong Han van. Doi vdi van nhan nguoi Vi§t chiing lai cdng to ra xa la, hiem thay, do do hg chang hoi ddu di "dao bdi" co tich chu Hdn de mugn cho ky dugc mdy chu do lam chft Nom cho minh. (b) Khi c h l tao vd su dung chu Nom, nguoi Vipt thucmg mugn nhiing chft Hdn thuang gap, khd quen thuoc trong von lieng Han van ciia mmh.
Nhimg dilu md hp hCmg thu hem Id lgi dung chat lieu chft Han ("che doi che ba"
chft Han ra thdnh cdc thanh to bieu am vd bieu y) roi chii yeu theo mo hinh chft Hdn de tu tao ra cdc chu Nom cho cac ngft to tiing Viet (va khong chi tieng Viet) ciia minh. Co khong it nhihig chft Nom co the Id "d6ng hinh" voi chft Hdn, song trong
do CO khong it t r u o i ^ hgp chi la triing hgp i ^ a u nhien ma thoi. Van Huu tft lau da chi ra nhiing tuong hgp nhu vay [xem:
NanHmi ~ Ludn chit Nom...].
Tft t i t cd nhfing gi da trinh bay tren day, chiing ta y thiic dugc rang: Bat ke la tir goe dp ngdn ngft hpc hay tii goe dp van t u hgc, nhung tu liSu dugc de cdp den 6 ddy deu co moi quan he voi nhau kha phiic tap vd da chieu. Boi vay phdi chang la thoa dang n^u chiing ta tiep c^n voi nhfing hien tugng dang xet mgt cdch don tuyen vd phien dien.'*'
N.Q.H
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
(1) Wan H\^: Ludn chit Ndm... ^ ^ i^
^m (Chft Nom) zmm^n^m^zM
(2) Vucmg Lire: Hdn Vi^t n^ nghien cuu.
^/j mmmmn)) - !.:&?: :£^3 mm
tWiXM)) ,:lbM, 1958't:,
(3) Virong Luc: Ddng nguyen tu dien.
%i, 1982 if-o
(4) Nguyin Quang Hong: Am duang doi chuyin trong Hdn ngit vd doi diiu lien h? vdi Vi4t ngit. Tap chi Ngon ngit, H. 1994, N.4.
(5) Nguyin Quang Hong: Khdi lugn vdn tuhgc chit Ndm. Nxb. Gido d\ic, Tp. Ho Chf Minh, 2008.
(*) Nguyen bdn bang Trung van, la bdo cao chinh trinh bay trong cupc Tga ddm ve chit Hdn do Hpi d6ng hpc thu^t Hdn t\f qu6c te to chirc tai Hong Kong ngdy 22/10/2013./.
