CHiNH SACH
HIEP DjNH THI/ONG MJOil TU DO VIET NAM - EU VA HIEP DjNH BAO TRO DAU TU VIET NAM - EU:
NHU'NG DONG Ll/C VA KY VONG M O I
TS. Nguyen Minh Phong*
Ths. Nguyin Tr4n Minh T>i**
* Pho Vu tnidng-Pho Ban tuyen truyen ly luan-Bao Nhan Dan.
* * Vien Kinh te & Chinh yj the gidi-Vien HLKHXHVN.
Thong tin bai viet:
Tir khoa: Ca hoi, thach thuc; Hi?p djnh thuong ra^ii hi do Vi?t Nam - EU; Hi$p djnh bao hg dau tu Vi?t Nam - EU.
Lich sic bd Nhan bdi Bien tap Duy?t bai
viet:
27/02/2020 25/02/2020 04/03/2020
Article Infomation:
Keywords.
Vietnam - Vietnam - Agreement
Opportunity; challenge;
IV Free Trade Agreement;
EU Investment Protection
Article History.
Received Edited Approved
27 Feb. 2020 25 Feb. 2020 04 Mar. 2020
Tom tat:
Hi?p dmh thuong mai ti^ do Viet Nam - EU (EVFTA) va Hi?p djnh bao hO dau tu Vi^t Nam - EU (EVIPA) dugc ky ngay 30/6/2019 va da dugc Nghi vien chau Au (EP) thong qua ng^y 12/2/2020. EVFTA se c6 hi?u Itfc khi dugc Qudc hgi Vi?t Nam va EP phe chuan, trong khi hi?p dinh EVIPA can dugc Quoc h$i Vi$t Nam, EP va Nghi vi?n cac nuac thanh vien EU phe chuan.
Quyk dinh ciia EP da "bat den xanh" cho vi§c th\rc thi hi^p djnh EVFTA va tao tien de de cac Nghi vif n quoc gia thanh vien EU xem xet, phe chuan EVIPA thoi gian toi. Bai viet nay ban ve nhimg co hgi, thach thiic va nhiem vy moi tit vi^c th\ic hifn hai Hi^p dinh nky doi voi Vi?t Nam.
Abstract:
Vietnam - EU Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) and Vietnam - EU Investment Protection Agreement (EVIPA) were signed on June 30, 2019 and approved by the European Parliament (EP) on Febuaiy 2, 2020. The EVFTA will come into force when it is ratified by the National Assembly of Vietnam and the EP, while the EVIPA needs to be ratified by the National Assembly of Vietnam, by EP and the Parliaments of the EU Members. The EP's decision has given a "green light" to the enforcement of the EVFTA and paves the ground for the Parliaments of the EU Members to consider and ratify the EVIPA in coming time. This article provides discussions on new opportunities, challenges for and tasks of Vietnam once these two agreements are come into enforcement.
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CHINH SACH
1. Nhung cff h9i va thach thirc La cot mdc mdi quan trong trong 30 nam thiet lap quan he ngoai giao (1990 - 2020), vi$c thdng qua EVFTA va EVIPA vdi ty le iing ho cao tai Ngbi vien chau Au^ noi tap hcrp 700 nghi si tir 27 nudc, dai dien cho nhieu dang phai, khuynh hudng chinh tri va Igi ich kinh te da dang khac nhau, cho thay cac nghi sT va cac qudc gia thanh vien EU thuc su coi trpng, danh gia cao vai trd, vi the cua Viet Nam va quan he ddi tac hgp tac toan dien Viet Nam - EU.
EVFTA va EVIPA cd pham vi rdng va miic do cam ket cao nhat ciia Viet Nam tir truac tdi nay, chiia dung nhieu ca hdi va ky vong md ra mot trien vong mdi cho quan he hgp tac hai ben Viet Nam va EU phat trien ngay cang sau rdng, toan dien, binh dang, cimg cd Igi va hieu qua ban; ddng thdi, ddng gop vao thuc day xu the chung ve lien ket kinh te quoc te va phat trien ben viing; khang dinh vi the Viet Nam va chinh sach cua EU tiip tuc tang cudng gan ket vdi chau A-Thai Binh Duang ndi chung va ASEAN noi rieng.
