PHUONGTHUfC GIAI QUYETTRANH CHAP KINH DOANH BANG TRONG TAI THl/ONG MAI TRONG HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOCTE
LCCI/ONGKIEN
Trong kinh doanh thifcfng mgi, trgng tdi tinfong mgi v^ tif edch Id mpt cO thi gidi quyit tranh chdp ngodi tda dn dd vd dang gdp phdn khdng nhd vdo sif on dinh (da hogt dgng thtfmg mgi.
Tuy nbien, cho din nay, vdi dgi da so ngifdi ddn vd doanh nghiip Viet Nam, khdi niim ve trgng tdi thuang mgi eon khd mdi md. Bdi viit gidi thiiu vithuc trgng phdp ludt vd thae tiin gidi quy&
tranh chap thifang mgi bdng trgng tdi thitcmg mgi vd mpt sd ggi y nhdm ndng cao hiiu qud eua trgng tdi thtiang mgi thdnh eong eu phdp ly quan trgng, dde life cda doanh nghiep khi gidi quyit cdetranh chap phdt sinh trong kinh doanh.
Tir khda: Kinh doanh, thifdng mgi, trong tdi thifang mgi. doanh ngbiip
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METHODS OF SETTLING BUSINESS DISPUTES SY COIMMERCIAL ARBITRATION IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION CONTEXT Le Cuong Kien
In commercial business, commercial arbitration as a mechanism for resolving disputes outside the court has contributed significantly to the stability of commercial activities. However, up to now, the majority of Vietnamese people and businesses, the concept of commercial arbitration is quite new.
The article introduces the status of law, practice of resolving commercial disputes by commercial arbitration and some suggestions to improve the efficiency of commercial arbitration into an important and effective legal instrument of business when dealing with disputes arising in business.
Keywords: Business, commerce, commercial arbitration, business
Ngay nhdn bar. 27/4/2020 Ngay hodn thien bien tap: 7/5/2020 Ngdy duyet dang: 13/5/2020
Khai qudt ve trong tdi thUOng mai
Khoan 1 Dieu 3 Luat Trpng tai t h u o n g mgi (TTTM) n a m 2010 (Luat sb: 54/2010/QH12) quy dinh: "TTTM la p h u o n g thiic giai quyet tianh chap do cac ben thba tiiuan,.."; Khoan 2 Dieu 3 Lugt TTTM: "Thoa t h u a n
ttgng tai la thba t h u a n giiia cac b e n v e vige giai quye't b a n g tigng tai tianh chap eb thg' p h a t sinh hoac da phat sinh...". N h u vay, d e d u a ttanh chap t h u a n g mai ra giai quye't t r u b e hgi d o n g ttong tai, cac b e n can phai cb mpt thba t h u a n trpng tai va thoa t h u a n trpng tai dai dign cbo y d u ciia cac b e n rang, h p m u o n ttanh chap d u p c giai quyet theo phucmg tbii'c trpng tai.
Thba thugn ttgng tai cb the cb trube hoae sau khi xay ra tranh chap. Vigc n a y cb n g h i a la thba t h u a n ttgng tai cb the d u g c cac ben ky ke't n g a y ttong h g p d b n g ban d a u {liic chua p h a t sinh ttanh chap), cho de'n khi xay ra t r a n h chap thi cae b e n cb the thoa t h u a n p h u o n g thiic giai quyet tianh chap b a n g trgng tai, n h u n g chg dii trube hogc sau tranh chap thi thba t h u a n ttgng tai p h a i d u g c thong n h a t gitia hai bgn bang van ban.
NhStng tranh ch6p thi/ong mgi c6 thegidi quyit thong qua trpng tdi
Theo Dieu 2 Lugt TTTM, tha'm quyen giai quye't cac tranh chap ciia tigng tai gbm: Tranh chap giiia cac bgn phat sinh tir boat d g n g t h u o n g mai; Tranh chap phat sinh giiia cac bgn, trong db co it nhat mgt b e n cb hogt d g n g t h u a n g mai; Tranh chap gitia eac b e n ma p h a p luat d u g c giai quye't b a n g trpng tai,
Quy trinh gidi quyet tranh chap l>dng trpng tdi thi/cmg mai
Kbi eb dii eac dieu kign de giai quyet ttanh chap bang TTTM n h u eb thba thuan ttgng tai cb hieu lue... thi cac bgn thuc hign eac bube theo trinh t g tb timg tigng tai
no
il Knui ju^n Vd x-in:^ • " i t L G H f N H -
Bube 1: N p p d o n khbi kign va cac tai lieu kem theo.
Bube 2: Bi d o n n g p ban t g bao ve, Di'gu 35 Luat TTTM 2010).
