VE TRIET LY GIAO DUG VIET NAM
PHAM MINH HAC*
Triet Iy giao due
Trong ngu he La tinh cd thuat ngii "Philosophy", tuong duong ta cd thuat ngir "Triit hgc" va "Triit Iy". Triet hgc, nhu chiing ta bilt, la mgt khoa hgc vl ngudn glc ciia vat chit va tinh thin..., cdn "triit ly", theo Tir diin tieng Viet, Vien Ngdn ngfr hgc (2007),
"cai ly sau xa ma phai vay cua mgi ly do, mpi su vat tren ddi". "Triit ly giao due" tuong duong ngtr he Latinh cd "Philosophy of Education" hay "Educational Philosophy", theo tii dien nudc ngoai (Bach khoa thu Stanford, Wikipedia), la mgt phan mdn ctia tiiet hpc van dung vao giao due tao nen cac tu tudng giao due, xac dinh each tilp can cac vin dl thugc ITnh vuc giao due, nhu danh gia vai trd cua giao due, ban chit cua cdng viec giao due, qua trinh giao due, dudng ldi, chinh sach phat trien giao due, ngi dimg, chuang trinh giao due, phuong phap giao due, v.v.
It nam nay, ban luan ve nen giao due nudc nha, du luan xa hgi fren cac phuong tien thong tan, bao chi ndi nhieu den "triet ly giao due" cua ta; cd thl tdm tit thanh 3 loai y kien: (1) Sd di tinh hinh giao due cua chiing ta nhu hien nay (y ndi gan nhu phu dinh, cd khi den mirc phu dinh sach tron thanh tuu giao due may chuc nam qua), vi khdng cd triet ly giao due; (2) Ngugc lai, ghi nhan thanh tuu, ddng thdi thay nhirng bat cap cua giao due nudc nha, khang dinh nhd cd triet ly giao due phu hgp ma cd dugc he thdng giao due ngay nay; (3) Trong thdi ky Ddi mdi, what la sau 25 nam da dat dugc nhieu ket qua to ldn va quan trgng, chiing ta phai xem xet lai triet ly giao due trudc day va xay dung (cai tien, bd sung, thay ddi, hoan thien) mgt triet ly giao due thich hgp vdd thdi nay.
De thdng nhat thdng hieu ngi ham khai niem - thuat ngtr va ngi dung van de dang ban, tdi xin gidi thieu vai dieu tam ggi nhu "lich sir van de" triet Iy giao due frong lich sir giao due, trgng tam vao thdi nay.
II 1. Thoi Co dai
Triet Iy giao due 6" phirong Dong, md dau tir Khdng Tu (551-479 tCN), ggi giao due la "Dao hge" va da lap ra ca mgt trudng phai giao due ggi la Nho hgc, ton tai may chuc thl ky, d nudc ta it nhat chinh thiic tir nam 1076 den nam 1919, vdd mue tieu bao trum quan trgng nhit la giao due cac "than dan": trung vdi 'vua. Trong sach "Dai hgc", md dau dng ndi vl vai trd (chiic nang) cua giao due la hoan thien con ngudi:" Dai hgc cdt dl bilt phat huy diic sang, dire tdt dep cua con ngudi, ddi mdi khien long dan bd cii
* GS.TSKH.; Chu tich Hpi khoa hoc Tam ly-Giao due "Viet Nam.
Nghidn cuU Con ngifdi s6l (52) 2011
theo mod, bd ae theo thien, khien mgi ngudi dat den miic hoan thien nhit". Sach "Luan ngir", ngay tir may ddng dau dng da de cap den 3 van de co ban cua triit ly giao due:
hgc la tu giac ITnh hgi, hgc la lam theo, noi theo, noi guong; hgc phai di ddi vdd hanh:
hpc phai nghiem chinh lam theo; ngi dung day hgc la dao lam ngudi. Nhu vay, triet ly giao due la sii menh (muc dich) ndi dung, phuong phap tdng quat (nay ggi la nguyen ly) cua giao due, qua trinh giao due (hgc) la gi.
Triet ly giao due if phu-ong Tay, bit diu tii Platdng (Plato, 424-348 tCN) va Aristot (Aristotle, 384-322 tCN). Trong tac phim kiet xuit "Nen cdng hoa" Platdng da khang dinh: giao due giii vai trd then chdt ddi vdd viec xay dung va duy tid nen Cgng hoa. Ong Cling da cd y tudng ve mgt nen giao due toan dien: day su kien, ky nang, the due, am nhac, nghe thuat, y tudng ve viec giao due hgc sinh tai nang de bd sung cho giai cap cam quyen, dng cho rang tai nang dugc phan bd d mgi giai tang xa hgi. Platdng da xac dinh ngi dung giao due tieu hgc, dai hpe va tuyen chgn de dao tao qua cac lira tudi: 18- 20, 30, den 35 cgng vdi 15 nam phuc -vu trong quan dgi mdi hoan chinh dao tao ca ve ly thuyet va thuc hanh. Aristot, hgc trd xuat sac nhat ciia Platdng, viet nhieu ve giao due trong cac tac pham cua minh, vdi tac pham dau tien cua tam Iy hgc "Ban ve tam hdn".
