^ai eaek tit pkap 86 9 (210)-2009
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Mot SO van 0§ v@ vi§c XETXUrvUANHINHSir
X et xif vu an binh sii (bai vie't nay cbi de cap de'n xet xii sd tham) la giai doan to' tung thuoc tham quyen giai quye't cua tda an nhan dan. Trong giai doan nay, tda an (cu the la tham phan dUdc phan cdng lam chu tpa phien tda) tien hanb nghien ciiu hd sd vu an (ke ca xem xet vat chiing) mpt each day dii, toan dien trong mdt thdi han luat dinh de xae dinh cac boat ddng dieu tra, truy to' hdp phap va cd can cii hay kbdng; boat ddng dieu tra da tbu thap day du bay chUa cac tai lieu, chiing cii de chiing minb cac van de can phai giai quyet trong vu an; xae dinh tham quyen xet xii vu an ciing nhU quye't dinb ap dung, thay ddX hiiy bd bien pbap ngan chan,... Tif dd, thkm pban dUa ra mot trong cac quyet dinh la, chuyen vu an boac la dUa vu an ra xet xii boac la tra ho sd de dieu tra bo sung
• PHAM THAI QUY *
boac la dinb chi hoac tam dinh chi vu an. Trong trUdng hdp trinh tii, thii tuc dieu tra, truy to' la hdp phap va cd can cif; chiing cii da dupc thu thap day dti; vu an tbupc tham quyen giai quye't cua minh; khdng cd cac can cii tam dinb chi hoac dinb chi vu an tbi tda an pbai tie'n hanh md phien tda de dUa vu an ra xet xii. Tai pbien tda, tbdng qua cac tbu tuc to' tung luat dinb, tda an (cu the la hdi dong xet xii) cdng kbai tham tra, danb gia va sU dung cac chiing cii de dUa ra phan quye't ve tpi pbam va hinh phat ciing nhU cac van de kbac can pbai giai quye't trong vu an b&ng mdt ban an, cbam diit qua trinb cbiing minb tpi pbam cua cac cd quan tie'n banh to' tung (ne'u vu an khdng bi khang cao, khang nghi).
Nhu vay, cd the ndi rang, xet xii la giai doan trpng tam, la boat ddng giii vai trd dac
biet quan trpng trong tie'n trinh to' tung de giai quye't mpt vu an hinh sii. Do vay, ve phap luat thiic dinh, ly luan va thiic tien thi xet x i la van de ldn, van de phiic tap, nen trong bai viet nay, cbiing toi khdng cd tham vpng de cap, trao doi mpt each day dii, toan dien ve giai doan to tung dac biet quan trpng nay, ma chi tap trung trao ddi mpt so' van de ve thiic tien lien quan de'n boat dpng xet xii cac vu an binh sii. Tuy nhiing van de trao doi sau day khdng mang tinh quye't dinb, nhUng cting cd tam quan trpng nha't dinh, gdp phan vao viec nang cao chat lUdng xet xii cua Tda an.
1. Noi ldi sau cung, noi cai gi?
Theo quy dinh ciia Bp luat
To' tung hinh sii nam 2003,
tbi phien toa hinb sii dien ra
qua nhieu thu tuc khac
(phan thu tuc bat dau pbien
toa, xet hdi, tranh luan, nghi
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an va tuyen an). Mdi mdt pban tbu tuc to' tung tai pbien toa cd ndi dung rieng nbam dap Ung cac muc dich, y ngbia khac nhau dd'i vdi viec giai quye't vu an. Do dd, de phien toa dat chat lUdng tdt, hieu qua cao thi ddi hdi tbam phan lam chu toa pbien toa phai hieu ro ndi dung, muc dich cua tiing pban tbu tuc to' tung de dieu banb phien toa tbeo diing trpng tam, trpng diem. Qua thiic tien cdng tac xet xii cac vu an hinb sii, toi nban tbay r&ng, van cdn nbieu tbam pban chUa hieu ro hoac cdn xem nhe ve npi dung, muc dich cua tCfng phan nen da cd sU lan ldn boac chUa tuan tbu diing ndi dung giiia cac pban thii tuc to' tung dan de'n chat lupng ciia cac phien tda chUa cao. Ngoai ra cUng cdn cd nhting quy dinb cdn cd sU nhan thiic, ap dung chUa chuan nen khdng pbat buy dupc muc dicb, y ngbia cua nd, dien hinb phai ke de'n dd la quy dinh bi cao ndi ldi sau cung.
