- NHITNG NET DAC TRtfNG

70nA nghj'em fAife tiin

PHAT GIAO flf THANH PHO H6 CHI MINH

- NHITNG NET DAC TRtfNG

z

Than Ngpc A n h "

e m a t lich sd, Tp. Ho Chi M i n h la noi h o i t u cua nhieu dot d i cO vdi cac toe ngOdi khac nhau.

Moi toe ngOdi k h i den day deu dem theo tin ngOdng cua minh, trong do co Phat giao. Trong qua t r i n h du nhap va phat trien, v d i nhting nguyen nhan khach quan va chu quan, Phat giao noi day mang nhdng dac diem rieng co cua no.

1. T i n h d a dang, p h o n g p h u ve he phai, to chu"c c u a P h a t giao

Do dac thu ve lich sd cua Nam bo va Tp. Ho Chi Minh, Phat giao da dtiqc hinh thanh vdi nhieu he phai, chi phai, cac Hoi Phat hoc... So v d i ca ntitic, Tp.

Ho Chi M i n h dat mtic k y luc ve sti r a ddi cua cac t d chtic Phat giao. Phat giao Bac tdng, Phat giao Nam tdng, He phai

(4) ThS. KHXH&NV, Hoc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh khu vUc I I , Hoc vien CT-HCQG Ho Chi Minh

K h a t si, Phat giao Hoa tong deu co m a t d day. M o i chi phai co yeu cau, dtidng htiting, muc tieu khac nhau do sti chuyen htidng cua cac yeu to' n d i sinh, sti phan nhanh va sti khac biet trong quan niem ve giao ly, giao luat.

Dtidi day, chung t d i x i n dtitic k h a i ltiqc tien t r i n h du nhap va h o i nhap cua cac tdng phai nay qua nhting thang t r a m lich sd t a i dat Nam bd.

- Phat giao Bac tong

Phat giao Bac tdng hay Phat giao Dai thda (Mahayana) l a tdng phai chu dao cua Phat giao V i e t Nam, chiem khoang 8 0 % trong ca ntidc.

Phat giao B a i thda truyen vao Nam bd bang cac con dtidng sau:

Nam 1620, chu a Nguyen Phuc Nguyen (1563-1635) da ga Cong chua Ngoc Van cho vua Chan Lap l a Cheichetta I I . T t i day, sti bang giao gitia hai qudc gia V i e t - M i e n dtiqc thiet lap. Dan chung hai ben

K h o a h o c C h i n h trj - So 03/2011

68 * JOnA nqtiiem thtfc tiin

cung dd dang qua lai. Nam 1625, trieu dinh A n g k o r chinh thdc nhan 40 nghin ho dan cua ntitic V i e t sang sinh song.

Cac tang si Phat giao a t h a n cung co mat trong l a n song di dan nay de truyen giao noi vung dat mdi^{1 1 1}.

Nam 1679, k h i nha Thanh l a t dd nha M i n h d Trung Hoa, h a i tufting nha M i n h la Dtiong Ngan Dich va T r a n Thtiting Xuyen da cung b i n h l i n h va t h a n nhan, tdng cong 3 nghin ngtidi vtipt bien t r e n 50 chien thuyen xudi Nam t y nan, dtitic chua Nguyen chap thuan cho vao d i n h cti d Nong N a i (Ddng Nai), Gia D i n h (Sai Gon), Vung Cu (Dinh Ttiting - M y Tho)..., va trong nhting ngtidi vtitit bien nay cd ca cac thien sti di theo de gieo mam giac ngp t a i Nam bp'²'.

Nam 1698, Le T h a n h hau Nguyen Htiu Canh vao khai pha vung dat phtiting Nam, Phat giao D a i thda tiep tuc dtitic lan tda den vung dat mdi.

- Phat giao Nam tdng

Noi den Phat giao Nam tong, can phan biet ro h a i he phai khac nhau l a he phai Nam tong cua ngtidi Khtime va he phai Nam tong cua ngtidi Viet.