Cac doan trich ve giao due cua dng tap hgp lai thanh mgt tap sach vdi tieu de la "Giao due", ngudi dau tien trong lich sir van minh loai ngudi da viet: ".. .van menh cua de che phu thugc vao giao due the he tre". Tap sach da xac dinh dai quat ngi dung giao due gdm ban tinh con ngudi, thdi quen va ly tri. Ve phuang phap day hgc, dng da chii y tdi tinh he thong, dn luyen, can ddi giiia ly thuyet va thuc hanh. Ve chuang trinh, cac mon hgc gdm tap dgc, tap viet, toan, am nhac, the due, van hgc va lich sir, cac mdn khoa hgc.
Qua day cd the thay rd triet Iy giao due la nhan thiic vai |;rd cua giao due va day cai gi, day nhu the nao.
2. Thoi Phuc hirng
Sau thai Cd dai md dau cao trao van minh - van hoa nhan loai, mudi may the ky liln qua thdi Trung cd (Thdi dai den toi, tieng Anh: Darke Age), giao due chim dim frong vdng kim cd cua than hgc. Den thdi Phuc hung (thl ky XIV - thl ky XVI), giao due chuyen sang mgt thdi ky phat trien mod vdi mgt triit ly mdi do eac triit gia nhu Machiavel, Erasmus, Mariana, Rabelais, Montainge,... khdi xudng va phat triln. Ggi la Phuc hung vi trudc het lam sing lai cac gia tri Cd dai, chlng Iai giao due Trung cd khic ky, kinh vien thanh dudng, neu bat tu tudng coi trgng con ngudi ca thl (individual), giao due con ngudi to^n dien, tu do, thoat khdi vdng giam ham cua tin nguang thin bi, quay ve vdi ddi sdng thudng ngay. Triit ly giao due Phuc hung la xay dung nin giao due nhan van: ben canh cac mdn hgc cd diin (tilng Latinh, mdn hung bien, tu ttr hgc), day "7 mdn hgc nghe thuat khai phdng" gdm: toan ,ngu: phap. Id gich, thien van, hinh hgc, nhac va tu tii hgc; chii y ca day cudi ngua, khieu 'vfi... theo mau hinh dao tao ngudi quy tgc. Khdng ke cac ban che dugc khac phuc din, triit ly giao due nhan van dugc tilp
NghlSn cuu Con ngudi s6l (52) 2011
Ve triet ly...
ndi, nhit la tir Thl ky Anh sang (thl ky XVIII) cho tdi ngay nay.
3. Thoi dai Anh sang
The ky XVIII dugc ggi la Thl ky Anh sang (Thdi dai Anh sang) ddi nghla vdd Thdi Tnmg cd den tli. Thdi dai Anh sang dugc ggi la The ky giao due vdi triit ly giao due
"ngudi cdng dan", gdp phan cue ky quan trgng vao cac cugc each mang xa hgi, each mang khoa hgc, each mang ky thuat - cdng nghe, each mang tu duy cua con ngudi (ca cugc each mang quan niem ve con ngudi). The ky Anh sang vdi nha giao due kiet xuit, tieu bieu nhat ("Emile hay la ve giao due", 1756; ban dich tilng Viet, 2008) la Rutxd (Rousseau, 172-1778), ngudi da dua triit ly giao due nhan van len mgt trinh do mdi, sii menh cua giao due la phat triln con ngudi. Ong dat giao due vao mgt vi tri dac biet: "... lgi ich dau tien ciia mgi lgi fch la nghe thuat dao tao con ngudi". Vdi niem tin vd cung vao vai trd cua ly tri (thdi dai ly tri bit diu tii Dicac, diu the ky XVII), giao due dua con ngudi den trinh do tu duy Iy tri (duy ly) - din vdd tri thiic, vdi khoa hgc, vdi ky thuat - cdng nghe. Ong xay dung thuyet giao due tu nhien, coi ban chat cua qua trinh giao due la hay quay ve vdd tu nhien, tdn trgng kha nang tu phat trien cua tu nhien: giao due la qua trinh ndi tai phat trien tu nhien. Cai "tu nhien" d day khdng phai la the xac, ma la the gidi tinh than, pham chat dao diic, ndi tam. Rutxd keu ggi cac nha giao due "quan tam den than phan con ngudi", de eho nd tu phat triln cac boat dgng cua nd, den 12 tudi dng ggi la "tudi ly tri" - diia tre frd thanh ca the tu do. Giao due Thdi dai Anh sang ciing la giao due "ngudi cdng dan", nhu tinh than "Khe ude xa hgi" cua Rutxd da khang dinh, che do Cgng hoa hinh thanh nen "qudc gia - dan tgc" can nhiing ngudi cdng dan ly tri, dugc truyen ba tri thiic khoa hgc - ky thuat - cdng nghe vdi von van hoa phong phli: tfr thdi nay bat dau nd rg phong frao xoa nan mu chii, phd bien khoa hgc, thdi dai Bach khoa thu, sach bao tang tien nhieu, sach in nhieu, nhieu ngudi dgc sach, nhieu nod cd phdng ca phe - dgc sach bao, v.v. ; van hgc, nghe thuat (hdi hoa, am nhac) phat trien manh. Cac nha triet hgc vT dai trudc, frong va sau The ky Anh sang nhu Gidn Ldc (J. Ixick, 1632 -
1704), I. Gang (I. Kant, 1724 - 1804), W. Hegel, 1770 - 1831), Cac Mac (Karl Marx, 1818 - 1883)... deu cd triet ly giao due. Triet ly giao due thudng la mgt bd phan ciia jngt trudng phai triet hgc, nhu triet hgc thuc dung, thuc chiing luan, hien tugng luan, chu nghTa hien sinh, v.v. Chu nghla Mac dl ra triet ly giao due ky thuat tdng hgp.
