^^^- n
CdDIEN NONG NGHIEP
K^T QUA NGHIEN CU'U XAY DU'NG
MO HiNH c a Giai
H O A O O N G B O S A N X U A T L U Aa DONG BANG SONG CU'U LONG (DBSCL) VA VUNG D 6 N G BANG SONG HONG (DBSH)
t s . Chu Van Thlen\ TS. Dau T h l Nhu\ ThS. Trjnh Duy Bd\
TS Nguyin Qudc Viet\ TS. Hoang Bic Qudc^
^Vien Co dien Nong nghidp & Cong ngh$ Sau thu hoach Wien nghien ciru LOa DBSCL
I. DAT
V A N D ^Trong qud trinh thyc hien cdng nghiep hod, hien dai hda dat nudc^ cdc khu cdng nghiep vd hoat ddng djch vy da thu hiil nhieU lao ddng tft hau het cdc viing d ndng thdn, dan den tinh trang khan hiim nhan lyc cho sdn xuat ndng nghiep. Vdi dac thii cua nganh sdn xuat lua gao la cd tinh thdi vu rit eao, yeu d u nhieu nhan luC trong mdt thdi gian rat ngdn, chu yeu tap trung vdo thdi dilm thu hoach, ldm dlt vd gieo cay. Dac bidt d viing DBSCL, do xult hien djch benh ray nau, vdng lun )toln la, cdc dja phuomg da phdi ddng loat xudng gidng nen thdi vu lai edng gap nit.
Viec khan hiim vd ehi phi nhan odng cao dd diy chi phi sdn xuat lua gao khdng ngimg tang len, cdn trd sy phdt triln bin viimg cua cdc vung sdn xult liia tap trung, dac biet Id vung DBSCL vd DBSH. Mat khdc, nhilu noi do thilu nhan cdng nen khdng the thu hoach dung thdi vy, gay ra tinh trang mil mdt sau thu hoach eao, khdng nhung ve sd lugng md cdn ve cd chit lupmg.
Dd cd rit nhilu dl dn, chiln luge, ke hoach ve co gidi hda sdn xuat lua gao dugc vach ra tft Trung uomg din dja phuang, song tren thyc le chua cd dja phuang ndo xdy dung dugc md hinh mang tinh ddng bd vd ddnh gid diy du hieu qud cac mat de tft dd cd bien phdp nhdn rdng vao sdn xult. Vi vay, viec xay dung md hinh ca gidi hda ddng bd sdn xuat liia, dae biet d ddng bdng Sdng Cieu Long vd viing ddng bdng Sdng Hdng, nhdm thuc hien ca gidi hda ddng bd tit cd cdc khau tft ldm dlt, lam ma, gieo, d y , chdm sde vd thu hoach Id viec ldm het sftc edn thilt, nhdm gdp phin vdo viec tang nang suit, gidm tdn that sau thu ho^eh, gidi quyit dugc tinh trang bftc xiic vl lao ddng vd tinh khin truomg cua miia vy san xult lua gao.
II. Mge TIEU, NOI DUNG VA PHU'aNG PHAP NGHIEN CU'U
Mge tiiu nghien cdru: Xay dung dugc md hinh ca gidi hda ddng bd phii hgp t?u hai vung san xuat lua tigng dilm ciia nudc ta.
Ndi dung nghien cieu: Nghien cftu lua chpn he thdng thiet bi ca gidi hda cho 2 vung; Xay dyng md hinh ca gidi hda sdn xuat lua tai hai viing. Ddnh gid hieu qud kinh te - xd hpi vd kha ndng nhan rdng md hinh.
Phuffng phdp nghien citu: Kit hgp gifta nghien cftu ly thuyet vd kinh nghiem thuc tl, sft dyng phuomg phdp chuyen gia de dua ra cac can cft lua chgn mau mdy vd thiet bi phu hgp vdi timg khau, tftng vftng. Tien hanh theo ddi hoat ddng vd thue nghiem tai hien trudng vdi viec do ludng, xdc djnh ede chi tieu kinh te-ky thuat. Ddnh gid hieu qud sft dyng he thdng mdy vd thiet bi, sft dyng cac bdi t o ^ ve tinh todn hieu qud kinh te, xd hdi, mdi trudmg de ddnh gid hieu qua cfta viec xay dung md hinh ca gidi hda ddng bd. Tft dd de xuat ede^gidi phdp nhdm nhan rdng md hinh trong cd nudc.
