Cd Sd KY THUAT HA TANG - NANG Li/dNG • MOI TRlTbNG
Khdc VOi may bay, nhung khi cau may khong tqo ra nhOng 6 nhiem on 00 vd khong dan den Idm bd'n bau khi quyen. Mot mdy bay phdn luc vugt quo Ogi Tdy Duong thieu chdy tren 35 tdn oxy chua trong 120 nghin m^ khong khi. Chl voi mot lan cat cdnh chiec mdy bay phdn Igc cho hdnh khdeh hien dgi dot chdy gdn 2 tdn nhien lieu. VI vdy viec su dung nhOng khi cdu mdy rdt cd trien vgng de gidm thieu phdt thdi cdc khi nhd kinh.
^NHUfNG QUAN DIEM VE SINH THAI KHI suf DUNG CAC KHf CAU MAY
TRONG XAY DI/NG
Q U O C KY
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hd bde hpc Nga vT dai Constantin Tsiolkovski, ngudi phdt minh nguyen ly ten lira vti try hon nda t h i ki' trudc, khi phdng thanh edng nhimg ve tinh nhan tao eiia trdi dit vd indt trdi da vilt: "Hdy Idm ra khi elu mdy bdng bac vd nd se dem lai 100% lai rdng cho v i n bd ra, thdm chi bdng vdng cGng sedem lai lai sudt hdu hf.
Nhilu ngudi cho ring nguyen nhdn khiing hodng eiia ngdnh c h l tao khi c l u mdy Id sy phdt trien mdnh liet cua ngdnh hang khdng, sy xudt hien ciia cdc mdy bay true thdng. Trong chimg mye ndo dd, ngdnh hdng khdng thUdng mai dd chilm ITnh toan bp nhumg chuyen chd bdng mdy bay
tren t h i gidi, do dd khi c l u mdy khd cd the Ipt vdo. Nhung cung chinh thj trudng t h i gidi dd (gid xdng d i u tang nhanh, nhumg yeu e l u sinh thdi khdt khe) dang bupe lodi ngddi mdt l l n nda chu y d i n nhumg "thilt bj van ehuyen cham chap tren khdng".
Ngay td nhumg nam 70 cua t h i ky trudc, bp mdn v l nhumg v i n d l kinh t l phat trien tdng hpp ITnh vuc van tai thupc Phan vien Han Idm Khoa hpc Lien Xd tai Cpng hod XhHCN Xd Vilt ty tri la-cu-chi- a da bit dau nghien curu kha ndng sd dung ede khi elu mdy van tdi hdng hod d miln Bde. Nhumg cdng trinh nghien edu dd da chirng minh ring cdc khi edu may cd the dupc sd dung d miln Bde vdi hieu qud cao de giai quylt hon 30 v i n d l trong n i n kinh t l quic dan, trong dd nhOng vdn d l c l p bach phai ke d i n nhd:
Trong (inh vuc diu khi:
- Chuyen chd nhung thilt bj khoan d i n dja diem khai thdc va l i p Chung (cin cau - khi c l u may);
- Tham gia vdo viec xay dyng cdc thdp khoan tren bien;
- Chuyen chd cdc Ing vd thilt bj nen trong viee xay dyng cdc dudng Ing;
- Van chuyen khi thien nhien td nhumg dja diem xa xdi va khd tilp can khai thdc.
Trong nganh nang ludng:
- Chuyen chd va ldp ddt cdc dudng day chuyen tai;
NGUdi X A Y D U N G S 6 T H A N G 6 - 2011
NHUfNG QUAN P ' P M ^ P SINH THAI...
- Vdn chuyen cdc phdn ciia tua bin vd may phat di#n dUdc ldp rdp d miie dp cao ciia nhd c h l tao trong qud trinh ldp rap vd van hanh.
Trong nganh lam nghlep:
- Van ehuyen gd td rimg khai thdc tdi cdc dia diem gia cdng;
- Bdo ve rimg va cdc bdi chdn thd hupu, nai ching hod hoan vd tudn tra.
Trong nganh xay dung:
- Chuyen chd cdc ket c l u be tdng elt thep khii Idn, ddc biet khi tiln hanh d cdc khu vyc xa xdi;
- Van chuyen cde gidn xdy dyng vd cdc nhjp cdu due sdn;
- Van chuyen cdc bloc ngdi nhd dd chuan bj sdn de ldp ghep tai chd.