EU hien la ddi tac thuang mai Idn thii ba va la mdt trong hai thi trudng xuat khau Idn nhat cua Viet Nam. Kim ngach thuang mai hai chieu da tang ban 12 lan, tir mire 4,1 ty USD nam 2000 len ban 50,4 ty USD nam 2017; trong do xuat khau cua Viet Nam vao EU tang 13,6 ISn (tir 2,8 ty USD len ban 38,3 ty USD) va nhap kh4u vao Viet Nam tii EU tang ban 9 i k (1,3 ty USD len 12,1 ty USD)^. Cac nhdm bang xuat khau chu lire
cua Viet Nam sang EU la giay dep, d?t may, ca phe, dd gd, hai san.
EU ciing la nha dSu tu Idn vao Viet Nam. Tmh din nam 2017, da cd 24 trong sd 28 nudc EU d4u tu v^o Viet Nam vdi khoang 2000 du an cdn hieu l\rc, tdng vdn dau tu dang ky dat hem 21,5 ty USD. Cac nha d4u tu EU da cd mat tai hiu bet cac nganh kinh te quan trpng cua Viet Nam, tap trung nhieu nhat vao cdng nghiep, xay d\mg va mot sd nganh dich vu^.
EVFTA va EVIPA se tao ca hdi cho cac doanh nghiep EU tiep can thi trudng gan 100 trieu dan cua Viet Nam, qua dd tiep can sau ban thi trudng ASEAN va khu vuc; GDP cua EU du kidn se tang them 30 ty USD va xuSt kb4u cua EU vao Viet Nam se tang khoang 15,28% vao nam 2020, tang 33,06%
vao nam 2025, tang 36,7% vao nam 2030, tang 29% vao nam 2035"...
EVFTA va EVTPA md ra ca hdi Idn cho doanh nghiep (DN) Vidt Nam tham nhap thi trudng EU day tiem nang vdi 508 trieu dan va quy md khoang 18 nghin ty USD, hien la thi trudng xuat khau va xuat sieu Idn thii hai cua Viet Nam. Ngay khi EVFTA cd hieu luc, EU se xda bd thue nhap khau ddi vdi gan 86% sd ddng thud tir Viet Nam va nang len 99% dong thui sau 7 nam; trong khi Viet Nam xda bd ngay 48,5% sd ddng thue cho hang hda EU trong nam dau tien va nang len 91,8% sd ddng thue sau 7 nam^
Do ca cau kinh te cua Vi?t Nam va EU mang tinh bd sung, tuang hd lan nhau nen it
1 EVFTA voi 401 phiSu img hg, 192 phiSu ch6ng, 40 phiSu tr^g, va EVIPA vai 407 phieu ling hg, 188 phiSu chfing, 53 phidu trdng, Xem http://www.trungtamwto.vn/chuyen-de/14890-viec-eu-phe-chuan-evfta- la-thanh-cong-doi-ngoai-quan-trong-trong-nam-2020.
2 http://evfta.moit.govvn/default,aspx?page^ews&do=detail&id=fe64a293-2b69-4c37-ble0-cdd06245l769.
3 http:/A)aochinhphu.vn/Ku!h-te/Hiep-dinh-thuong-mai-tu-do-EUViet-Nam-duoc-Nghi-vien-chau-Au-thong- qua/3 87394. vgp.
4 http://baochinhphu.vn/Kinh-te/Hiep-dmh-thuong-mai-tu-do-EUViet-Nam-duoc-Nghi-vien-chau-Au-thong- qua/387394.vgp.
5 http://www.trungtamwto.vn/chuyen-de/14890-viec-eu-phe-chuan-evfta-la-thanh-cong-doi-ngoai-quan- trong-trong-nam-2020.
38
| ; ; ^ " p " , ^ 7 s 6 6(406,-73/2020CHINH SACH cd canh tranh true ti8p. Vi?c thuc hi?n
EVFTA va EVIPA du kiln tao ap luc canh tranh gay gSt chi d mpt sd linh vuc nhu logistics, hda chit, phuang tien van tai, sat thep, dugc phim, chan nudi va ndng san che bien... trong khi t^o nhieu co hpi va dpng lire mdi cho Viet Nam. Theo dd, ciing vdi nhung Igi ich gian tiep khac, viec th\rc hien EVFTA va EVTPA du kidn se giup Vi?t Nam tang 20%
xuat khau sang EU vao nam 2020, tang gSn 43% vao nam 2025 (trong dd, xuat khau gao tang 65%, det tang 67%, may mac tang 81%
va da giay tang tdi 99%; con duong t&ig 8%
va lam san, thit gia siic, gia cam va do udng, thudc la ciing tang tir 3-4%...) va tang gan 45% vao nam 2030; ddng thdi, tang 4-6%
GDP vao nam 2025 va tidp theo. Viec 85,6%
sd ddng thue se dugc EU ngay lap tiic dd bd sau khi EVFTA cd hieu luc giiip tang nang l\ic canh tranh cho 70,3% kim ngach xuat khiu cua Viet Nam vao thi trudng nay; \^dt Nam xda bo 48,5%, tuang duong vdi 64,5%
kim ngach nhap khau vao ^^et Nam, cung se giup giam chi phi dau vao cho cac nganh san xuit, giam gia hang hda, dich vu''...