III. K^T QUA DAT DUOC VA THAO L U A N
3.1. Mot sd yeu cdu d6i vo*! mo hinh co* gio*! hoa
Md hinh phai dam bdo du ldm, thuc hien dugc co gidi hda theo hudmg ddng bd, phu hgp vdi trang thiet bi vd cd hieu qud kinh te. Qua dieu tra khdo sat chung tdi thay rdng, Vien Cay luomg thyc - Cay thue pham vd Vien Lua Ddng bang sdng Cftu Long la hai ca sd dai dien cho hai vung sdn xuat lua trpng diem cfta nudc ta ed du cdc dieu kien ve ha tang ca sd, ve dien tich thfta rudng, keng mucmg ndi ddng, cap thodt nudc vd dac biet cd dpi ngu cdn bd khoa hoc ky thudt am hieu sau ve canh tac lua, cdn bd qudn ly am hieu ve ca gidi hod, cd dpi ngii cdng nhdn van hdnh mdy duoc dao tao rit ca bdn, quyet djnh sy thdnh edng cua md hinh.
Trong CO gidi hda san xult lua, khdi lugng cdng vide nhilu, ndng nhpc nhit Id khau ldm dat vd hieu qujd thiy rd nhat la khau thu hoach. Do vay vide xdy dung md hinh chu ylu can eft vdo, he thdng mdy ldm dat va may thu ho^eh. Vi vay chung tdi chpn may keo ca trung (35 Hp) vd cdc mdy cdng tde kem theo de trang bi cho md hinh vdri ndng suit lien.hgp mdy.khoang 1,5-1,8 ha/ngay vd phdi ddp img ldm dlt duge vy He thu (thai gian Idm dlt ngin - khoang 20 ngdy), do vdy vdi 01 lien hgp may lam dlt cd trung chi cd thl ddm bdo khdi lugng edng viec khoang 30-35 ha; ddi vdi thu hoach lua, vimg DBSH chpn mdy GDLH-1500, nang suit khoang 1,5-1,8 ha/ngdy vd trong thdi gian thu hoach 1 vy (18-20 ngdy) thi 01 mdy GDLH cung chi ddm bdo cho khodng 30-35ha canh ldc, do vay, vimg DBSH ciing chi nen xdy dung md hmh quy md 30-35 ha. Cdn ddi vdi vung DBSCL, cdnh ddng rdng. Id thfta ldn, chpn may QDLH-1800, ndng sudt khodng 2,8-3,5 ha/ngdy, vdi thdi vu thu hoach khodng 18-20 ngdy, 01 mdy ciing chi bdo dam khoang 50 ha va xay dyng quY md md hinh DBSCL khodng 50 ha;
3.2. Danh gia hieu qua kinh t l cua mo hinh
Hieu qua kinh tl cfta md hinh dugc tinh todn tren ea sd chi phi timg khau cdrig viec khi sft dyng thiet bj ca gidi hda ddng bd cua md hinh dugc so sdnh vdi cdc thilt bi ma trong thyc tl sdn xult dang dugc pho biln hien nay. Cy thl:
- Thilt bj cua md hinh: May keo cd trung cdng suit 25-35 Hp vd cae thilt bj ldm dlt kem theo (edy CT 4-25; bdnh s i t ; phay+ B.ldng-trang>. • - ' " "^ J ' l '. 'i
- Cdc thilt bj khde thuc tl dang sft dyng: MK cd ldn cd cdng sylt > ,50 Hp va thilt bi ldm dat kem theo (edy CT3-35; B.ldng-trang); MK ca nhd ldi cdng 10-12 Hp va thilt, hi la?n dlt kem theo (edy CT 2( 1 )-25 ; Phay ; B.ldng-trang).
