NHUfNG DIEM

T»P CHl LUAT HQC SO 3/2017 NGHIEN CUV • TRAO BOI

NHUfNG DIEM Mdl TRONG QUY DINH COA BO LUAT DAN SU NAM 2015 VE TRACH NHIEM BOI THUdNG THIET HAI NGOAI HOP DONG

NGUYEN VAN HOI*

Tom tdt: Bdi viet phdn tich, ddnh gid nhitng diem m&i trong quy dinh cua Bp ludt ddn su ndm 2015 so v&i Bp lugt ddn sy ndm 2005 vi irdch nhiim boi thu&ng thiit hgi ngodi hgp ddng.

Tir khod: Bp lugt ddn su; boi thu&ng thiit hgi; diem m&i; ngodi hgp dong; trdch nhiem.

Nhdn bdi: 04/11/2016 Hodn thdnh bien tap: 31/3/2017 Duyit ddng: 05/4/2017

NEW PROVISIONS OF THE 2015 CIVIL CODE ON LIABILITY T O COMPENSATE FOR DAMAGES OUTSIDE CONTRACT

Abstract: The paper analyses and assesses new provisions of the 2015 Civil Code, in comparision Wtth the 2005 Civil Code, on liability to compensate for damages outside contract.

Keywords: Civil Code; compensate for damages; new provison; outside contract; liability.

Received: Nov 4**, 2016; Editing completed: Mar 31", 2017; Accepted for publication: Apr^, 2017.

1. Nhirng nhgn xet c h u n g

Trong Bfi luat d5n su nfira 2015, c&c myc trong Chuang tr&ch nhiem bfii tbudng tMet hgi ngofii hgp ddng khong cd sy thay ddi, tuy nhien eo cfiu c&c dieu Mat trong moi muc co su thay ddi so vdi Bg Mat dan sy nam 2005, cu the nhu sau:

Thir nhat, quy djnh vg "Bfii thudng tMet hai do nhieu ngudi ciing gfiy ra" da dugc chuyen Ien Muc 1 (Nhirng quy dinb chung) va thiet ke thanb mdt digu luat dpc lap, thay VI quy djnh d Myc 3 (Bdi thudng thiet hai trong mdt sd trudng hgp cy the) nhu trong Bd lufit dan sy nam 2(X)5.

Thu hai, quy djnh ve "Bdi thudng thift hgi ttong tradng bgp ngudi bj thiet hai eung

* Giing vien, Truong Dai hpc Luai Ha Nfii E-mail: hoi8383@gniail.com

cd loi" dfi dugc ehuyen thanh mdt trong nhimg nguyen tic bdi thudng thiet hgi ttong Muc 1 (Nhihig quy djnb chung) mfi khdng cdn dugc quy djnh thanhmdt tradng hpp bdi thudng thiet hai cu the trong Muc 3 (Bfii tbudng thiet hai ttong rapt sfi tradng hgp cy thg) nhu ttong Bf luat d&n sy n&m 2005.

Thit ba, quy dinh ve "Boi thuang tMet hai do c&n bg, cong chftc gfiy ra" vfi "Bfii tbudng thiet hgi do ngudi cd tbfira quyen cfta co quan tien hanh tfi tung gay ra" da dugc ket cau Igi thanh mfit quy djnh cbung vdi tdn gpi moi la

"Bfii thudng thift hgi do ngudi tM bfinh cdng vy gay ra". Day la thay ddi hgp li bdi vi ve b&n ch&t, tt&ch nMem bdi thudmg thift hai ttong nhihig tradng bgp nfiy la gidng nhau v& deu thudc tt&ch nhiem bdi thudmg cfta nha nudc theo quy dinh cua Lufit trach nhiem bdi thudng ciia nhfi nudc nfim 2009.

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• TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 3/2017 NGHIEN COV • TRAO Bdl.

Thu tu. cdc cdn cir lo^ tru ttdch nhifm bdi thuong thift hai do sdc vdt, do cdy cli cung nhu do nhi cto, cdng trinh xdy dimg khac gdy ra khdng duac quy dinh rieng ttong timg trudng hpp cu the mi dupc quy dinh chung t^ khoan 2 Dilu 584 Bd luat ddn sv nam 2015. Nhihig can cii loai trii ttdch nhifm niy dupc sii flung chung cho ca ttoidng hpp hinh vi gdy thift hai vi tai san gdy thift hai.

Su thay ddi niy se ttanh su triing lap eia cac quy dinh vdi nhau, bdi vl thuc tl, can cti lo?u trir ttdch nhifm boi fliudng thift hai ttong cdc truong hop nay li tuong tu nhau vi deu bao gdm hai can cii li thiet h^ hoin toin do loi cua nguai M thift hai va do su kifn bat khd khdng.

