Tap chi Khoa hoc va Cong nghe biin T7 (2007). S6 4. Tr 80 - 93
M O T SO DANG T A I NGUYEN VI THE BIEN VIET NAM
TRAN DirC THANH
Tom tdt. O Viet Nam, tdi nguyen vi the duac nhdc den trong cdc vdn bdn qudn ly, tuy nhien chua cd nhieu nghien ciai de cap den ca sd khoa hgc de dinh dgng tdi nguyen ndy. Bdi viet ndy de cap den tdi nguyen vi the bien Viet Nam vd cd the xem ddy nhu Id ca sd cho cdc bdn ludn tiep theo.
Xudt phdt tic nhgn thiic thUc leva tham khao mot so tu lieu nUdc ngodi, cd the cho rdng tdi nguyen bien Viet Nam bao gdm cdc nhdm tdi nguyen sinh vgt, phi sinh vdt vd tdi nguyen vi the. Tdi nguyen vi the bien dupe hieu Id cdc lai ich cd duac tit mot khu vuc, mot nai a bien hoac ven bien, duac ddt trong mdi quan he khdng gian ciia khu vice dy. nai dy. Tdi nguyen vi the bien bao hdin cd cdc hap phdn tdi nguyen sinh vdt vd phi sinh vgt cd trong khu vi/c dy, nai dy, nhiCng chu dao Id cdc lai ich cd dicgc tic gid tri hinh the vd vi tri khdng gian ciia nd.
Cd the xdc dinh cdc dgng tdi nguyen vi the'ca bdn d bien Viet Nam Id cdc he thdng thuy vice hoac dia he nam trong phgtn vi chii quyen Quoc gia, bao gdm cdc viing bd, ddo, thuy vice ven bd vd cdc viing mcdc ngodi khai vdi cd ba hap phdn nen ddt (hoac day), nicdc vd khdng khi. Bdi viet ndy gidi thieu mot so dgng tdi nguyen vi the cu the gdm vimg cica. sdng, dam phd, viing vinh vd cdc ddo vdi ddnh gid tong quan ve tiem ndng phdt trien ciia chiing.
L M 6 D A U
6 Viet Nam, vi the duge nhic nhiSu trong cac van lieu kinh te va quan ly [22]. Co sd khoa hgc ciia tai nguyen vi the cho phat trien kinh te-xa hoi cdn la va'n dl mdi me 6 nude ta va cung chua pho bien tren The gidi. Tuy nhien, day la hudng rat quan trgng ma viec nhan thiic diing dan se tao ra mot each nhin m6i ve sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen, to chitc khdng gian va quy hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hdi hgp ly va b6n vung.
Viet Nam cd vi the dac biet quan trgng b Ddng Nam A nhd cd mot vung lanh tho trai dai tren ba ngbin km a ria Tay Bien Ddng va mot vung lanh hai rgng ga'p ba Ian dien tich lanh tho, khoang mot trieu km^ Bien Viet Nam nim trong khu vuc nhiet ddi gio mua, co cac sdng Idn cd The gidi ma luu vuc nim tren sau nudc do vao; giu vai trd quan trgng ve mdi trudng, sinh thai Bien Ddng va khu vuc; la vung chuyen tiep dac biet giua Nn Do Duong va Thai Binh Duong vt mat dia ly sinh vat va bang bai. Su phat trien kinh te bien
trong bd'i canh cdng nghiep boa va hien dai boa chac chin phai gin ket vdi tiem nang tai nguyen vi the to Idn ciia bien.
Bai viet nay trinh bay ket qua tim hieu bude dau ve tai nguyen vi the va mot sd dang tai nguyen vi the bien va ven bien Viet Nam - mot phdn ket qua ciia cdng trinh nghien euu duge hd trg cua Hdi dong khoa hgc Tu nhien.
II. DINH DANG T A I NGUYEN VI THE BIEN
1. Tai nguyen thien nhien va tai nguyen bien
Tdi nguyen la con nguai, tai san, nguyen vat lieu, ngudn vd'n co the sir dung de dat duge mot muc dich. Tdi nguyen thien irhien la tai nguyen xuat hien trong tu nhien cd the su dung duge de tao ra Igi Ich. Dd la mot dac tinh hoac mot hgp phan ciia mdi trudng tu nhien cd gia tri phuc vu cho nhu cdu ciia con ngudi nhu dat, nude, dgng vat, thuc vat,...Tai nguyen thien nhien cd gia tri kinh te va gia tri phi kinh te [8]; la tu lieu san xuat tu nhien chuyen thanh hang hoa cho qua trinh dau tu ket ca'u ha tang (da't, gd, khoang san,...), duge coi la tai san va quan he phap ly cua mot Quoc gia trong he thd'ng kinh t6' The gidi. Tai nguyen thien nhien la hang hoa duge lugng gia dudi dang tu nhien, cd khi duge so che nhu tach, lgc thanh san phim khac vdi nguyen miu.