Bang 1. Tong chi phi san xult lua cho mo hinh vung DBSH
Chi tieu danh gia
1. T6ng chi phi SX, n l u cay (trigu d6ng/ha)
Chiphi(1.000a/I<glua) 2. Tong chl phi SX, n l u gieo thing (trifu dIng/ha) Chiphi(1.000d/I<glua)
Thilt bj, phu>ang phap dp dung trong mo hinh
13,06(12,68)
22,02(21,38) 11,52
19,43
Thilt bj, phLPvng phap ap dung no'i xay dirng mo hinh
ttif&c day 16,20
27,10 13,84
23,14
.1,
Thiit bj, phucng phap thu'dng sir dung trong
san xult 16,26
27,20 13,85
23,16
Thue djch vu
17,85
29,85 15,29
25,57 Bang 2. T6ng chl phi san xult lua cho md hinh DBSCL
Chi tieu danh gia 1. Tong chi phi SX, neu SLK dung loai thiet bi (tri$u dong/ha)
Chiphi(1.000d/l<glua)
2. Tong chi phi SX, neu gieo va dung mSy GDLH (trifu dong/ha)
Chiphi(1.000d/l<glLia)
3. Tong chi phi SX, n l u gieo va ggt tay (trifu dIng/ha)
Chiphi(1.000d/l<glua)
4. Ting chi phi SX, n l u cay tay va dung mdy GDLH (trifu dIng/ha) Chiphi(1.000d/l<glua)
5. Ting chi phi SX, n l u c i y tay va ggt tay (trifu dIng/ha)
Chjphi(1.000d/l<glua)
Thilt bj, phiro'ng phap ap dung trong mo hinh May ciy LV-6
12,523 21,12
l\/lay ciy l\/IC6-250 12,937
21,82 Thilt bi, phu'O'ng phap ap dung nai
xay difng mo hinh tru-oc day
11,791 19,88 13,384
22,57 28,419
23,96 16,734
28,22
May gieo GLH-2800 11,157
18,81 Thilt bj, phu-ong phap thu-ong SLF
dung trong san xult
11,784 19,87 13,377
22,56 28,405
23,95 16,727
28,21
tft kit qud tinh todn thiy ring, khi dp dung ca gidi hda, tdng chi phi sdn xult lua Id thip nhat, cy the nhu sau:
a. Khdng tinh din viec sie dgng mdy gdt cho sdn xudt phd biin
+ NIU dung mdy d y MC6-25; MC8-207 d y ma thdm, tdng chi phi CGH theo hudng ddng bp chi bing khodng 75- 80% so vdi CGH dom le bdng cdc loai mdy keo ca ldn > 50Hp vd mdy keo tay 2 bdnh 10-12Hp vd d y tay. Bdng 67-75% so vdi thue djch vy hien nay vd cdng lao d^ng bdng 65-70%, nghia Id giam 25-30% cdng lao ddng. Tdng chi phi cho sdn xudt I kg liia gidm 22 - 24%.
+ NIU dung may d y toe dp cao LV-6 d y ma thdm (tai md hinh vung DBSCL), tdng chi phi cdn giam han, bdng khoang 72 - 77% so vdi CGH dan le; va chi bdng 64-72% so vdi thue djch vy hien nay vd cdng lao ddng bdng 67-72%, nghia Id giam 28-33%. Tdng chi phi cho sdn xudi J kg liia gidm 24 — 25%. ,.
+ Nlu sft dung cdng cy hodc may gieo hang, long ehi ehi CGH theo hudmg DB chi bdng khodng 68% so vdi CGH dan le vd bing 60-63% so vdi thue djch vy; NIU khdng tinh khdu gieo d y , long chi chi CGH theo hudng ddng bd ehi bdng 80% so vdi CGH dan le vd bang 63-70% so vdi thue dich vy. Cdng lao ddng bdng 72-79%, nghia la gidm 21-33%. Tdng chi phi cho sdn xudt 1 kg lua gidm 32 - 34%.
b. Niu tinh din viec su dung mdy gat cho sdn xudt phd biin (viingDBSCL)
+ Nlu dung mdy d y ma thdm, tdng chi phi CGH theo hudng DB bdng khodng 88-91% so vdi CGH don le vd bdng 83-86%) so vdi thue djch vy hien nay vd cdng lao ddng bing 77-80%, nghia la gidm 20-23%) cdng lao ddng. Tdng chi phi cho .sdn xudt 1 kg lua gidm 25 - 28%.
+ Nlu khdng tinh khau gieo d y , tdng chi chi chi bing 9,0-92%) so vdi CGH dom le vd bdng 83-85%) so vdi thue djch vu. Cdng lao ddng bdng 91-92%), nghia Id giam 8 - 9% cdng lao ddng.
c. Hieu qud cao nhdt Id su dung mdy GDLH
Chi phi khau thu hoach chi bdng khodng 35%) va tdn thdt sau thu hoach (khodng 2-2,5%), gidm khoang 50% so vdi gat tay, tach hat bdng may dap lua (tdn thit gal may GDLH 2-3%; gdt tay 5-7%).
d. Ldm mg thdm vd su dung cdng cu gieo
Chi phi gidng gidm so vdi d y ma dugc khodng 32-38%, ngodi ra chi phi chdm sde cung it hom do chi phi thudc phdng trft sau benh sft dyng it hon.
Ddnh gid hieu qud kinh ti ciia md hlnh: Tdng chi phi gidm 20-28%); edng lao ddng giam 20-33%; tdn thit sau thu hoach gidm khodng 45-50%) so vdi gdt tay vd dap bang mdy; chi phi gidng giam so vdi cay ma dugc khoang 32-38%.
