ngurcri trong hoat dong xay dyng phap luat

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Tiep can dya tren quyen con ngurcri trong hoat dong xay dyng phap luat

Nguyen Linh Giang**'

Tdm tat: Trong khodng hai thdp ky gdn ddy, tiip cdn dua trin quyin con nguoi trong qud trinh hogch djnh vd xdy dung chinh sdch phdp ludt dd Iro thdnh xu the ehung cua thi gi&i.

Ddy la phuang phdp khong chi chu trgng den kit qud ddu ra md cdn quan tdm den qud trinh thuc hien. Do do no ddm bdo dugc quyin ciia cdc doi tugng bi tdc dong true tiep boi cdc chinh sdch phdp ludt dang dugc xdy dicng vd doi hoi nghta vu thuc hien tie nhd nu&c.

0 Viet Nam, cdch tiip can dua trin quyin con ngu&i trong xdy dung phdp ludt cung da bat ddu dugc quan tdm trong th&i gian gdn ddy nhung cdch thuc hien vdn eon chua ro rdng vd nhieu bdt cap nen cdn nhieu thay doi trong th&i gian t&i.

Tir khoa: Tiep can dya tren quyen, Tiep can dya tren quyen con ngudi, Quyen con ngudi, Xay dung phap luat

Abstract: In the last two decades, human rights-based approach in the process of legislative policy-making has become a global trend. This method not only focuses on the output but also the implementation process. It thus ensures the rights of those directly affected by the laws that are being developed and requires implementation obligations from the State. In Vietnam, the human rights-based approach in law development has

begun to arouse interest in recent years. Yet, unclear implementation and inadequacies remain which require a lot of changes in the coming time.

Keywords: Rights-based Approach, Human Rights-based Approach, Human Rights, Law Making

Tiep can dya tren quyen con ngudi tir Hgp Qudc dugc bat d i u tir nam 1997, ddn khoang hai thap ky gan day da trd thanh nam 1998, UNDP da cdng bo chinh sach mpt xu the quan trpng trong qua trinh "Ket hgp nhan quyen vdi phat tridn bdn hoach dinh va xay dyng chinh sach phap viing". Tir nam 2000, Bao cao Phat tridn Iuat trong boat ddng ciia cac td chuc qudc con ngudi ciia UNDP (2000) da tuyen bd td va d nhieu nude tren the gidi. Trong ring sy phat trien con ngudi la ydu td can cac chuong trinh ve phat trien ciia Lien ban de hien thyc hda quyen con ngudi va quyen con ngudi la yeu td can ban de dat 7.. ,,., ,„ , '. TT. , , . , , . „ . ,, duoc suphat trien con ngudi.

1 ITS., Vien Nha nuoc va Pnap luat, Vien Han lam • • i- = ,

Khoa hocxahoi Viet Nam; . Tir nam 2003, cac td chuc trong h?

Email: [email protected] thdng cua Lien Hgp Quoc da thong nhit vd

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Tiep can dua tren quy^n.. 47 each hieu ehung ve tiep can dya tren quyen

va cho rang: "Tiep can dya tren quydn de len ke hoach hgp tac phat trien, muc tieu ciia cac hoat ddng nay la nham ddng gdp true tiep cho sy hien thyc hda mpt hoae nhidu quydn con ngudi" (United Nations, 2003). Tir dd, mdt sd td chiic ciia Lien Hgp Qudc da thye hien tiep can dya tren quyen trong cac chuong trinh phat trien cua minh.

Chinh tir do, xu hudng tiep can dya tren quyen trong qua trinh xay dyng va thyc thi eae chinh sach, trong dd cd cac chinh sach phap luat da dugc trien khai va gan nhu da trd thanh mpt each lam bat bugc tai nhieu nude tren the gidi.

1. Tiep can dua tren quyen con ngwdi Phuang phap tiep can dya tren quyen con ngudi hay cdn ggi van tat la phuong phap tiep can dya tren quyen (human rights - based approach/ rights - based approach), trudc het, la phuong phap do cac td chuc qudc te sir dung trong viec xay dyng va thyc hien cac chuong trinh phat trien ciia hp. Hien nay, phuong phap nay da dugc ap dung rdng rai trong qua trinh hoach dinh va xay dung chinh sach phap luat d nhieu nude tren the gidi.