Tai Dieu 220 cua Bd luat To tung binh sii nam 2003 quy djnh: "Sau khi nhiing ngudi tbam gia tranb luan kbdng trinh bay gi them, chu toa pbien toa tuyen bd ke't
tbiic tranb luan. Bi cao dUdc ndi ldi sau ciing. Kbdng dUdc dat cau bdi kbi bi cao ndi ldi sau Cling. Hpi ddng xet xii cd quyen yeu cau bi cao kbdng dupc trinh bay nhiing diem khdng lien quan den vu an, nbUng kbdng dUpc ban che thdi gian dd'i vdi bi cao. Neu trong ldi ndi sau ciing, bi cao trinh bay them tinh tiet mdi cd y ngbia quan trpng dd'i vdi vu an, tbi bdi dong xet xU pbai quye't dinh trd lai viec xet hei". Day la mdt quy dinb dam bao quyen cbo bj cao, tuy nhien, tham phan lam cbii toa pbien toa can phai bieu ro ndi dung, muc dicb ciia quy dinh nay de dieu hanh, budng dan cbo bj cao trinh bay diing trpng tam, trpng diem cua van de mdi phat buy dUpc muc dicb, y ngbia cua viec quy dinh cbe djnh nay. Cd the tha'y rang, dieu luat vien dan d tren cbi mdi quy dinb ve quyen, dieu kien can thiet bae dam cbo viec bi cao ndi ldi sau ciing va be qua (neu cd) pbat sinh qua viec bi cao ndi ldi sau ciing ma chUa quy dinh ve ndi dung, gidi ban cua ldi ndi sau cting la gi. Cbinb vi vay ma, tbiic te ndi dung quy dinh ndi ldi sau cung van cdn la mdt an so' ma mdi tbam pban cd
mdt ldi giai kbac nbau. Qua viec tnic tie'p tbam gia va tbam du nbieu pbien toa binb sti tdi tbay rang, bien nay tai cac phien toa sau kbi kiem sat vien trinb bay ldi luan tdi, tbam pban cbu toa pbien toa cbo pbep bi cao trinb bay ldi bao chiia va tranb luan vdi quan diem luan tdi cua kiem sat vien tbi cac bi cao thudng trinb bay nao la nguyen nban pbam tdi do nban tbiic ban cbe, do ndng ndi, mii quang, do bi kich dpng ve tinb than, trinb bay hoan canh khd khan,...
rdi de nghi hpi ddng xet xii xem xet giam nhe binb pbat.
Trong trUdng bdp nay, cac tbam pban lam chii toa pbien toa thudng ngat ldi ciia bi cao vi cho rang nhiing ndi dung nay bj cao cbi dUpc phep trinb bay kbi ndi ldi sau ciing. Vdi nban tbiic va each dieu hanb pbien toa nhu vay nen, neu vu an kbdng cd sii tbam gia cua luat sU tbi pban trinb bay ldi bao chiia, tranh luan it kbi dUdc tbiic hien vi bj cao cbang biet trinb bay van de gi ma ndi dung ldi tti bao chiia lai phai trinh bay kbi ndi ldi sau Cling. Dieu de nban tbay viec bj cao trinb bay ve nguyen nhan, dieu kien pbam tpi
^ai eiiek tii pkap 86 9 (210)-2009
nhU: do nhan thiic, hieu biet ban che, trinh bay boan canh, the bien sii an nan hdi cai, de nghi hpi ddng xem xet giam nhe hinh phat,... cbinb la npi dung cua ldi bao chiia cho hanh vi pham tpi ciia bp nen can phai dUdc thiic hien d phan trinh bay ldi bao chiia cua hi cao. Mat khac, kbi bi cao trinh bay nbiing van de nay d pban bao chiia cd the la sii gdi md cho mdt cudc tranh luan vdi quan diem luan tpi cua kiem sat vien de lam sang td them npi dung vu an, nguyen nban, dieu kien pham tpi, boan canb, nban than cua bi cao,... Theo quy dinb cua Bd luat To tung hinh sii nam 2003 tha'y r&ng, thdi diem de bi cao dUpc ndi ldi sau ciing la sau khi da ket thiic viec tranb luan va trUdc khi hdi ddng xet xii vao phdng ngbi an (phdng rieng biet kbdng ai dUdc pbep vao ngoai cac tbanb vien cua hpi ddng xet xU) de tie'n hanb viec nghj an. Can cii vao viec quy dinb ve tbdi diem nhU vay ta cd the thay rang, day la thdi diem cudi ciing, la cd hpi cudi ciing de ca bi cao lan hpi ddng xet xii xae dinh dUpc sii that khach quan cua vu an neu qua trinh td tung trUdc dd cdn cd nhiing van de
khuat ta't, md am, chUa diing sii that, thieu khach quan.
Chang ban nhU, bi cao khdng tbiic hien hanh vi pham tdi nhUng vi mpt ly do nao dd ma nban tpi tbay; vu an cd cac dong pbam khac nhUng do bi de dpa, bi mua cbupc nen bi cao chUa khai ra; ngoai hanh vi bi xet xii bi cao cdn thiic hien banb vi pham tpi khac;... Vi tai thdi diem nay ma bi cao neu ra cac sii viec khuat ta't, nhiing gi chUa dupc lam ro, nbiing gi bi cao chUa khai het, ne'u cac tinh tiet mdi nay cd y nghia quan trpng dd'i vdi viec giai quye't vu an thi hpi ddng xet xii phai quye't dinh trd lai viec xet hdi va he qua cd the vu an se pbai tra hd sd yeu cau dieu tra bo sung de giai quye't vu an dupc khach quan, diing pbap luat. Cdn ne'u tai thdi diem nay ma bi cao khdng ndi ra nhiing gi la sii that cua vu an thi se kbdng cdn cd hdi niia, vi sau dd hdi dong xet xU se vao phdng nghi an de thao luan, quye't dinb cac van de can phai giai quyet trong vu an, thdng qua va ky ban an nen cd khi se la "biit sa ga chet". Mac dii, theo Dieu 223 ciia Bp luat To' tung hinb sii nam 2003, thi tai pban ngbi an hpi ddng xet xii van cd the
quye't dinb trd lai viec xet hdi, tuy nhien trong nhieu trUdng hdp rat kbd cd the phat bien dUdc nhting tinh tiet mdi can thiet phai lam rd, neu nbU bi cao biet ma khdng tii ndi ra trUdc khi hoi dong xet xii vao phdng nghj an. Mat khac, viec hpi dong xet xii xae dinh cd tpi pbam xay ra hay khdng, bi cao co phai la ngUdi da thiic bien hanh vi pham tpi khdng can phai can cii vao cac chiing cii cua vu an da dUdc tham tra cdng khai tai phien tda; viec quye't dinh liia chpn loai va miic hinh phat phai "can cii vao quy dinb cua Bp luat Hinh sii, can nhac tinb chat va miic dp nguy hiem cbo xa hpi cua hanb vi pham toi, nhan than ngUdi pham toi, cac tinh tiet giam nhe va tang nang trach nhiem binh sii" (Dieu 45 Bp luat Hinh sU nam 1999) chii khdng ton tai ed che "xin, cho" trong viec xet xU nbu suy nghi cua nhieu ngUdi, de rdi hUdng cho bi cao "xin" giam nhe hinh phat khi ndi ldi sau ciing nhil lau nay van thUdng lam.
