MAY GOM - DAP LUA
Trjnh Van Trai Phan vien Co dien Ndng nghiep va Cdng nghe Sau thu hoach
Tom tat
Mdy thu gom nong sdn tren ddng da co nhieu tren the gidi nhung a Viet Nam chua duac sie dvmg nhieu trong sdn xudt. Nghien ahi chi tgo mdy gom-ddp lua tie hdnh se md ra nhitng img dung mai cho ngdnh ndng nghiep Viet Nam khdng nhimg cho viec thu hogch liia md cdn cho cdc logi may thu gom nong sdn khdc sau ndy. Npi dung bdi viit ndy md td tdm tdt ket qud nghien cieu thiet ke, chi tgo mdu mdy gom-ddp lua GD-1,7. Bo cue gom cdc mvic: Ttnh hinh nghien cim, phdt trien mdy thu gom trong nuac vd tren thi gidi; Nghien cieu cdc logi mdy thu hogch lua co lien quanj Thiit ki cdc bp phdn chinh cua mdu mdy gom-ddp liia GD-1,7; Thi nghiem, hodn thien, dua mdu mdy gom-ddp vdo sdn xudt Sa bp ddnh gid hieu qud kinh ti, tinh mdi vd gid tri sie dimg cita mdu mdy GD-1,7.
I. DAT
V A Noe
Phuang phap thu hoach lua gdm hai giai doan: clt rdi phai lua tren rudng sau dd thu gom-ddp Id giai phap chuyin tilp, phy trg cho ca gidi hda (CGH) thu hoach lua trong thdi gian gin trudc mil. So vdi thu cdng, phuomg phdp nay cd cdc iru diem nhu tang dp sach, gidm that thodt khi thu hoach, gidm chi phi sly lua, nen dang cd nhu cau d mdt sd dia phuomg.
Myc tieu cfta dl tdi la: Chl tao ra loai mdy gom dap lua ty hdnh ndng suit 0,3 ha/h dl thay the cdng thu gom lua sau khi cat bang mdy gat rdi hang hodc bdng tay.
II. TiNH
HINH NGHIENCU'U TRiiN KHAI NGOAl NU'QC
Cdc may thu gom ndng san tren the gidi phye vy cho thu hoach nhieu loai ndng sdn, rieng cho thu hoach cdc loai cay than cd nhu lua, dai mach, cd, cay lanh... cimg cd khd nhieu loai nhu cdc loai may thu gom dap lua mi, cdc loai may thu gom ram, ra ddng banh trdn hodc vudng, cac loai mdy thu gom cd da cdt ldm thfte dn gia sue... Nghien cftu cho thay, qud trinh phdt trien ket cau ede loai may thu gom dd di tft kieu thu gom dom gidn dau tien tien dan tdi cac ca cau thu gom tien bd hien nay Id kieu trye lech tam vd cdc kieu thu gom bang ngdn va cd dudng dan.
III. TiNH HiNH NGHIEN CU'U TRlfeN KHAI TRONG NU'QC
Ndm 1987-1988, Vien nghien cftu thilt kl mdy ndng nghiep da nghien cftu mdy thu gom-ddp treo tren may keo. Khoang nhumg ndm 1995 mdy clt rai hang bit dlu phdt triln. Khi sft dyng may clt rdi hang nhu d u cdng cho thu gom Id rit ldn mdt may clt rdi hang cin tdi 15-20 nhdn cdng di theo dl thu gom. Trudc tinh hinh dd, mdt sd ca sd tu nhan da tiln hdnh chl tao may gom dap lua:
- Nam 2002, dng Nhat Khanh d Thdp Mudi, Ddng Thap da chl mdy thu gom va dap lua.
- Nam 2004, dng Huynh Van On d My Phftc Tay, Cai Lay, Tiln Giang da lam may gom Ifta dftng vdo vide thu gom Ifta cho mdy cdt rdi hang.
- Ndm 2006, dng Phan Tdn Ben d Thdp Mudi, Ddng Thdp da chl tao may gom-dap lua.
- Nam 2007, dng Ngd Van Hda d An Giang da chl tao mdy gom-ddp.