Cd the hieu, each tiep can dya tren quyen la phuang phap su dung cac chuan myc va cac nguyen tac ve quyen con ngudi de lam can cii cho muc tieu va each thiic boat dgng cua cac ehinh sach, cac chuong trinh, dy an phat trien. Cach tiep can nay tap tmng vao mdi quan he giua chii the cd quyen va chii the ed nghia vy thyc hien quydn. Theo do, nha nude se la chii the cd nghia vy chinh trong viec bao dam, bao ve quyen eon ngudi. Vi the, each tiep can dya trdn quyen se hudng den vide dam bao quyen cho mdi ca nhan cd lien quan den eae chinh sach, eae dy an phat trien va song song vdi do la nhiing ddi hdi thyc thi nghia

vu tir phia nha nude. Tren thyc te, vdi each tiep can truyen thdng chi quan tam den myc tieu cudi cimg, da dan den vice ed nliieu ddi tugng cd lien quan den cac chuong trinh phat trien hi bd qudn, khdng dugc thuc hien quyen hoac tham ehi bi xam pham quyen ma khdng dugc quan tam hay den bii thoa dang.

Trong khi dd, each tiep can dya tren quyen con ngudi da nhan manh den quyen cua con ngudi va trach nhiem, nghia vy giira cac chii the, xac dinh ro vai trd cua timg chu the mdt each minh bach, ro rang, khong phan biet ddi xir va dac biet tao co hdi cho sy tham gia cua ngudi dan vao cac giai doan khac nhau ciia ehuong trinh, dy an.

Tiep can dira tren quyen la bude dau tien hudng tdi trao quyen, trong dd nhung ddi tugng cd quyen se ed kha nang yeu can nha nude phai thyc hien nghia vu ddi vdi minh. Cach tiep can dya tren quyen se tao dieu kien cho cac ddi tugng cd quyen dugc tham gia vao qua trinh ra quyet dinh ddi vdi cac van de cd the gay anh hudng tdi quyen cita hg. Dieu do ciing cd nghTa la cac ddi tugng co nghia vy phai cdng nhan va tdn trgng ciing nhu dam bao van de quyen cua nhiing ben cd lien quan se phai dugc tinh den.

Hien nay, each tiep can dua tren quyen con ngudi nhan dugc su quan tam va trien khai tai nhidu nude tren the gidi bdi le nd la each tidp can khdng chi quan tam den muc tieu dd ra ma nd cdn chii trpng den ca qua trinh thuc hien. Qua trinh dd tinh den mpi yeu td, mpi ddi tugng eo lien quan, dam bao sy tham gia tich eye ciia ngudi dan va dac biet bao dam quyen cua cac nhdm yeu the trong xa hdi. Day la each tiep can hgp ly, dling din ca ve mat phap ly va dao due, da tao ra sire hap dan ciia phuang phap tiep can dya tren quyen vdi cac qudc gia (Vu Cdng Giao, 2019).

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2. Tiep can dira tren quyen con nguoi trong xay dirng phap Iuat la gi?

Trong nhung nam vira qua, cac nguyen tae va ehuan myc da tao nen Luat qudc te ve quyen con ngudi da dugc dinh nghia va giai thich mdt each ro rang hon, khdng chi bdi nghia vu thu ddng cua nha nude (nha nude tranh lam gi de gay ra cac vi pham ddi vdi cac quyen cua con ngudi), ma bang ca eae nghia vu chii ddng (nha nude can phai Iam gi de dam bao quyen con ngudi). Theo nghTa dd, quyen con ngudi dugc xem nhu la "Mdt chuong trinh cd the hudng dan va dinh hudng cho cbinh sach cdng ciia nha nude, giiip tang cudng cac the ehe dan chu, dac biet la trong bdi canh cac nen dan chu chua hoan thien" (Victor, 2006: 38).