Bde cue. Mpi ngudi d i u bilt rdng chuyen chd Id phan dng hat nhdn da ldp rap d l y dii td nhd may c h l tao d i n nhd mdy dien nguyen td re hon g i n 3 l l n so vdi ldp rdp tai ehd. Ngodi ra, nhilu cong nghe hien dai ddi hdi viec ldp rap tai nhd mdy c h l tao de trdnh sU ean thiep vdo thilt bj da dupe ldp rdp chinh xdc. 6 Ddc de van chuyen mpt tua bin Idn d i n Kazakhstan ngudi ta dd c h l tao khi c l u may van tdi khdng l l tai cdn cd khdng quan Brand trudc day eiia quan dpi Lien Xd cdch Beriin 60km v l phia Nam. Dd la khi cdu may ed sdc tai 160 t i n . Ciing tai can cd ndy da c h l tao t i t ed 4 khi cdu may tUdng tu cho nhumg cdng dung khdc nhau v l sd dung Idu
"NhOng thiit bj bay cham tren khdng" rdt cd hieu qua khi van ehuyen nhumg thye pham chdng hdng. Qud Id d tren cao 3km khi c l u mdy trd thanh chile tdu udp lanh. Nhumg khi c l u may cd trien vpng trong viec tiln hdnh nhumg cdng tdc tham dd dja chit - bdi vl de khoan sau Im c i n phai chd d i n dja diem trung binh 1 t i n tdi trpng, ding thdi edng tdc thdm dd thudng lai phdi tiln hdnh d nhimg khu vyc ma phuong tien van tai kha dT duy nhdt Id tren khdng.
Nhumg khi c l u mdy rit hieu qud cd khi ble dd hdng td cdc tdu thuy trong vung tdu khdng ed dilu kien tilp can bd d khu vyc nude ndng va khi chuyen chd cdc kit c l u Idn ldp hoan chinh d nhd mdy c h l tao den tan cdc gidn khoan tren thim
ddi vdi chi phi tdng cdng tdi 250 trieu USD. Viee van ehuyen tua bin d trang thdi ldp san chi ehi phi gdn 230 nghin USD, nghTa Id re hon vd nhanh hon rit nhilu so vdi van chuyen bdng dudng sdt (do khdng c i n phdi thdo rdi cae bp phan tua bin va ldp rap, hieu chlnh tai ehd nita).
T I C dp bay ciia nhOmg khi c l u may t h i he mdi khdng vupt qua 170-200km/h. Tang them t i c dp se khdng hpp ly v l mat kinh t l vl tang ddng ke sure can chinh dien ciia khi c l u mdy. So vdi van chuyen hdng ridng bdng mdy bay, van ehuyen bdng khi cau mdy re hon 5 l l n vd chi phi nhien lieu thip hon td 2,5 -;- 3,5 l l n .
Cdc ehuyen gia kinh t l ciia Anh da so sanh cdc phuong tien
van tdi vd chi ra ring gi^ v$n chuyen bdng khi c l u may vdi siic tai Idn ndm d mdc chi phi tddng dUdng vdi van chuyen bdng dudng bien, re hom nhilu so vdi van ehuyen bdng mdy bay van tdi vd true thang.
N l u trudc day ngudi ta khudc td sd dung khi c l u may cho viec thuc hien cdc nhiem vy tren vdi ly do khdng an toan cdc chuyin bay vl nd dupe nap khi Hydrogen (H2), khi tilp xuc vdi oxy tao ra
"khi nd", thi ngdy nay v i n d l d6 da giai quylt bdng viec sd dung khi Heii (He) tuyet d l i an toan.
Khi Heii cd trd lupng Idn d My, Nga va nhilu nudc khdc. Mpt lo ngai nda trudc day Id khi c l u may cd Idp vd vdi dp chat (kin) thdp nen khi bj rd ri. Nhupc diem nay ngay nay dupe khdc phuc dl dang vdi viec sd dung vat lieu sdi sieu b i n "SVM" ciia cde nhd may spi hod hpe d Rostov Idm spi nin trong vat lieu c l u true vd khi edu may.
Khi edu mdy cd cdc ddc tinh ky thudt bay hoan thien, ede he thing ddn dudng hien dai, he thing dinh vj td xa... Nhung uu viet dd cho phep khi c l u mdy c6 the "treo" d mpt dja diem vdi thdi gian khdng han c h l . Tinh chit nay cho phep nd trd thdnh phuong tien duy nhlt thye hien cdc thao tdc van chuyen - ldp rdp td tren khdng.
Cdng nghe sdn xult trong nganh c h l tao khi cdu mdy lien tuc dddc hodn thien: vdt lieu Idp vd (neu tren), cdc dpng cd xoay van true, cdng nghe nen Heii de thay ddi sdc ndng, cdc he thing ddn dudng vdi cdc dudng truyin lien lae bdng spi quang, sd dung rdng rai ky thuat s l (digital), sir dung cdc pin mat trdi tren b l mat vd khi c l u may d dang cac phim silic khdng djnh hinh. Thi du cdc dan pin mat trdi ldp ddt tren khi c l u mdy vdi the tich 50.000m^
(dien tich Idp vd 7000m^ cd the sdn xult 10KW dien ndng, tdc Id 1/6 nhu e l u cho nd).a
T h e o Tgp chi N a n g IU(>ng (L.B. N g a ) 2 0 0 9 NGUdi X A Y D I / N G S 6 T H A N G 6 - 2 0 1 1
