Nghien curu
Researchde tai cdu triic nen kinh te. Tuy nhien, tai cdu triic khdng phai la mdt bdi toan ngdn han ma phai dupc xay dyng va tinh toan can than dya tren nhiing luan cii ve thyc lyc ciia nen kinh te va nhiing bien ddng cua kinh te the gidi.
Thu ndm, muc do vd hieu qud cua tdi CO cdu nen kinh te lai phuc thuoc vdo viec gidi quyet cdc "nut thdt" cua nen kinh te, do Id co sd ha tdng, nguon nhdn luc, cong nghe vd bo mdy qudn ly hanh chinh. Thyc te cho tha'y, viec thyc hien cac chinh sach de giai quye't cac niit that nay ludn mang lai nhiing tin hieu tdt cho dai han va khdng lam meo md toan bp nen kinh te. Do vay, mdt khi nen kinh te da khdi phuc trd lai, can chuyen sang uu tien ddu tu de giai tda cac niit that tren.
Cudi cung, cdn quan tdm bdo ddm an sinh xd hoi. Dieu nay khdng chi cd y nghia kinh te ma cdn cd y nghia chinh tri sau sdc.
Ve mat nguyen tdc, toan bd cac tang lop dan cu phai la ddi tupng dupc hudng thy an sinh xa hdi.
Tuy nhien, trong dieu kien hien tai cd le nen quan tam nhieu hon de'n ndng dan, dd'i tupng chinh sach va cac nhdm dd'i tupng ye'u the, nii ro hay chju thiet thdi... Viec quan tam bao dam an sinh xa hdi cho nhiing dd'i tupng nay khdng nhung gdp phdn kich thich, phuc hdi tang trudng kinh te ma cdn bao dam dn dinh ve mat xa hdi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
/, Bdo cao tinh hinh kinh le xa hoi nam 2009. Tong cijc thong ke, 3111212009.
2. Bdo cao tinh hinh kinh te xd hoi Viet Nam 6 thdng ddu ndm 2010 cua Chinh phu, Thdi bdo kinh te Viet Nam, ngdy 05/07/2010.
3. Tap chi Nghien ciiu kinh te, So 06(385), 2010.
4. N.Gregory Mankiw, Hauard University, "Principles of Economics", 2003.
5.http:l/wwiv.binhduong.gov.vn/vn/ne wsjletail.php.
GIAI QUYET VIEC LAM
CHO LAO DONG NU NONG THON
Ths.H6THlDl£uANH Khoa Kinh Ig - Triiong IDgi hpc Vinh
Ddi hoi dqi bleu toan quoc lan thu- IX nhqn dmh: "Giai quy§t viec Idm Id yeu t6 quye't dmh d§ phdt huy nhan to' con ngu-di 6n djnhi vd ptidt tri§n kinh te', Idm Idnh mqnh xa hoi, ddp ung nguyen vong chinh ddng vd yeu cau birc xuc ciia nhan dan." Hien nay Ddng vd Nhd nu-ac da co nhilu bien phdp, chinh sdch ho trq, tqo d i l u kien gidi q u y l t viec Idm tung budc ndng cao ddi song ciia ngudi ddn. Viec Idm Id mot trong nhung vdn d l c d y nghia kinh t l - xa hoi vd chinh trj rd't quan trqng d i i vdi m i l qudc gia.
H
ien nay tdc dd dd thj hoa nhanh ciing vdi siic ep thu hep ddt canh tac da lam cho hang trieu ndng dan thie'u viec lam, trong dd lao ddng nii' chie'm tdi 50,3%. Lao ddng nu' ndng thdn phan Idn cd trinh dd hpc thap, bj mat can bdng ciia sy binh ddng gidi, khdng cd nghe nghiep viing vang, chdc chdn. Tao viec lam cho lao ddng nii ndng thdn la mdt van de het siic cdn thiet va cap bach.1. Mot SO 0ac aiem cua lao dong nir nong thon.
- Dae diem eiia lao dpng mi:
Thu nhdt, dac diem ve thien chiic lam me. Phu nucd thien chiic mang thai, sinh con, nudi con bdng sua me. Song chinh tii thien chiic dac biet nay da va dang anh hudng de'n viec lam ciia lao ddng nii.
Thu hai, dac diem ve siic khoe
sinh ly. Lao ddng nii va lao ddng nam cd dac diem tam sinh ly, the lyc khac nhau. Ve the lyc, nii gidi thudng ye'u hon nam gidi nen hp thudng chpn lam nhiing cdng viec it nang, it ddc hai. Phu nii thudng nhe nhang, kien nhan, cham chi, than trpng, kheo leo nen cd the lam dupc mdt sd cdng viec nghe nghiep mang ti'nh dac trung ciia phu nti. Vdi dac diem nay lao ddng nii dupc sii dyng va phat huy se tao ra uu the nha't djnh cho viec phat trien kinh te xa hdi.
Thu ba, dac diem xa hdi. So vdi nam gidi, dieu kien sinh hoat an, d cua lao ddng nii thudng phiic tap, vi vay khi tiep nhan lao ddng mi thudng phai quan tam tdi dieu kien ve chd d noi sinh hoat dn dinh.