IV. K^T QUA NGHIEN CU'U M A Y G O M - D A P LUA
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4.1. Nghien CCPU cac loai may gom, may thu hoach lua giup cho thiet ke may gom-dap
4.1.1. Cac kieu may thu gom tren the giai
Tren the gidi hien cd nhieu loai may thu gom ndng sdn khdc nhau. Trong ITnh vuc thu gom Ilia, cd, ram ra cung cd nhieu loai may thu gom, cdc mdy nay tuy cd nhieu kieu dang khde nhau nhung bd phdn thu gom d cdc may nay sft dyng cdc nguyen ly thu gom chinh sau:
a - Nguyen ly thu gom ngdn va trye quay lech tdm.
b - Nguyen ly thu gom ngdn vo cd dudmg dan.
c - Nguyen ly thu gom kieu bang tdi keo (hinh 1).
d- Nguyen ly thu gom kieu bdn cao (hinh 2).
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Hinh 1. Co cdu thu gom kieu bang tai keo Hinh 2. Co ciiu vo, thu gom kilu ban cao
4.1.2. Cac kieu may thu gom trong nuo'c
Cdc may gom dap d Viet Nam cd cdc co cau thu gom sau:
a) Ca cdu thu gom kiiu xich tdi (hinh 3); b) Ca cdu thu gom kiiu bdng tdi (hinh 4)
Hinh 3. Co cdu thu gom kieu xich tai trong may cua dng Phan Tin Bpn
Hinh 4. Co cdu thu gom kidu bang tai trong may cua dng Ngd Van Hoa
4.1.3. Nghien cii-u cac loai may gat dap lien hop (GLH) hien co
Mdy gom-dap Ifta ed nhilu bd phan cd chftc ndng gidng nhu mdy GLH chi cd phin gom lua Id khdc nen d n nghien cftu, ddnh gid co cdu cdc may GLH hien cd de ke thfta, dp dyng vdo thiet ke mdy gom-dap.
Qua nhilu nam san xult, sft dyng, din nay ddn ddn nguyen ly boat ddng vd kit d u cdc bd phdn ldm viec chinh cfta mdy GLH phft hgp vdi dieu kien thu hoach Ifta d Viet Nam dd dugc djnh hinh va dugc cdc ca sd chl tao trong nude phd bien dp dyng, cy the nhu sau:
- Phin clt sft dyng bdn eat kilu tdng do, chieu rdng bdn edt thich hgp trong khoang 1,5 m den 2 m;
- Phan vo lua su dyng gudng gat tam sai;
- Van chuyen Ifta len trdng dap bang bdng tai xich hodc bang tai dai cao su;
- Phdn dap lua sft dyng trdng dap dgc trye kieu rang ngdn hodc rang bdn;
- Phan sdng quat, ldm sach sft dyng sang ldc quat ly tam hodc quat hudng trye;
- Phan van chuyen thdc dftng vit tai hoae gau tdi;
- Phan ddng bao sft dyng ddng bao thu cdng vdi thung chfta nhd (sftc chfta khoang 50-80 kg);
- Trong mdy can cd 2 ly hgp. Mdt ly hgp cho phdn di ddng vd mdt ly hgp cho bd phan lam viec. Ly hgp lam vide sft dyng Iy hgp ma sdt hoae dftng gidi phdp cang-chftng day curoa;
- Di ddng may sft dyng xich cao su budc xich 90 rdng bdn xich rdng 350-400 mm, sd mat xich tft 44-46 mdt. Hop sd kieu cdt ban true cd 3 sd tien, I sd lui vd 2 cap tde dp;
- Ddng ca sft dyng ddng ca dau 40 -60 HP (tuy be rdng ban cat).
Vdi CO cau tren ket cdu mdy tuomg ddi dom gidn, gia thdnh cua may chap nhan dugc.
Nhimg mdu mdy GLH cd dinh hinh ve ca eau, nguyen ly lam viec neu tren dang dan dan chiem lmh thi trudmg. Thuc ra dinh hinh co cdu, nguyen Iy boat ddng ndy da cd trong mdu may GLH -03 A cfta Vien Ca dien Ndng nghiep vd Cdng nghe Sau thu hoach tft ndm 2003.