Nhu vay, tidp can dya tren quyen la phuang tien nham dam bao thyc thi cae nghTa vu phap ly mang tinh bat buoc dugc dat ra bdi cac cdng ude qudc te ve quydn con ngudi va trong hien phap ciia nhieu nude tren the gidi. Ddng thdi, viec sir dyng each tiep can dya tren quydn ciing la mdt each dam bao cho ket qua dau ra cua cac dy an, trong do cd ca cac dy an xay dyng phap luat dugc ben virng va hgp ly hon. Vi the, trong xay dung phap Iuat, tiep can dya tren quyen se la viec dam bao cho cac ddi tugng ma pham vi van ban phap luat do se tac ddng den quydn ciia hp dugc tham gia trong qua trinh ra quyet dinh mdt each cdng bang, khdng bi phan biet ddi xir. Ddng thdi, CO quan nha nude cd trach nhidm xay dyng phap luat se phai trii lieu trudc dugc cac ddi tugng ma quyen ciia hp bi tac ddng, tac ddng ddn dau va cd bien phap giai quyet ra sao...

tit ca qua trinh dd se phai trd thanh mdt khau bit bude trong qua trinh xay dyng phap luat.

Chang ban, trong qua trinh sira ddi Bp luat Hinh sy d nhieu nude tren the gidi, trong dd cd Viet Nam, eau hdi ludn dugc dat ra la

nen duy tri hay bai bd an tir hinh. Vdi cac tiep can truyen thdng trong xay dung luat, eau tra Idi thudng xuyen la phai duy tri an tir hinh. Bdi vi, day la each tiep can hudng den muc tidu cudi cung la trimg phat tdi pham va duy tri dn dinh trat ty xa hdi. Tuy nhien, vdi each tiep can dya tren quyen, nha lam luat se phai tinh den nhieu doi tugng cd hen quan den viee duy tri eae ban an tu hinh.

Dd la ve quyen ciia tham phan: Lieu nhiing ngucri cam can nay myc cd quyen dugc tir choi ra mdt ban an tu hinh theo dung quy dinh cua phap luat, nhung cd khi lai trai vdi cac quy tac tdn giao ma hp dang theo dudi.

Dd la quyen cua nhirng ngudi thi hanh an vdi nhung nghTa vy hp bude phai thye hien khi thi hanh an tu hinh ma ddi khi tu hinh la each lam trai vdi mong mudn ciia hp. Dd la quyen cua ngudi bi ket an tu hinh: Se ra sao neu ngudi dd bi ket an mdt each oan sai?

Ngoai ra, con cd quyen cua nhieu ddi tugng lien quan khac can dugc tinh den nhu quyen eiia than nhan ngudi pham tdi, quyen cua ngudi bi hai va than nhan cua hg (neu cd), quyen ciia Iuat su,... deu la cac ydu td can phai dugc tinh den khi xay dyng mgt quy pham phap luat. Theo each tiep can nay, hien nay, nhieu nude tren the gidi da bai bd an tir hinh va Viet Nam ciing dang trong xu the giam dan an td hinh qua timg Ian sua ddi Bd luat Hinh sy.

3. Cac nguyen tac cua tiep can dua tren quyen con ngudi trong xay dyng phap luat Cac nguyen tac cua tiep can dya tten quyen con ngudi ttong xay dung phap Iuat ciing chinh la nhiing nguyen tic ciia tidp can dya tren quyen ndi ehung nhung dugc cy the hda trong bdi canh xay dyng phap Iuat. Cac nguyen tac dd bao gdm':

' T6ng hop tir cac tai lieu: ENNHRI (2019); OHCHR (2006); UNICEF (2004).

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Tiep can dua tren quy^n.. 49 - Su tham gia: Mdt quydn ca ban eua

con ngudi la quyen dugc tham gia, mpi ngudi deu cd quyen tham gia vao hoat ddng xa hpi d miic tiem nang cao nhat ciia hp. Sy tham gia la muc tieu ma ciing la phuong tien cua su phat trien. Dd la mpt quyen can ban lien quan den dan chu va thuc day tu duy phan bien. Sy tham gia vao qua trinh ra quyet dinh la nhiing yeu to quan trgng eiia viee tao nen nhimg cdng dan tich eye.