Tdi nguyen bien (marine resources) la mot pham tru rgng de chi cac tai nguyen sinh vat bien (ddng va thuc vat), nudc va ddng chay, day bien va bd bien cd chu the. Nd cdn bao gom cac tai nguyen van hoa cd chii the, tu' xae tau dim, den bien cho den cac di chi khao CO, lich sir van boa ciia cdng dong ban dia. Chu the duge xae lap de bao ve cac viing cd mot hoac nbi6u dac trung tu nhien va van hoa. Tai nguyen bien thudng gin lien vdi quyIn tai phan Quoc gia.
Tdi nguyen bd (coastal resources) la mot khu vuc hoac dac tinh tu nhien nam trong hoac gan mot vung bd bien ma su ton tai ciia nd phu thugc vao bd bien, hoac tai nguyen duge cd gia tri ve kinh te, mdi trudng, giai tri, van hoa, thim my va cac gia tri khac, duge tang len nhd nam trong viing bd bien [25]. Theo dinh nghia nay, tai nguyen bd da bao ham yeu td vi tri va khdng gian. Ngoai cac dang tai nguyen bd cu the (bai bien, cac vung cua sdng, cac sinh vat bien,...) chi cd hoac phu thudc vao vung bd bien, nd cdn bao gdm ca gid, hire xa mat trdi, da't (ven bien va tren dao) va khoang san (cd loai chi cd d vung bd biln nhu sa khoang bien,...).
Tai nguyen bien, theo phuong each truyen thdng, duge phan theo cac nhdm, loai khac nhau [6,7,10]. Theo ban chat tu nhien, tai nguyen bien duge chia thanh: Tdi nguyen
phi sinh vdt vd tdi nguyen siiih vdt; theo kha nang tai tao, tai nguyen bien duge chia thanh tai nguyen tdi tgo vd khong tdi tgo, tdi nguyen tieu hao vd khong tieu hao. Tai nguyen tai tao cd the tu tao mdi, phuc hdi d ngang miic chiing duge lay ra neu khdng bi khai thac qua miic, thudng la tai nguyen sinh vat va mot sd dang tai nguyen phi sinh vat (nang lugng gid, thuy trieu, sdng bien va bu'c xa mat trdi,...). Tai nguyen khdng tai tao dien hinh la dat ngap nudc va khoang san.
2. Tai nguyen vj the bien
Ngay nay, tai nguyen thien nhien khdng cdn hieu theo tu duy truyin thdng (chi la nhung dang vat chat lay ra duge va cd gia tri su dung cho muc tieu kinh te nao dd), ma da duge hieu la tat ca cac yeu td tu nhien cd the sii' dung d cac hinh thiic khac nhau, hoac khdng su dung nhung su tdn tai ciia tu nd mang lai Igi ich cho con ngudi [Hdi 2005]. Nhu' vay, cd the dS dang thay ring canh quan tu nhien dep la mot dang tai nguyen qui gia, khdng cd kha nang tai tao neu bi buy boat, nhung cd the dung mai mai neu each khai thac gia tri kinh te ciia nd hgp ly. Trong khi dd, khoang san la tai nguyen khdng tai tao, tai nguyen sinh vat cd the tai tao va nang lugng nhiet, gid, thuy trilu cd the coi la vd tan [15].
Theo each hieu truyen thdng, nhieu Igi ich Idn, dac biet la sir phat trien ket ca'u ha tang va cac khu kinh te trgng diem duge dua lai tii cac yeu td, hien tugng va qua trinh tu nhien cd tinh tdng hgp theo khdng gian lanh thd, viing bien khdng gin vdi tai nguyen truyen thd'ng cu the nao, chi duge coi la Igi the phat trien. Dd la ngudn gd'c dSn den thieu tu duy CO ban trong td chiic lanh thd/quy hoach phat trien kinh te-xa hdi. Trong khi nhung quyet sach kinh te thuc te quan trgng nha't ciia mot vilng lai chinh la tai nguyen vi the. Tinh trang nay dan duge nhan thiic rd cung vdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te, quan ly va khoa hgc- edng nghe.
Tren thuc te, van dung cd sd tai nguyen vi the ngay eang md rdng va cd dinh hudng rd rang, nhung cd sd ly luan cua van de nay chua duge dinh hinh, cdn nhieu ban luan.
Chia Lin Sien (1992) da chinh thQc xem Igi the dia ly ciia vimg bd la mot dang tai nguyen va chia tai nguyen bd Singapor thanh ba nhdm: dat ven bd va khdng gian bien, tai nguyen tai tao va tai nguyen khdng tai tao [15]. Nam 2002, Cdng ddng Chau Au da phan loai tai nguyen thien nhien, trong dd cd tai nguyen vi the (khdng gian) ra lam 5 dang (hinh I).