4.1.4. Nghien cuu cac loai may dap lua hien co trong nwo^c
Tap hgp cdc thdng sd chinh cfta cae mdy dap lua dugc sft dyng nhieu d Ddng bang sdng Cftu Long (DBSCL) chung tdi nhan thay: Cdc mdy phdng thudng cd dudmg kinh dinh rdng 650 mm, chiiu ddi trdng dap 1400-1600 mm, tde dp trdng dap 750-800 v/phftt, tan sd rung sang trong khodng 250-300 Hz, bien dp sang 25-30 mm. Day Id nhimg thdng so quan trpng giup cho viec lya chpn cdc thdng sd cho thilt ke mdy gom - dap lua sau nay.
4.2. Thilt k§ may gom-dap lua
4.2.1. Thiet ke bo phan gom lua
1) Lua chon nguyin ly: Yeu cau cua mdy gom dap can cd chieu rdng thu gom khodng 1,5-1,8 m. Nguyen ly thu gom kieu bang ldi hien cd d Viet Nam cd chiiu rdng ban che chi khoang 0,6 - 0,8 m. Cdc ca cau gom kieu ngdn vo cd chieu rdng ldn tft 1,5 m din 3 m. Chung tdi chpn nguyen ly thu gom Id kieu ngdn va cd dudmg din.
2) Tinh cdc thdng so ca bdn
- Chpn chieu ddi ngdn va: Qua tim hieu mdt sd thdng sd cua may thu gom ram ra cho thay chieu ddi ngdn (phan thd ra ngoai phdn bao che) dao ddng trong khoang 90 -120 mm.
O day ldp lua cd chieu ddy khodng 70-80 mm nen chung tdi ehpn chieu ddi ngdn va 90 mm.
- Chpn tde dp quay cua trye chft ddng quay ngdn va: Xult phdt tft ndng suit ly thuyit cua may 0,3 ha/h, vdi chieu rdng cdt dugc cua mdy d l rdi hdng Iy thuyit Id 1,5m thi linh dugc toe dp tiln cua may gom-dap Id 0,55m/s.
Tinh tde dp cua trye chft ddng quay ngdn va tren ca sd phan tich phuang trinh ldc dp eua diem ddu ngdn vo:
Cdc trye va quay quanh dudng trdn cd tam O. Cdc banh xe d cudi ngdn va di chuyin
Hinh 5. So dd chuyin ddng cua co cdu va 1 - Du'Ong dan; 2-Trge d i n dpng; 3 - Trye mang ngdn
va (gpi t i t la trye va); 4-Ngdn va; 5-Ou'6'ng trdn chuyen dpng (quy dgo) eua tn,ie mang ngdn va.
Vm- chieu tien cua mdy
tren dudmg dan 1. Cdc ngdn va vfta chuyin ddng theo ldc dp tjnh tiln Vm cua may, vfta chuyen dpng theo quy dao trdn cua trye va 3 vdi van ldc gde co, ddng thdi cd thl quay quanh trye va d tamg.
Xet chuyen ddng cua ngdn va tren doan dudmg ddn abc. Day Id cung doan ngdn va thuc hien viec va, ndng vd van chuyin sdn phim tft mat dlt dua vdo bdn thu gom. Tren doan ndy tdm ciia eung dan abc trftng vdi tdm dudmg trdn chuyin ddng cfta trye vo. Van loc gde true va Id co.