Tiep can dya tren quyen trong xay dyng phap luat la sy dam bao cho nhiing ddi tugng cd lien quan dugc thdng tin ve qua trinh xay dyng luat, dugc tham gia va cd y kien vao qua trinh xay dyng phap luat nay mpt each thyc chat. Tidp can dya tren quyen nhan manh den tam quan trgng cua viee dam bao sy tbam gia cua ngudi ngheo, nhiing ddi tugng ben le xa hdi, nhiing ddi tugng de bi tdn thuang dugc tham gia va theo ddi viee xay dyng chinh sach phap luat.

- Trdeh nhiem gidi trinh: Nguyen tac nay nhan manh den viec nha nude va cac ddi tugng ed nghia vy phai dam bao sy hien thyc hda cae quyen con ngudi cho phii hgp vdi cac chuan myc qudc te.

Tiep can dya tren quyen phai dugc nhan dien theo each mdi ngudi la mdt chii the ed quyen va tham gia mgt each tich eye vao qua trinh phat trien trong mdi quan he tuong quan vdi chii the cd nghia vy. Theo nguyen tic nay, ngudi cd quyen cd the dugc ddi bdi nha nude, khdng phai nha nude thuc hien theo kidu "tir thien", "ban phat", phai cd nghTa vu thyc hien. Theo each do, tidp can dya tren quyen trong xay dyng phap luat se thiic day qua trinh minh bach hda trong xay dung chinh sach, thiet ke cac phuong an phii hgp, tir dd thuc day phat trien ben vihig.

- Binh ddng, cong bdng vd khdng phdn biet doi xie: Tiep can dya tren quyen se dam bao tdt hon sy cdng bang. Dieu dd cd nghTa

la tat ca cae ca nhan trong xa hdi phai dugc thu hudng sy tiep can edng bing ddi vdi hang hda, dich vu va dugc thda man cac quyen con ngudi ca ban nhu nhau. Cim phan biet ddi xii khdng chi la quy dinh trong luat ma no cdn phai dugc thuc thi trong mpi ITnh vyc cua ddi sdng xa hdi va phai dugc bao dam bang co quan cdng quyen.

Sy khdng phan biet ddi xu phai dugc ap dung trong tat ca cac qua trinh xay dyng chinh sach phap luat. Dieu do ed nghTa la viee xay dimg phap luat khdng dugc phep nham tao thuan Igi cho ddi tugng nay ma thdng qua do lai tao ra sy phan biet ddi xir vdi ddi tugng khac. Vi the, qua trinh xay dyng phap luat phai la qua trinh can do, tinh dem mdt each edng bang ve quyen giiia cac ddi tugng khac nhau.

- Tinh phu thupc vd khong thi chia cat:

Day thyc chat la thupc tinh ciia quyen con ngudi va tiep can dya tren quyen ciing cd thupc tinh nay. Cae nguyen tac nay deu bat ngudn tir pham gia con ngudi va gan vdi nhan pham. Dieu nay cd nghia la tat ca cae quydn cd gia tri nhu nhau, vide thy hudng quydn nay se lien quan den cac quyen khac.

Mpi quyen con ngudi, bao gdm ca cac quyen dan sir, chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi va van hda deu phai dugc ddi xir ngang nhau.

Vi thd, cac chinh sach phap luat phai dugc xay dimg dya tren nguyen tac khdng chia re cac quyen hoac la vi tao co sd cho vice thuc thi quydn nay ma lai tude bo di quyen khac.

Nhu vay, tiep can dya tren quyen ddi hoi it nhit phai cd 2 muc thyc hien tir phia nha nude, dd la: (I) Khau thiet ke va thyc hien chinh sach phai tdn trgng quyen con ngudi va cac chuan myc ve quyen con ngudi va (2) Viec thuc day va thyc hien cac CO che tu phap, hanh chinh phai dugc dam bao dd khi cd vi pham thi se cd co che giai quyet thda dang.