+ He phdi Nam tong cua ngtidi Khome Cac nha dan tpc hoc va nhan chung hoc qua nghien cdu da xac dinh: tpc ngtidi Khtime co nguon gdc t t i ngtitii Phu Nam (Vah Nah) t t i the k y V I t r d ve trtidc. T t i the ky V I I t r d di, sac t p c nay da b i ngtidi Chen La (Chan Lap hay Campuchia) thon t i n h va ddng hoa suo't htin 10 the ky. Den the ky X V I I t h i k h u vtic nay thupc ve lanh t h d V i e t Nam va dtiting nhien tpc ngtitii nay cung dting trong cong ddng cac dan tpc V i e t Nam'³'.

<Hf2), « ) v a ( 4 lXem; HQ t t M o kh()a hQ C 3Q Q n & m

Phat giao Gia Binh - Sai Gon - Tp. Ho Chi Minh, Nxb Tp. Ho Chi Minh, 2002, tr.14 va 15

Ngtidi V a h N a h chiu a n h htiting sau dam van hoa, k i n h te, chinh t r i , dac biet la t o n giao cua A n Dp. T t i nhting the ky trtidc hoac dau cong nguyen k h i cac doan thuong buon sang day l a m an, hp thtidng m d i cac tang si A n Dp cung theo de cau nguyen cho viec l a m an, hoac td chdc cac le cau an. Cac tang si da mang theo k i n h sach, chd nghia va cac van hoa pham den day cung vdi cac doan thtiting buon, dtitic dan ban xd don nhan nong n h i e t va t o n l a m thay. The la bong dang cua giao si Ba La Mon cung nhu cac t h i e n sti Phat giao bat dau thap thoang t r e n m a n h dat m i e n Nam lich sd nay, dac biet tap t r u n g t a i k h u vtic Ddng bang song Cdu Long'⁴¹.

O budi dau, Ba La M o n giao la ton giao chu dao. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh truyen giao, cac giao si Ba La Mon chi gan gui noi chon trieu dinh, vua chua, qui tpc... nen m a t dan anh htidng 0 quan chung. Trong k h i do, dao Phat luon gan chat vdi n h a n dan nen ngay cang phat t h e n ca chieu sau va chieu rong. Ben the k y X I I I t h i Ba La M o n giao hau nhti t r i e t diet. Phat giao t r d thanh ton giao dpc t o n t r o n g long ngtidi Khome:

Tti day, v i sti t r d t h a n h nhan vat quan trong trong ddi song cong ddng; ngoi chua cung l a trung t a m giao due, van hoa, t o n giao, t h a m chi l a noi chu toan cho ca sti song l a n sti chet cua dan.

+ Phat giao Nam tdng cua ngtidi Viet He phai Phat giao Nam tong ciia ngtidi V i e t xuat h i e n k h a mupn so vdi dong lich sd Phat giao gan 2.000 nam.

Co dieu chd y l a Phat giao Nam tong co mat d Nam bp t t i trtidc hoac dau Tay lich, k h i noi day con la ntidc Phu Nam, dieu do co nghia la Phat giao Nam tong co cung t h d i hoac sdm htin Phat .giao Bac tong co m a t d Giao C h i (Viet Nam).

Nhting ngtidi V i e t dtipc giac ngp t t i ttiting Khoa h o c Chinh tri - So 03/2011

inA ngAiiem /Auc tiin 69

Phqt giao Nam tong khong phai t t i mien Tay Nam bo ma la mot l a n bang (Campuchia). N o i khac hom, phat tti Viet Nam sang Campuchia hoc dao, sau do hoi htidng, xuat gia va truyen dao'¹'.

Thuy t d cua Phat giao Nam tong ngtidi Viet la bac si Le Van Giang, sau nay xuat gia mang dao hieu Ho Tong.

Nam 1935, bac si Le V a n Giang t t i Campuchia ve dtiting benh t a i nha ong Nguyen Van Hieu. Ong Hieu da mang sach Phat bang tieng Phap cho dng Le Van Giang xem va khuyen nen ve Campuchia t i m thay hoc dao. Sau 3 nam nghien cdu Phat phap, dng Le V a n Giang quyet dinh xuat gia l a m Ty kheo co phap danh la Hd Tdng. Ca hai cung cam ket: dng Hieu l a m cti si, lo phan cat chua, hp tang, con Ty kheo Hp Tdng lo viec khai Phat phap.