Tdi nguyen
tdi tao
Tdi nguyen
khong tdi tao
Tdi nguyen khong tieu hao (1)
Tai nguyen dong: mat trdi, gio, song.
nuoc mira
Tai nguyen nguon: khong khi (oxy, CO2), dai duong 'nude)
--"
"-.^ Tai nguyen
Dat, bien , (3)
Tai nguyen co the tai che:
kim loai
Tai nguyen co the thu hoi: cac khoang san khac, dai
Tdi nguyen tieu hao (2)
Tai nguyen sinh vat: riling, ca, sinh khdi
Tai nguyen nguon: cac bdn nirdc ngot, nu'dc ngam, dai mau
- , , vithe(5)
Khoang khong (4)
Tai nguyen khong tai tao va khong thu hoi: nhien lieu hoa thach nhu dau mo, ga, than
Hinh 1: Phan loai tai nguyen thien nhien ciia Cong ddng Chau Au [9]
Theo each phan loai tren, tai nguyen vi the ham chiia ca bdn loai tai nguyen cdn lai, nhu: nang lugng mat trdi, gid, tai nguyen ndng, lam va ngu (ke ca tiem nang bao tdn da dang sinh hgc,...). Nd cd quan he vdi mgi boat ddng ciia con ngudi lien quan den su dung tai nguyen, vi du lam nha, xay dung cd sd ha tang va giao thdng. Do vay, vi the duge coi la dang tai nguyen then chdt. Cach phan loai nhu vay dua vao ddng thai tai nguyen: kha nang tai tao - tieu hao tai nguyen, cdn neu phan theo ngudn gd'c thi tai nguyen thien nhien gdm cd ba nhdm chu yeu: tai nguyen sinh vat; tai nguyen phi sinh vat va tai nguyen vi the.
Trong van lieu Viet Nam, Nguyin Chu Hdi (2005), da ban luan ve tai nguyen vi the va xep nd vao nhdm tai nguyen phi sinh vat [10]
Rd rang, trong he thdng tai nguyen bien, tai nguyen vi the cung ddng vai trd then chdt. Dd la khdng gian bien va ven bien, ndi va ngam gdm ludng lach, ben bai, da't dai ven bien, ban dao va hai dao, bai cat bien, thim da, hang ddng,...Tai nguyen vi the bien khdng chi don thuan la ngudn gd'c tu nhien, ma cdn mang cac yeu to tai nguyen nhan van, bao gdm: cac di tich lich su, khao cd, van hda, cau triic cong ddng,...Tai nguyen vi the dimg theo each ndi tieng Viet trong nhieu van ban quan ly hien nay cd le mang ham y rdng hdn quan niem ciia cac tai lieu nudc ngoai, bao bam ca gia tri dua lai ciia khdng gian trong mdi quan he vl vi tri dia ly cua nd vdi cac trung tam, dau mdi kinh te chinh tri khu vuc.
quan he vdi cac vanh dai, hanh lang kinh te tren bien, ven bien,...[11]. Tuy nhien, tai nguyen vi the bien cd ndi ham rieng, mang tinh ban chat - la cac yeu td hinh the va vi tri trong khdng gian. Dd cung chinh la cac gia tri ca ban cua dang tai nguyen nay ma nhd dd Singapor da biet phat huy de trd thanh mot quoc dao giau cd. Sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen vi the bien la mot dinh hudng ca ban cho phat trien ben vung [24].
Viec dinh gia tai nguyen vi the bien ra't quan trgng nham xae dinh tilm nang va dinh hudng su dung chiing. Tdng gia tri kinh te (TEV-Total Economic Value) ciia tai nguyen vi the bien duge tinh bang tien ma xa hdi phai chiu thiet neu Igi Ich vi the va Idi ich mdi trudng bi ma't. Nd cung bao ham cac gia tri bao gdm cac gia tri su' dung true tiep, sii' dung gian tiep, gia tri de gianh (hay cdn ggi la gia tri tilm nang) va cac gia tri phi sir dung [7,26]. Den nay, ngudi ta chii yeu quan tam den gia tri sit dung true tiep, chua chii y den cac gia tri gian tiep va gia tri luu tdn ma ddi khi Idn hdn nhilu gia tri sir dung true tiep ciia tai nguyen bien ndi ehung, vi the bien ndi rieng.
Tai nguyen vi the bien Viet Nam cd tilm nang sii' dung ra't Idn cho cac Igi ich phat trien kinh te - xa hdi nhu phat trien giao thdng - eang [4], du lich va dich vu [3], nghi ca bien [2], phat trien cdng nghiep, co sd ha ting va dd thi hda va cac linh vuc kinh te khac.
De phat trien cac linh vuc nay, trudc het can su dung yeu td khdng gian (dao, bien, thuy vuc ven bd) va yeu td vi tri dia ly dac thu cua tai nguyen vi the, sau dd la sit dung hgp ly cac yeu td tai nguyen sinh vat va phi sinh vat nim chinh trong khdng gian phat trien (tir tai) va ngoai khdng gian phat trien (sue hut).