Z Nhfing diim mdi ve cac quy dinh chung 2.1. Ve cdn cu phdt sinh trdch nhiem bdi thudng thiet hgi

Thii nhat, ttong Bp luat ddn sir nam 2005, ylu td loi cd vai ttd quan ttpng ttpng vifc xdc dinh cdc cdn cii phdt sinh ttdch nhiem bdi fliuong fliift hai ngoai hpp ddng, con ttong Bp luat ddn sir ndm 2015, hinh vi gay ttiif t hai lai duoc chd ttpng hon. Su fliay ddi niy li hpp If, bdi vi loi ludn gdn vdi hinh vi ttdi phap luat vi khong flil cd loi tin tai ngoii hinh vi ttai phdp luat cto mdt chu the. Hon nOa, ldi ttong ttdch nhifm dan su ndi chung, ttach nhifm bdi thudng thift hai ngoii hpp ddng ndi rieng la loi suy doan.'"

Tire li khdng cdn phai chiing rainh loi,<^' ma (l).Xem iMm: HoJng Dao vi Vii Thj Lan Huong,

".Yeu to lli irong trich nhiem hki thudng thi^t hai ngoii h(,p dong". Tap cht nghien ciiu lap phdp si, B Ihang 7/2013, tr. 34-40.

(2).Xem IhSm: Nguyin Van H(rt, "Dilu ki?n phat sinh

chi cln chiing minh hinh vi gdy fliiet hji la hinh vi ttdi phdp ludt li dd. Do dd, chi cdn xdc djnh duoc hinh vi gdy fliift h?i li hdnh vi ttdi phap luat flil duomg nhiSn se xdc dinh dupc ylu td loi cto chil thi cd liSn quan. Tuy nhien, vdi su fliay ddi niy cd thi ddn din hai each hieu khdc nhau: 1) Ldi van la mpt ttong cdc dilu kifn phdt sinh ttdch nhiem boi thudng thift hai nhimg khdng phai la yeu tl bat bupc chiing minh mi chi cdn suy dodn tir hinh ttdi phap luat cto ngudi gdy thiet hai hoac cua ngudi liSn quan; 2) Loi khdng la mpt ttong cdc dilu kifn phdt sinh ttdch nhifm bdi thudng fliift hai. Theo quan diem cto tdc gia, cdn hllu theo hudmg ldi khong phdi li mdt ttong cdc dilu kifn phat sinh ttdch nhifm bdi thudng thift hai ngoii hpp ddng, bdi mdt sd If do sau:

- Neu hiiu theo hudng loi li mdt ttong cdc dilu kifn phdt sinh ttdch nhifm hli thudng thi ttong trudng hpp ngudi gay thift h^ khdng cd ldi ttong viec gdy thift hai, ttich nhifm bdi fliudng fliiet hai se khdng phat sinh. Tuy nhiSn, dua vao cdc quy dinh cd lien quan cd flil flidy, ttach nhifm bli fliudng fliiet hai vdn phdt sinh ngay ca khi khdng cd ldi cto ngudi thift hai hoac cua bfe Cli chit flie nao, cu thi: Trong can cti loai trit ttach nhifm bdi thudng thift hai tai khoan 2 Dilu 584 Bp luat ddn sir nam 2015, vifc ngudi gay thift hai "khdng cd loi" khong dupc xdc dinh li can cii loai trir; theo khodn 2 Dilu 585 Bp luat dan sir nam 2015, vif ; ngudi chiu ttach nhifm khdng cd ldi chi trich nhism b6i thuimg thi?t h?i do lili sdn gay ta trong BO lugt dan sir", Tgp chf luai hqc. sS 12/2015, U-. 47 - 57.

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TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 3/2017 NGHI£N CVV - TRAO BOI dugc xem xdt dl x&c dinh dilu kien dugc

giam muc bdi thudng, tftc I& chft till vin phai bdi fliudng tMft hgi kM khdng c6 loi.

- NIU coi ldi 1& mfit trong c&c dieu kifn phat smh ttach nMfm bdi thudng tMft hai tM trong nhilu tradng hgp, ngudi thyc Mfn h&nh vi^gay thift hgi khfing cd loi (ngudi bj Myen bl mat nSng Iuc hanh vi dfin sy) tM khdng thi bit ngudi giam hfi bofic nguoi cd lien quan kh&c ph&i bfii thudmg thiet hai;

hofie nhihig trudng bgp tfii s&n gfiy thiet hai mfi khdng cd loi cfta bfit cu chft thg nao tM ngudi bj tMft hai khdng the ygu ciu- bdi thudng thift hgi. Tuy nhidn, cfic quy dinh ve

^ ' thudng thiet hai ttong tftng. tradng hgp ey the vin x&c dinh tt&ch nMem bdi thudng bfit ke ngudi gay thiet hgi hogc c&c chft the CO Iign quan cd ldi hay khong cd loi. Do dd, ngu theo c&ch Mgu thft nh&t tM nhftng quy dinh vg bdi thudng tMft hgi trong tftng tradng hgp cy the phfii dugc sua ddi. Tuy nMen, neu sfta ddi theo hudng nhu vay se di ngugc lgi vdi tinh than 1^ pb&p chung va khdng the b&o vf lgi ich cua tit ca cac chu thg, khong phu hpp vdi lg cdng bing mfi he tbdng ph&p lufit dfin sy ndi chung dang hudng tdi.