4. May thap ky gan day
Culi thl ky XX, khi cac nudc phat trien chuyen sang cugc Cach mang cdng nghiep thii ba - ggi la thdi dai Hau cdng nghiep vdd cac gia tri menh danh la "Hau duy vat", nhat la tfr nam 1990, sau 50 nam phat triln Cach mang thdng tin (cdng nghe thdng tin - tieng Anh vilt tit la IT) cd Mang toan ciu, thdi dai toan ciu hoa, kinh te tri tiiiic (xa hdi tid thiic), xa hdi hgc tap, tu duy loai ngudi dang cd nhiing thay ddi mang chit lugng mdi (tu duy phiic hgp, 'Vtra bien chiing vira hon ddn, rit linh boat, tdc dp mod...), day mau thuan (xung dot, chiln franh...), dang vat lgn vdd nhiing vin de ciia thien nien ky. Trong tinh hinh mdi nay,
NgtiiSn CIAJ Con ngudf so 1 (52) 2011 -
UNESCO dua ra triet ly chung eho cac nudc thanh vien Lien hiep qudc.
UNESCO: tu- duy (triet ly) giao due thl ky XXI
Nam 1996, Uy ban quic te ve giao due cho the ky XXI da cdng bd bao cao vdi tieu de "Hpc tap - mdt kho bau tiem an" ("Learning: the treasure within", tam dich la "Hgc tap - ciia cai ndi sinh"), neu rd triet ly giao due cua the ky mdi. Sii mang: "Giao due ed sii mang giup eho mgi ngudi... phat huy mgi tai nang, mgi tiem nang sang tao, bao gdm ca ttnh thin trach nhiem ddi vdd ddd sdng cua ban than va viee dat dugc nhiing muc dfch ea nhan. Nhiem -vu: "... giao due phai cd cdng hien ddi vdd su phat trien kinh te va xa hgi... Giao due la mgt bien phap... thuc hien ly tudng hoa binh, tu do va cdng bang xa hgi..., mgt phuong tien ehinh thiic day hinh thai phat trien nhan loai sau sac hem, hai hoa ban... giam bdt ddi ngheo, ngu ddt, ap birc, chien franh". Uy ban xae dinh "giao due la qua trinh tiep dien cai thien kien thiic va ky nang va eiing - cd le la ehinh yeu - mdt phuong thiie phat trien nhan each va thiet lap nhirng quan he gitra eae ea the, cac nhdm ngudi va cac dan tgc". Giao due se giiip loai ngudi -vugt qua cac thach thiic cua thdi dai ve tri tue, van hoa va chinh tri (dan chu), phat trien ben vting. Vi tri: "... giao due diing d trung tam eua su phat trien 'vira ciia con ngudi 'vfra cila cgng ddng". Uy ban ciing da thao luan ve su can thiet di tdi mgt "xa hgi hgc tap" vdi td chiic "hgc sudt ddi".
Hudng vao ngudi hpc (nhu tieu de ciia bao cao la ban ve "Hgc tap"), Bao eao dua ra
"Nhiing nguyen tac (cd the ggi la nguyen ly) - Bdn cot try" ciia giao due the ky XXI, tap trung vao ket qua mong dgi d ngudi hpc dat dugc trong va sau qua trinh giao dudng va giao due la: (1) Hgc de biet; (2) Hpc de lam; (3) Hpe de chung sdng vdd ngudi khac; (4) Hgc de lam ngudi. Day eiing chinh la muc tieu chu yeu cua giao due: boat ddng day - hpc phai lam sao truyen thy cho hpc sinh linh hgi mgt vdn tri thiic nhat dinh, va vdn tri thiic ay phai dugc iing dung vao cupc sdng thanh ky nang sdng, nhat la ky nang lao dgng, ky nang giao tiep, va biet sdng cd nhan each van hoa.