3.3. Hieu qua khae
- CGH dong bd ldm gidm lao ddng ndng nhoc & ndng thdn: Nhu da phan tich d tren, cdng lao ddng CGHDB sdn xult liia gidm 20-25%). NIU dilu kien thuan lpi sft dyng cdng cu gieo, cdng lao ddng cd thl giam tdi 30-33%) so vdi phucmg phap thuc hien trudc day;
- CGH gidi quyit kip thai VIA de thdm canh nhdm tdng ndng sudt: CGH cd nang sudt cao, ngodi viec gidi phdng dugc sftc lao ddng ndng nhpc cua con ngudi, ddng thdi gidi quyet kjp thdi vy dl tham canh nhdm tang ndng suit. Dac biet, trong sdn xult ndng nghiep vftng DBSri hien nay, khau thu hoach cdn theo phuomg phdp nhieu giai doan, gat thu cdng ndng suat thap, tinh trang thilu lao ddng mua vu ngdy cdng nghiem trpng, dp lyc rat Idn nhat Id ddi vdi vu thu hoach He thu thdi gian chi 15-20 ngay. Dua mdy GDLH cung nhu he thdng mdy edy vao mo hinh CGH se gidi quyit dugc nhumg bftc bach ve thdi vy cung nhu van de lao ddng hien nay d ndng thdn, ddm bdo thdi vu cay trdng vy sau.
- CGH ddng bd gop phdn ldm gidm sdu benh, trdnh thai diem phdt trien sdu benh. Vi?c lam dlt dung quy trinh vd ddp ftng yeu cdu ky thuat, nhu phay la cdng cy thich hgp cd khd ndng Idm tren nhieu loai dat ddp ftng yeu cdu ndng hpe eao. U'u diem chinh cua phay la giam sd. lan lien hgp may di chuyen tren rudng, it phd hdng ddt, nen rudng nhdt Id ddi vdi rudng nude ddng thai dp vui lap cd dai cao, han chl mim benh. Cdy cd tde dyng lat dat de diet gd dai vd up than rj de mau hoai. Dde biet la ddi vdi vu lua Xuan d mien Bac, cay di phoi khd cd tac dung cho dlt thoang, Iam ldng dp phi cua dlt, lieu diet dugc mdt sd loai djch hai trong dlt, gdp phin tdng ndng
dem di cay Id ma non, khde, khdng nhiem benh nen phdt triln nhanh, de nhilu nhdnh,riil ngdn thai gian sinh trudng. Cly mdy tao quin thl rudng liia thdng thoang, cay sinh trudng phdt triln tdt, gidm dp lyc sau benh. Sft dyng mdy phun tiiuoc trft sau cd ndng suit cao, dp phun toi thuoc cao, ngdn chan kjp thdi djch benh vd hieu qua phdng trft sau benh tdt han. Thu hoach bdng mdy gdt dap lien hgp cd ndng suit eao, ddp ftng dugc thdi vy thu hoach, nhanh chdng dua dugc thdc vdo bdo quan, trdnh dugc sy thdm nhdp vd lay lan mim benh. Ngodi ra CGH lam tang klid ndng tich tu rudng dat; tdng kha ndng sdn xult hdng hda quy md lap trung.v.v.
3.4. Chit lu'O'ng lam viec he thdng thi§t bj cua mo hinh
• a. Hi thong mdy ldm ddt: Sft dyng loai may keo cdng suit cd trung binh (25-35 Hp) vd cdc mdy ldm dat kem theo la phu hgp vdi 2 vung lua, mang lai hieu qud kinh tl eao: chi phi thip, chat lugng ldm viec tdt, ndng sudt luomg ddi cao ddp ftng dugc yeu c|u thdi vy, ngodi ra cdn cdi tao nen rudng, tao thuan Igi cho CGH cdc khau tilp theo. Quy trinh Idm dlt tdt nhit Id cdy di (yu Ddng xudn - vimg DBSH, vy He thu - vung DBSCL) vd sft dyng lien hgp phay dl ldm nhd dlt, ip^c du ehi phi cao hom so vdi phuang phdp ldng, nhung bii lai chit lugng ldm dlt tdt hom, rudng dugc cdi tao lot hom, ban che dugc cdc mdm benh,... lam cho nang suit lua tang hom. Cdc mdy canh tde ldm ddt cdy try ludi diep, bdnh ldng, phay dlt, bdnh sdt vd trang dlt phii hgp vdi ddt lua 2 vung, rieng edy ehdo chua phu hgp cho viing DBSH do dlt thjt ndng vd trung binh, goc ra sau khi g^t qua ddi. Chi phi Idm dlt gidm 8-10% so vdi hien nay. Vl mat chit lugng ldm dlt, ddp ftng tdt hom cae yeu cau ndng hpc cua cay lua; nin dlt dugc cdi tao tdt hom, it bi pha va. Ndng sudt mdy dat 1,5-2ha/ca
b. May vd thiit bi gieo cdy: Neu dieu kien thdi liet thuan Igi, nen phd bien gieo thang sft dyng cdng cy hoae mdy gieo vi cdc loai thidt bj nay ed nang suat cao, de sft dyng, dau tu vd chi phi sdn xuat thap. tiet kiem gidng, hieu qud kinh le cao ddp ftng dugc thdi vy. Neu dieu kien thdi tiet khdng thuan Igi (dac biet vu Ddng xudn - mien Bac), nen lam ma thdm, ed the dimg cho mdy cay hoae cay tay, thudn lien va cd hieu qud hom nhieu so vdi ldm ma dugc (ddu tu khdng nhieu, chii ddng thai vy, ma khoe khdng tenh, tiet kiem gidng, dien tich, cdng lao ddng,...). Mdy cdy loc dp thip MC 6-25 edn nhilu nhugc diem, can dugc cdi lien ddm bdo lam viec dn djnh mdi cd the phd biln duac vdo trong sdn xult.