Bube 3: Thanh lap Hpi d o n g ttpng tai.
Bube 4: Hoa giai (theo Dieu 58 Luat TTTM 2010).
Bube 5: To diiic phien h g p giai quye't ttanh chap (Dieu 55 Luat TTTM 2010).
Bube 6: Hgi d o n g ttgng tai ra p h a n quyet.
ThiTc tien gidi quyet tranh chap kinh doanh thuTtfng mai bing trong tdi thiTcmg mai
Hign nay, b h a u het cae n u o c tten the gioi eiing nhu Viet Nam, TTTM d u p c q u y d i n h la 1 ttong 4 h i n h thiic CO ban de' giai quyg't tranh chap t h u o n g mai, De hpi nhap vao n'en kinh te the gibi mpt each n h a n h chong va b'en vting, Viet N a m d a n g timg b u o c h o a n thien he thong p h a p lugt nbi c h u n g va p h a p luat ve tipng tai nbi rigng cho phii h g p vbi xu thg' p h a t trien chung oia ihe gibi.
Nam 2003, Quoe hgi da ban h a n h P h a p lenh TTTM, den nam 2010 b a n h a n h Luat TTTM. Trien khai Luat, ngay 20/3/2014, Hgi d o n g tham p h a n Tba an n h a n d a n toi cao da ban h a n h Nghi quyet s b 01/2014/NQ-HDTP ngay 20/03/2014 h u o n g d a n thi h a n h m b t so q u y d i n h Luat TTTM.
Trien khai thi h a n h Luat TTTM, eac t r u n g t a m tipng tai a i a Vigt N a m da timg b u b e d u g c ciing co, kien toan ve to ehiie va boat dpng. Tinh de'n n a m 2018, nuoc ta cb 22 trung tam TTTM, ttong d b " t h a m nien"
nhat la Trung tam Trgng tai quoc te Viet N a m (VIAC) ben canh Phbng T h u a n g mai va C o n g n g h i e p Viet Nam dugc thanh lap n a m 1993 (Bg T u p h a p , 2018).
Giai d o a n 2011-2015 Vigt N a m ta h p i n h a p kinh tg' toan cau n g a y cang sau r g n g h o n , linh v g c thuong mai quoc te p h a t trien m a n h m e . Tuy nhign, ciing vbi do cting p h a t sinh t r a n h c h a p t h u o n g mai quoc te dbi h b i p h u c m g thiic giai q u y e t hiru h i e u hon. Cac doanh n g h i g p (DN) da n h i n n h a n va d a n h gia rich cue p h u o n g thiic hba giai b a n g t r p n g tai. Sb lupng vg viec t r a n h chap m a cae T r u n g t a m ttpng tai thu ly giai q u y e t d a tang len 30% so vbi t r u b e day. Theo so ligu t h b n g k e trong giai d o a n tir n a m 2011 de'n 31/12/2015, eae t r u n g t a m t r g n g tai d a b a n hanh 1.831 p h a n quye't trpng tai, r i e n g t r o n g n a m 2015, eae t r u n g t a m t r g n g tai d a giai q u y e t d u a c 1.255 vu viee, t a n g 389 v g vige so vbi n a m 2014 (Nguyen Thuy, 2018). T r o n g d b , VIAC d a t h u ly, giai quye't 226 v u , t r u n g b i n h g a n 60 v u / n a m ; T r u n g tam TTTM TP. H o Chi M i n h (TRACENT) t h u ly, giai quyet 291 vu, t r u n g b i n h h a n 70 v u / n a m . Cae
t r u n g tam trpng tai khac chi giai quye't tir 5 d e n 10 v u / n a m (VIAC, 2008-2020).
N h i i n g n a m gan day, so v u vigc ttanh chap d u o c giai quyet b cae trung tam ttpng tai cung ngay cang tang, dien hinh n h u b VIAC: N a m 2015, trung tam tiep nhgn va giai 146 vu, n a m 2016 la 155 vu. N a m 2017, VIAC da tie'p n h a n va giai quyet 151 vu tianh chap vbi tong tii gia len dgn 1.400 ty dong. N a m 2018, to chiic nay da giai quye't 180 vu tranh chap t h u o n g mgi vbi tong tti gia 9 400 ty dbng (VIAC, 2008-2020).