- Dac diSm ciia lao dpng nu ndng thdn:
Thu nhdt, trinh dp hpc van lao
SB_
KINH TE CHAU A - THAI BiNH DUONG 56 309 (8/20 10)T(fNG HOP-PHAN TiCH-DPAO
ddng nu ndng thdn thap. Nii gidi trong dp tudi lao ddng tai cac viing ndn thdn trinh dd hpc van cdn rat tha'p, ty le ngudi mii chii cdn cao.
Tai cac viing ndng thdn, cha me chua thyc sy ddu tii vao vao tre em gdi, sy bat binh ddng ve gidi vao viec ddu.tu cho tuong lai ciia con cai. Sd lupng phu nii, tre em gai, ngudi ngheo, ngudi dan tdc, ngudi du canh, du cu la nhiing ddi tupng gap nhieu khd khan nhat trong viec xda mil chii. Ty le tdi mii chii hien van cdn cao, nhdt la d cac viing dan tdc, viing sau, viing xa do mdi trudng giao tiep, mdi trudng sii dung ngdn ngii va sach bao ngheo nan.
Thu hai, lao ddng mi ndng thdn chju sy anh hudng nang ne ciia bat binh ddng gidi.Tii khi cdn nhd tre em gai ndng thdn da khdng dupc sy ddu tu ciia cha me vao van de hpc tap. Ldn len xay dyng gia dinh phu nii ndng thdn vdn chju su anh hudng ciia bat binh ddng gidi Irong gia dinh va trong cdng ddng xa hdi.
Thuc te, dii phu nii cd tham gia cac hoat ddng kinh te d ben ngoai thi thdi gian lam nhiing cdng viec gia dinh vdn gap ddi nam gidi. Vi vay lao ddng nii khu vyc ndng thdn rat cdn tao dieu kien de cd co hdi va md rdng viec lam phi ndng nghiep nhdm cai thien va nang cao vai trd ciia phu nu trong kinh te gia dinh.
2. Thirc trang viec lam lao dong nir nong thon.
- Thieu viec lam, di cud at.
Dieu tra tdng cue thdng ke nam 2006 xac djnh hien cd 3 ddng di cu chinh trong nudc. Dd la di cu tii ddng bdng sdng Ciiu Long, mien Trung, mien niii phia Bdc va ddng bdng sdng Hdng de'n Ddng Nam Bd. Day la khu vyc nang ddng nhat nudc va cd nhieu thanh phd ldn
nhu TP.HCM, Bien Hda, Binh Duong, va cdc khu cdng nghiep ldn nhu Sdng Thdn I&II, Tan Tao, Viet Nam-Singapore... Nhiing ngudi nay tim kiem cac viec lam phi ndng nghiep d cdc khu cdng nghiep.
Ddng thii 2 tii mien mii phia Bdc xudng ddng bdng sdng Hdng. Va ddng thii 3 tii vilng duyen hai mien Trung, mien niii phia Bdc va ddng bang sdng Hdng di Tay Nguyen;
ngudi di cu tim viec lam cd thu nhap tii cac viing cd cay cdng nghiep hoac mua ddt de ddu tu lam ca phe, tieu va cac mat hang xuat khdu khac. Di cu ndng thdn ra thanh phd, tdi cac doanh nghiep tu nhan dupc coi la dang phdt trien nhanh nhdt ciia di cu trong nudc.
ddng thdi nguy co xudt hien nhieu te nan xa hdi.
- Khdng ed nghe nghiep viing vang, ben chat.
Nghe nghiep chinh ciia lao ddng mi ndng thdn la lam ndng nghiep, sau miia vu lao ddng nii hau nhu khdng cd viec de lam, khd khan ve van de kinh te dd'i vdi gia dinh la rat Idn. Mdt sd chj em da cd gdng tao nghe trong thdi diem ndng nhan ciia miia vy. Tuy nhien de cd the lam viec va dem lai thu nhap tii nghe phu la van de rat khd khan dd'i vdi lao ddng nii. Phdn Idn, lao ddng mi ndng thdn chua Jupc dao tao cu the, thie'u cac ky nang CO ban de thyc hien nghe nghiep.
Tinh trang di cu ve cac dd thj, cac khu cdng nghiep tim viec lam ngay cang Idn, trong dd lao ddng nii chie'm ty le khdng nhd la hon 50%.
Tai cac viing ndng thdn, ty le nii gidi khdng tiep tyc theo hpc len, ma di cu len cac dd thj, thanh phd*
ldn de kiem viec lam. Tinh trang nay ddn den viec mat can bdng ty le ngudi lao ddng d dja phuang.