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50 Thong Hn Khoa hoc xa hpi. so 3.2020 4. Nhirng cau hdi dat ra trong tiep can

dua tren quyen con nguoi khi xay dung phap luat

Tiep can dya tren quydn trong qua trinh thyc hien mgt dy an (trong dd cd cac dy an luat) nghia la qua trinh thyc hien quyen eiing quan trgng rihu ket qua dau ra cua dy an. Trong khi cac each tiep can khac chi ehu trpng ket qua dau ra thi tiep can dya trdn quyen chii trpng ca qua trinh thyc hien.

Co ba giai doan trong thuc hien tiep can dua tren quyen khi xay dyng phap Iuat, dd la phan tich tinh hudng; thidt ke va len ke hoach thyc hien dya tren quyen con ngudi va thye thi, theo doi.

Thic nhdt, ngay tir khi bat dau xay dyng mdt van ban luat, ban soan thao se phai phan tich tinh hudng, danh gia cac van de ve quyen con ngudi cd the bi anh hudng.

Theo dd, hg se phai xac dinh van de va cac quyen se hi anh hudng, ciing nhu mdi quan he nhan qua gitra cac van de nay. Ban soan thao phai chap nhan va ghi nhan cac nguyen tac ciing nhu chuan myc vd quyen con ngudi can phai dugc ap dyng trong qua trinh nay. Dd chinh la su dam bao cac nguyen tac nhu sy tham gia, khdng phan bidt ddi xu... da dugc phan tich d tren. Qua trinh nay ddi hdi sy tuyen truyen, phd bien thdng tin va phai dugc thiet ke sao cho cac ddi tugng cd lidn quan phai biet den qua trinh xay dyng van ban luat nay va phai dugc thdng tin ve nd.

Thic hai, trong qua trinh thiet ke, len kd hoach va thyc hien, phai coi quyen con ngudi nhu myc tieu chinh cua chinh sach phap luat nay. Ban soan thao se phai tinh den cac phuang tien can su dyng trong qua trinh nay de dat dugc kdt qua va giai quyet cae vin de phat sinh. Theo nghTa nay, vide sir dung cac tieu chuan ve quyen con ngudi va cae nguyen tac cd the dam bao dugc muc

tieu can theo dudi theo each cdng bang va ben viing.

Thu ba, qua trinh theo doi theo md hinh truyen thdng. Dd la qua trinh theo doi va cd sy can thiep kip thdi khi cd cac vi pham.

Nhu vay, trong qua trinh xay dyng phap luat, de dam bao dugc sy tiep can dya tren quyen, can phai tra Idi dugc eae cau hdi mau ehdt sau:

Thu nhdt la cdc cdu hoi ve quyin:

- Cac quyen nao se lien quan den van de nay? Lien quan d miic dp nao? Xac dinh xem quydn nao bi anh hudng hoac bi tir chdi trong tinh hudng nay.

Mdi quan he nhan qua giiia chinh sach phap luat voi eae quyen bi anh hudng?

- Cd sy chia cat cac quydn khdng?

- Van de da co co che phap ly lien quan ehua? Da cd quy dinh phap luat bao ve chua? Bao ve nhu the nao? Danh gia xem cd van de gi lien quan den phap luat trong viec bao dam quyen nay hay khdng?

- Dau la nhimg anh hirdng tich cue va tieu eye den quyen?

Thir hai la cdc cdu hoi vi chu thi cd quyen:

- Van ban phap luat nay se lien quan den ddi tugng nao? Sd lugng ngudi cd lien quan? Hp la ai (phai chia cac ddi tugng nay theo nhieu tieu chi va ydu td khac nhau nhu gidi tinh, tudi tac, dan tgc, cdng viee, noi cu trii, tinh trang hdn nhan, tinh trang co the, tdn giao...)? Cd ddi tugng nao bi anh hudng nhieu hon cac doi tugng khac khdng? Cd xuat hien ddi tugng nao nen dugc uu tien khdng? Cd thir ty uu tien hay khdng?

- Cd CO che nao dam bao sy tham gia ciia hp khdng? Neu khdng cd thi phai lam the nao? Ndu cd thi nd van hanh thd nao?