Mdy ciy MC-25 vS mdy c4y toe do cao
C6no ngh* lim ma thim tr6n rudnfl vi ma thim tr6n khay
+ Neu dung may cay ldc dp cao LV-6 cay ma thdm (tai md hinh vung DBSCL), tdng ehi phi cdn gidm hom, bdng khoang 72 - 77%) so vdi CGH dan le; vd chi bang 64-72% so vdi thue djch vy hien nay va cdng lao ddng bang 67-72%), nghTa la giam 28-33%). Tdng chi phi cho sdn xudt 1 kg liia gidm 24 :;x-25%>. ' ^ \
+ Neu sft dyng cdng cu hodc mdy gieo hdng, ldng chi chi CGH theo hudng DB chi bdng khoang 68%) so vdi CGH dan le va bdng 60-63%) so vdi thue dich vu; Neu khdng tinh khdu gieo cay, tdng chi chi CGH theo hudng ddng bd chi bang 80%) so vdi CGH dom Id va bang 63-70% so vdi thue djch vy. Cdng lao ddng bang 72-79%), nghia la giam 21-33%). Tdng chi phi cho sdn xudt I kg lua gidm 32 - 34%).
b. Niu tinh din viic sie dung mdy gat cho sdn xudt phd biin (viing DBSCL)
+ Neu dung may cay ma thdm, tdng chi phi CGH theo hudmg DB bdng khoang 88-91% so vdi CGH dom le vd bang 83-86% so vdi thue dich vy hien nay vd edng lao ddng bdng 77-80%, nghia Id gidm 20-23% cdng lao ddng. Tong chi phi cho .sdn xudt 1 kg liia gidm 25 - 28%.
+ Neu khdng tinh khau gieo cay. ldng chi ehi chi bang 90-92%) so_^vdi CGH dom le va bang 83-85%) so vdi thue djch vu. Cdng lao ddng bang 91-92%), nghia Id gidm 8 - 9% cdng lao ddng.
c. Hiiu qud cao nhdt Id sir dgng mdy GDLH *Sr^
Chi phi khau thu hoach chi bang khoang 35% vd tdn thdt sau thu ho^ch (khoang 2-2,5%), gidm khodng 50%) so vdi gal tay, tdch hat bdng may dap lua (tdn thit gat mdy GDLH 2-3%; gat tay 5-7%).
d. Ldm mg thdm vd su dung cdng cu gieo
Chi phi gidng gidm so vdi cly ma dugc khoang 32-38%), ngodi ra chi phi chdm sde cung it hom do chi phi thudc phdng trft sau benh sft dung it han.
Ddnh gid hieu qud kinh te cua md hlnh: Tdng chi phi gidm 20-28%); cdng lao ddng gidm 20-33%; tdn that sau thu hoach giam khoang 45-50%) so vdi gal tay vd dap bing mdy; chi phi gidng giam so vdi cay ma dugc khodng 32-38%).