Tif nbiing phan tich tren,
tbeo quan diem cua ca nban
tdi thi quy dinh ve viec ndi Icli
sau ciing la nham de cho bj
cao ndi ra nhting gi khuat tat
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cbUa dupc lam rd hoac nbiing gi da lam ro nhung chi la sii gia ddi, sai sii that khach quan, nhiing van de mdi cd y ngbia dd'i vdi viec giai quye't vu an nb&m dam bao tinb khach quan, toan dien, diing pbap luat chii khdng pbai la liic de bj cao bien minb va
"cau xin" dUdc giam nhe hinh pbat nhu nbieu ngUdi v i n quan niem.
Viec quy dinh ndi ldi sau ciing cd y ngbia vd ciing quan trpng trong viec lam ro sti that khach quan cua vu an, ban cbe tinb trang xet xif oan, sai. Do dd, viec nban tbiic diing npi dung va y ngbia cua quy dinh nay se pbat huy dUdc vai trd, tac dung cua nd nh&m nang cao chat lupng xet xii cac vu an binb sii cua nganh Toa an.
2. Viec xae dinh ten gpi khac cua hi cao, hieu the nao cho dung?
Ten gpi cua mdt ca nban la tif boac nhdm tif diing de cbi mpt ca nban^, ciing vdi cac dac diem khac ve nban than nbu ngay, thang, nam sinh; que quan; ndi cU trii;
nghe nghiep; trinh dp van boa; bp ten cha, me,... la nhting yeu to de xae djnh, de pban biet mdt ca nhan nay vdi mdt ca nhan kbac, bay
ndi each kbac la nhiing yeu to' de xae dinh danh tinh cua mdt con ngUdi cu the. Viec xae djnh, ghi nhan ten gpi cua bi cao nham de xae dinb diing ngUdi tbiic hien banb vi pbam tpi bj truy to', xet xU ciing nhu bao dam sii chinb xae trong viec bupc ngUdi pham tpi da bi ke't an pbai tbi banh hinb pbat va cac pban khac ciia ban an. Vdi tam quan trpng nhU vay nen qua trinh to tung trong tat ca cac giai doan khdi td', dieu tra, truy te va xet xii thi cac cd quan tie'n hanh td tung phai xae dinh va ghi nban hp ten cua ngUdi bi tam giii, bj can, bi cad.
Qua tbiic tien cdng tac xet xU hien nay thay r&ng, ngay tlf giai doan dieu tra cac bj can thudng kbai them cac ten gpi kbac ngoai hp ten kbai sinb ciia bp, mat kbac tam ly cua cac dieu tra vien tbudng mudn ghi nban vao bien ban hdi cung bj can cac ten gpi kbac nay (nbat la cac biet danb mang tinb chat xa bdi den) nham lam tang sii danb gia nhan than cua bj can la xau. Ciing tif dd trong cac van ban td tung nbU ket luan dieu tra, ban cao trang deu ghi nhan cac ten gpi khac cua bj can (lUu y, pban ldn la cac
ten gpi kbac nay ghi nban tbeo ldi khai cua bi can cbii kbdng cd giay td, tai lieu bpp pbap nao chting minh dieu nay). Cii theo ldi san cd nay tbi cac toa an than nhien ghi nban vao ban an cac ten gpi khac dd ma khdng can dan do, suy ngbi gi ve gia tri pbap ly cua nbiing cai ten vu vd nay. Mdt tbiic tehien nay, cd kbdng it toa an ghi nhan trong ban an ca nhting cai ten bi gan ghep, mao nban cua cac bi cao "sac miii xa hpi den" ma kbdng mpt ai cd the chap nban dupc. Thed quan diem cua ca nban tdi, viec eac tea an xae dinb, ghi nhan ten gpi khac ngoai ten kbai sinb ctia bi cao nbu vay la kbdng pbu bpp vdi quy dinb ciia pbap luat bien banb.