Ai trong so hp se dugc tham gia? Cach ehpn lya ngudi tham gia the nao?

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Tiep can dua tr&n quyen.. 51 - Cac td chirc xa hdi ed tham gia vao

qua trinh nay khdng? Dd la td chuc nao?

Hoat dpng trong ITnh vyc nao? Sy tham gia cua hp dugc dam bao den dau? Cac to chirc nay cd tinh chinh danh hay tinh dai dien khdng?

- Cd xuat hien sy phan biet ddi xii giiia eae ehu the trong qua trinh xay dung van ban phap Iuat khdng?

- Ai se la ddi tugng de bi tdn thuang hoae bi le hda khi thyc thi chinh sach phap luat nay?

Thu ba Id cdc cdu hoi ve chit the eo nghta vu:

- Ai se la chu the cd trach nhiem thyc hien ehinh sach phap luat nay? Dau la vai tro, chuc nang eua hp?

- Muc dp trach nhiem cua chinh quyen dia phuang the nao?

- Cac nghTa vu xuat hien d day la nghia vu gi? Tdn trgng, thyc thi hay bao ve?

- Khung phap luat trong nude quy dinh ve van de nay the nao?

Nhiing cau hdi ke tren ehua phai la tat ea, nhung cd thd coi la nhiing cau hdi

"dinh" can dugc dat ra trong qua trinh xay dyng phap luat. Viec xay dyng mgt van ban phap Iuat theo each tiep can dya tren quydn se ddi hdi mgt sy thay ddi tu duy tir phia nha lam Iuat va ca tu duy thyc thi phap luat.

Nd ddi hdi viec xay dyng va thyc thi phap luat phai dugc dya tren yeu td dam bao tdi da cac quyen eon ngudi, khdng phai xay dyng luat theo each tao dieu kien de dang tdi da eho eo quan nha nude trong qua trinh quan ly ma la tao dieu kien tdi da cho viec thy hudng quyen con ngudi.

5. Tiep can dua tren quyen con ngudi trong xay dung phap luat d Viet Nam

0 Viet Nam, trong khoang mdt thap ky gan day, dac biet la tu khi ed Hien phap 2013, xu the tiep can dya tren quyen con

ngudi da dugc the hidn din ro net. Trong xay dyng phap Iuat, van de tidp can dya tren quyen con ngudi ciing da bit dau dugc dat ra va thu hut su quan tam cua cac nha lam luat. Cu the, trong thdi gian qua, Nha nude Viet Nam da cd nhieu nd lyc trong cdng tac cai each tu phap, xay dung cac chinh sach xda ddi giam ngheo, sua ddi cac bg luat, Iuat quan trgng nhu Bp luat Dan sy, Bd Iuat Hinh sy, Bp luat Lao dpng, Luat Tre em, Luat Giao due, Luat Bao ehi... theo hudng tiep can dya tren quyen.

Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat nam 2015 da cd cac quy dinh lien quan den phuong phap tiep can dya tren quyen trong xay dimg phap luat. Cy the, Luat nay da ed quy dinh lien quan den viee tham gia gdp y xay dyng van ban quy pham phap luat (Dieu 6); quy dinh bat huge co quan chu tri soan thao phai giai trinh, tiep thu y kien (Dieu 54); quy dinh ve viee dang cdng bao (Dieu 150); quy dinh ve viec dang tai va dua tin ve van ban quy pham phap luat (Didu 157). Theo quy dinh cua Luat, vice lay y kien dugc eoi la thii tuc bat buoc trong ca giai doan de nghi xay dyng chinh sach va giai doan soan thao. Ngoai vice lay y kien cua ddi tugng trye tiep chiu tac ddng ciia van ban, theo quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 36, Luat edn quy dinh trach nhiem bat bude lay y kien ciia Bd Tai chinh, Bg Npi vu, Bd Ngoai giao, Bg Tu Phap va cac co quan cd lien quan de danh gia ve cac ngudn tai chinh, nhan lyc, sy tuong thich vdi cac dieu udc qudc td ma Viet Nam la thanh vien, ve tinh hgp hien, hgp phap, tinh thdng nhat ciia de nghi xay dyng luat,

