MQT ISO GIAI PHAP TAO VIEC LAM
mfCHO LAO D 6 ] \ G i\di\G T H 6 ] \ H I E N rVAY
PHAN MINH
I. Vai net ve tinh hinh lao dpng nong thdn hien nay.
Hidn nay, xu hudng tu do boa thuong mai va diu tu dang thiic diy hinh thanh cac trung tam kinh t^, thuong mai, cic khu cdng nghiep, khu che xuit, thu hiit ddng dao luc lupng lao dpng (LLLD) ciia toan xa hdi; trong dd, nhidu nhit la tit khu vuc ndng thdn. Viec md ciia thj trudng cung lam thay ddi co ciu diu tu, co ciu kinh te' va CO ciu viec lam, nhd vay, lam thay ddi CO ciu lao ddng. Tren thj trudng lao dpng, cd su chuydn djch Idn tiir khu vuc ndng nghidp sang cac khu vuc cdng nghiep va djch vu. 6 day, viec lam tang them chu yeu la nhung viec lam phi ndng nghiep, vi vay, ngudi ndng dan cd co hPi tie'p can va chuydn ddi sang lam viec d nhirng linh vuc khac ngoai ndng nghiep. Mat khic, viec tidip can vdi cic ngudn thdng tin vd thj trudng tao cho cac doanh nghiep tich cue tridn khai k€ hoach phit tridn thj trudng, thiic diy xuit khiu tai cac thi trudng truydn thd'ng ciing nhu cac thj trudng xuit khau mdi, nhd dd, quy md san xua't dupe md rdng, keo theo la vipe lam trong ITnh vuc ndng nghiep va ITnh vuc cd lien quan sd gia tang, ngudi ndng dan cd them cac co hdi viec lam mdi, cd co hpi tang them thu nhap.
Tiiy nhien, hien nay, do tic dpng ciia khiing khoang va suy thoai kinh te' toan ciu, that nghiep va thie'u viec lam dang trd thanh vin dd "ndng" cua nhidu qudc gia tren thdf gidi; trong dd, cd Viet Nam. Theo sd lieu ciia Tdng cue Thdng ke, dan sd nude ta hien khoang 86,3 trieu ngudi;
trong dd, khu vuc ndng thdn chiem 72,1%.
Lao ddng ndng thdn chie'm 73,8% tdng LLLD (nam 1996 la 80%). Vdi mire tang trudng GDP trung binh 7% - 8%/nam va ti le ndng nghiep ddng gdp la 20% trong tdng GDP ciia ca nude thi ti le lao dpng nPng thPn d nude ta nhu vay cdn qui cao, tdc dp thu hiit lao dpng tir khu vuc nPng nghiep sang khu vuc phi nPng nghiep (cong nghiep, xay dung va djch vu) cdn cham.
Nam 1996, CO ciu lao dpng ndng thdn phan theo nganh nhu sau: trong ndng, lam, ngu nghiep chiem 82,3%; cdng nghiep, xay dung" 6,8%; djch vu 10,9%. Con sd nay thay ddi tuong img qua cac nam la 79%, 8%, 13% (nam 2000) va 68%, 5%, 17% (nam 2008), tire la binh quan mdi nam lao dpng nPng nghiep chi giam dupe tren 1%.
Nhu vay, trong giai doan 2000-2008, lao dpng nong nghiep luPn chiem tren 65% LLLD ca nude trong khi gii trj tao ra cua nganh nay lai chi dat d mire 22-25%
tdng san pham trong nude. Didu nay thd hien tinh trang phan bd lao dpng bit hpp ly giiia cic nganh kinh te' Idn, dac biet la giiia ndng nghiep vdi cic nganh khic; phan anh nang luc san xuit ndng nghiep ciia chiing ta cdn lac hau (sir dung nhidu lao dpng).
Day la mpt trong nhihig nguyen nhan co ban khie'n tinh trang nang suit lao dpng binh quan nganh NPng nghiep va thu nhap binh quan ciia lao dpng ndng nghiep ludn thip va tha'p hon so vdi cac nganh khac.
* Bp Lao dpng, Thaong binh vd Xd hpi.