Theo d\i bao cua EuroCham, EU se diu tu vao ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao, la ITnh vuc tiem nang dugc nhieu doanh nghiep EU chd ddn; trong do, ngoai vi$c tap trung nguon vdn cdn day manh chuyen giao giai phap cdng ngh? cao trong ndng nghiep, san xuat che bien ndng san, thuc phim. Vdi quy md va tiem nang ve vdn, cdng nghe cua EU, Vi?t Nam daig diing truac ca hdi trd thanh dia ban trung chuyen, cOra ngo ket ndi cho boat ddng thuang mai va dau tu cua EU trong khu vuc chau A. Linh vyc diu tu ma EVFTA hudng tdi khong chi nham vao san xuit, xuat nhap khau ma cdn ca nhiing ITnh
vuc dich vu nhu vien thdng & cdng nghe thdng tin, kiln tnic & tu vin ky thuat, dich vu moi trudng. Khi phat tri^n cac dich vu nay dat trinh dp qudc te, Viet Nam khong nhung se giam nhap khau, ma cdn cd the xuat khau nhieu djch vu chat lugng cao.
Cam ket dau tu trong EVFTA se md ra nhieu ca hpi cho doanh nghiep tham gia dau tu vao thi trudng cac ben. Theo dd, hai ben se doi xu binh dang, bao hp an toan va day du cac khoan dau tu va nha dau tu cua nhau, nhu: (1) Doi xir vai cac nha diu tu cua nudc thanh vien binh dang nhu nha dSu tu trong nudc hoac ngoai khdi ve lmh vuc dau tu va tiep can thi trudng; (2) Khdng ap dung cac chinh sach ban che nhu yeu can ham lugng ndi dia, san xuat ndi dia, bat bupc chuyen giao cdng nghe, ban che nhap khSu va dinh miic xuit khau; (3) Dam bao hoan tra va bdi thudng cho nha dau tu neu xay ra thi?t hai trong trudng hgp xung dpt vu trang, bat dn xa hdi, trudng hgp khan cap hoac thiet hai do chinh sach nha nudc (trung dung gian tiep); (4) Khdng trung dung, qudc huu hda cac khoan dau tu, trir trudng hgp dimg vao muc dich cdng, cd bdi thudng diing phap luat; (5) Cdng nhan va tao dieu ki|n thuan lpi cho cac hinh thiic chuyen nhugng tai san nhu gdp vdn, tra lai, giao dich mua ban va bdi thudng; (6) Neu Hiep dinh EVFTA hi buy bd, nudc thanh vien phai tiep tvic ap dung cac dieu khoan ve dau tu them 15 nam;
(7) Cac ben thdng nhit co chd giai quyit tranh chip cbfit che nhung than thi?n de eac khiic mic, ndu cd, se dugc xem xet, khach quan, thiu dao va phan quyet cudi cimg dugc tuan thii'.
Tren thuc td, D?t may, mgt trong nhiing nganh cdng nghi?p Idn nhit Vi?t Nam vdi
6 https://www.nhandan.com.vii/kinhte/tiB-tuc/item/42571902-nganh-da-giay-viet-nam-don-dau-co-hoi-cp^p- va-evfta.html.
va-evna.nimi.
7 http://evfta.moit.gov.vn/?page=overview&category_id=fb203c7b-54d6-4af7-85ca-c51f227881dd,
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CHINH SACH
hon 2 trieu nhan cdng se hudng lpi Ion nhd sau khi ky kit FTA, miic thud 12% EU ap dung ddi vdi hang det may xuit khau eiia Viet Nam se giam xudng cdn 0%. Dieu nay se CO Igi ddi vdi 5 san pham dan dau xuat khau ciia Viet Nam (bg vest nii - 285 trieu, bg vest nam - 233 trieu, ao khoac nam - 211 trieu, ao khoac nii - 207 trieu va ao len -166 trieu USD)^
Viet Nam la mdt trong 10 nha xuat khau da giay dep bang dau the gidi, vdi tren 500 doanh nghiep, 1 trieu nhan cdng va chiem 10% kim ngach xuat khau hang nam^. Xuat khau cua Viet Nam chu yeu tap trung vao giay da chat lugng cao va giay the thao cho cac thuang hi?u giay cua My va EU. Miic thue quan binh quan EU ap dung ddi vdi giay dep nhap khau tir Viet Nam la 12,4%, vi vay, viec ky ket FTA trd nen dat biet quan trgng ddi vdi xuat khau giay dep Viet Nam'".