Tbeo quy djnh tai khoan 2 Dieu 224 cua Bp luat To'tung hinb sii nam 2003 tbi trong ban an pbai ghi hp ten ciia bi cao ma kbdng bat bupc pbai ghi ten gpi kbac, trong kbi dd tbeo Dieu 26 cua Bd luat Dan sU nam 2005 tbi hp, ten cua mpt ngUdi dUdc xae djnh tbeo bp, ten kbai sinb cua ngUdi dd. Nbu vay, ngoai ten kbai sinb tbi cac ten khac chi dung de xUng bd, giad tiep trong cac quan be gia dinb, xa bdi ma ngUdi do tbam gia
@at eiiek tii pkap 86 9 (210)-2009
chii khdng the dUdc sii dung trong cac quan he mang tinh phap ly cao, dac biet la trong cac quan be giiia Nha nUdc vdi ca nhan. Do dd, trong ban an chi can ghi bp ten kbai sinh cua bi cao la du vi khdng ai cd the vin vao mpt loai giay td tai lieu nao khac de phu nhan lai gia tri phap ly cua giay khai sinh. Cbi trong trUPng hpp bi cao kbdng cd giay khai sinh (cd the kbdng dupc khai sinh boac bi mat va chinh quyen dia phUdng khdng cdn lUu giii dUdc so dang ky khai sinh hoac khdng cd ten trong sd dang ky khai sinh) ma cac giay td tuy than (nhU: Giay chiing minb nhan dan, sd hp kbau, cac loai bang cap, ly lich can bp,...) cd cac ten gpi kbac nhau thi can ghi nhan cac ten gpi dd. NhU vay, dd'i vdi ten tbudng gpi, bi danh, biet danh,... do bi gan ghep boac do bi cao tii mao nhan ma khdng dupc cd quan nha nUdc cd tbam quyen cdng nban, khdng cd tai lieu, giay td gi de xae dinh thi ten gpi dd hoan toan kbdng hdp phap nen kbdng cd ly do gi de toa an lai thiia nban mpt cai ten kbdng hpp phap cua bi cao vao ban an, nbat la nhiing ten gpi mang tinh chat "xa
hdi den" trai vdi thuan phong, my tuc cua dan tpc.
Mat kbac, ne'u toa an ghi nhan ten gpi khac theo ldi kbai cua bi cao ma khdng cd giay td tai lieu gi chiing minh, neu khi ban an cd hieu liic tbi hanh ma ngUdi bi ke't an cbo rang minh kbdng phai la ngUdi cd cai ten gpi khac nbu vay de trd'n tranb tracb nbiem tbi banb ban an thi chac cban rang toa se phai that ly.
Nbu vay, tbeo quan diem cua ca nban tdi thi tai muc (11) hudng dan sii dung mau ban an hinh sii sd tham ban hanh kem theo Ngbi quye't so' 04/2004/NQ-HDTP ngay 05/11/2004 cua Hpi ddng Tbam phan Toa an nhan dan tdi cao ve viec ghi hp ten bi cao la kbdng phu hdp can pbai xem xet lai. Rat mong cac ddng ngbiep cung quan tam trao doi nham cd sii nhin nban diing dan de mdi mpt ban an dUdc ban banb kbdng cbi diing phap luat ma cdn pbii hdp vdi tbiic tien cupc sd'ng, phli hdp vdi thuan pbong my tuc cua dan tpc ma khi mpi ngUdi dpc de'n deu cd the chap nhan dUpc.
3. Co goi la "ngifdi giam ho"?
Mdi mpt tu each tham gia
to' tung trong vu an hinb sU cd cac quyen, nghia vu ve npi dung va quyen, nghia vu to' tung khac nhau. Mpt khi xae dinh sai hoac bd sdt ngUdi tham gia to' tung tat yeu se anb bUdng de'n quyen va ldi ich hpp phap cua hp. Do do, viec xae dinh tU each ngUdi tham gia to' tung cd mpt tam quan trpng dac biet khi giai quyet vu an hinb sii. Tbiic tien xet xii hien nay, cac vi pham to' tung thUdng vap phai la viec xae dinh sai hoac bd sdt ngUdi tbam gia to' tung. Ngoai ra, cdn cd dang sai sdt tUdng dd'i pho bien khac, dd la viec diing thuat ngii pbap ly khdng diing khi xae dinb ngUdi dai dien ciia ngUdi tbam gia to' tung la nhiing ngUdi chUa tbanb nien. Cu the dd la, khi cha, me cua bi can, hi cao, ngUdi bi hai,... la nbiing ngUdi chUa thanh nien tbam gia to' tung nbieu toa an (tbam chi ke ca Tda an nhan dan tdi cao) da xae dinh hp la "ngUdi giam hp". Ddn cii nhU tai Quye't dinb giam dd'c tham so
13/2003/HDTP ngay
28/7/2003 cua Hdi ddng
Tham pban Toa an nhan dan
tdi cao, xet xii giam dd'c tbam
vu binh sii dd'i vdi bj cao
Hoang Xuan Thanh pham tpi
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giet ngUdi. Tai quye't dinb nay da xae dinh dng Hoang Xuan Cau, bd' de cua bi cao la
"ngUdi giam hd" cho bi cao2.