Trong khau dy thao, xay dyng phap luat, CO quan soan thao ciing phai cd trach nhidm xay dung cae bao cao tdng ket, bao cao danh gia tac ddng ciia chinh sach trong dd nghi xay dimg Iuat, phap lenh va phai

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Thong Hn Khoa hoe xa hpi. so 3.2020 dang tai cdng khai cac bao cao nay len cdng

Thdng tin dien tir cua Qudc hpi, Chinh phu va cac e a quan, td chiic cd de nghi xay dyng luat, phap lenh (Dieu 36).

Nhu vay, dya vao tinh than cua Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat nam 2015 thi phuang phap tiep can dua tren quyen da dugc the hien kha ro net trong hai khau quan trgng la khau danh gia tac ddng cua chinh sach trong de nghi xay dyng luat va khau lay y kidn ddng gdp ciia cac ca nhan, to chuc chiu tae ddng trye tiep tir van ban. Tuy vay, viec thyc hien tren thyc te cae quy dinh nay cdn nhidu han che. Dien hinh la viec thuc hidn danh gia tac ddng cua chinh sach (RIA) la mdt khau bat bugc trong xay dimg phap luat nham giiip co quan chii tri soan thao tim ra chinh sach phii hgp vdi eae ddi tugng bi tae ddng. Tuy nhien, trong khong It trudng hgp, bao cao RIA dugc xay dung kha mudn, sau khi ngi dung dy thao dugc hinh thanh hoac ndi dung ciia RIA dugc "deo ggt" cho phii hgp vdi cac ban dy thao (Theo: Vu Cdng Giao, 2019). Do vay, le ra vide xay dyng bao cao RIA la mdt khau quan trpng can ap dung each tiep can dya tren quyen thi hidn nay bao cao nay lai ehua hoan thanh nhiem vy cua nd. Chinh vi the, tinh trang van ban phap luat ra ddi thieu tinh thyc te, thieu kha thi va tham ehi la vi pham den quyen ciia ngudi dan - ndi each khac la vi hien, van cdn tdn tai phd bien. Neu so sanh vdi cac nguyen tac, cac khau ciing nhu eae cau hdi can phai tra Idi trong qua trinh xay dyng luat da trinh bay d tren thi cd the thay each tiep can dya trdn quyen trong xay dyng phap Iuat d Viet Nam hien nay van edn thieu, cdn yeu va each lam van con kha hdi hgt.

Cac ban che tren xuat phat tu nhieu nguyen nhan: Thie nhdt, each tiep can dya tren quyen trong xay dyng luat cung la mdt

van de cdn kha mdi me vdi nhieu qudc gia, dac bidt la cac nude dang phat trien. Trong khi van de tiep can dya tren quyen trong cac dy an ciia Lien Hgp Qudc da dugc dat ra tir each day hon hai thap ky va dugc trien khai tai nhieu nude tren the gidi thi xu the nay ciing mdi dugc quan tam gan day d mdt sd nude, trong do ed Viet Nam; Thu hai, su tdn tai ciia tu duy lam luat cu d Viet Nam Cling cdn kha nang ne. Tu duy Iam luat de de cho nha quan Iy van la tir duy thang the trong xay dimg Iuat. Tu duy nay khien vice xay dyng phap luat nhanh chdng, de dang hon nhimg nd lai ngan can phap luat di vao cudc sdng, khdng dam bao dugc tinh thuc te va sue sdng lau ddi ciia van ban Iuat vi nd khdng the hien dugc cac Igi ich cd lien quan, dac bidt la Ipi ich cua cac ddi tugng khac nhau chiu tac ddng trye tiep tir van ban; Thu ba, van cdn dau dd tu duy cho rang quyen eon ngudi la van de nhay cam, la van de de "dau tranh vdi cac the luc thii dich" ndn da khdng xem trpng cac yeu td ve quyen con ngudi trong qua trinh xay dyng van ban phap luat; Thu tu, kien thiic, hieu bidt ve quyen con ngudi va chuan myc quyen con ngudi cua can bp nha nude, dac biet la ciia cac ban soan thao luat cdn kha han che. Chinh dieu nay ciing da ngan can viec ap dyng phuong phap tidp can dua tren quyen trong xay dyng luat; Thu ndm, nhidu nude tren the gidi da cd co chd Co quan nhan quydn qudc gia, la co quan chiu trach nhiem theo doi va thiic diy quyen con ngudi, Tai nhieu nude, day la co quan theo ddi viec ap dung phuang phap tidp can dya tren quyen trong qua trinh xay dyng luat. Tuy nhien, d Viet Nam chua cd mpt CO quan tuang tu dugc xay dyng. Vi vay, chiing ta thieu di mdt ca che hiru hieu trong viec thuc day va theo doi sir dung phuang phap nay; Thu sdu, sy thidu ving cac chd