Mdt sd lao ddng nii ndng thdn dupc tham gia vao cac khda dao tao ciia cac dy an tao viec lam, tuy nhien do trinh dp hpc van thap kha nang tiep nhan kie'n thiic len quan de'n nghe nghiep la han che, ky nang khdi sy nghe nghiep la rat khd khan. Ngoai ra, san pham lam ra nhieu han che trong qua trinh tieu thu. Cac chuong trinh hd trp ciia
56 309 (8/2010) K I N H T J CHAU A - T H A I BiNH DUONG
JS
N g h i e n curu Research
nha nudc, td chiic doan the trong qua trinh tim ddu ra cho sdn phdm la han che.
3. Giai phap nham glal quyet viec lam cho lao dong nir nong thdn.
- Tao viec lam cho lao dpng mi ndng thdn gin vdi chien lupc phat trien kinh te - xa hpi ciia dia phuong.
Bao cao ciia Ban Chap hanh Trung uang Dang khoa VIII tai Dai hdi dai bieu toan qud'c Idn thii IX ciia Dang ve Chien lupc phat trien kinh te xa hdi da neu rd: "Day nhanh cdng nghiep hod, hien dai hod ndng nghiep va ndng thdn theo hudng hinh thanh nen ndng nghiep hang hoa Idn phii hpp vdi nhu cdu thj trudng va dieu kien sinh thai ciia tiing vung; chuyen djch co ca'u nganh, nghe, co cdu lao ddng, tao viec lam thu hiit nhieu lao ddng d ndng thdn". Mdi dia phuang cd gdng xay dung chien lupc kinh te xa hdi, thich hpp vdi dieu kien ty nhien, dac diem kinh te xa hdi, dac diem lao ddng ciia moi viing. Tii dd phat huy the manh ciia moi dia phuang tao dieu kien giai quye't viec lam. Ke't hpp vdi cdc td chiic.
doanh nghiep hinh thanh cac md hinh lang nghe, cum cdng nghiep nhd phii hpp vdi dieu kien lao ddng tai dja phuong dac biet la lao ddng nu.
- To chuc cdng tac dao tao nghe va hudng dan ky nang khdi su' nghe nghiep cho lao dpng mi ndng thdn.
Dao tao nghe cho lao ddng ndng thdn la mdt van de het siic cdp bach. Chinh phii viia xay dyng de an dao tao nghe cho lao ddng ndng thdn. Vdn de dao tao nghe lao ddng mi ndng thdn la het siic cdn thiet, nhdm tao dieu kien nang cao thu nhap cho ngudi dan, dn djnh tinh hinh kinh te xa hdi ciia dja phuang. Cac dja phuang can ra soat lai cdc thdng tin, tien hanh phan loai ddi tupng hpc nghe theo dp tudi, viing, mien de cd ke hoach dao tao gdn vdi dac diem lao ddng va phat huy the manh ciia tiing dja phuang. Dd'i vdi viing ddng bdng cdn dao tao hudng ddn ky thuat tang nang sudt cay trdng, khai thac cac loai cay ndng nghiep khac nhau, hudng ddn chan nudi, cham sdc cay trdng, con gid'ng. Dd'i vdi khu vyc mien mil cdn dao tao nghe nghiep
gdn vdi dac trung tiing viing, dac biet cdn khai thac cac nghe truyen thdng nhu det thd cam, may tre dan xay dyng thj trudng tieu thu cho cac loai san pham.
Ngoai ra cdn cd cdc hpat ddng hd trp de tao nghe nghiep sau khi dupc dao tao cho ngudi lao ddng mi ndng thdn. Lao ddng nii sau khi ke't thiic khda hpc thudng gap rat nhieu khd khan de bdt ddu nghe nghiep, lam quen vdi cdc ky nang ciia nghe. Vi vay, cac td chiic dao tao cdn thanh lap cac nhdm hudng ddn giiip ngudi lao ddng lam quen vdi cdng viec, tao dieu kien hdi nhap nghe nghiep de dang.
- Tao dieu kien lao dpng nd ndng thdn tiep can vdi ngudn vd'n.
Nha nudc cdn xay dyng chinh sdch tin dyng phii hpp, da dang hda cac kenh tin dung de lao ddng nu ndng thdn cd co hdi dupc tiep can ngudn vd'n. Thpc hien chinh sach tin dung cdn phai lien ket hoat ddng vdi mdt so chinh sdch khac hd trp giam ngheo, de tao ra nhung giai phap toan dien. Cung cap tin dung cdn phai phdi ke't hpp chat che vdi dao tao ve ndng nghiep va phat trien co sd ha tdng, tii dd lao ddng nii cd the sii dung ngudn vd'n mdt each hieu qua nha't. Ddng thdi cdn xem xet tao dieu kien lao ddng nii ndng thdn tiep can cac kenh tin dung khac nhau, cac chuang trinh tai chinh khac nhau. Viec lam ciia lao ddng mi ndng thdn thudng cdn dupc cung cap tin dung theo nhiing gdi vay nhd, vdi nhiing yeu cdu ve thii tuc cang dan gian cang tdt. Vdn de quan trpng nhat la cdc khoan vay dd de'n dupc diing thdi diem cdn va cac chinh sach phat huy hieu qua ciia cac gdi tin dung nhd dd.
KINHTE C H A U A - T H A I BiNH DUONG 56 309(8/2010)