Theo tdi, viec cac cd quan tie'n hanh to' tung xae dinb cha, me cua ngudi chUa thanh nien la "ngUdi giam bp" la hoan toan khdng dung vdi cac quy dinh cua ca pbap luat binb tbiic (pbap luat td tung hinb sii, ke ca td tung dan sii) va pbap luat npi dung (nbU: Bp luat Dan sii, Luat Hdn nhan va gia dinb,...). Ve pbap luat hinb tbiic, trong Bp luat To' tung binb sii va Bp luat To' tung dan sii hoan toan khdng cd khai niem "ngUdi giam bd"
ma cbi cd khai niem "ngUdi dai dien hpp phap". Ve quy dinh ciia phap luat npi dung, trong Bp luat Dan sii, Luat Hdn nban va gia dinh tbi cha, me la ngUdi dai dien tbeo phap luat (dai dien dUdng nhien) cua con la ngUdi chUa thanh nien. Mat kbac, theo quy dinb tai khoan 2 Dieu 58 cua Bp luat Dan sii nam 2005, cbi khi ngUdi chUa thanh nien khdng cdn cha, me, kbdng xae djnh dupc cha, me hoac cha, me deu mat nang liic hanb vi dan sii,... thi mdi cd ngUdi giam bp. Tdm lai, cbi kbi
ngUdi chUa thanh nien kbdng cdn cha, me boac cdn cha, me nbUng bp'kbdng cd dii dieu kien de tbiic bien viec cbam sdc, giao due va bao ve quyen, ldi icb bdp pbap cua con la ngUdi chUa tbanb nien tbi mdi cd ngUdi tbiic hien tbay cbo cha, me ciia hp (giam bd tiic la ngUdi cbam sdc, giam sat thay cbo cha, me cua bp).
Viec gpi cha, me la ngUdi giam hd ciia con chUa thanh nien la kieu gpi dan gia cdn trong van ban ap dung pbap luat ne'u gpi nhU vay la da cd sii nbam lan ve mat pbap ly.
4. Ve b a n a n h i n h sii sO t h a m
Ban an binh sii sd tbam la van ban ap dung pbap luat mang tinh chat bao ve phap luat, la mdt ban tong ket, ghi nhan cac ket luan va quyet dinb cua bpi ddng xet xii riit ra tif qua trinb chting minb tpi pbam, danb da'u sii ket tbiic cua toan bd qua trinh to' tung (dieu tra, truy to' va xet xii) cua cac cd quan tien banb td' tung (ne'u vu an kbdng bi khang cao, khang ngbi). Dieu 9 cua Bd luat Tdtung binb sti nam 2003 da quy dinb:
"Khdng ai bi coi la cd tdi va phai chju hinh pbat kbi chUa cd ban an ket tdi cua tda an da cd bieu liic phap luat".
Nhu vay, ban an binb sii la van ban pbap ly duy nhat xae dinh bi cao cd pbam tpi hay kbdng pbam tpi va ap dung cac bien pbap che tai de trifng tri, giao due dd'i vdi ngUdi tbiic bien banb vi pbam tpi, dong tbdi bao ve cac quyen va Ipi icb bpp pbap cua Nba nUdc, cua cac to cbiic, ca nban bi tpi pbam xam pbam. Mdt kbi ban an ciia tda an da cd bieu liic phap luat pbai dupc tbi banb va phai dupc cac cd quan, td chifc va mpi cdng dan ton trpng. Nhu vay, cd the ndi rang, ban an binb sU ndi rieng va ban an ndi cbung khdng chi the hien "bp mat"
ciia tda an ma cdn the hien quyen liic cua Nha nUdc, mang y ngbia pbap ly, cbinh tri va xa bdi sau sac. Tif y ngbia pbap ly, cbinb tri va xa hdi dd ddi hdi cac ban an pbai dam bao cd chat lUdng cao, the bien d ca ve mat ndi dung lan binb tbiic. De dat dupc dieu nay tbi viec vie't ban an pbai triet de tuan tbu nghiem ngat cac nguyen tac dd la, ban an pbai bpp pbap, cd can cii, chinb xae va cd siic thuyet phuc. Yeu cau, ddi bdi dd'i vdi ban an la vay, the nhUng tbiic tien viet ban an trong thdi gian qua van cdn
^ai eaek Ui phiip 86 9 (210)-2009
qua nhieu dieu dang ban luan.
TrUdc day, tai Dieu 198 ciia Bp luat To' tung hinb sti nam 1988 ciing da quy dinh ve cd cau, npi dung cua ban an binb sii sd tbam. Tuy nbien, do cbUa cd hudng dan thd'ng nbat nen ve mat binh tbiic, cd cau ndi dung mdi ndi, mdi tbam phan lai cd each vie't ban an rieng cua minh.
Hien nay, sau khi Bp luat Td' tung hinb sii nam 2003 dUpc ban hanb, Hdi ddng Tham pban Tda an nhan dan tdi cao da ban banh Nghi quyet so 04/2004/NQ-HDTP ngay 05/11/2004, cung vdi viec hudng dan tbi hanh mpt so quy dinb trong ph&n "xet xU sd tbam" cua Bd luat To tung hinb sii, Ngbi quyet nay da ban banh kem theo mau va hudng dan sii dung mau ban an sd tham tbeo nbiing npi dung cua Dieu 224 cua Bp luat To' tung binb sii. Tuy da dupc budng dan rat cu the, the nbUng thiic tien vie't ban an trong nbiing nam qua van cdn sai sdt qua nhieu ve npi dung lan binb tbiic so vdi mau ban an da ban banh^.