Triet ly giao due My vao the ky XXI
Cac nha triet hpc giao due eac nudc hau het deu nhat tri vdd de xuat ciia UNESCO.
Vi du. My chuan bi cho Chuang trinh eai each giao due "Nudc My nam 2000", sau khi nhac lai cau ndi bat hu cua Jefferson - mpt trong 6 tac gia du thao Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap My 1776: "De bao ve tu do va hanh phiic, chang cdn nen tang nao dang tin cay ngoai giao due", nhac nhd nha trudng dimg quen nhiem •vu cue ky quan frgng la chuan bi ngudn nhan lyc, ciing nhu y tudng diing dau the gidi mdt cue, tap tnmg vao cai each ngi dung, chuang trinh, nhan manh vao muc tieu "cai thien con ngudi" ("to improve men"):
chii y nhieu hon tdi giao due nhan van, dao tao con ngudi sang tao, cd tinh than 'vugt qua thach thiic, tu duy uyen chuyen, nit ngan khoang each giira tri thiic va ky nang (cd nhieu chuong trinh ky nang, trong do cd ky nang sdng), chii y giao due gia tri (ed chuang trinh giao due gia tri sdng); d dai hgc, cd mdn khoa hpc luan, khoa hgc hanh vi giup sinh vien hilu ban than minh hon, va do dd hieu xa hgi ban va cd tinh than trach.
Nghien cOu Con nguaH s6l (52) 2011
Ve triet ly...
nhiem xa hgi. Nhiing nam 1990 ed tac gia (Levinson, 1999; Reich, 2002) neu len triet ly
"giao due tu do" ( "liberal education", cd khi dich la "khai phdng") chii truong khac phuc each dao tao gan qua vdd nghe, nghla la chii y hem tdi khoa hgc co ban, khoa hgc hanh vi, giao due nhan van.
m
Triet ly giao due Ho Chi Minh
Chiing ta deu nhd den thudc ldng cau Hd Chi Minh ndi trong "Nhtmg nhiem vu cap bach ciia Nha nudc Viet Nam dan chu cdng hoa ngay 3-9-1945: "Mgt dan tgc ddt la mgt dan tgc yeu" cd y nghla vd cung khai quat. Bae ggi la "nan ddt" - chii "ddt" cd nghia rat rgng, tii mu chii, den hgc thap, it hgc, ma bien hgc thi vd cung, bay gid cd "mil may tinh", "mil ngoai ngii", v.v., cd khi cd hgc ma ddt khdng biet giai quyet van de, khdng biet xir tri, nen ngay ttr nam do Bac da ggi la "giac ddt", ma da la giac thi nd cd the giet minh. Mudn het, ndi dimg ban, bdt ddt, can ca nen hgc van va biet van dung thich hgp giai quyet van de. Dan ta da thoat nan mil chii, da phd cap giao due phd thdng co sd, trinh do dan tri da dugc -nang cao, siic manh tinh than dugc nang len rd ret, biet phat huy siic manh vat chat, nen ta da thang ke thu xam lugc, da thanh cdng budc dau trong cdng cudc ddi mdi, nhung hien nay giao due cdn biet bao khd khan, nhieu "diem ddt", "diem yeu" tat ca chiing ta vd eung tran trd. Trong thu giri hge sinh nhan ngay khai trudng sau ngay Tuyen ngdn Dgc lap 2-9-1945, Hd Chu tich da dua ra ca mgt minh triet giao due nude nha vdi tinh than chii dao la giao due "ngudi cdng dan tdt, ngudi can bd tdt", ai ciing thay dugc; Ngudi dat nhiem vu cua nudc Viet Nam dan chii cgng hoa la phai xay dung "mgt nen giao due cua mgt nudc dgc lap... mgt nen giao due hoan toan Viet Nam..." vdi sni menh "lam phat trien hoan toan nhiing nang luc san ed cua cac em".
Ngudi da xac dinh vai trd cue ky quan trgng cua giao due ddi vdi phat trien dat nudc:
"Trong cdng cugc kien thiet... nudc nha trdng mong chd dgd d cac em rat nhieu. Non sdng Viet Nam cd trd nen tuoi dep hay khdng, dan tgc Viet Nam cd budc tdi dai vinh quang de sanh vai vdi cac cudng qudc hay khdng, chinh la nhd phan ldn d cdng hgc tap cua cac em". 65 nam qua, dan ta. Dang ta da lam theo each suy nghT do. Dat nudc dugc nhu ngay hdm nay, khdng the danh gia thap su nghiep giao due theo tu tudng Hd Chi Minh: mgt triit ly sang sudt, phu hgp da dem lai ket qua tdt dep. Sudt tii 1945 din nay, nhit la miy nam gan day (2006-2010) nganh giao due da tich cue hudng iing cudc van ddng hgc tap va lam theo tam guong dao diic Hd Chi Minh. Truyen thdng hieu hgc, tdn su trgng dao cua dan tgc Viet Nam la mgt ndi dung cua triet ly nhan sinh bao ddi nay cua ngudi Viet vdi tu tudng ve giao due cua Hd chu tich da dat dinh cao phat trien mdi.