EVFTA cdn de cap tdi nhiing khia canh khac nhu: cam ket ve ddi xir qudc gia trong ITnh vuc dau tu; giai quyet tranh chap giiia nha diu tu va Nha nudc; canh tranh, phat trien ben viing, hgp tac va xay dung nang lire, phap ly, the che; tao ra mdt mdi trudng dau tu cdi md, thuan Igi va binh dang cho boat ddng cua cac DN hai ben... nham tang cudng hgp tac, thuc day sir phat trien ciia thuang mai va dau tu giua hai ben.
EVFTA cdn bao ham nhung van de ma Viet Nam chua timg cam ket nhu: Dau tu (ca trong san xuat va dich vu), chinh sach ddi vdi DN nha nudc (DNNN), mua sam cong, lao ddng, mdi trudng...
Viec thuc thi EVFTA trong dd bd thue quan, xuc tien dau tu, thiic day cdng nhan iin nhau ve tieu chuan, cai thien quy tac xuat
xii va chiing nhan xuit xii; cai thien mdi trudng tao thuan Igi thuong mai - bd trg ky thuat tang cudng nhan thiic va ap dung nhung tieu ehuin cua thi trudng EU... se mang lai nhidu ca hpi dS Vi?t Nam md rdng xuat khau, thu biit dau tu va tham gia sau rdng ban vao chuoi gia tri toan cau...
Cimg vdi Hiep dinh tu do da ky vdi Lien minh thue quMi Nga, Belaruts va Kazacxtan, EVFTA va EVIPA se giiip Viet Nam diy manh da dang boa thi trudng va ddi tac, tao chd diing viing chac ban tai thi trudng EU ndi rieng va toan bg chau Au ndi chung, gdp phan thiic day tiep nhan hang hda chat lupng cao va thiet lap chuoi san xuat gin vdi ddng vdn dau tu cdng nghe cao tir EU, ca trong cdng nghiep hd trg, ndng nghiep, dich vu va kinh te sd.
Su hgp tac giua hai ben trong thuc thi cac cam ket cua EVFTA va EVIPA cdn gdp phan thiic day Viet Nam tiep tuc cai each hoan thien the che, nang cao tidu chuan lao ddng va ddi song cua nhan dan, day manh tai CO cau kinh te theo chieu sau va tang trudng ben vung...
2. Nhung nhiem vu mdi
Trong khi chd dgi cac thu tuc can thiet de Qudc hdi Viet Nam phe chuan hai hiep dinh, cac Bg, ban, nganh, cac dia phuang va doanh nghiep can khan truong xay dung ke hoach va cac kich ban, nhiem vu, giai phap trien khai hiep dinh de cd the tan dung tdt cac ca bdi, ddng thai ling phd vdi nhiing thach thiic cd the phat sinh khi thuc thi cac hiep dinh.
DS khai thac nhung ddng luc tich cue tir hai hiep dinh, chiing ta can tuan thu va vugt qua cac ddi hdi rat cao lien quan den bao ve
8 http://evfta.moit.gov. vn/?page=overview&category_id-fb203c7b-54d6-4af7-85ca-c51f227881dd.
9 https://www.nhandan.com.vn/kinhte/tin-mc/iteni/42571902-nganh-da-giay-viet-nam-don-dau-co-hoi-.cptpp- va-evfta.html.
10 http://evfta.moit.gov.vn/?page=overviewi&category_id=fb203c7b-54d6-4af7-85ca-c51f227881dd.
iNGHltN CUU
LAPPHAP„ / So 6(406)-T3/2020
CHINH SACH sd hiiu tri tu?, minh bach mdi trudng kinh
doanh, xuit xir va chiing nhan xuat xu hang hda, cac hang r^o ky thuat va tieu chuan an toan v? sinh 1h\rc phim, minh bach thdng tin, bao ve mdi trudng. Viec nang cao nang lire canh tranh cua cac san pham dich vu hang hda, cung nhu chat lugng ngudn nhan luc ciia Vi?t Nam la yeu cau quan trpng hang dau trong thdi gian tdi. Cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam can nam chac ngi dung va Id trinh cam ket trong hai hiep dinh; chu ddng ra soat va tai CO can dau tu, lao dpng; ap dung cdng nghe cao va ca che quan tri tien tien; cap nh$t cac hang rao ky thuat tir cac thanh vien EU de dap ling tdt va tan dung dugc cac co hpi phat trien mdi.