Trong bai vie't nay, tdi chi trao ddi ve npi dung pban
"xet tha'y" (nhan dinh) cua ban an, vi day la pban cot loi.
la "linb bdn" cua ban an, la pban ddi bdi cao ve mat tu duy cua mdi tbam phan khi vie't ban an. NhU da neu tren, mpt trong nhiing nguyen tac kbi vie't ban an dd la, ban an phai dam bao tinb chinh xae, cd can cii va cd siic thuyet phuc. Nguyen tac nay the bien ro net nbat trong phan xet tbay cua ban an. Ddi vdi phan nay, tai khoan 3 Dieu 224 cua Bd luat To' timg hinh sU da quy djnh: "Trong ban an pbai... phan tich nbiing cbiing cii xae dinb cd tdi va chiing cii xae dinh khdng cd tdi, xae dinh bi cao cd pbam tpi bay kbdng va ne'u bi cao pham tpi thi pham tdi gi, tbeo dieu, khoan nao cua Bd luat Hinb sii, tinh tiet tang nang, tinb tiet giam nhe trach nbiem hinh sii va can phai xii ly nbU the nao...".
Trong hudng dan sU dung mau ban an binb sii sd tbam ciing da bUdng dan cu the bdn dd la: "Trong pban nay cbi ghi sii phan tich va danh gia cua hpi ddng xet xii bao gom:
- Pban ticb va danh gia nbiing van de da dUpc tranb tung tai pbien tda;
- Phan tich nhiing chiing cti xae dinb cd tpi, chiing cif xae dinb vo tdi;
- Danh gia bi cao cd pham tdi khdng va ne'u bi cao cd pbam tpi, tbi pham tpi gi theo khoan nao, dieu nao ciia Bp luat Hinh sii; •*
- Danb gia tinh chat, miic dp nghiem trpng cua tpi pham, cac tinh tiet tang nang, giam nhe trach nbiem binh sii dd'i vdi bi cao;
- Danb gia tbiet hai va xae dinb tracb nbiem boi thUPng thiet hai (ne'u cd);
- Hudng giai quyet ve xii ly vat chiing (neu cd)".
Nhu vay, vdi hUdng dan qua cu the, chi tiet tbeo tifng tieu muc nbU tren tbi viec vie't pban nay ciia ban an la khdng qua khd. Tuy nhien, thiic te viec vie't ban an bien nay van chUa cd sii thay ddi ve chat, mac dii da cd "binh mdi' nhUng van cdn la "rUdu cii". Cu the dd la, rat it ban an pban tich danb gia nhiing van de da dUpc tranb tung tai phien tda. Tai pban pban tich nhiing cbiing cii xae djnh cd tpi, danh gia bi cao co pham tdi khdng va neu bj cao cd pbam tdi thi pbam tpi gi, le ra pbai pban ticb nbiing cbiing cii de xae djnh banb vi ctia bi cao cd cau tbanb tpi pham hay kbdng, hanh vi do triing khdp vdi cau tbanb ciia tdi pham nao quy djnh tai
^ai eiiek Ui pkap 86 9 (210)-2009
dieu, khoan nao cua Bd luat Hinh sii. The nbUng, tbUdng thi trong nhieu ban an cb&ng lap luan gi, ma cbi boac la neu lai npi dung, dien bien cua banh vi pbam tpi, boac la lap luan theo kieu quy chup rang "tai phien tda bj cao da khai nhan d&y du banb vi pbam tpi eua minh nen cd dii cd sd de ket luan bj cao pbam tpi..." (tbeo tpi danb, dieu khoan ma Vien kiem sat da truy td). Dd'i vdi cac tdi danb ma da'u hieu banb vi pham tdi dupc md ta day dii trong npi dung dieu luat tbi ngUdi dpc cdn de bieu. Tuy nbien, dd'i vdi cac tpi danb ma dau hieu hanh vi pham tdi dUpc quy dinh bdi ky tbuat lap phap bang each vien dan den cac quy dinb trong cac van ban quy pham pbap luat kbac nhU: Tdi vi pham quy djnh ve dieu kbien pbUdng tien giao thdng dUdng bd; tdi vi pbam cac quy djnh ve quan ly da't dai; tdi vi pham cac quy dinh ve khai thac va bao ve rifng;... tbi vdi each lap luan nhU tren mpi ngUdi cb&ng the nao bieu dUdc tai sao banh vi ciia bi cao lai pham vao tdi danh ma tda an djnh tpi.
Mpt tbiic te hien nay, da cd nbieu tham phan che ddng
nghiep cua minh vi cbo rang cac ban an cua Tda an viet kbdng "bay" bang cac ban luan tdi cua kiem sat vien.