Phat trien cac khu bao tdn bien la mot binh thuc sii' dung cac gia tri sii dung gian tiep hoac duy tri cac gia tri de gianh, luu lai cua tai nguyen vi the bien. Lgi ich va tam quan trgng ciia cac khu bao tdn bien ra't Idn, bao gdm ca lgi ich kinh te true tiep (du lich sinh thai, phat trien ngudn lgi d vung chuyen tiep), lgi Ich gian tiep (van hoa, khoa hgc va giao due) va Igi ich lan toa (duy tri ngudn gid'ng cho cac ngu trudng lan can, noi d cho ddng vat di trii,...).
Tai nguyen vi the cd y nghia dac biet quan trgng ddi vdi dam bao an ninh Quoc phdng va chit quyIn Qudc gia tren bien. Khdng gian bien va ven bien Viet Nam la noi cd lgi the vl an ninh Qudc phdng, duge khai thac va sit dung triet de trong chien tranh chdng ngoai xam. Viec bd tri phdng thu cung nhu lap cac phuang an tac chien trudc bet phai dua vao cac yeu td ciia vi the nhu dac diem tu nhien, dac biet la dia hinh va vi tri dia ly. Cac dao, vung ciia sdng, viing thim luc dia rat cd gia tri trong phan dinh ranh gidi va chii quyIn Qudc gia tren bien.
IH. M O T s o T A I NGUYEN VI THE QUAN TRONG O VUNG BIEN VA VEN BC) VIET NAM
Vdi quan diem neu tren, cd the xae dinh tai nguyen vi the viing bien va ven bd Viet Nam la cac thuy be hoac dia he vdi ca ba hgp phan nin dai (hoac day), nudc va khdng khi, nim trong pham vi chu quyIn Qudc gia, bao gdm cac vung bd [16,18], cac dao [1,23], cac thuy vuc ven bd [21] va cac vung nudc ngoai khdi. Dudi day chi gidi thieu mot sd dang tai nguyen vi the la cac dia he ven bd va cac dao vdi danh gia tdng quan gia tri cho mot sd vi the cu the.
1. Cac viing ciia song
Nim d viing nhiet ddi ndng im, mua nhilu va cd vd phong boa phat trien, he thd'ng sdng ngdi Viet Nam phat trien kha day dac, cd tai lugng nudc va bdi tich dang ke. Hang nam, cac ddng sdng dua ra bien khoang 870 ty m"* nudc va 250 trieu ta'n bun cat, duge phan bd tren 10 luu vuc sdng chinh la: cac sdng Quang Ninh, sdng FIdng - Thai Binh, sdng Ma, sdng Ca, sdng Gianh - Quang Tri - Huong, sdng Thu Bdn, sdng Tra Khuc, sdng Ba, sdng Ddng Nai va sdng Me Kdng. Cac sdng dd vao bien qua khoang 114 cita (river mouth), mot con sdng cd the dd vao bien qua mot cita hoac nhilu cita. Cac viing cita sdng cd the md ra d vung bien bd (cac ciia sdng miln Trung, Me Kdng), vao vinh Idn (cita sdng Hdng md vao vinh Bac bd), cac vinh nhd (cita sdng Han md vao vinh Da NSng) hoac md vao cac dam pha (cita sdng Huang md vao pha Tam Giang). Dac trung vung cita sdng phu thudc vao tinh chat luu vuc, tai lugng nudc, bun cat tQ sdng va dac dilm ddng luc sdng, thuy trilu ven bd. Vai trd thd'ng tri ciia cac yeu td ddng luc sdng, sdng hay thuy trilu anh hudng rat Idn den hinh thai va miic do ddng kin cua ca'u triic cua chiing [21].
Cac vung cita sdng duge chia thanh hai kieu la chau thd va vung cita hinh phlu. Viet Nam cd hai chau thd Idn la sdng Hdng d phia Bic va Me Kdng d phia Nam. 6 Trung bd cd cac chau thd nhd nhu Ma, Ca, Thu Bdn, Da Ring,...Cac chau thd Idn hinh thanh tren nIn sut vdng ciia cac bdn trung Kainozoi. Chau thd sdng Hdng cd dien tich khoang 17 nghin km\ Hang nam he thd'ng sdng Hdng dua ra bien 137km'nudc va 125 trieu tan bun cat.
Gan mot the ky qua, chau thd sdng Hdng bdi lan ra bien trung binh 28m/nam, cd noi 100- 120m/nam nhu d cita Ba Lat va cita Day. Chau thd Me Kdng Idn nha't Ddng Nam A (dien tich 35000 km^ phan Viet Nam), tai mui Ca Mau, tdc do lan bien tdi I50m/nam. Ddng dge bd di chuyen bdi tich vl phia Tay Nam bdi tu nen ban dao Ca Mau md lan nhanh ra bien, tao nen mui nhd khdng Id lan sau vao vinh Thai Lan.