TAP CHI Q U A N LY N H A NUdC - S6 170 (3-2010) 29
Hien nay, quy md viec lam trong ITnh vuc ndng nghiep dang cd xu hudng giam:
tir 23,49 trieu lao dpng (nam 2000) xudng 23,02 trieu (nam 2004) va 22,17 trieu (nam 2007). Day la su thay ddi diing hudng trong tien trinh CNH, HDH san xuit ndng nghiep, ndng thdn. Tuy nhien, trong bdi canh cac boat dpng phi nong nghiep (nhat la cPng nghiep) d ndng thdn chua thuc su phat trien thi dd se la khd khan vd co hpi viec lam tai chd ddi vdi lao dpng d ndng thdn, dac biet la lao dpng cd trinh dp thap.
Nguyen nhan ciia ciu lao dpng nong nghiep giam chu yeu lien quan den dat san xuat. Tir trudc tdi nay, dit vin dupe xem la tu lieu san xuit chinh d ndng thdn. Theo tfnh toan, binh quan 1 ha dat san xuat ndng nghiep giai quyet viec lam cho 13-15 lao dpng. Nhung nhii'ng nam gin day, khi cd chinh sach thu hdi dit, phat tridn ket ciu ha ting, dd thj hda d cac dja phuong thi dien tfch dit san xuit ngay cang cd xu hudng bj thu hep do phai chuydn ddi muc dfch sir dung. Theo sd lieu thd'ng ke, dien tfch dit ndng nghiep bi thu hdi trong giai doan 1990-2003 li 697.410 ha va trung binh mdi nam sau dd se mat khoang 50 nghin ha cho cac nhu ciu phi ndng nghiep.
Tren thuc te, sau khi bj thu hdi dit, cd tdi 67% sd lao dpng nong nghiep vin giii nguyen nghd cu, 13% chuyen sang nghd mdi va 20% khdng cd viec lam hoac cd viec lam khdng dn djnh. Thuc trang nay la nguyen nhan chinh ciia 53% sd dan bj thu hdi da't cd thu nhap giam so vdi trudc.
Trung binh mdi hp bj thu hdi dit cd 1,5 lao dpng roi vao tinh trang kbPng cd viec lam, mdi ha dat san xuit ndng nghiep bj thu hdi cd tdi 13 lao dpng mat viec phai tim each chuydn ddi nghd nghiep (ca biet d dja phuong nhu Ha Npi cd tdi gin 20 ngudi lao dpng bj mat viec). Ude tfnh, ca nude da cd tren 680 ngan lao dpng nPng nghiep mit viec lam va den nam 2010 se cd them 450 ngan lao dpng mit viec niia.
Giai quyet viec lam cho sd lao dpng nay
la bai toan bet sure khd khan, bdi trinh dd van hda, chuyen mdn ki thuat cua lao ddng ndng thdn hien nay thip hon so vdi mat bang chung cua ca nude, hiu bet chua qua trudng Idp dao tao, khdng dap ung dupe nhu ciu ciia phat tridn cdng nghiep, djch vu. 13,9% LLLD chua td't nghiep tieu hpc;
50% LLLD chua td't nghiep trung hpc co sd; trong dd, cd 4,4% khdng biet chii'. Tren 80% sd lao dpng ndng thdn chua tirng qua trudng Idp dao tao chuyen mdn kT thuat nao... Ndi cich khac, ti le lao dpng nong thdn qua dao tao nghd de'n nay mdi dat 18,7%, cdn rit tha'p so vdi binh quan chung ciia ca nude la 25%; lao dpng ndng thdn qua dao tao nghd cd sir chenh lech Idn giira cac viing kinh te' (vung ddng bang sdng Hdng 19,4%, ddng bang sdng Cihi Long 17,9%; trong khi dd, viing Tay Bic chi cd 8,3%). Vi the, tuy da sd lao dpng nPng nghiep, nPng thdn d lira tudi tre nhung kha nang chuydn ddi nghd nghidp, CO hpi tim kiem viec lam ciia nhdm ngudi nay rit thip khi hp bj thu hdi dit.