Theo quan niem nay "bay" la d cbd cau cbii phai van ve, boa la, bay bong. Theo tdi, so sanh nbu vay la qua khap khieng, bdi le ban an cua hdi ddng xet xii, ban luan tpi cua kiem sat vien, ban bao chiia ciia ngUdi bad chiia la nhiing van ban td tung cd ndi dung, muc dicb va y ngbia kbac nbau trong viec giai quye't vu an. Ban luan tdi, ban bao chiia la nhiing van ban cbi dung dpc tai phien tda ma khdng dupc ban banb de dUa ra tbi banb nhU ban an nen cd the viet lam sao de dat hieu qua trong viec thuyet phuc dupc bpi ddng xet xii va nhting ngUdi tbam gia td tung ve quan diem ket tpi cua vien kiem sat hoac quan diem gd tpi (bao bam ca giam nhe tracb nbiem binb sii) eua ngUdi bao chiia. Mdt ban an
"bay" kbdng phai la ban an dupc viet vdi ldi van boa la, my mieu, diing nbieu nghe thuat ngdn tif, ma mdt ban an bay phai la mdt ban an ngan gpn, stic tich nbUng day dii, tif ngU ro rang, trong sang, ddn ngbia de de bieu, de tbi banb. Siic thuyet phuc
ctia ban an dd'i vdi ngUdi dpc, ngUdi nghe d viec lap luan cbat cbe, cd can cif, diing pbap luat cbii kbdng phai d viec dung nghe tbuat ngdn tif. Phan nhan dinb (xet tbay) cua ban an phai la cd sd day du, vUng chac cbo cac pban quyet tai pban quyet dinb cua ban an. Cu the, phan nay phai lam sang td, phai tra ldi cbd dUpc cac cau bdi dd la, can cd vao nhiing cbdng cii nao (gia tri cbiing minb, mdi lien quan giiia cbiing) de ket luan cd tpi pbam xay ra va bi cao chinh la ngUdi da thtic bien banb vi pbam tdi; tai sao banb vi dd lai pham vao tpi danh, dieu khoan nay ma khdng pbai la tdi kbac, khoan khac; tai sao bi cao bi ap dung loai va miic binb pbat cbinh, hinb pbat bd sung, bi ap dung bien pbap tu pbap dd; tai sao bi cao, bi ddn dan sU pbai bdi thudng va miic bei tbudng tbiet hai nbu vay; tai sao cac vat cbiing lai dUdc xii ly nbu the,...
Them mpt dieu dang ban niia la, trong nbieu ban an bien nay van cdn dung nbUng tif ngii mang tinb phan biet dd'i xU, miet tbj nbU: ddng bpn (tbeo tbuat ngii pbap luat la ddng pbam).
^lui eaek tit pkap 86 9 (210)-2009
bpn cbiing, bpn cbiing nd, nhiing ten do,... Theo chiing tdi, trong xa hpi dan chu cho du bi cao la nbiing ngUdi thiic bien banb vi pham tpi tbi ciing phai dUpc tdn trpng, dd'i xii binb dang trUdc pbap luat. Gia tri giao diic, triing tri cua ban an la d cbd cd can cii, ap dimg diing pbap luat, cac bien pbap che tai phai pbu bdp vdi tinh chat, miic dp nguy hiem cua hanb vi pbam tdi va nban than cua bi cao cbii kbdng pbai la d cbd dung tif ngii mat sat, nbuc ma, miet thi, dieu nay ddi kbi cdn cd the trd tbanb pban tac dung giao due.
5. Ve viec x a e d i n h " a n t r o n g d i e m " , " p h i e n t o a mau"?
TrUdc day, (dac biet trong giai doan nen kinb te ke hoach hda tap trung bao cap va giai doan cbuyen tiep sang nen kinb te tbi trUdng) do he tbd'ng pbap luat tbieu ddng bp, cd cbe phd'i bdp, cbe udc giiia cac cd quan tie'n banb to' tung chua dupc xae djnh ro rang nen lien nganh cac cd quan tu phap d Trung Udng da ban hanh cac van ban dudi luat (phd bien la tbdng tu lien nganh) de quy dinb ve mdi quan be phd'i hpp lien nganb, hpp lien nganh.
xae dinh va giai quyet cac vu an trpng diem ciia cac cd quan tien hanh td tung cac cap. Dieu khdng the phu nhan la, qua mpt thdi gian dai nhd mdi quan be phd'i hdp tbdng qua cac cupc hpp lien nganh, xae dinh an trpng diem da giiip cbo viec giai quyet kip tbdi, triet de nbieu vu an ndi com tai cac dia phUdng. Tuy vay, trong tinh binb bien nay, dang trien kbai thiic hien cdng tac cai each tu pbap, xay diing Nba nUdc pbap quyen vdi nbiing quan diem va tU duy pbap ly mdi, nhieu ngudi da cho rang, viec hpp lien nganh, xae dinh an trpng diem khdng cdn phu hdp vdi tinh binb tbiic te nen can loai bd khdi boat dpng td tung. Dieu nay xuat pbat tif nguyen nban dd la, trong thtic te cac cudc hpp lien nganh phan ldn la de ban dUdng ldi giai quyet cac vu an, cac ket luan tai cac cudc bpp lien nganh la dudng ldi dinh hudng cbo viec dieu tra, truy to va xet xii cac vu an dan de'n tinb trang cbu quan, quy an, gan tpi. Mat kbac, qua thiic tien cho tha'y, trong cac vu an dUpc xae dinh la an trpng diem thi cac bi cao tbudng bj ap dung hinh pbat ngbiem kbac bdn. Dieu
nay la khdng pbii hdp vdi nguyen tac binb dang va cdng bang ctia pbap luat. Bdi le, viec quyet dinh hinh pbat pbai can cii vao tinh chat, miic dp nguy hiem ciia hanh vi pham tdi, cac tinh tiet tang nang, giam nhe tracb nbiem hinh sti va nhan than ciia bj cao cbii kbdng the phu tbupc vao viec cac cd quan tien hanb to' tung xae dinh vu an dd la "an trpng diem" hay "an
thdng thudng". :••
Trong Nha nUdc phap quyen, thi vai trd, boat dpng cua bd may cac cd quan tU phap la bet siic quan trpng, nbat la boat dpng xet xii ciia Tda an. De boat dpng xet xti dupc khach quan, dan cbii, diing phap luat, Nghi quyet so 08-NQ/TW ngay 02/01/2002 (ve rapt so nbiem vu trpng tam cdng tac tU pbap trong tbdi gian tdi) va
Nghj quye't so 49-NQ/TW ngay 02/6/2005 (ve chien lUdc cai each tu phap de'n nam 2020) ciia Bd Cbinb trj da xae dinb: "Viec pban quyet cua tda an phai can cii cbii yeu vao ket qua tranb tung tai phien tda" va "nang cao chat lupng tranb tung tai cac phien tda xet xU, coi day la kbau dot pha cua boat dpng tu pbap". Vdi cbii trUPng
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mang tinh djnh hudng nay, vao cac nam 2002 va 2003 Tda nhan dan cac cap (tinb, huyen) da dong loat trien kbai tbiic hien cac "pbien tda mau" de xet xU cac "vu an diem" tai cac dia phUdng.