Nam 1938, Ty kheo Hp Tdng xuat gia, cti si Nguyen V a n Hieu cung vdi hai cif si la dng Van Cong Htiting va N g u y l n Van Quyen t i m dat xay chua cho Ty kheo Hp Tdng t u hanh. Thay vay, gia dinh ong Bui Ngtitin Htia da phat t a m cung mpt Id dat de xay chua t a i Go Dtia, quan Thu Btic. Nam 1939, ddc vua Sai Chuon Nath cung phai doan 30 v i Ty kheo t t i Campuchia sang l a m le k i e t gitii Sima va dat ten chua la Ratanaramyarama (Btiu Quang tti). Day la ngdi chua dau tien va Ty kheo Hp tdng la tang si dau t i e n cua Phat giao Nam tdng ngtidi Viet.

- He phdi Khat si

Phat giao Nam tdng cua ngtitii Viet xuat hien dtipc mpt t h d i gian t h i he phai Khat si ra ddi. Ngtidi sang lap l a Td sti Minh Dang Quang.

Td sti M i n h Dang Quang, t e n that la N g u y l n T h a n h Dat, sinh ngay 26/09

I l v i *²>Sdd, tr. 16, 17

nam Quy H p i (nam 1923) t a i V i n h Long.

Sau 4 nam hoc dao d Campuchia, nam 21 tudi (nam 1944), dng xuat gia va hanh dao t a i que htidng, sau do qua T h a t Sdn va Ha Tien truyen giao. Ngai t u hanh

"Khat si", song ddi du tang. Bang sti thau hoa va sang tao, dng da dung hqp hai he t t i ttidng Phat giao Nam tdng va Bac tdng de gpi la tdng phai thuan Viet nhti chung ta da biet: dao Phat K h a t si Viet Nam. Trong phtidng thtic truyen giao, k i n h dien cua he phai dtipc cd dong trong bp Chpn ly; ngoai ra con cd mpt vai tac pham bien soan bang V i e t ngd, dac biet sang tac van thti, phtiting thtic nay ttidng ddi mdi la, de hap dan nhan dan Nam bd^{( 2 )}.

- Phat giao Hoa tong

So vdi ca ntitic, ngtidi Hoa ti Tp. Hd Chi M i n h chiem khoang 50%, trong dd 8 0 % la t i n dd dao Phat. Do do, Phat giao Hoa tdng cung dtitic xem la mpt he phai cd v i t r i quan t r o n g trong cong ddng Giao hpi Phat giao V i e t Nam.

Nhti da t r i n h bay, vao cudi the k y X V I I , mpt so' ttidng l i n h va dan chung nha M i n h khong t h a n phuc nha Thanh da dtipc chua Nguyen cho dinh cti ti Gia Dinh. Hp on dinh cupc song va xem ndi day la que htiting t h d h a i cua minh. So ngtidi Hoa tap t r u n g r a i rac khap ndi, nhting nhieu nhat la khu vtic Sai Gon - Chd Ldn, Ddng Nai, My Tho, Ha Tien...

Rieng khu vtic Sai Gon - Chq Ldn (quan 5), sd Hoa kieu co ddi song k i n h te, van hoa, xa hpi, t o n giao ttiting ddi ro net.

Khu vtic quan 5 cung dtiqc xem la trung tam t r e n mpi l i n h vtic cua Hoa kieu t a i Thanh phd', ke ca van de t o n giao.

Nhting ngdi t t i vien ban dau la do hpi Ngu bang (5 nhom ngtidi: Trieu Chau, Quang Ddng, Phtitic Kien, H a i Nam, He) dting ra xay cat nhti chua Ong Nghia An, chua Ba Tue Thanh, chua Khoa hoc Chinh tri - So 03/2011

70 JCinJj nghiem /Ai/c lien

Ong Bon, Quan A m mieu... Thtic te k h i mdi t h a n h lap, nhufng co sd nay dope g p i la h o i quan, dung vao viec hoi hqp, dinh dam, ban viec l a m an..., con v a n de sinh hoat t i n ngOdng chi la mot phan. Ve sau, cac tang si t d Trung Hoa sang, choa cd t q vien nen t a m ddng chan t a i cac h o i quan nay. Qua t h d i gian, cac h o i quan bien t h a n h chua, t d do t r d t h a n h noi t i n ngtidng, l a m tien de cho viec phat t r i e n Phat giao Hoa tong sau nay'¹'.