Viing cita sdng hinh phlu (estuary) la mot vung ha luu sdng, thudng cd dang hinh phlu, bi ngap cblm khdng den bii bdi tich, va thuy trilu cd vai trd quan trgng. Cac vung
cita sdng hinh phlu Idn va dien hinh cua The gidi nhu Xen, Jironda (Phap), Thame, Mersey (Anh), Rein, Maas (Ha Lan), Potomac (My), La-plata (Nam My), Duong Tii (Trung Qudc) [21, 27]. 0 Viet Nam, cac viing cita sdng hinh phlu thudng nim d cac vung bd cd thuy trilu bien do Idn, diin hinh la viing cita sdng Ddng Nai nam d lia phia Bic chau thd sdng Me Kdng va vung cita sdng Bach Ding nim d ria Ddng Bic chau tho sdng Hdng. Vi vay, hai vung cita sdng hinh phlu cd su tuong ddng vl tu nhien, tai nguyen va tilm nang phat trien kinh te - xa hdi cho cac thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Vung Tau va Hai Phdng. Vdi tilm nang tai nguyen vi the ciia mot vung cita sdng hinh phlu nhu cau true thuy vuc nii'a kin cd the ban che sdng gid Idn tit bien, thuy trilu bien do Idn, kha nang sa bdi it va ludng lach sau rdng nhd ddng luc trieu thd'ng tri tao nen xam thuc sau, cac vung ciia sdng hinh phlu thudng la ndi phat triln cac eang Idn va cac boat ddng cdng nghiep, hang hai, dich vu va du lich di kem. Nhieu eang bien thudc loai Idn nhai The gidi nam tap trung d vung cita sdng hinh phlu, dien hinh la Rotterdam cita Ha Lan, Liverpoon va London cua Anh va La Havre ciia Phap,...
Gang Sai Gdn va nhung lgi ich mang lai cita nd mdi chi la phan nhd duge khai thac cita tilm nang eang d vung cua sdng hinh phlu Ddng Nai, gin day mdi duge phat huy vdi su phat trien cac cum eang Sao Mai - Ben Dinh, Thi Vai - Phii My va cac khu cdng nghiep di kem. Cum eang Hai Phdng gan liln vdi vung cua sdng hinh phlu Bach Ding, sau bao thang tram do nan sa bdi, nay tiep tuc duge khang dinh vdi viec Chinh phu quyet dinh chit truong xay dung eang cita ngd Lach Huyen. Hai Phdng la cita ngd hudng ra bien d phia Bic cua ca nudc va Ba Ria - Vung Tau la cita ngd ra bien d phia Nam trong mdi quan he phat trien cac vung tam giac kinh te trgng dilm Ha Ndi - Hai Phdng - Quang Ninh d phia Bic va thanh phd Hd Chi Minh - Ba Ria - Vung Tau d phia Nam.
2. Dam pha
Dam pha (coastal lagoons) la mot loai hinh thiiy vuc ven bd, nudc Id, man hoac sieu man, thudng cd hinh dang keo dai, duge ngan each vdi bien bdi he thd'ng de cat va cd cii'a thdng ndi vdi bien. Cita dam pha cd thl mot hoac nhilu, md thudng xuyen hoac bi ddng kin dinh ky. Dam pha ven bd cd mat d nhilu ndi, chiem khoang 13% chilu dai dudng bd Dai duong The gidi. C) Viet nam, dam pha tap trung d mien Trung, ndi giau ngudn bdi tich cat ven bd va ddng luc sdng manh va thuy trilu thudng khdng Idn. Tit Thita Thien - Hue tdi Ninh Thuan, cd 12 dam pha tieu bieu, tdng dien tich chi khoang 458km^ phan bdtren khoang 2 1 % chilu dai dudng bd bien Viet Nam [5,17].
He dam pha Tam Giang - CSu Hai chay dai 70km dge bd bien tinh ThQa Thien - Hue, rdng 216 km^ do sau khdng Idn, trung binh l-2m, it khi tdi 4-5m. Tuy nhien, cita
va khu vuc sat cii'a bien cd the dat do sau 10-15m. Dd la mot dam pha ven bd vi do thap, ndng am, cd quy md Idn nhat Ddng Nam A, thudc loai Idn cua The gidi va dien hinh cho kieu gan kin nhiet ddi. He dam pha cd tilm nang Idn vl tai nguyen thien nhien phuc vu phat trien kinh te - xa hdi. Vdi tinh Thiia Thien - Hue, day la ciia ngd hudng ra biln, la mot trong bdn vung tu nhien chit yeu la ddi mil, ddng bing, dam pha va bien. He dam pha lien quan true tiep tdi cudc sdng cita 1/3 dan so cua tinh va cd anh hudng quan trgng ddi vdi toan bd ddi sdng kinh te - xa hoi ciia ca tinh, gian tiep lien quan den su hinh thanh va phat trien cua dd thi Hue. He cd vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi cac ITnh vuc kinh te thuy san, giao thdng, ndng nghiep va du lich dich vu va quan he chat che den mdi trudng, thien tai ven bien. , :
Gia tri tai nguyen vi the Idn nha't cua he dam pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai la tao nen mdi trudng sdng cho tren 30 van dan cu tren va ven dam pha, lien quan den vung dat cd dien tich 89.000ha, trong dd cd 26.000ha mat nudc dam pha, 49.000ha dat ddng bing va 19.000ha da't cat cdn bai ven biln. Su cd mat cua dam pha da dilu hoa de tao ngudn nudc nggt cho ndng nghiep va sinh boat, tao ca sd dat dai cho xay dung kit ca'u ha tang, cac khu dan cu [19].