Nguyen nhan chfnh ciia tinh trang tren la do cPng tic dao tao nghd cho lao dpng nPng thon trong mpt thdi gian dai chua dupe eoi trpng dung mure. Nhidu bp, nganh, dja phuong chua nhan thiirc diy dii vd dao tao nghd cho lao ddng ndng thdn, eoi dao tao nghd chi la ciiru cinh cd tfnh thdi diem, khdng phai la vin dd quan tam thudng xuyPn, lien luc va cd he thd'ng. Co che, chfnh sach day nghd cho lao ddng ndng thdn dupe ban hanh cdn thieu, bit cap va cham dupe bd sung, sira ddi. Mang ludi CO sd day nghd phit tridn chii ydu tap trung d khu vuc dd thj, cdn d khu vuc ndng thdn, midn niii, viing sau, vimg xa, s6 lupng CO sd day nghd rat it, quy md day nghd nhd va cac didu kien dam bao chit lupng dao tao chua dap iing dupe yeu ciu, Ngan sach nha nude bd tri cho day nghd ndi chung va day nghd cho lao ddng ndng thdn ndi rieng chua tuong xung vdi yeu ciu tang quy md va nang cao chit lupng day nghd.
Kinh phi Du an 'Tang cudng nang luc day nghd" thudc Chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia giao due - dao tao ddn nam 2010 trong nhihig nam qua tuy da tang nhung sd lupng trudng va trung tam day nghd dupe hd trp diu tu cua Du an cdn ft (mdi chi hd trp cho 3 trudng tie'p can trinh dd khu vuc;
60 trudng trpng didm; 50 trudng trung cip nghd khd khan; 219 trung tam day nghd cip huyen).
Mire kinh phf hd trp cho cic trung tam day nghd huyen cung ban che, mPi trung tam day nghd chi dupe hd trp vdi mire 5(X)- 800 trieu ddng/nam, nhidu trung tam day nghd mdi dupe diu tu trong 1 -2 nam gin day. Du an cung mdi chi bd trf kinh phf de xay dung cac chuong trinh khung day nghd cho trinh dp trung cip, cao dang, chua bd tri kinh phf dd xay dung chuong trinh, giao trinh, hpc lieu day nghd trinh dp so cip va day nghd thudng xuyen; kinh phf day nghd cho lao ddng ndng thdn trong Du an hd trp cho khoang 300.000 ngudi/nam.
Miic hP trp nhu vay la qua thip so vdi yeu ciu thuc te'. Ben canh dd, cac kenh thdng tin viec lam va giao djch d ndng thdn chua phat tridn, vai trd ciia cic td chiic gidi thieu viec lam cdn md nhat, td chiic chfnh quydn d mpt sd noi chua quan tam diing miic den vin dd nay, thudng do ngudi dan tu lo la chii y^u nen ngudi lao dpng d ndng thdn hay tim kie'm viec lam qua gia dinh, hp hang, be ban... Ngoai ra, su chuyen ddi co ciu kinh te' d mpt sd dja phuong cham, lang nghd ft phit tridn, gap nhidu khd khan trong san xua't va tieu thu. Tit ca nhihig ly do dd lam cho su chuydn djch co ciu lao ddng ndng thdn vdn da cham, sau khi thu hdi dit ndng nghipp, lao dpng nong nghiep dPi du nhidu hon lai cing gap nhidu thich thiic.
Hidn nay, khiing hoang kinh te the' gidi dang anh hudng rit Idn de'n vin dd lao ddng, viec lam ndng nghiep va ndng thdn.
Dinh ddin san xuit d cac doanh nghiep trong nude din den tinh trang mit viec lam, true tidp thu hep quy md viec lam d ca
ndng thdn va thanh thj. Theo Hiep hpi cic doanh nghiep vira va nhd, ca nude cd khoang 350.(X30 doanh nghiep, hing nam, ddng gdp khoang 40% - 50% viec lam mdi cho ngudi lao dpng. Nhung tdi thdi didm nay, da cd hon 200.000 doanh nghiep (60%) dang gap khd khan. Trong nam 2008 va 2009, da cd hang chuc ngan lao dpng mit viec do khiing hoang kinh td.