Cac Dai hQ\ Dang
Vdi triit ly giao due Ho Chi Minh, Dang ta (cac van kien Dai hdi 11, III, IV, V) va nhan dan ta theo truyen thdng hieu hgc (day cfing la mdt ngi dung quan trgng cua triet ly giao due Viet Nam) da kien tri, lien tuc, ke ca frong nhirng nam thang khang chiln vd
Ngliien cuu Con ngudi sdf 1 (52) 2011 „
cung ac liet, tich cue xay dung va phat trien he thdng giao due dan chu nhan dan (sau nam 1975 - he thdng giao due cua nudc Cgng hoa xa hgi chu nghia Viet Nam) theo 3 tinh ehit "Dan tdc, Khoa hge, Dai chiing", bat dau tir diet giac dot - xoa mil chii, rdi phd cap giao due, coi frgng giao due thudng xuyen, ddng thdi sdm bat tay xay dung nen dai hpc Viet Nam, tit ca eac bac hpc, ke ca dai hpc (day tat ca cae mdn bang tieng Viet).
Qua 3 cudc cai each giao due (1950, 1956, 1979) va Dii mdi, xay dung mgt he thdng giao due hoan chinh tfr mam non den sau dai hgc, theo dudi muc tieu giao due toan dien: diic, tri, the, my (cin phan biet "nin giao due toan dien", "phat trien toan dien",
"con ngudi toan dien" - chiing ta ehu yeu dang trien khai "nen giao due toan dien");
nguyen ly giao due: (1) hgc di ddi vdi hanh; (2) giao due gan vdd lao ddng san xuat; (3) nha trudng ket hgp vdd xa hdi va gia dinh (theo ket luan ciia Dai hdi III, 1960). So ket 5 nam (1979 - 1984) thuc hien cugc cai each giao due lan thii ba, da de xuat mdt phuang hudng mdi: xay dung trudng phd thdng day kien thiic co ban, ky thuat tdng hgp va day nghl (Pham Van Ddng, 1984).
Triet ly giao due Viet Nam thoi Doi moi
Sau may thap ky chien franh, nude ta rod vao tinh frang khimg hoang 10 nam (1975 - 1985), ddi sdng rat cue khd, giao due nhieu nod kha lao dao (trudng vd timg mang, giao vien bd day, hgc sinh bd hgc), Dai hdi VI (1986), Dang ta quyet dinh md ra thdi ky ddi mdi dat nudc, bat dau tir ddi mdi tu duy, trong do cd ddi mdi tu duy giao due. Khac phuc cac quan niem phien dien ve giao due, nhu (1) chi coi giao due la mgt bg phan cua each mang tu tudng - van hoa, (2) coi giao due la phiie lgi don thuan, dau tu den dau hay den do; (3) tinh chat nha tnrdng chii yeu ban che frong truyen thu tri thiic; (4) chua ehu y thieh dang vai trd cua hgc sinh la mdt trong hai (cung vdi nha giao) chu the cua boat ddng day - hgc; (5) ehua khang dinh that rd vai trd cua nha giao trong nha trudng.
Gitra nhting nam 1980 da van dung tam ly hgc boat dgng, xac dinh qua trinh giao due va day hgc la boat ddng day - hgc, ngi dung chuang trinh cac bd mdn d phd thdng gdm tri thirc, ky nang, thai do (day chii, day nghe, day ngudi; Bg Giao due, 1985, 1990).
10 tir tirong ehi dao va 3 chirong trinh phat trien giao due - dao tao
Tfr nam 1987 da xae dinh 10 tu tudng chi dao va 3 chuang trinh giir 'viing, cung cd, dn dinh, phat trien su nghiep giao due nhu sau:
• Giao due tich cue phuc -vu su nghiep xay dung va bao ve Td qudc;
• Giao due la su nghiep cua quan chiing;
• Ke hoach phat trien giao due la bd phan cua ke hoach kinh te xa hgi;
• Chat lugng va hieu qua, trudc mat va lau dai, kip thdi va ddn diu;
' • Phat trien theo \'iing, phd cap va nang cao, dai tra va mtii nhgn;
• Giao due toan dien, trd ra trd, hgc ra hge;
.• He thdng giao due da dang, linh boat, dan chu hoa giao due: dan chu hoa nha trudng, dan ehu hoa quan ly giao due;
g NghlSn ctiu Con ngutif sol (52) 2011
Ve triet ly...
• Thay ra thay, day ra day: cai each dao tao dai hgc va chuyen nghiep; cai thien co sd vat chat: trudng ra trudng, ldp ra ldp;
• Tang cudng nghien ciiu khoa hge giao due, nghien ciiu khoa hgc - lao dgng san xuat.