Tde dp tien cua mdy la v„. Bilu hien van toe dilm cudi cua ngdn vo v theo thanh phin v^, Vy. Tpa dp cfta diem cudi cfta ngdn va B tai thdi dilm t Id (hinh 6)
X = Vml + psincot y = peosojt
trong dd: p la chiiu ddi tft dilm B din lam trye dan ddng (hinh 6) p = L^ + rH2Lrcosy
Trong dd: L - chieu ddi cfta ngdn va; r-bdn kinh quay cfta trye vo;
Y - gde hgp bdi ngdn va va dudng keo ddi cfta OC Ldy dao ham theo t de cd van tde v^, Vy
Vx = Vm + pcoeoscot \ Vy = - pcosincot
Vfi Vx + Vy = Vm + P^CO^ + 2VmP(0COSC0t (2)
Vm
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Hinh 6. B i l u d i l n vgn tde d i l m B cua ngon v a
Hinh 7. Quy dgo lien tidp cua d i l m cudi cac ngdn v a 1 va ngdn v a 2
Cdc diem Bo, va Bi,2 la cac diem giao nhau eua cdc quy dgo; b-khoang each thip nhit so voi mat dlt cua dilm cuoi ngdn va ; h-chilu cao
cua khoang bo sot cua cdc ngdn va
Xet thdi gian t= 0 tai dilm OQ. Tpa dp cua diem Bi,2 eua ngdn va 1,2 Id
XBI,2 = Vm tl + psin(o)ti/2) = Vmt2 - psin(coli/2); yBi,2 = pcos (a)li/2) = p - h Vdi 12 Id thdi gian dk trye chu ddng quay mdt gde P = 27i/Z ; Z Id sd trye va Ddt coll = (p, 00I2 = P => tl = (p/co, 12 = p/co ta cd:
Vm- (p/co + psin (p/2 = Vm. p/w- psin (p/2 2pcosin(p/2 = Vm(p-(p) = > — = T 4 ^ ^
v„, 2sin^/2 Ddt ty sd van tde gde tren van tde tjnh lien cua may Id A, =
(3)
Ddy chinh la ty so van tde tilp tuyin va van tde tjnh tiln cfta mdy: X = Vt/v„
- sd true va: Z thudng dugc chgn Id Z = 4. CJ ddy chung tdi chpn Z = 4
- Ty sd van tde cfta mdy X thuomg dugc chpn trong khodng 1,1 -^ 1,2. 6 day chpn X 1,1
vt= \,\vm= 1.1 X 0,55 = 0,605 m/s Vt = Rco Vdi R = 0,253 m
=> CO = 0,605 m/s: 0,253m = 2,39 v/s = 143 v/ph Chung ldi ehpn sd vdng quay cua trye chu ddng n = 145 v/ph 4.2.2. Thilt kl cac bo phan khae cua may gom dap lua tir hanh
Tren ca sd nghien cftu thdng sd cdc loai mdy gdt hien cd d Viet Nam, cdc loai mdy dap lua dang thjnh hanh tai Viet Nam nhu dd trinh bdy d tren. Lfng dyng cdc ket qua nghien cftu trudc day vl may GLH vd may dap lua, chung tdi thilt kl cac bd phan cdn lai cua may gom dap lua.
Kit qud sau klii tinh toan, thilt kl kit d u tdng thl cua mdy gom-dap vdi cdc thdng sd cy the trong (bang 1).
Mdu may gom dap cua dl tai dugc mang ma hieu GD-1,7 (sd 1,7 chi chieu rdng ciia ban gom).
Bang 1. Thdng sd l<y thugt cua may GO-1,7 sau khi thilt k&
Ten bd phdn- Chi tieu Ten may - Ma hipu
Kich thu'O'c (dai x rpng x eao) Trpng lupng
Nang suit dy tinh So ngu'O'i phue vu Be rpng ban thu gom Dpng ca phdi lip
Xich di chuyen: Buo'cx so m i t x Bd rpng xich (mm) Ap suit rieng tiep d l t
Vgn tde (khi de ga a djnh muc) Cap so chdm 1 - I I - lll-lui d p sd nhanh 1 - I I - lll-liii Bp phan thu gom
+ So trye va - Sd ngdn va + Toe dp quay trye thu gom Trdng dgp
+ Tde dp quay
+ Ouo'ng kinh - Chieu dai trong Sang lam sgch
+ Kich thu'O'c (D x R) + Tan so dao ddng - bien dp
Qugt
Phuang thuc Idy thde
Dan vj
mm kg ha/h ngud'i
mm HP
kG/cm^
m/s m/s
cai v/ph
v/ph mm
mm lln/phut - mm
Dac d i l m ky thuat GD-1,7 4570 x 2400 x 2050
2050 0,3
2 1700
50 90x46x350 mm
0,205
0,27-0,485-0, 788- 0,2 1,02-1,83-2,79-0,74
4 - 4 4 145
Dpc trye kieu rang tron 780
553-1150 Tdn dpt Id 014 - <D18 mm
850x1050 2 1 9 - 5 0 Qugt ly tdm Thiing ehua nho + Odng bao
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Hinh 8. May gom 6^p sau khi hoan thifn
4.3. Che tao thu' nghiem, hoan thien, diFa may vao ipng dung trong san x u l t 4.3.1. C h l tao, thu- nghiem, hoan thien
Mau mdy gom-dap GD-1,7 sau khi thiet kl, chl tao da dugc dua di thft nghiem dl ddnh gid tinh trang boat ddng cua cdc bd phdn sau dd da dugc hoan thien, chinh sfta khdc phye cdc khuyit dilm. Sau khi chinh sfta may duge thft nghiem vd dua vdo ftng dyng trong sdn xudt tai mdt sd dia dilm d Hdc mdn, TP Ho Chi Minh.