Thai nghiep d thanh thj dang gay ra mpt ddng di chuydn lao dpng "ngupe" vd nPng thPn.
Hon nira, khung hoang kinh te lam anh hudng xiu den co hpi xuit khiu lao dpng cua Viet Nam ma chu yeu la lao dpng tir nPiig thPn. Ddng thdi, sir sut giam xuit khiu hang hda do khiing hoang kinh te the gidi, dac biet la hang hda ndng lam san da anh hudng manh den san xuit ndng nghiep trong nude. Hiu bet cac mat hang xuit khiu chii lire cua Viet Nam nhu det may, diu thd, didu, hai san, ca phe, co khf, dien tir... ddu cd mire tang trudng thip. Xu hudng nay khdng chi lam giam ciu lao dpng trong san xuit cdng nghiep, dac biet la cac nganh gia cdng, chd bidn ma cdn giam ca ciu lao dpng trong san xuit ndng nghiep quy md hp gia dinh...
2. Mpt sd giai phap chu yeu n h i m tao viec lam chu lau dung ndng thon.
Dd giai quyet vin dd viec lam trong thdi ki khiing hoang kinh td, ben canh nhung nhdm giai phap Idn cua Chfnh phu nhu thiic day san xuit - kinh doanh va xuit khiu; thuc hien cac bien phip kfch ciu diu tu; chfnh sach tai chi'nh hd trp doanh nghiep; dam bao an sinh xa hpi..., cin tridn khai them mpt sd giai phap cu thd ddi vdi vin dd lao dpng, viec lam nPng thPn:
Thii nhd't, phai day nhanh hon niia qua trinh chuydn lao dpng nong nghiep sang phi nPng nghiep bang cac giai phap khuyen khich phat tridn cPng nghiep va djch vu - dac biet la phit trien cong nghiep, djch vu d ndng thdn; diy manh chuyen djch co ciu kinh td phii hpp vdi timg viing, phat tridn kdt ciu ha ting ndng
TAP C H I Q U A N LY NHA NUdC - S6 170 (3-2010) 31
thdn, phat tridn he thdng thdnjg tin, tu vin thj trudng lao dpng, xuit khau lao ddng;
nang cao chit lupng ngudn nhan luc nong thPn qua giao due va dao tao; phat tridn thj trudng lao dpng lanh manh va hP trp lao dpng ndng thdn tham gia cic thi trudng (tai chfnh, dit dai, hang hda, khoa hpc kT thuat, lao dpng) hieu qua. Hien nay, Bd Lao dpng, Thuong binh va Xa hpi da chii tri, phdi hpp vdi Bd Ndng nghiep va Phit tridn ndng thdn, Bp Npi vu va cic bp, nganh, td chiic doan thd lien quan xay dung Dd an "Dao tao nghe cho lao ddng ndng thdn den nam 2020" vdi tdng kinh phf tir ngudn ngan sach nha nude du kien khoang 32.679 ti ddng. Theo dd, trong giai doan 2009-2010, se tiep tuc thuc hien day nghd cho lao dpng nong thon theo Du in
"Tang cudng nang luc day nghd" thupc Chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia giio due - dao tao den nam 2010 (khoang 800.000 ngudi); giai doan 2011-2015, dao tao nghd cho 5.200.000 lao dpng ndng thdn; giai doan 2016-2020, dao tao nghd cho 6.000.000 lao dpng nong thon, ddng thdi, dao tao, bdi dudng nang cao kien thirc, nang luc quan ly hanh chfnh, quan ly kinh td - xa hpi, dao tao chuyen sau cho 500.000 lupt can bd, cdng chirc xa.
BPn canh viec tiep tuc nang cao trinh dp dan trf thPng qua cic phuong tien truydn thong, cac chuong trinh phd cap giao due qudc gia, cin td chirc thudng xuyen, lien tuc cac chuong trinh tap buin ca vd kT thuat san xuit, kinh doanh ndng nghiep cung nhu nhiing chuong trinh tu vin cac md hinh, phuong thirc phat tridn kinh te' va hd trp cac khoa dao tao ki nang, kien thufc kinh te ung dung co ban.