3.3. Hieu qua khae
- CGH ddng bd ldm gidm lao dong nang nhoc & ndng thdn: Nhu da phan tich d tren, cdng lao ddng CGHDB sdn xult liia gidm 20-25%). NIU dilu kien thuan Igi sft dyng cdng cy gieo, cdng lao ddng cd thl gidm tdi 30-33%) so vdi phuang phap thuc hien trude day;
- CGH gidi quyet kip thai VIA de thdm canh nhdm tdng ndng sudt: CGH cd nang suit cao, ngodi viec gidi phdng dugc sftc lao dpng ndng nhpc eua con ngudi, ddng thdi gidi quyit kjp thdi vu dl tham canh nhdm tang nang suit. Ddc biet, trong sdn xult ndng nghiep vung EiBSrf hien nay, khau thu hoach cdn theo phuomg phdp nhilu giai doan, gdt thu cdng ndng suit thip, tinh trang thilu lao ddng mua vy ngdy cdng nghiem trpng, dp luc rit ldm nhit Id ddi vdi vy thu hoac*h He thu thdi gian chi 15-20 ngdy. Dua may GDLH cung nhu he thdng mdy cly vdo md hinh CGH se gidi quyit dugc nhumg bftc bdch vl thdi vy cung nhu vin dk lao ddng hien nay a ndng thdn, dam bdo thai vy cay trdng vy sau. ''^ ^'
- CGH ddng bo gop phdn ldm gidm sdu benh, trdnh Ih&i diim phdt triin sdu binh. Viec lam dlt diing quy trinh va dap ftng yeu d u ky thudt, nhu phay la cdng cu thich hgp cd khd ndng lam tren nhilu loai dlt dap ftng yeu d u ndng hpe cao. U'u dilm chinh cua phay la giam sd lln lien hgp mdy di chuyen tren rudng, it phd hdng dlt, nin rudng nhit Id ddi vdi rudng nudc ddng thai dp vui lip cd dai eao, han chl mim benh. Cdy ed tde dyng lat dlt dk diet cd dai va lip than r$
de mau hoai. Dae biet Id ddi vdi vy lua Xuan d miln Bdc, cdy di phai khd cd tde dung cho. dlt thodng, ldm tdng dp phi cua ddt, lieu diet dugc mdt sd loai djch hai trong dlt, gdp phin tdng ndng
dem di cay la ma non, khde, khdng nhilm benh nen phdt triln nhanh, de nhilu nhdnh,rut ngdn thdi gian sinh trudng. Cly mdy tao quin thl rudng liia thdng thoang, cay sinh trudmg phdt triln tdt, gidm dp luc sdu benh. Sft dyng mdy phun thudc trft sau cd ndng suit cao, dp phun toi thudc cao, ngdn ehdn kjp thdi dich benh vd hieu qua phdng trft sau benh tdt han. Thu hoach bdng mdy gdt dap lien hgp ed nang suit cao, ddp ftng dugc thdi vy thu hoach, nhanh chdng dua dugc thdc vAo bdo qudn, trdnh dugc su tham nhap vd lay lan mim benh. Ngodi ra CGH ldm tdng khd ndng tieh ty rudng dat; tdng khd ndng sdn xult hdng hda quy md lap trung.v.v.
3.4. Chit lu'O'ng lam viec he thdng thi§t bj cua mo hinh
a. Hi thong mdy ldm ddt: Sft dyng loai may keo cdng suit ca trung binh (25-35 Hp) vd cdc mdy ldm dat kem theo Id phii hgp vdi 2 vung lua, mang lai hieu qud kinh tl cao: chi phi thdp, chat Jupmg Idm viec tdt, nang suat tuomg ddi cao dap ftng duge yeu d u thdi vy, ngodi ra cdn cdi lao nin rupng, tao thudn Igi cho CGH cac khau tilp theo. Quy trinh lam dlt tot nhit Id cdy di (yu Ddng xudn - vung DBSH, vy He thu - vung DBSCL) vd sft dung lien hgp phay dl ldm nhd dlt, mac du ehi phi cao hom so vdi phuang phdp ldng, nhung bii lai chit lugng ldm dlt tdt hom, rudng dugc cdi lao lot han, han ehe dugc cac mam benh,... lam cho ndng suit lua tang hom. Cdc mdy canh tde ldm dlt edy try ludi diep, bdnh ldng, phay dlt, bdnh sdt va trang dlt phii hgp vdi ddt liia 2 vung, rieng cay ehdo chua phu hgp cho viing DBSH do dlt thjt ndng vd trung binh, gde ra sau khi g^t qua dai. Chi phi Idm dat gidm 8-10% so vdi hien nay. Vl mat chit lugng ldm dlt, ddp ling tdt hom ede yeu cau ndng hpc cua cay lua; nen dlt dugc cdi tao tdt hom, it bi phd vd. Ndng sudt mdy dat l,5-2ha/ca
b. May vd thiit bi gieo cdy: Neu dieu kien thdi tiet thudn Igi, nen phd bien gieo thang sft dyng cdng eu hoae mdy gieo vi cdc loai thiet bj ndy cd nang suat cao, de sft dyng, ddu tu vd ehi phi sdn xuat thap. tiet kiem gidng, hieu qud kinh te cao ddp ftng dugc thdi vu. Neu dieu kien thdi tiet khdng thuan Igi (ddc biet vu Ddng xuan - mien Bdc), nen ldm ma tham, cd the diing cho mdy cay hoae cay tay, thuan lien va cd hieu qud hom nhieu so vdi lam ma duge (dau lu khdng nhieu, chii ddng thai vy, ma khoe khdng tenh, tiet kiem gidng, dien tich, cdng lao dpng,...). Mdy d y loc dd thip MC 6-25 edn nhilu nhugc diem, can dugc cdi lien ddm bdo ldm viec dn djnh mdi cd the phd bien dugc vdo trong sdn xuat.