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Tiep can dua tren quyen... 53 tai va cae co che bat bude phai ap dyng

phuong phap tiep can dya tren quydn trong qua trinh dy thao va xay dung chinh sach phap luat Cling la mdt yeu td khien cho viec ap dung phuong phap nay khdng thudng xuydn, khdng nhat quan va thieu hidu qua.

Tir do cd the thay, trong thdi gian tdi, de thiic day tidp can dua trdn quyen trong xay dyng chinh sach va phap luat d Viet Nam, can cd cac giai phap ddng bd bit d i u tir viec sira ddi Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat, dua each tidp can dya trdn quyen eon ngudi trd thanh mdt phuang phap bat bupe trong qua trinh xay dyng luat. Tiep theo la cac giai phap ve giao due quyen con ngudi cho cac ddi tugng cd lien quan va giai phap xa hon la can hudng tdi xay dyng mpt co quan nhan quydn qudc gia phii hgp vdi nguyen tac va chuan mye qudc te.

Ket luan

Tidp can dya tren quyen con ngudi la mgt xu the phd bien bien nay trong qua trinh xay dyng chinh sach phap luat d nhieu nude tren the gidi. Tiep can dya tren quyen'la mdt each thire xay dyng phap luat trong mdt nha nude van minh, dan chii.

Hon niia, vdi each tiep can dya tren quydn, chiing ta se trii lieu dugc cae quyen bj anh hudng va anh hudng tdi dau. Theo do, cac quydn bi anh hudng mdt each tidu eye se kem theo nd la mpt eo che den bii xung dang. Do vay, tu duy xay dung phap luat theo each tiep can dya tren quyen se la mdt cong cu cho qua trinh xay dyng phap luat hudng tdi sy phat trien ben viing, dam bao tdi da cac quyen eon ngudi theo Hien phap va chuan rayc qudc te. N h d thd cac chinh sach phap luat se cd ddi sdng lau ben va d l bam re vao ddi sdng xa hdi, tao ra cac gia

tri thang du cao cho xa hdi hon la cac van ban chi dugc xay dyng dya tren tu duy ap dat, mdt chieu •

Tai lieu tham khao

1 ENNHRI (European Network of National Human Rights Institutions - 2019), Aligning Poverty Reduction &

Measurement with Human Rights &

SDGs: The role of National Human Rights Institutions, February.

2. Vu Cdng Giao (2019), "Phuong phap tiep can dua tren quyen con ngudi va kha nang ap dung vao hoat ddng xay dyng chlrih sach, phap luat d Viet Nam hidn nay", Tap ehi Nghien cihi Lap phdp,s6 18 (394) thang 9.

3. OHCHR (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights - 2006), Frequently Asked Questions on a Human Rights - based Approach to Development Cooperation, United Nations, New York and Geneva.UNDP (2000), Human Development Report 2000. Human Rights and Human Development, Oxford University, New York.

4. United Nations (2003), A Human Rights Based Approach to Development Cooperation. Towards a Common Understanding among the UN Agencies, New York.

5. UNICEF (2004), The Human Rights- based Approach: Statement of Common Understanding.

6. Victor, Abramovich (2006), "An Approximation to Human Rights Approach to Development Strategies and Policies", CEPAL Review 88 (ECLAC), April.