Phan loai ddi tupng trong qua trinh td chirc dao tao, tu van, bdi chit lupng cua cac boat dpng nay phu thupc vao chuong trinh dua ra cd phu hpp vdi ddi tupng dupe dao tao hay kbPng. Phat tridn da dang cac loai hinh nghd nghiep d khu vuc ndng thdn thdng qua cac chuong trinh dao tao nghd ngin ban tren dja ban va cd ke hoach dd nhiing ddi tupng dupe dao tao nghd cd the
tu phit tridn hoac phat tridn nghd nghidp thdng qua cac td chiic Hdi nghd nghidp. C6 su ke't hop chat che giiia cac co sd dao tao nghd, cac td chiic hdi, doan thd va chinh quydn cac cip.
\Ju tidn dao tao lao ddng xua't khiu, chuan bj dd dap ung td't hon nhu ciu lao ddng qudc te sau khiing hoang, hd trp du in dao tao nghd cho thanh nien ndng thdn, ndng dan va ngudi ngheo thdng qua cac gdi hd trp day nghd va nang cao chit lupng ngudn nhan luc; keo dai thdi gian dao tao ciia hpc vien, sinh vien thdng qua chfnh sach khuyen khich hpc viPn, sinh vien hpc bd sung, md rdng, nang cao kien thiic va tham gia bac cao hon sau khi tdt nghiep.
Dac biet, ddi vdi chie'n lupc dao tao ciia qudc gia, cin cd su djnh hudng rd rang ngay tir cip trung hoc. TrPn co sd chidn lupc phit tridn qudc gia, Bd Giio due va Dao tao cd thd djnh hudng cho hpc sinh hpc tie'p sau bac trung hpc phd thdng theo 3 nhdm ddi tupng: khoang 1/3 sd hpc sinh phd thPng trung hpc se tie'p tuc hpc len cao dang, dai hpc; 1/3 dao tao nghd theo cac mo hinh cong nhan kT thuat cao, sd nay se cung cap lao dpng cho cic khu cdng nghiep, khu che' xuat va phuc vu xuit khiu; 1/3 cdn lai se dupe dao tao nghd ki thuat CO ban, nghd thii cdng truydn thdng, sd nay cd the dip iing dupe nhu- ciu vd LLLD cho khdi cic doanh nghidp vira va nhd, hoac chfnh hp cung cd thd tu tao cdng viec cho minh bang cac ciia hang djch vu nhd le.
Thii hai, duy tri san xua't ndng nghiep, trudc bet la san xua't lua gao va cac loai ndng san, dam bao thuc hien dupe muc tieu san lucmg va giai quy^t vipc lam thdng qua nhidu gdi hd trp nhu gdi tin dung hd trp san xuit ndng ngbipp, uu tien cac loai san phim chie'n lupc nhu gao, cao su, di phe...; gdi tin dung hd trp bao tieu, chd bie'n ndng san... thdng qua boat ddng ciia cac tdng cdng ty; gdi hd trp lao ddng san xuit ndng nghiep (ndng dan) vd gidng, thtiy Ipi, phan bdn...; tang cudng thu mua
va du trtr qudc gia.
Ben canh dd, dd giai quy^t triet dd va hieu qua viec lam cho khu vuc ndng thdn va ndng dan, cin cd nhihig "cii buych" vao tu duy cua LLLD nay, cai thien nep nghi ciia hp vd vipe lam, thu nhap. Viec lam khong don thuin la tao ra cic san phim hien vat thiet yeu phuc vu true tiep cic nhu ciu sinh boat hang ngay ma vipc lam phai dupe lupng boa thanh thu nhap vd mat gia trj, phai dupe tinh toan trPn co sd hieu qua kinh td cd bach toan diu vao, diu ra va Iiy nhu ciu xa hpi lam ddi tupng hudng tdi cua viec lam, nghTa la, ngudi ndng dan phai tha'y dupe vipc lam cua hp la nhim dap ling cic nhu ciu xa hpi dang dupe phan inh thPng qua thj trudng va thdng qua viec lam dd hp cd thu nhap chfnh dang cung nhu xung dang ddi vdi phin cdng siic da bd ra. Nhu vay, tirng budc hinh thanh tu duy phat trien kinh te hang boa, kinh te thi trudng trong tidm thiie ngudi ndng dan, hp phai nghi xem san xuit thii hang hda nao cd the dem lai thu nhap cao nhit chir khdng phai san xuit thir hang hda nao phuc vu tieu diing cua hp.