Day la no'i thuan Idi phat trien kit cau hau can nghi ca khai thac tai chd va ngoai bien. He dam pha cd gia tri dac biet vl tai nguyen sinh hgc vdi nhilu loai sinh vat cd gia tri khai thac va nudi trdng va cd kha nang trd thanh mot khu bao tdn tu nhien, mot khu dit tru sinh quyen hay vung dat ngap nu'dc cd tam quan trgng Qudc te. Dam pha cd gia tri la vung neo dau tranh gid bao (mdi khi cd bao, khoang 5 - 7 nghin phuong tien tau thuyin Idn nhd vao dam pha trii dau) va phat trien giao thdng thuy, cung vdi cac sdng tao nen mang ludi giao thdng thuy ndi dia quan trgng va tao nen he thdng giao thdng thuy bd lien hoan. Gang Tan My cd kha nang phat triln cho phep tau 3.000 tan cap ben. Vung dam pha cdn cd nhilu di tich khao cd, lich sit, gia tri thim my va tinh than, tao nen nhung net van hda (phong tuc, tap quan va le hdi gin vdi tin ngudng va thuc tiln lao ddng san xua't) cd ban sic rieng gdp phan phat trien kinh te du lich dia phuang va cd kha nang Idn phat trien du lich sinh thai. Day la dia ban tdt dl tham quan, thuc tap vl mdi trudng, sinh thai va tai nguyen va cd gia tri ddi vdi nghien ciiu khoa hgc bd bien.
3. He thdng viing, vinh
Vung, vinh ven bd bien Viet Nam duge hilu la mot phan cita biln 1dm vao luc dia hoac do dao chin tao thanh mot vung nudc khep kin d miic do nhat dinh ma trong dd ddng luc biln thd'ng tri. Cac vung vinh ven bd Viet Nam duge chia thanh 3 cap cd ban:
Cap 1: vinh bien (gulf - vinh Bic bd va Thai Lan); Cap 2: vinh ven bd (vinh Ha Long, Da Nang,...); Cap 3: vung (bight va shelter - vung Rd, Xuan Dai,...). Khdng ke cac vinh bien, d Viet Nam vung va vmh ven bd cd do sau khdng qua 30m. Cac vung cd dien tich
dudi 50 km^ cac vinh ven bd cd dien tich tu' 50 km^ trd len, tdng sd 48 vung, vinh vdi tdng dien tich khoang 4000 k m l Cac vung, vinh ven bd phan bd theo 4 vung dia ly: vimg bd Bic bd, Bic Trung bd, Nam Trung bg va vung cac dao phia Nam [20,21].
Bai Tit Long thudc chit yeu dia phan huyen Van Ddn tinh Quang Ninh, sat gin vung bien bien gidi Trung Qudc. Day la mot vinh cd gia tri tai nguyen vi the rat Idn, cd dien tich khoang 560 km^ do sau trung binh 4m, cue dai 12m, duge dao chin, cau true nita kin, bd da gd'c. Tren vinh cd tren ngan bdn dao da vdi va da luc nguyen, cd tilm nang to Idn phat trien eang, nudi trdng thiiy san, du lich, bao tdn tu nhien va phdng thu.
Quan he uu tien cho phat trien kinh te - bao tdn tu nhien - dam bao an ninh Qudc phdng cho vinh Bai Tit Long duge xae dinh la cd tim quan trgng ngang nhau. Co cau uu tien phat trien kinh te vinh duge xae dinh la: du lich - dich vu (trgng tam la du lich sinh thai);
giao thdng - eang; thuy san (trgng tam la nudi thich nghi) va ndng lam nghiep tren cac dao va ven vinh. Ty trgng uu tien dau tu phat trien du lich - dich vu cao nha't (35%). Du lich sinh thai duge chgn la loai hinh du lich trgng tam ben canh da dang hoa cac loai hinh khac. Ddi tugng du lich quan trgng la canh quan va he sinh thai da dang cua mot vung vinh - dao, cac di tich van boa, lich sit va cac boat ddng kinh te, van boa. Giao thdng - eang duge dinh hudng uu tien phat trien diing thii' hai (30%) nhung giu vi tri rat quan trgng trong he thd'ng cac nhdm eang phia Bic nhd tilm nang he thd'ng ludng vao cac eang Cita Ong, Nam Cau Tring, Hdn Net, Cai Rdng (Van Ddn), Mui Chua (Tien Yen), Van Gia (VTnh Thuc) va eang Van Hoa. Phat triln thuy san d vi tri uu tien thii' ba (25%), theo cac hudng phuc hdi va duy tri ngudn Igi cho vung bien ven bd, bao ve da dang sinh hgc bien; phat trien hau cin cho nghi khai thac xa bd, khdng che bien san phim quy md cdng nghiep de tranh d nhilm. Phat trien nudi trdng thuy san vdi cac ddi tugng cd gia tri kinh te cao bing Idng be va nudi tha tu nhien tren bai trilu, ban che tdi da viec dip dam nudi. Phat trien ndng - lam nghiep d vi tri lua chgn thap hdn ca (10%).