N a m 2019, VIAC d a thu ly 274 vu tranh chap, tang 52,2% so vbi tb'ng so v u tianh chap d u g c thu ly tiong n a m 2018, trong do, tianh chap trong nube la 231 vu, chie'm 84,3%, ttanh chap eb ye'u to n u b e ngoai la 43 vg, chiem 15,7%; tb'ng tri gia tranb chap (bao gbm ca tri gia d a n kign lai) gan 7,3 nghin ty dong, tri gia binh quan 1 vg 26,9 ty dong. Cac tianh chap ve m u a ban chien 44%, bat d p n g san chie'm 20%, dieh v u chie'm 15% va cac ttanh chap khac thupc ve cac linh vue n h u : Xay d g n g , bao hiem, logistics, tai chinh n g a n hang, chiing khoan, gia cong, hang hai, bao lanh (VIAC, 2008-2020).
Nhin chung, theo VIAC, ITnh vgc tranh chap nhieu nhat ttong thbi gian qua dang cb s g dich chuyen nhat dinh. Neu n h u trong giai d o a n d a u hogt d g n g ciia VIAC, gan n h u 100% tranh chap d u g e xir ly deu la cae h g p d g n g m u a b a n hang hba, ttong d o 90% ttanh chap eb yg'u to n u b e ngoai, thi nay tranh chap mua b a n h a n g hba da giam di, tbi bet nam 2018 chi cbn 40%. Tuy nhien, thay vao do, ttanh chap t b u o n g mgi gia tang b mbt s b linh vuc khac n h u : xay d u n g , bao hiem, tai chinh, n g a n hang. Cae ttanh chap d u g c xir ly tai VIAC dien ra giira cac doi tac, D N de'n tir 60 quoe gia, vitng lanh t h b va 53/63 tinh thanh. Nhiing quoc gia cb d a u t u tgi Vigt N a m Ibn nhat ciing la nhiing noi CO nhieu vu tranh chap t h u o n g mai nhat {Phuang Hien, 2019).
Mac dii, so vu tranh chap d u p c giai quye't qua TTTM da gia tang ttong n h u n g nam g i n day n h u n g nhin ehung, tb'ng so vu vige ma eae trung tam TTTM tgi Vigt Nam giai quyet d u g c h a n g n a m van cbn khigm ton so vbi khoi lugng tranh chap t h u o n g mai rat Ion ma nganh Tba an phai xir ly. Cu the^ so vg vigc giai quyet tai VIAC chua tbi 1% so vu vigc d u p c giai quyet tai tba an (Mai Ca, 2018). Xu h u b n g nay khac vbi viec giai quyet tranh chap ngoai tba an - tiic qua cac TTTM - da t h u e su p h b bien b nhieu n u b e phat trie'n.
Mot s o van d e dat ra
Nhin chung, p h u o n g thiie giai quyg't ttanh chap
ttong kinh doanh b a n g TTTM van chua d u g c eae D N Viet N a m u u Hen lua chgn. Cb nhieu nguyen n h a n d a n den v a n de tren, dien h i n h n h u ;
Mot Id, the che ve tb ehiic, boat d p n g ttpng tai mac du da t i m g b u b e d u g c h o a n thien, tuy nhien giiia quy dinh ciia p h a p luat ve TTTM vbi quy dinh cua mot so linh vue p h a p luat khac van chua d o n g bg; mbt so ngi d u n g ehua thong nhat; ehua eb co ehe biiu higu de giam sat vigc hiiy p h a n quyet ttong tai ciia co quan tba an.
Hai Id, so l u p n g t r u n g tam trpng tai b n u b e ta d u g e t h a n h lap t u g n g doi n h i e u so vbi cac n u b e ttong k h u vuc va tren the gibi. Trong khi db, co sb vat d i a t eiia p h a n Ibn eae t r u n g tam trgng tai ehua d a p ling day dii yeu eau de p h u c v u cho boat d g n g cita cac trgng tai vien; cong tac q u a n ly, di'gu h a n h eiia mpt sb t n m g tam cbn thie'u tinh chuyen nghiep, chua bigu qua.
Ba la, TTTM la mpt trong n h i i n g p h u a n g thii'c giai quyet tianh chap t h u o n g mai mbi hinh thanh va phat ttien tiong nen kinh te tbi t r u a n g b n u b e ta. Do do, hieu biet va n h a n tbiic a i a eae ea nhan, ca quan, to chiic, nhat la cbng d o n g D N v'e p h u o n g tbiic giai quye't nay van eon chua d l y dii.
Bon Id, d o cac can cii p h a p ly de hiiy p h a n quyet trgng tai eon d u g c hie'u c h u a thong nhat, n e n tinh trang hiiy p h a n quye't ttgng tai trong thbi gian qua xay ra. Ben cgnh db, viec eham thi h a n h p h a n quyet ttpng tai; ty le d o n yeu eau p h a n quyet ttpng tai d u g e thi h a n h trgn thue te ehua cao da lam eho boat d p n g ttpng tai kem h a p dan.