Thii ba, ddi vdi cic ddi tupng la hp nPng dan cd dit bj chuydn ddi muc dfch sir dung, Nha nude va chfnh quydn dja phuong cin quan tam tdi cac khfa canh nhu khuyen khfch va djnh hudng cho ndng dan sii dung hpp ly phin tidn dupe ddn bu vao chuydn ddi nghd nghiep, phit tridn san xuit, kinh doanh hoac diu tu sinh Ipi nhim dn djnh cupc sdng vd lau dai thay vi phuc vu CO ban cac nhu ciu sinh boat va tiPu dung. Cd CO checu thd ddi vdi cic chu thd true tidp sir dung dit trong giai quyet sinh kdciia ndng dan khi hp bi thu hdi dit, nhu doanh nghiep phai cam kdt dao tao va sii dung lao dpng cua dja phuong theo mpt ti Id nao dd va cd nhiing ddng gdp nhit djnh ddi vdi cdng cupc phat trien cua dja phuong, tao tidn di dd dia phuong cd didu kidn hd trp nhiing ddi tupng khPng thupc dien lao dpng dupe sii dung cua doanh nghiep.
Ddng thdi, Nha nude va chinh quydn dia phuong phai chuin bi cic hinh thire hd trp ngudi dan tir trudc khi dit dai ciia hp dupe chuydn muc dfch sii dung, mdt mat, cac hinh thiic hd trp nay se tao cho ngudi dan tam ly chii dpng trong viec lua chpn va kie'n tao viec lam, sinh ke ciia minh, mat khac, bang cic hinh thiic hP trp mang tfnh chu dpng, Nha nude trang bj cho ngudi dan nhiing tidn dd cin thidt dd tiep can viec lam mdi va timg budc phit tridn, lanh manh boa thj trudng lao dpng trong nude, dap ung yeu ciu vd lao dpng trong didu kien hpi nhap.
Thii tu, hP trp phit tridn mo hinh kinh te hp tu san xuat, tu tao viec lam thPng qua cac goi hP trp tin dung vi mo, chuong trinh tfn dung viec lam va cic chinh sach hP trp khac.
Hd trp cac doang nghiep dang sii dung va cd kha nang sir dung nhidu lao dpng nhu det may, da giay, che' bidn... ca d ndng thdn va thanh thj vdi cam kdt giai quydt viec lam trong giai doan khiing hoang thdng qua cac gdi hd trp tfn dung uu dai, giam thud, hP trp xuit khiu, hP trp quy luong va bao hidm, tidn thue dit...
Diu tu phit tridn cac "cPng trudng Idn"
mang tfnh cdng fch sir dung nhidu lao dpng nhu thuy diPn, cPng trinh thiiy Ipi Idn, giao thdng Idn, khai hoang..., phit tridn md hinh thanh nien ndng thdn di xay dung kinh td mdi, thanh nien lap nghiep.
l/u tien diu tu xay dung cac cdng trinh ha ting co sd d ndng thdn nhu giao thdng ndng thdn, thuy Ipi,.. vdi muc tieu tao viec lam va thu nhap tai chd cho ngudi dan.
Phat tridn cic boat dpng ve sinh, mPi trudng nhu trdng va cham sdc cay xanh d thanh thj, nao vet he thd'ng thoit nude thanh phd, ve sinh chinh trang dd thj thdng qua cic gdi hd trp viec lam moi trudng dd thj. Phat tridn cic du an trdng va cham sdc rimg quy md Idn, vira giai quydt lao dpng phd thong 0 nPng thPn vita dam bao phat tridn bdn viing Q
TAP CHI Q U A N LY NHA NUdC - S6 170 (3-2010) 33