2. T i n h d u n g htip m a n h ve v a n h o a ciia P h a t giao

Dia the thuan l q i cua vung dat Nam bo la nga t o tiep xuc v d i cac luong v a n hoa - t o todng, dac biet v d i h a i nen v a n m i n h ldn la Trung Hoa va A n Bd da tao dieu kien cho Phat giao d Tp. Ho C h i M i n h mang t i n h dung hop m a n h cua cac nen van hoa, trong do co van hoa Phat giao. K e t qua cua sti dung hqp ay la sti ra d d i cua He phai K h a t si, Bdu Son Ky Hoong, T d A n Hieu Nghia, dao Todng (hay dao Quoc) gan n i e m t i n Phat giao vdi t i n h than yeu node cho'ng thqc dan.

Bay l a diem khac biet cua Phat giao d Tp. Ho Chi M i n h so v d i Phat giao mien Trung, mien Bac.

Trong m o i cong dong dan toe, cung nho phan vung dia l y dan cO cua m o i dan toe, Phat giao trong qua t r i n h phat t r i e n luon mang dam mau sac dac t h u cua mdi luong v a n hoa khac nhau. Tuy nhien, diem thong nhat co ban l a t i n h than vo nga, v i t h a cua Phat giao luon dtiqc the hien qua dtii song Phat giao trong cac cong dong dan tpc^{( 2 )}.

"'Xem: Sdd, tr. 18-19

aus) -""Xem: Phan Xuan Bien, Sai Gon - Tp.

Ho Chi Minh con ngtidi vd van hod tren dtidng phat trien, Nxb Dai hoc Quo'c gia Tp. Ho Chi

Minh, Tp. Ho Chi Minh, 2006, tr.513

M o i dan tpc co phong tuc, tap quan, t i n ngtidng, van hoa khac nhau nen sinh hoat cua Phat giao r a t da dang, bieu hien trong nghi le va dao ddc ddi song hang ngay, nhti: Phat giao Hoa tong thi tung k i n h bang t i e n g H o a va thtic hanh cac nghi le mang dam mau sdc Trung Hoa; Phat giao Nam tdng t h i tung kinh bang tieng Pali theo ngti he Pali t t i cac ntidc A n Bp, M i e n Bien, Lao, Thai Lan, Campuchia, mac y phuc truyen thong;

Phat giao Bac tong t h i tung k i n h nda Han, nda V i e t va thtic h i e n nghi 1§

mang dam a n h htidng cua Phat giao Bac truyen t t i cac ntitic Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban, Trieu Tien, T a y Tang (Trung Qudc); con he phai K h a t s i t h i mac y phuc truyen thong nhting khac v d i Phat giao Nam tong, tung k i n h bang tieng Viet, theo the thti, ke va d i k h a t thtic... Mac du cac he phai cd nhieu khac biet nhting van anh htidng l a n nhau'³'.

Du dong bao Phat t d t u tap theo he phai nao di nda t h i nhting he phai nay v a n chiu a n h htidng sau dam nen van hoa V i e t Nam, t i n ngtidng dan gian va nghe thuat cd t r u y e n nhti: cai ltipng, tudng, bpi, t h o ca, k i c h nghe. Sti anh htidng dd bieu h i e n qua cac dieu tan, tung trong nghi le Phat giao Viet Nam truyen thong. Chang han, trong the loai than, tan, tung d Sai Gon luon mang chat gipng m i e n N a m nhti: vong cd, ho, hat ru, h a t bpi, h a t tudng^{< 4 )}.

M d i ngpn thap, k i e n true chua, mpt pho ttipng... deu co dau a n cua yeu to van hoa Khtime, Hoa, An Dp, Tay phtiPng..., nhting n h i n chung Phat giao d Tp. Hd Chi M i n h van co nhting net dac trting rieng.

Cac ngoi chua d T h a n h p h d co tinh chat quan chung rong r a i v i co m d i quan he gan bd m a t t h i e t v d i t i n ngtiting dan gian. Trong cac ngoi chua, ngoai Phat con t h d r a t nhieu cac v i t h a n h t h a n K h o a h o c C h i n h trj - So 03/2011

7'CinA

ng/vem /Aub //in ⁷¹

Chua Van Dtic, Quan 9, Tp. Ho Chi Minh

khac nhau, dieu nay dac biet phd bien trong cac ngoi chua Hoa.