Giai phdp d e x u a t
N h a m nang cao higu qua a i a TTTM khi giai quyet cac ttanh chap phat sinh trong kinh doanh, dae bigt la ttong bbi canb bgi nhap kinh te quoc te, theo tac gia, c'an luu y mbt so van de n h u sau:
Vephia Nhd nuac
- Tb'ng h g p nhiing khb khan, v u b n g m5c ve the che ttpng tai va vige ttien khai thi h a n h Luat TTTM de kip thbi thao go, de xuat sira doi, bo sung the ehe.
- Tang cubng tuyen truyen, p h b bien Luat TTTM va vai tto, lgi ich ciia vige giai quyet ttanh chap bSng p h u o n g thiic ttgng tai cho co quan, to ehiie, ca nhan, nhat la cbng dbng D N
- Phat tiien tbi truimg dich vu trpng tai, ket h o p vai trb giai quyet tranh chap b a n g ttgng tai vbi p h u o n g thiie giai quyet thbng qua hba giai t h u a n g mai eiia to chiic TTTM.
- Cb ehinb saeh, c h u o n g trinb dao tao nang eao
n a n g luc ciia trgng tai vien v e ky n a n g giai q u y e t ttanh chap, ve trinh d o ngogi ngti; Kign toan, n a n g eao nang lue eho dpi n g u cbng chiie t u p h a p co n h i e m v u tham m u u q u a n ly n h a n u b e ve TTTM.
- Tang cubng cbng tae kiem tra, t h a n h tta d e kip thbi phat bign, xir ly n g h i e m cac h a n h vi vi p h g m p h a p luat ve trpng tai; vi p h g m quy t i c dao diie n g h e nghigp a i a cae ttpng tat vien. Day m g n h s u giam sat dbi vbi viec b u y quyet d i n h ttpng tai, cbng nhgn va thi h a n h p h a n quye't trpng tai.
VephiaDN
- Chu d g n g cap n h a t n h i i n g kien thiic p h a p Iy c'an thiet khi giai q u y e t cac tranh chap p h a t sinh trong kinh d o a n h . T r o n g q u a trinb t b u e h i e n h g p d b n g , D N can t h e o dbi, d o n doc tien dp t h u c h i e n h o p d b n g va t h u c hien d a y d u cac nghia v u theo cam ket trong h g p d o n g . . .
- Khi CO tranh c h a p p h a t sinh: T h u c hign cac p h u o n g thiic giai q u y e t t r a n h chap, bat d o n g theo diing quy dinh trong h p p dbng.
N e u la nguyen don: d a n khbi kien p h a i d l y dii ngi d u n g theo q u y dinh, cac lap luan p h a i cb minh chiing di kem, pbai n o p d o n ttong thai b a n quy dinh.
Neil la bi don: ngn n o p b a n t u bao vg diing thbi han, kem eae tai lieu minh c h u n g de ehiing m i n h eho su xac thuc o i a eac lap Iuan, tham gia day dii cac phien bgp, phien ttigu tap giai quyet tranh chap de d a m bao quyen lgi va khbng b b qua co hbi d u g e trinh bay y kien, q u a n diem. Ben eanh db, kbi cb tranh chap, D N can no luc su' d u n g phucmg thire boa giai trong qua ttinh giai quyet tianh chap vi dieu d o giup cac bgn vira giai quyet ttanh chap pbat sinh, vira cb the dm
tti q u a n he db'i tac. 'Wf
Tai lieu tham khdo:
J. Oudc hdi (20W), Luat Trong tdi thuang mgi, so S4/20W/QHI2. ngay 17/06/2010;
2. Bq TUphdp (2018), Tdi lieu Hdi thdo Nang cao hieu qud hoat dong trong tdi thilimg mgi Viet tiam, ngdy 07/06/2018;
3. Trung tam Trong tdi qudc te Viet tiam (2008-2020), Bdo cdo hogt dong Trung tdm Trgng ldi Oudc teViSt Nam tif nam 2007 den nam 2019.
4. Trung tdm Tigng tdi qudc te Viet Nam (2018). Tdi lieu Hgi thdo "Ouy dinh phdp ludthienhdnhaJaVietNamvehogtddnghoagidl^dongmai" ngdy 17/1/2018, 5. Mai Ca (2018), T^ le doanh nghiep sddung trgng tai thuang mai degldi guyet
tranh chdp thap, https-//congthuong.vn/ty-le-doanh-nghiep-su-dung- trong-tai-thuong-mai-de-giai-quyet-tranb-chop-thap-10745lhtml Thong tin tac gia:
7'5. Le Cisang Kien, Trifdng Bgi hoc Triing Wang Email: levanktdbi^gmail.com