Cirong linh Dang CSVN 1991: Khang dinh tu tudng liy "Con ngudi la muc tieu va dpng luc" cua toan bd cdng cugc phat trien dat nudc theo Iy tudng "Dgc lap dan tgc, chu nghia xa hgi". Theo dd. Dang va Nha nudc rit quan tam phat triln giao due (bao gdm ca dao tao), coi giao due cfmg vdd giao thdng la co sd ha ting cua kinh t l - xa hgi, dau tu cho giao due la dau tu cho phat trien.
Hoi nghi TtT 4 khoa VII (1993): Cung vdi mgt s l vin dl khae, Hdi nghi nay ra Nghi quyet "Ve tiep tuc ddi mdi su nghiep giao due - dao tao", khing dinh dudng ldi coi "giao due va dao tao la qude sach hang dau"; sii menh ciia su nghiep giao due - dao tao la "nang cao dan tri, dao tao nhan luc, bdi duang nhan tai" nhim muc tieu dao tao nhting con ngudi cd diic, cd tai: ed kien thiic van hoa, khoa hgc, cd ky nang nghe nghiep; chu trgng chat lugng va hieu qua; theo nguyen ly gin hgc va hanh.
Hoi ngh| TU* 2 khoa VIII (1996): Day la Hgi nghi diu tien cua toan khoa chuyen ban va ra nghi quyet ve giao due - dao tao va khoa hgc, cdng nghe, tiep tuc van dung vao cugc sdng dudng ldi, tu tudng ve giao due va dao tao cua Hd Chu tich va Dang ta, Hpi nghi TLT lan nay nhan manh tu tudng: CNH, HDH bang giao due - dao tao, khoa hpc, cdng nghe, dau tu cho giao due la dau tu uu tien (qudc sach hang dau: uu tien ve tai chinh, ve can bg, ve chinh sach) co ban quan trgng nhat, phat trien giao due phai di trudc mgt bude, dat ke hoach phat trien giao due trong ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hgi mgt each gan bd chat che ban, chii y ca quy md, chat lugng, hieu qua. Dang va Nha nudc phai td chiic, quan ly phat trien giao due - dao tao tdt hon, kien dinh chii truang khdng thuong mai boa giao due, thuc hien cdng bang trong giao due.
Nhin lai qua trinh phat trien giao due Viet Nam 1945 - cudi the ky XX, suy nghT
"Tien tdi the ky XXl", tdi de xuat phat trien giao due nudc nha theo hudng: chuan hoa, hien dai boa, dan chu boa, xa hdi hoa, da dang boa. Y tudng nay da dugc dua thanh phuong cham Chien lugc giao due 2001 - 2010 (trir dan chu boa).
Luat Giao due (1998, 2005, 2009): Muc tieu giao due dao tao con ngudi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien... (Dilu 2); tinh chat nen giao due XHCN: nhan dan, dan tgc, khoa hgc, hien dai; 4 nguyen ly giao due (Dieu 3); ngi dung bao dam tinh co ban, toan dien, thiet thuc, hien dai, he thing (Dieu 5), chinh thiic boa triet ly cua nen giao due nudc nha.
Gin day Bd Giao due - Dao tao phat dpng phong frao xay dung "Nha trudng than thien, hgc sinh tieh cue"; Thii tudng quyet dinh ddi mdi quan ly giao due dai hgc theo nguyen tic
"tu chil, tu chiu frach nhiem" ("dai hgc tu tri" d chau Au tir nam 1155, den nay van thinh hanh d nhilu nudc); van kien TU trinh Dai hdi XI lay dao tao nhan luc la khau dot pha thuc hien Chiln lugc phat triln kinh te - xa hgi 2011 - 2020... phan anh nhtrng net mdi frong ddi mdi tu duy - tidit ly giao due nudc nha vao thap ky thii hai cua the ky mod.