^-if>.
Miy ciy MC-25 v i miy ciy toe <t6 eao
C6ng nghft lim ma thim trfin nj6ng v i ma thim trfin khay
-Mdy cdy: Chat lupmg cly: 3-6 danh/khdm (yeu eau 1-3 danh/khdm); thay thl lao done 16-20 ngudi; ndng suat 0,08-0,1 ha/h. Nhin chung mdy d y chua dat dugc yeu d u de ra do chat lugng che lao trong nudc cdn thap, chua dn djnh.
- Cdng cti gieo vd mdy gieo: Chat lugng gieo: 2,0-4,0 danh/khdm; dp khdng ddng ddu gieo 6%; Thay the lao ddng 25-40 ngudi; ndng suit 0,4-0,5 ha/h; cd chi phi san xuat thap, chi khoang 32% so vdi ehi phi cay tay va bang khoang 41-45 %> so vdi cay may; hieu qua kinh te cao hom so vdi cay tay, lai tang 15-51%); chi phi gidng gidm khodng 32-38%) so vdi cdy tay; ^
c. Mdy phun thudc trie sdu: May phun thuoc sau ban iv: hdnh cd ndng suat cao, chat lugng phun deu, tiet kiem thudc, ddp ftng dugc yeu cau cua sdn xuat. Ndng suat 0,2'-0,3ha/h; he sd bien ddng luu lugng giua cac vdi phun < 15%; he sd bien ddng dp phan bd hat thudc < 20.
d. Mdy thu hogch lua: Ndi chung dap ftng dugc yeu cau de ra. Tuy nhien de mdy phdt huy hieu qua han nua ddng dat can dugc cai lao de nen rudng cd dp chat cao, nghTa Id khau ldm ddt, khau thu hoach phdi tuan thu theo quy trinh da dugc khuyen cdo. Chi phi den sdn phdm thde dau rudng la 873.630-958.000 ddng/ha; thay thl 28-30 lao ddng; ndng suit 0,15-0,22 ha/h vai loai mdy GDLH-1500 cho vung DBSH, va 0,25 ha/h vdi loai may DLH-1800 cho vung DBSCL.
Nhin chung he thdng may, thiet bj trang bi trong md hinh. Id tuang ddi phu hgp, dat cac yeu cau ve nang suat, chat lugng ciing nhu hieu qua.
IV. KI^T LUAN
1. Quy trinh vd he thdng thiet bi CGH san xuat lua thuc te d moi vung, moi noi ed khdc nhau vd cd nhieu khau chua phu hgp. Qua thyc te thay rang ed 2 md hinh deu thuc hien quy tnnh dd di trong vy Chiem xuan nham cdi tao lai nen rudng dam bdo kha nang cho may thu hoach cd the di vdo sau nay. Tai DBSH Iam dat dugc thue hifin bdng 2 loai cdng cy phay vd bdnh lon^
luan phien. Tai md hinh DBSCL da sft dyng banh ldng + bdng trye kit hgp vdi phay dl ldm dlt.
Vdi nhiing rudng cd gde ra eao cd the sft dyng hai phuomg an: Phay chuyen dung barn ndt goc ra hoae sft dyng cac loai bdnh ldng hay phay rudng nudc ihdng thudng kit hgp vdi thilt bj clt ra thdnh nhung doan nhd 15-20 cm ldp trude may keo.
May keo sft dung tdt nhll cho CGH san xuat lua la may keo 4 bdnh cdng suit tft 25 din 40 ml va cac thiet bi Iam dat kem theo.
May cay ldc dp cao thich hgp cho DBSCL. May cly nhd hien tai thich hgp cho vung DBSH vd mdt sd vung cd dien tich rudng nhd d DBSCL, song eln phdi tilp tuc hodn thien cdng nghe che lao dam bdo tinh dn dinh va chat lugng cay. Cdng nghe ldm ma tren sdn (hodc tren rudng) se phdt trien vd dan dan se thay the sdn xuat ma dugc nhu hien nay. Cdng cu gieo hang 6- 8 trdng (12-16 hdng) va may gieo hang GLH-2800 d n duge phdt triln nhanh vd rdng d ca hai vung.