Tiep dd, vao nam 2007, Nganh Kiem sat ciing da phd'i hpp vdi Tda an nhan dan cac dja phUdng ddng loat tien banh cac "pbien tda mau" ma trpng tam la tbu tuc tranh tung tai phien tda. NbU vay, theo logic da cd khai niem
"phien tda mau" thi tat yeu se cd kbai niem "phien tda thong thudng" (kbdng phai la mau). Do cd quan niem nbU vay, nen tinh than tdn trpng ket qua tranh tung tai phien tda va nang cao chat lUpng tranb tung cbi dUdc dien ra d cac "pbien tda mau" ma it dupe cbii trpng, it dupc pbo cap P cac "pbien tda tbdng tbudng".
.. Tbeo quan diem ciia ca nban toi, tbi bat ky mpt vu an nao ciing can pbai dUpc dieu tra, truy to' va xet xU nbanb cbdng, kjp thdi, khach quan, toan dien va dting pbap luat. Kbdng nen quan niem rang, vu an trpng diem tbi dieu tra, truy to, xet xii kip tbdi, ngbiem kbac bdn, ngUdc lai nbiing vu an kbdng
xae djnh la an trpng diem tbi dieu tra, truy tdva xet xU sao ciing dupc. Mat kbac, bat ky phien tda nao ciing phai triet de tuan thii cac tbu tuc to' tung, dac biet la tbu tuc tranb luan ma Bp luat To' tung hinb sU da quy dinb.
Kbdng nen quan niem pban cap, pban bang thanh "an trpng diem" va "an tbdng tbudng"; "pbien tda mau" va
"pbien tda tbdng thUdng", bdi dieu nay se la can nguyen dan de'n vi pham nguyen tac cdng bang, nguyen tac pbap cbe xa bdi cbu ngbia ma Hien phap, pbap luat noi cbung va Bd luat Td' tung binb sti da quy djnh.
Tdm lai, Ngbi quye't sd 08- NQ/TW ngay 02/01/2002 va Ngbj quyet sd 49-NQ/TW ngay 02/6/2005 cua Bp Cbinb tri ve Cbien lUpc cai each tU pbap da xae dinb rang, Tda an la cd quan trung tam va xet xii la boat ddng trpng tam ciia cdng tac tU pbap. Do do, phai coi cai each trong cdng tac xet xU la khdi diem mang tinh dot pba, la ddng liic, la tien de tbiic day cdng tac cai each trong cac boat ddng td tung khac. Nhan thiic va chti trUdng nbu vay la hoan toan cd cd sd khoa hpc va cd sd tbiic tien. Bdi le, la cd quan
quyet dinb cudi ciing nen mdt kbi Tda an giai quyet cac vu an mpt each khach quan, diing phap luat tbi budc cd quan dieu tra, vien kiem sat pbai tu doi mdi boat ddng dieu tra, truy to'. Mdt kbi chat lupng cdng tac xet xii dupc nang cao at se keo tbeo viec nang cao chat lUdng cdng tac dieu tra, truy td. Cai each trong cdng tac xet xii trUdc bet pbai xua't pbat tif viec nban thdc dung tinb than quy djnh cua pbap luat va tbiic bien dung quy djnh do.
Pbai bat dau tif moi con ngUdi, mdi boat ddng, mdi cdng viec tUdng cbUng nhu binb tbudng nbU da neu tren nhUng dd se la nbiing "vien gach hdng" dat nen mdng vdng cbac cbo cdng tac cai each tu pbap tbanb cdngQ
1. Xem Tii dien tieng Viet, Vien Ngon ngQ hgc, Nhd xudt bdn Dd Ndng ndm 2006.
2. Xem cudn Quyet dinh gidm doc thdm - Hgi dong Thdm phdn Toa dn nhdn ddn toi cao ndm 2003, 2004 Quyen H, tr 48.
3. Xem bdi viet: Mot so vdn de vie't bdn dn hinh sii sd thdm theo mdu vd bdn dn hinh sii sd thdm mdu, Dinh Vdn Que, Tgp chi Tod dn nhdn ddn so 23 ndm 2008.