Nghien cuu Con ngudi so 1 (52) 2011 _
GIA TRI BAN THAN - mot net dSc t n m g triet Iy giao due thoi nay
Culi thl ky XX, mdt sd td chiic giao due qudc tl, nhu UNESCO, UNICEF, va mgt sd nudc td chiic hgi thao, lap mang, hinh thanh co quan... v l giao due gia tri. Den nam 2006, Td chiic Giao due gia tri qudc te dua ra 12 gia tri sdng: hoa binh, tdn trgng, yeu thuong, khoan dung, trung thuc, khiem tdn, hgp tac, hanh phiic, trach nhiem, gian di, tu do, doan ket, duge phd bien rdng rai, cd nhieu du an td chiic giang day d nhieu nudc. d nudc ta mgt it trudng, trung tam (trong do cd Trung tam cua Hdi Khoa hgc Tam ly - giao due Viet Nam) da bat dau tien hanh day "Gia tri sdng - Ky nang sdng"
(cd khi ndi ggn la day "Ky nang sdng"). Sau mdt thdi gian (1991 - 2010) nghien ciiu Gia tri hgc, tham khao kinh nghiem mgt sd nudc, tdi de xuat pham tni (khai niem cdng eu - Paradigm) GlA TRI BAN THAN nhu la mgt net mdi cua tu duy (triet ly) giao due trong thdi ky phat trien xa hgi vdd nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN, day manh CNH, HDH, hdi nhap qudc te. Tren co sd tiep tuc dudng ldi giao due Hd Chi Minh va Dang ta, phat huy truyen thdng hieu hgc cua dan ta, hon bao gid het vi tri con ngudi dugc nang cao, phat trien ben -viing tiem nang con ngudi, tan dung ngudn nhan luc dugc dao tao cd tay nghe va luong tam nghe, lay ngudi tai lam dau tau, nhiem vu trgng tam eua giao due la giiip the he tre hinh thanh, phat trien, phat huy
"gia tri ban than" - "luc lugng ban chat" - tam luc, tri luc, the luc cua timg ngudi, tfr do cd ngudn nhan luc (nhan tai la dau tau) tao nen siic manh - ngi luc - cua cdng ddng (gia dinh, xa hdi...). Giao due d day hieu theo nghia rdng, ca giao due nha trudng, giao due gia dinh, giao due xa hgi, ca giao due va tu giao due (tuy liia tudi, tu hinh thanh, tu phat trien, tu phat huy), ca giao due chinh quy va giao due thudng xuyen - giao due sudt ddi. "4 cot try giao due" cting la 4 ndi dung cua "gia tri ban than".
Nham vao muc dich do, nen giao due cua chung ta thuc su la nen giao due nhan van, nhan ban: phat trien ben vting con ngudi, phat trien ben vting cdng ddng, phat triln ben -vting qudc gia - dan tec.
Gia tri ban than la gia tri sing ciia mdi ngudi, bao g l m tam luc, tri Iuc, thl luc - to hgp nang luc dugc xay dung tfr tri thiic, thai do gia tri (nhan each) thanh ky nang - hanh ddng, hanh vi tiln hanh cac boat ddng (hgc tap, lao dgng, nghi ngoi, hudng thu) bao dam cugc sdng (su tdn tai) cua ban than: thuc hien quyin song, quyin tii do, quyin muu cau hanh phiie (Tuyen ngdn dgc lap Hoa Ky, 1776, Viet Nam, 1945) la 3 quyin co ban nhit cua con ngudi cfing la nhu ciu eo ban cua con ngudi. Gia tri ban than la "vdn" thuc luc - eae gia tri ngi tai bao dam tu minh thoa man tir eac nhu ciu co ban din cac nhu cau khae, eao nhat la nhu eiu tii khing dinh minh.
Gia fri ban than do boat dgng cua chinh mdi ngudi tao nen, song that vdi chinh minh, tu minh "lua chgn" muc dieh, ddng co cua timg cdng viec, tiing doan dudng ddi va ca cugc ddd, tu quyit dinh "than phan" cua minh - ea sd dl dat dinh cao cua "thap nhu ciu ciia con ngudi' la "tu khang dinh minh", lam sao mdi con ngudi sdm cd (tit nhien tuy
1 0 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudl s61 (52) 2011
Ve triet ly...
theo Ilia tudi) va ngay cang tu hoan thien dinh hudng gia tri ddng vien tinh tich cue, chu dgng, sang tao. Dinh hudng gia tri theo hudng tich cue xac dinh each tiep can (thai do gia tri) vdi cac gia tri cua cgng ddng (tfr gia dinh, trudng hoc,... dan tgc, nhan loai), cd tinh than trach nhiem vdi gia dinh va xa hdi. Tren co sd do, xay dung va phat trien quan diem coi frgng gia tri ban than, gia tri cua ngudi khac, cua tap the... Biet tu danh gia va danh gia ngudi khac, cdng ddng, xa hgi. Gia tri ban than la co sd diu tien dl tao siic manh cua cgng ddng, xa hdi, bao dam an sinh xa hgi.
Dieu cue ky quan frgng la hieu qua cua gia tri ban than, trudc het chinh mdi ngudi phai phat huy tac dung ciia gia tri ban than trong hoc, tap, lao ddng, cudc sdng,... nhu la
"lien he ngugc" (feedback) trong dieu khien hge, cang phdt huy tdt - gia tri ban than cang nay nd. Ci day cd van de mdi trudng cho gia tri ban than phat huy va phat triln:
cgng ddng, xa hdi ed eoi trgng "nhan td eon ngudi" trong phat trien xa hdi - kinh te hay khdng, va Nha nudc (cac the che, ehe do, chinh sach...) ed nham vao phat triln ben -vting con ngudi, cd coi ngudn nhan luc vdd nhan tai la dau tau - ndi luc quan frgng nhat, yeu td quyet dinh su phdn vinh, thinh -vugng cua qudc gia - dan tdc hay khdng, tao thuan lgi cho mgi ngudi sir dung mgi nang luc, ca tiem tang va hien htiu.