May phun thude trft sdu ban ty hdnh bl rdng ldm viec 4-5m phu hgp khau chdm sde liia d cd hai vftng.
Mdy gdt dap lien hgp cd bl rdng tft l',5m trd len thich hgp vdi cdng nghe thu hoach mpt giai doan d cd hai vung.
2. CGH ddng bd la xu hudmg lit ylu trong sdn x d t lua hdng hda tap trung vi mang lai hieu qud cao, ket qua nghien ciru cua de tdi dd chiing minh:
- Hieu qua kinh tl: Tdng chi phi sdn xult lua nhd dua CGH vao giam 20-28%); cdng lao ddng gidm 20-33%); tdn thit sau thu hoach giam khoang 45-50%); Chi phi giong gidm khodng 32-38%;
- Hieu qud khdc: CGH cd ndng suit cao, ngodi viec gidi phdng dugc sftc lao ddng ndng nhpc cua ngudi ndng dan, ddng thdi gidi quyit kjp thdi vu d l thdm canh nhdm tang nang suat;
CGH ddng bd gdp phin lam gidm sau benh, trdnh thdi diem phdt triln sau benh, ldm tdng kha ndng tich tu rudng dat; tang khd nang san xult hdng hda quy md ldn; ddng dlt dugc cdi t^o nhd cd he thdng thiet bj thich hgp y^i CGH san xult lua. Tuy nhien, hien nay do CGH khau cly cdn gap nhilu khd khdn, nen tap trung phdt triln CGH khdu gieo theo hang khi thdi till thuan Igi kit hgp vdi vi?c su dung cae loai gidng ngdn ngay da dugc ftng dung trong san xult.
'3. Kha nang nhan rdng md hinh: Trong qua trinh triln khai, chiing tdi da to chftc cac ldp tap huan cho mdt sd ndng dan d hai viing va hdi nghj dlu bd nhdm gidi thieu cdc kel qud va hieu qud cua viec ftng dyng CGH trong san xuat liia. Thay dugc hieu qua tft thuc ll. nhieu dja phuomg dd manh dan dau lu thiet bj may mdc, cac md hinh CGH ddng bd da va dang dugc hinh thanh rat nhanh. Nhu vay. tft ket qua dat dugc cd thl khdng djnh kha ndng nhan rdng md hinh CGH sdn xudt lua d nhftng nai cd dieu kien la rat ldn, dac biet la khdu ldm ddt-gieo theo hang-Idm ma thdm tren rudng hodc tren san vd khau thu hoach bdng may gat dap lien hgp.
V. KI^N NGH!
1. Can cd cdc chinh sach manh nhdm hd trg cdc thanh phan kinh te ddu lu nganh che lao may ndng nghiep. Trudc mat de nghj cho thuc hien ngay du dn: "Cdng nghe che tgo hdng logt mdy keo 4 bdnh 25-35 ml vd mdy gdt ddp lien hap" de phuc vu kjp thdi yeu cau cdp bdch cua sdn xuat.
2. De CGH ndng nghiep phat trien nhanh va ben viing, Nhd nudc can cd cac co che chinh sach thich hgp nhdm thuc day xay dung cac cdng trinh thuy igi, cai lao ddng rudng, ddn dien ddi thfta vd nang cap ca sd ha tang ndng thdn, cd nhu vay mdi dua CGH san xudt lua ciia nudc la ngang tlm vdi cdc nudc trong khu vuc, gdp phan thuc hien lien trinh CNH, HDH ndng nghiep, ndng thdn.
Summary
The paper deals with the results of building model of complete mechanization appropriate to the two key zones in rice production of Vietnam. Mekong River Delta and Red River Delta. Based on scientific analysis, selection and reality, a complete system equipment for mechanization appropriate to the two rice production zones were built. This model is used to a.ssess its socio-economic effect and multipliable possibility. The results of model building affirmed efficiency of the complete mechanization in rice production. Namely, total cost, labour cost, pott-harvest losses and cost for seed decrease 20-28%, 20-33%, 45-50% and 32-38%,
respectively. Besides, the complete mechanization relieves labour density for labourer, meets timely crop, and contributes to reducing pest harm due to avoiding the rapid development period of pest population. With the obtained results, the team of the research project recommended two petitions in science and technology and one policy petition to .speed up Ihe progress of agricultural
mechanization, contributing to industrialization and modernization in agriculture and rural area.
Ngu&i phdn bien: GS.TSKH Phgm Vdn Lang