Theo hudng hgp ly va bin vung, khdng md rdng dien tich da't ndng nghiep, bao ve va phuc hdi tu nhien tham thuc vat ban dia, bao ve tham thuc vat ngap man khdi bi triet pha lam dam nudi thiiy san. Chi khai thac ritng tren dao cho du lich sinh thai va rimg dac dung.
Di san thien nhien The gidi vinh Ha Long da duge UNESCO cdng nhan vl gia tri tham my (canh quan), gia tri dia cha't hgc va sip tdi la gia tri da dang sinh hgc biln. Vinh Bai Tit Long kl can cung cd ca ba gia tri tu nhien nay, cd du dilu kien md rdng khu di san vinh Ha Long sang vinh Bai Tit Long. Vinh Bai Tit Long cd gia tri tai nguyen quan su dac biet nhd he thd'ng dao Idn nhd chin ngoai dinh hudng Ddng Bic - Tay Nam, ludng lach sau va ca hang ddng. Trong chien luge phdng thii bd bien Viet Nam, vinh Bai Tit Long - Ha Long an ngu cita ngd Ddng Bic, gan bien gidi Viet - Trung, d vi tri nhay cam va quan trgng. •:
4. He thdng dao
Viet Nam cd khoang 3000 hdn dao ven bd vdi dien tich hdn 1600 km^ trong dd tren 66 dao cd khoang 155 nghin dan suib sdng, tap trung chu yeu d vimg ven bd Ddng Bic [1,23]. Trit dao Phii Quy ngan each vdi thim luc dia hien dai qua mot trung nudc sau va cac quan dao san hd Trudng Sa, Hoang Sa giua Bien Ddng, tat ca cac dao gan bd, kl ca Bach Long Vy, Cdn Dao va Phii Qudc diu nim trong pham vi thim luc dia. Vung day bien quanli cac dao thudng Id da gd'c, la nIn mdng phat trien cac ran san hd viln bd. Dao cd nhilu gia tri quy nhu dat sinh cu, du lich sinh thai, xay dung kit ca'u ha tang khai thac bien. Mot sd dao nhu Thd Chu, Cdn Cd, Dao Tran,.. .la cac diem mdc cd gia tri tren dudng co sd cita lanh hai To qudc.
Hai quan dao san hd xa bd mang lai lgi ich nhilu mat va lau dai cho dat nudc. Quan dao Hoang Sa nim tren cao nguyen ngam rdng hdn 100 ngan km", bao gdm hdn 100 dao ndi, da, bai ndng, bai ngam vdi tren 60 nai da duge dat ten (cd 16 dao ndi) thudc vl 3 cum Idn la Ludi Lilm, VTnh An va Mac-lec-phin. Quin dao Trudng Sa nam tren cao nguyen ngam rdng hdn 300 ngan km^, bao gdm hang tram dao ndi, da, bai ndng, bai ngam vdi tren 130 ndi da duge dat ten (cd 23 dao ndi), thudc vl 8 cum Idn la Song Tit, Thi TQ, Loai Ta, Nam Yet, Sinh Tdn, Binh Nguyen, Trudng Sa va Tham Hiem [18].
Quin dao Cdn San gdm 16 hdn dao Idn nhd, ca'u tao chu yeu tu cac da macma xam nhap va phun trao, nam each Vung Tau 185km, each cita sdng Hau (Can Thd) khoang 83km, dien tich tu nhien khoang 75,15km^ bd bien dai 66km. Hdn Cdn Dao dao Idn nhat 51,52km^ [12]. Bd bien dai 200km, cd nhilu bai bien dep nhu bai Dai Doc, Bai Canh, bai Dam Trau, bai Hdn Cau, bai Hdn Tre,...Cdn Dao ndi tieng vdi cac di lich hch sit thdi ky chdng Phap va chdng My. Quan dao Cdn Sdn nam tren vung thim luc dia, thudc loai rdng cd The gidi, giau tilm nang diu khi, sat gan nhat tuyen hang hai Qudc te ndi An Do Duong va Thai Binh Duang va hanh lang tau bien Singapor - Nhat Ban. Quan dao cd tilm nang va the manh bao tdn tu nhien va phat trien du lich, khai thac che bien hai san, phat triln eang bien, dich vu dau khi va hang hai.