Gia tri ban than ma nen giao due nham tdi gan bd vdd He gia tri chung ciia ngudi Viet Nam thai nay, theo chiing tdi de xuat, cd the la: Tren co sd cac gia tri chung cua loai ngudi, nhu tinh ngudi, tinh ngudi; cac gia tri toan cau, nhu hoa binh, hgp tac, phat trien; cac gia tri dan tgc, nhu tinh than dan tgc, tinh cgng ddng; cac gia tri gia dinh, nhu boa thuan, hieu thao, gia tri ban than gdm: (1) yeu nudc, (2) dan chu, (3) trach nhiem vdi gia dinh, edng ddng, (4) can cu, (5) tu duy duy ly - khoa hgc, (6) chinh true, (7) luang thien, (8) thich nghi, (9) sang tao, (10) chi hudng - cau tien.
TRIET LY GIAO DUG VIET NAM THC« NAY Dudng ldi: giao due la qudc sach hang dau.
Sir menh: nang cao dan tri, dao tao nhan luc, bdi duong nhan tai.
Phuang cham phat trien: chuan hoa, hien dai boa, xa hgi hoa, dan ehu hoa.
Xay dung nen giao due nhan van, nhan ban vdd hat nhan la gia tri ban than.
Van dung: Triet ly giao due, ndi ngan ggn, la cac tu tudhg chi dao viee xay dung va phat trien su nghiep giao due - dao tao, ca tam vi md va vi md: tam qudc gia la hoach dinh dudng ldi (cac luat giao due...), chien luge, ehinh sach (chinh sach luong, dai ngd, tdn vinh...), chu truang ldn..., quan ly nganh: dieu le trudng hge, cac ehuan, ngi dung giang day, chuong trinh cac bd mdn, eac dieu kien bao dam chat lugng boat ddng day - hgc, nhu lam sao trong 5 - 1 0 nam ntia ca nudc (1) dii trudng, ldp hgc, thiet bi day hgc;
(2) du vl s l lugng, co cau, chat lugng (tay nghe va luang tam nghe) nha giao va can bd quan ly giao due; (3) cd du sach giao khoa, giao trinh, tai lieu giang day va hgc tap diing chuin (nhu cac nudc phat trien, khdng sai sdt, khac phuc qua tai...). Cd 3 dilu nay thi mdi ndi den chat lugng giao due dugc.
NghlSn ciiu Con ngu&l s6l (52) 2011 -i i
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Ducmg Hong, Vircmg Thanh Trung, Nhiem Dai Vien, Liru Phong chii dich. Tie thu. Tran Trong Sam, Kieu Bach Vu Thuan bien djch. Nxb. Quan doi nhan dan, HN. 2003.
2. Nguyin Manh Tudng. Tu tuang gido diic chdu Au. Nxb. Giao due, HN. 1994.
3. J.J.Rousseau. Emile hay Id ve gido due. Le Hong Sam, Tran Quoc Duong dich. Nxb. Tri thiic, HN. 2008.
4. Jacques Delors (Chu bien). Hoc tap - mot kho bdu tiem dn. Trinh Diic Thang dich. Nxb.
Giaoduc, HN. 2003.
5. Lir Dat, Chu Man Sinh (chu bien). Cdi cdch gido due a cdc nudc phdt trien. Cdi cdch gido due a My. Quyen I. Nguyen Trung Thuan djch. Nxb. Giao due, HN. 2010.
Nina Cobb (chii bien). Tuang lai cita gido diic. Hoi dong thi tuyen College xuit ban d My (tilng Anh), 1994.
6. Pham Minh Hac. Gid tri hoc - ca sa khoa hoc cita viec xdy dirng he gid tri chung cita nguai Viet nam thai nay. Nxb. Giao due, HN, 2010.
7. Pham Minh Hac. Mot so vdn de gido due Viet Nam ddu the ky XXI. Nxb. Giao due, HN.
2010.
8. Pham Minh Hac. Ve gido due. Nxb. Chinh trj quoc gia, HN. 2003.
9. Thai Duy Tuyen. Triet hoc gido due Viet Nam. Nxb. DH Su pham HN, 2007.
10 .Hi Chi Minh. Todn tap, t.4. fr.8. Nxb. Chinh trj quic gia, HN.,1995.
11. H6 Chi Minh. -n?-fr. 32-33.
12. Pham Minh Hac. Phdt trien gido due -phdt trien con nguod phuc vuphdt trien xd hoi - kinh ti. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, HN., 1996.
13. Pham Minh Hac. Mudi ndm doi mdi gido due. Nxb.Giao due, HN., 1996.
14. Pham Van Dong. Bdi noi vdi gido vien vd cdn bo gido due nhdn ngdy Nhd gido Viet Nam 20-11-1984.
15. Pham Minh Hac. Gido diic Viet Nam trudc nguang ciea the kyXXJ. Thay Lod ket: tien tod thl ky XXI. Nxb. Chinh frj quic gia, HN. 1999; tai ban 2002.
1 2 Nghien ciiu Con ngudl sdi (52) 2011