4.3.2. Ket qua khao nghiem va irng dung trong san xu3t
Trong thai gian tft 9 h din 14 h ngdy 22/01/2010 mdy gom-ddp GD-1,7 dd dugc khdo nghiem tai xd
Tan Xuan, huyen Hdc Mdn, TP Hd Chi Minh. Cdc chi lieu dp sach, dp sdt, dp va, nang sudt cua may dat dugc Id: Ndng suat thudn tuy: 0,389 ha/h; Dd sach: 97,3%; Dd va: 0,89% ; Dd sdt:
2,69%.
Cdc chi tieu do sach, do sdt, dp vd, ndng suat mdy dat yeu cdu dk ra. Cdc chi tieu cua mdy gom dap dd dugc cdng ty FCC - Bd NN&PTNT - TP Hd Chi Minh gidm djnh.
Qua theo ddi trong thu hoach 20 ha d xa Tan xudn, Hdc mdn TP Ho Chi Minh da ddnh gid dugc mdt so chi tieu cfta may G D - 1 , 7 nhu sau: Dp tieu hao nhien lieu = 20 lit/ha; So cdng nhan van hdnh may = 2 ngudi; Chi phi sfta chua =30.000 dong/ha; Lai sudt trung binh = 928.000 dong/ha.
4.3.3. So sanh hieu qua kinh te
So sdnh chi phi thu hoach, hi?u qua kinh tl cfta phuang phdp thu hoach khi dung may cdt rai hdng + may gom phdng vdi cdc loai hinh thu hoach khdc.
Tai thdi diem thdng 10-2009 den thdng 2-2010. Qua theo ddi tinh todn thu hoach bdng may cdt rai hdng vd mdy gom-dap chi phi het: 1.900.000 d/ha. (Khdng ke cdng van chuyen). Re hon thu hoach bdng tay 834.000 ddng/ha. Ddt hom thu hoach bdng mdy GLH 67.000 d/ha. Tuy nhien chu rudng gidm dugc cdng phai vd ban liia dugc gid cao hom.
4.3.4. So sanh hieu qua su dung cua may GD-1,7 vol cac may khae
I) vi uu diim chiiu rpng cua bdn thu gom
- Cdc mdy thu gom hien nay cua Viet Nam cd chiiu rdng ban vo trong khoang 600-800 mm. Khi chiiu rdng bdn va nhd ngudi ldi se khd khan hom vi phdi ldi chinh xdc theo dudng cdt khdng thdng cua mdy cdt rdi hdng ban chl tde dp cua mdy. Dac biet mdy khdng thl gom theo chieu ngang cua hdng liia.
- May GD -1,7 cd bl rdng bdn va tdi 1,7 m. Nhd bdn va cd chiiu rdng ldm nen mdy GD-1,7 cd thl di thdng ma van thu gom dugc dudmg cdt cong v?o cua may cdt rdi hang va cd thl thu gom theo mpi hudng dpc hodc ngang dudng xip day lua, thu gom cd trong khi di vdng cua ddu bd, khi vao rupng ldm viec may cd thl di ngay mdt dudng xung quanh rudng dl md ldi cho mdy quay ddu bd. Dilu nay cdc may hi?n cd khdng lam dugc. Ddc biet khi lua rai bj gid thoi mdt hdng Idi mdy van boat dgng dugc vd ddy la loai mdy thu gom dugc cd lua cdt rdi lugm bdng tay.