Cdn Dao cd tilm nang to Idn vl bao tdn bien, nim trong danh muc 15 khu bao tdn bien dang trinh Chinh phii phe duyet. Vu'dn Qudc gia Cdn Dao hien cd duge thanh lap theo Quyet dinh sd 135/I993/QD-TTg cua Thit tudng Chinh phu ngay 31/3/1993, cd tdng dien tich khoang 20.000 ha, gdm gin 6000 ha dat dao va 14000 ha biln. Da dang sinh hgc rai cao vdi 2083 loai sinh vat, trong dd 650 loai thuc vat tren can, 108 loai thu, chim, bd sat va ludng cu va 1.325 loai ddng thuc vat bien. Nhilu loai cd gia tri kinh te Idn, cd 44 loai duge ghi vao Sach dd Viet Nam nhu Du gong, Rua biln,...[13]. Cdn Dao cd the manh phat trien du lich tim bien va nghi dudng, du lich sinh thai (Ian, cau ca, leo niii, tham quan rung bien, sinh vat biln...) va tham quan di tich lich sit. Cdn Dao cdn la trung tam ngu trudng khai thac hai san
d phia Nam, each dudng bang hai Qudc te chi 60km, se nim d nga tu giao thdng bien Qudc te khi kenh dao KRA d Thai Lan md ndi An Do Duong va Thai Binh Duong. Theo quy hoach, tai Ben Dim se xay dung cac eang: eang ca d khu vuc nudc sau 6 - 8m da hoan thanh, eang dau khi d khu vuc nudc 8 - 15m d cua vung Ben Dam. va eang hai quan. Cdn Dao se phat triln thanh khu kinh te - du lich va dich vu chai lugng cao, den nam 2010 se hinh thanh cac thi tran Cdn Sdn, Ben Dam va Cd Ong vdi quy md dan sd khoang 14 ngan ngudi. Den nam 2020 se hinh thanh dd thi hien dai, toan dao la mot dd thi Idn. Cdn Dao can duge coi la tam diem bao tdn tu nhien bien va chi bao tdn ty nhien biln mdi tao ca hdi cho du lich va dich vu. Vi vay, dd thi tai Cdn Dao can phai la mot md hinh "dd thi sinh thai biln".
IV. KET LUAN
Cimg vdi nhu cau va tilm luc phat trien kinh te-xa hdi, vai trd tai nguyen vi the bien Viet Nam ngay eang ndi bat va chiem vi tri quan trgng hang dau trong he thdng tai nguyen bien vi nhung gia tri va lgi ich to Idn vl nhilu mat ma nhdm tai nguyen nay mang lai. Sit dung tai nguyen vi the chinh la viec td chue khdng gian biln va quy hoach phat trien kinh te bien, ma trudc day chi duge coi la yeu td lgi the, tuc la yeu td phu va khdng duge xem la tai nguyen.
Tai nguyen vi the bien la van de cdn mdi me vl co sd khoa hgc, phuong phap luan nghien cii'u va sit dung hgp ly vi muc tieu phat trien bin vung va can duge dau tu xu'ng dang cho nghien euu va dilu tra danh gia. Nhung bai hgc thuc tiln, ca thanh cdng va thai bai cho thay can phai cd nhung nhin nhan dung din ban vl loai tai nguyen dac biet nay.
Sit dung hgp ly tai nguyen vi the de phat triln bin vung cd nhung cd hdi Idn, nhu'ng cdn nhilu cam go, thach thu'c, dac biet la ap luc phat triln kinh te, dan sd va tac ddng cua thien tai. Bai loan can giai quyet cho sit dung hgp ly tai nguyen vi the bien Viet Nam la tien hanh xay dung va thuc hien chuong trinh quan ly tdng hgp vung bien va vung bd bien.
T A I LIEU THAM K H A O
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SOME KINDS OF COASTAL AND SEA SPACE RESOURCES IN VIETNAM
TRAN DUC THANH
Summary: Recently, the space resources have been reported in the management documents, however, there have been not yet researches on the scientific basis for definition of these resources. The paper mentioned the coastal and sea space resources in Vietnam, and could be regarded as a basic step for the further discussions.
Referencing international literatures and starting from realistic awareness, it is realizes that the coastal and sea resources in Vietnam composes of living, non - living and sea space. The sea space resources could be defined as the benefits from an area or a site on sea, or in coastal areas, and situated in the spatial relations of this area or site. The sea space resources includes also living and non living components, however, their key benefits must be get from values of sealland forms and their spatial situations.
The principal space resources in Vietnam seas and coasts can be determined such as systems of coastal water bodies or geosystems under the state sovereignty. They are included the coastal areas, islands, coastal water-bodies, offshore waters with the components of land (or bottom), water and air. This paper presented some typical kinds of sea space resources in Vietnam, included estuary, lagoon, coastal bay and islands with the general estimation on developmental potentials.