Neu nhu^- Phat giao Nam tong t h d duy nhat Phat Thich Ca Mau N i t h i Phat giao Bac tong, ngoai t h d Phat Thich Ca con thd nhieu v i Bd T a t va t h a n l i n h khac. He phai K h a t si con t h d ca anh va ttiqng Td sti M i n h Bang Quang. Mieu thd Neak Ta cung co d chua Phung Son, quan 11. Phat giao Bac tdng co nhieu chua d hai ben vOdn lap mieu t h d nam ba Ngu H a n h (thd Mau) va Thd Bia. Td dudng cac chua, ngoai ttipng Bd Be B a t Ma, co noi con t h d ttiting Ty N i Ba Ltiu Chi, v i to khai sang dong Thien tong Viet Nam. 0* N i e m Phat Btiting Hting A n tho" Hai Ba Trting; chua Sung Bde t h d Nguyen Trung Trtic; chua Giac Vtiting thd bai v i Le T h a n h Hau Nguyen Htiu Canh (ngtidi dtipc chua Nguyen Phtidc Chu cd di k h a i pha vung dat phtiting Nam - nam 1698); chua Giac L a m ngoai thd L i n h Stin T h a n h Mau d san chua con thd Ba Chua Tien, Chua Ngpc; t i n ngodng cua ngtitii Khome cung xuat hien trong ngdi chua V i e t qua h i n h anh mieu

Anh: HP

Ong Ta (Neak Ta). Cf nhieu chua cd, trOdc chua t h d thap loai co hdn (la nhting ngtidi chet khong noi nOOng ttia, chet oan khuat) va phia sau chua dat mpt ban thti Xuat sinh. Phia trtidc chua ben t r a i thtidng dat nha niem thd d i cot ngtidi chet.

Trong dien thd, t h d ca di anh ngtidi chet, phia ben t r a i t h d di anh nti, phia ben phai t h d di anh nam.

Hau het nhting ngoi chua cua ngtidi Hoa deu cd moi quan he chat che vdi Tam giao Bong nguyen.

Ben canh cac pho ttiting Phat, ta co the gap cac pho ttiting cua Bao giao nhti Thai Thtiting Lao Quan, Ngpc Hoang Thtipng Be, Nam Tao, Bac Bau (nhti chua A n Phtidc); cac pho ttiting cua Khong giao nhti Quan Thanh, la mpt v i Bd Tat che chd ngoi chua Gia Lam (nhti chua Quan Am, A n Phtidc, T t i Btic); chua V i n h A n Btiting t h d ba Thien Hau Thanh Mau, chua Ong Bon t h d t h a n giti cda; co chua thti ca Khong Td...

K h i xuat hien d Tp. Hd Chi Minh, Phat giao da nhanh chong k e t hqp, hoa quyen vdi t i n ngtiting dan gian, gop phan lam cho ca hai cung ton t a i va phat t r i e n ben vting htin.

Khong thuan nhat nhti khong gian chua d mien Bac la npi cong ngoai qudc va d mien Trung chua gan vdi vua chua, vdi nhieu ldp dien (chua Thien Mu d Hue), hay chua mang t i n h chat dan gian theo kieu chti khau (dac trting l a chua Thap Thap d Binh Binh), khong gian chua d Tp. Hd Chi M i n h r a t da dang, phong phu.

Khoa h o c C h i n h tri - So 03/2011

72 JGnh nghiem /At/c lien

3. T i n h l i n h h o a t c u a P h a t giao Tinh l i n h hoat ciia Phat giao or Tp. Ho C h i M i n h dtitic the hien khap moi l i n h vtic, ngay ca trong viec h i n h thanh bo ttipng thti. Bp ttiting 500 v i La Han ti Trung Qudc, von l a nhdng v i td.