2) vi uu diim kit cdu mim cua chi tiit va
- Chi till va cfta cdc may gom phdng hien nay cd ket cau eftng, chac nen khi lam viec khd ra sdt mat ddng vi neu de mdc vao dat de gay tac ket hodc gay, hdng.
- Chi tiet vo eua mdy GD-1,7 la cdc ngdn va bang thep Id xo trdn, cd ca cdu mem, ddn hdi. Cac ngdn va ciia cua mdy cd the rd sdt mat dat de va lua len lam cho mdy cd the va hit lua.
Lfu diem cua ngdn va Id xo Id cd the cdo xudng ddt md van an todn khdng hi gay. Nhd cd dudng ddn ddng nen cdc ngdn vo cd the thd ra d nhftng vi tri thich hgp de thu gom cay lua nhimg lai tu ddng thyt vao d nhimg diem can thiet de chuyen cay lua sang cdc bd phan chuyin tilp khdc.
Hinh 9. Ngdn va cua may gom - dap Hinh 10. Ban thu gom cua may gom dap G£)-1,7
3) vi nhu cdu su- dung mdy gom ddp trong sdn xudt
Mdy gom dap GD - 1,7 cd be rdng lam viec ldn, ddp ftng dugc cac yeu cdu cfta san xudt nhu dp sdt nhd, nang sudt cao, chi phi thu hoach khdng tang nhilu. Ben canh dd mdy GD-1,7 lai cd thl thay thl bdn thu gom bdng ban cdt lua dl trd thanh mdy GLH dk sft dyng eho nhu cdu khdc nhaii cua cac hd ndng dan, gidm dang kl kinh phi ddu tu, tang thdi gian sft dyng giup nhanh thu hdi vdn. Vdi nhumg ly do tren sau khi dugc ftng dyng trong sdn xudt may G D - 1 , 7 dd dugc mdt sd ndng dan dat hdng xin mua.
inn-
Hinh 11. IVIdtsd hinh anh hogt ddng cua may GD -1,7
4.4. Hieu qua kinh t§
Sft dyng mdy gom dap GD-1,7 la cd hieu qud kinh tl.
- Tiln thu Idi hdng ndm cao so vdi vdn ddu tu: 88.600.000 d/nam.
- Thdi gian thu hdi vdn nhanh < 2 Nam.
- Lgi nhuan ddi may cao: 191.591.000 d.
- Hieu qud ddu tu cao I ddng vdn se thu dugc 1,27 ddng ldi.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
Tran Hung Thinh, Trinh Van Trai. Thang 5-2005. Bao cao ting kit khoa hpc va ky thuat de muc:
Nghien cuu hoan thien thilt kl ky thuat, cong nghe chl tao dl phat triln umg dung may gat dap lien hgp thu hoach liia tir hanh, nang suit 0,2-03 ha/h. Vien Ca dien NN & cong nghe sau thu hoach.
Tran Hung Thinh, Bach Qu6c Khang va cac cong sir. 2001. Nghien curu thilt ke, chl tao may lien hap gat dap thu hoach lua ca trung GLH-0,3. Vien ca dien NN va cong nghe sau thu hoach.
Pham xuan Vugmg. Thang 5-2000. Ly thuyit tinh toan may thu hoach nong nghiep. Nha xult ban giao due.
Summary
The pickup machine was used much in the world but in Viet Nam it wasn 7 used much in agricultural production. Research, manufacture them open the new period in agricultural production of Viet Nam. It not only will use in rice harvesting but on so in other agricultural production in future. The content of this report is include: The over view of pickup machine development in the world and in Viet Nam. Research on the kind of rice harvesting machines which relate with designing pickup machine works. Designing rice pickup-thresh machine. Testing, perfecting and using it in harvesting rice. To evaluate the economics, the new and the value of
using of rice pickup-threshing machine