Kinh nghiem thuc thi cac cam ket WTO va cac FTA trudc day ciia Viet Nam cho thay, cac loi ich suy doan tii mdt hiep dinh se khdng duong nhien trd thanh hien thuc;
cdc quyen va nghia vu theo cac cam ket khdng tu nhien phat huy tac dung neu thieu nhtrng no lire Idn de thuc thi cac cam ket, hi$n thuc hoa cac lpi ich va xii ly thach thiic lien quan.
Trong mpt FTA th§ he mdi nhu EVFTA, bdn canh cac cam ket mang tinh truyen thdng v^ md ciia/tiep can thi trudng (md cua thi trudng hang hda, dich vu), sd cac cam ket mang tinh quy tic (rules), cd y nghia rang bugc each hanh xir chinh sach cua cac ben, la rat Idn, trai rpng tren nhieu ITnh vuc lien quan tdi thuang mai, kinh doanh. Viec thuc thi cac cam k8t cd lien quan tdi trinh tu, thu tuc hanh chinh nay ddi hdi viec ciing luc ra soat va dieu chinh ve co che, trong mdt sd trudng hgp, cdn phai dieu chinh ca bd may va phuong thiic thuc hien trong cac ITnh vuc khac nhau. Hon the nua, phan Idn cac cam ket dang nay deu phai thuc hien ngay khi FTA phat sinh hieu luc hoac trong mdt thdi han rat ngan sau dd. Dieu nay dat ra thach thiic Idn khdng chi ve nang l\rc ma ca vh ngudn luc thuc thi ddi vdi Vi?t Nam.
Tren thuc te, viec hien thi^c hda cac quyen trong cam ket FTA khdng chi ddi hdi nhung thay ddi ve nhan thiic hay nang luc, ma cdn dat ra nhiing thach thirc dang ke ve m^t thiet che/co che, trong do co ca che minh bach hda thdng tin de cd the sir dung cac cdng cu phdng ve thuong mai; thiet che lien quan tdi cac hang rao ky thuat, ve sinh dich te (SPS); tu van, hudng din, giai quyet vudng mac trong qua trinh thuc thi cac cam ket, ap dung cam ket, gan true tiep vdi quyen va Igi ich cua cac td chiic, ca nhan lien quan. Hien d Viet Nam chua cd bat ky mgt dau moi hay thiet che nao chinh thiic thuc hien viec tu van, hudng dan, giai quyet vudng mac cho cac td chirc, ca nhan (phan lan la doanh nghiep) trong nhiing truoTig hgp nhu vay.
Bdi vay, de nang cao hieu qua thuc tbi EVFTA va EVIPA, chiing ta cin chu y ra soat cac yeu cau, thiet lap danh muc cac van de can dugc xir ly; thiet lap va van hanh cac thidt che can thiet cho viec dam bao thuc thi cac nghTa vu va tan dyng bieu qua cac quyen theo cam kdt; hd trg nang cao nang luc, ddng gdp ky thuat, thidt kd co che va ngudn luc xay dung, van hanh bd may cho cac thiet che tuong ling phii hgp vdi tinh chat, chirc nang va dam bao tinh kha thi trong trien khai...
Vdi tinh chit la mpt FTA thd he mdi, vdi su md ciia toan dien, sau rpng va cd tac ddng manh nhit tdi nen kinh te Viet Nam va cd vai trd quan trgng trong phat trien quan h?
kinh th giiia Viet Nam va 27 nudc thanh vien EU, EVFTA va EVIPA dat ra nhimg thach thiic Ion cho Viet Nam khdng chi trong dam phan, ma ca trong qua trinh thuc thi, dac biet la tir gdc dp thiet che. Viec chuan hi cac yeu td cin thiet, ciing nhu xay dung cac tieu chi, du lieu cac giai phap de vugt qua cac thach thiic nay la diiu ki?n tien quyet de Viet Nam cd th§ dat dugc nhiing ddng luc va Igi ich ky vgng tir cac hiep dinh mdi quan trgng nay •
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