Tai mien Bac V i e t Nam, La H a n dtitic tac thanh 16 v i t a i chua Tay PhtiOng la nhting v i La H a n mang t e n gpi cac Td d A n Bp. K h i vao Nam bp, 18 v i La Han dau tien dtitic tac mang phong each nghe thuat Trung Hoa, cu the l a 18 v i dai hien cua phai T i n h Bp do Hue V i l n sang lap. Tuy nhien, t t i dau the k y XIX, bp ttipng La H a n da dtipc V i e t hoa ro net, phong each nghe thuat Trung Hoa nhat dan... T i n h sang tao con dtitic the hien qua bp sam bai va sau nay l a bp ttipng 5 v i v d i h i n h a n h Thich Ca va 4 vi bd t a t dang Thtipng K y Phu. B a y la dang ttipng khong thay co d m i e n Bac, nhting t a i Trung Qudc da dtitic thti, gdm 5 v i hoan toan khac biet, v d i h i n h anh cua B i a Tang Vtiting Bd T a t va D i Lac.

Qua do cho thay, t i n h t h a n nhap the cao cua Phat giao. H i n h ttiting Phat Thich Ca tieu bieu cho t h d i hien dai va phong each sang tao cua bp ttipng 5 v i trong tti the dang hoang hoa, thuyet phap dp sinh la hinh anh sinh dong nhat ve mpt dao Phat da di vao cupc song cua ngtidi Viet d Tp. Hd Chi Minh'¹'.

Do sti phat t r i e n cua k i n h te - xa hpi, cti dan tap trung dong due d Gia D i n h - Sai Gon xtia va trong nhting nam gan day, qua t r i n h do t h i hoa nhanh, ngtidi lao dong nhap cti nhieu den Tp.

Hd Chi M i n h nen dat dai ngay cang bi thu hep, chat chpi. V i vay, de tiet

Xem: Nguyen Thanh Tuan, Phat giao vdi van hod Viet Nam va Nhat Ban qua mpt cdch tham chieu, Nxb TO dien Bach khoa, HN.

2009, tr.49-50

kiem dat va k h a i md khong gian rong va thoang mat, da xuat h i e n nhieu ngoi chua dtidi dang chua lau, nhti chua Vinh Nghiem, chua Xa Lpi... Nhting ngoi chua nay thtidng dtipc xay mpt t r e t mpt lau (cd nhting ngdi chua xa^ den mpt tret va 2 - 3 tang lau), chd yeu bang be tdng cot thep, v a t lieu bang gd r a t i t . Tren dat ntidc ta chtia cd ndi nao l a i cd nhieu chua lau nhti the'.

Tp. Hd C h i M i n h l a mpt vung dat mdi, la nga t t i giao ltiu k i n h te, van hoa, t i n ngtidng, t o n giao cua khu vtic Dong Nam A va the gidi, cung vdi sti cong cO cua nhieu thanh phan dan tpc, nhdng dieu k i e n do da tao cho Phat giao d Tp.

Hd Chi M i n h cd nhting net ddc dao rieng ma khong ndi nao cd dtiqc. Dieu dd dtipc chdng m i n h qua mpt so ddc diem sau:

t i n h da dang bieu hien d nhieu he phai, nhieu t d chtic; Phat giao cung the hien t i n h dung htip cao ve van hoa; t i n h linh hoat trong he thong dien t h d va kien true; khong gian chua t r a i rong vdi ttipng Phat Ba Quan A m va nhieu cay kieng;

trong khong gian chua cd sti long ghep.

hoa quyen vdi t i n ngtidng dan gian.

Nhting dac diem t r e n cho chung ta cai n h i n ve sti da dang trong btic tranh tdng the cua Phat giao d Tp. Hd Chi Minh. Dieu dd cd the giup cho viec tim hieu anh htiting cua Phat giao den ddi song t i n h t h a n cua nhan dan mpt each dung dan, khach quan; m a t khac, la cd sd de cac cap chinh quyen, trong dd co Ban Dan tdc va Ton giao, Sd Van hda, The thao va Du lich... dtia r a nhting giai phap ddi vdi Phat giao, k h a i thac nhdng gia t r i cua Phat giao, dap dng nhu cau tam l i n h cua nhan dan, gdp phan vao viec giti gin ban sac van hda dan tdc va sti phat t r i e n cua T h a n h p h d trong thdi ky CNH, H D H dat ntidc.•

Khoa h o c Chinh tri - So 03/2011