Thit hai, Bf Mat dan sy nfim 2015 dua ra c&c can cu loai trft tr&ch nhiera bdi tbudng fliift hgi cua ngudi gfiy thift hgi, dupc ap dyng dfii voi mpi tradng hpp (khoan 2 Dieu 584 Bd lugt dfin sy nfim 2015). Trong Bd lufit dfin sy nfim 2005, cae cfin cft logi trft tt&ch nhiem bfii thudng dugc x&c djnh a tftng tradng hgp ey tbi.

77»i- ba, Bd Mfit dan sy nfim 2015 dua ra quy djnh kh&i qu&t nbit vl tt&ch nhifm boi thudng thiet hgi do tfii s&n gay ra tgi khofin 3

Dilu 584. Dfiy 1& quy djnh mdi mfi ttong Bd M|it dfin sy nfim 2005 khdng dl cfip.*^' Quy dinh mdi nfiy sd la can cft dg cac chu the bi tMft hai dua ra ygu cau bdi thudng, dong thdi CO quan nhfi nudc c6 thim quyen cd can cft dd giai quygt c&c tradmg hgp vg bdi thudng tMft hai do t&i sfin ndi chung gay ra.

Tuy nhign, quy dinh n&y cd mdt so diem hgn chl cin khic phyc nhu sau:

- Myc dich cua quy dinh n&y l& dua ra co sd phap li cho vifc xac djnh chft the ph&i bfii thudng tiiif t hgi do tai san gay ra ndi chung.

Tuy nMdn, quy djnh n&y cM x&c djnh hai chu the ph&i boi tbudng tiiif t tiai 1& chu sd hftuva ngudi cMem hvt\i tai san. Dilu n&y khdng phft hgp vdi thyc td, d&c bift 1& tradng hgp dpng vat gay thift hgi. Bdi vi dfng vat cd thg gay tMet hgi kM chft sd huu, ngudi dugc chft sd hftu chuygn giao dang qu&n li, thgm cM cd the 1& ngudi tbft ba t&c ddng Ifim ddng v&t gay thift hgi hogc do ngudi kh&c cMdm hihi, sft dyng tt&i ph&p Mat. Do dd, quy djnh nay ph&i dugc sfta ddi theo hudmg bd sung c&c chft the CO the ph&i cMu tt&ch nMfm bdi thudng fliift hgi kM tai s&n ndi chung, dfing vat ndi rieng g&y ra tMft hai.

- Quy dinh n&y dan chidu dgn khoan 2 de x&c djnh c&c tradmg hpp chu sd bihi, ngudi cMem bim tai s&n khfing phai boi thudng tMft hai bao gdm trudng hgp thiet hai phat sinh do sy kifn bat khfi kh&ng v& ho&n toan do ldi cua ngudi bi tMet hai. Tuy nhien, tinh thin cua kboan 2 Dilu 584 chi cd thi ap (3) Xem them: Nguyin Vin Hpi, 'Trich nhifm bfi thudng thift hgi ngoii hpp ding ttong Dy thio Bf lugt dan s\r (sfla dli)", Tgp cht lugl hpc, S6 d$c bift, thing6/2015,tt.l23-136.

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TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 3/2017 NGHIEN Ct/V - TRAO B6J dyng vdi tradng hgp thiet hai do hanh vi ciia

con ngudi gfiy ra. Do do, de d&ra b&o sy phu hgp cfta kho&n 3 kM d&n chieu &p dyng kho&n 2 tht quy djnh tid kho&n 2 phai dugc sua ddi cho phii hgp.

Ngo&i ra ±eo tinh than cfta khoan 2 thi neu xay ra sy kifn bat kh& khang hoac ho&n tofin do Ifii cua ngudi bj thiet hai ma ed thoa thugn khae boac Mat cd quy djnh kh&c tht ngudi gfiy thift hai van phai boi thudng.

Dieu nay la khdng bgp li, bdi vt quan he bdi thudmg thift hai ngoai hgp dfing la quan he ph&t sinh gifta c&c chu the chua tung cd quan he hgp ddng hoac cd quan he hgp dong nhung thiet hgi xay ra khdng lien quan den e&c Ihoa thuan ttong hgp ddng. Trade khi x&y ra sy kifn bit kha kh&ng hoac lot hofin tofin thudc vl bdn bj tiiiet hgi, giua c&c ben chua tdn tgi bit kitho& thugn nao. Do dd, nlu xay ra rapt trong hai can cft Iogi trft tt&ch nhiem boi thudng thift hai nay luc Ifi ttach nhifm bdi thudng tMet hai khfing ph&t sinh (ngudi gfiy thift hgi khfing cd trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hgi), ibt khfing cd chu thi nfio lai tham gia vao viec thoa thuan vdi ngudi bj thift hgi nham hudng tdi viec minh sg phai bfii thudng. Tren ihyc te, neu vi mye dich nhan dao ma ngudi gay Ihiet hai mac dia khfing phai bdi thudng nhung ho cd thi ty nguyen ho ttg ngudi bi thiet bai tiii dd cung chi nen coi I& sy ty nguyen cfta hp (tue la ^ chl don phuang eiia ngudi ty nguyen ho trp) chir khong phai la sy thoa ihuan cua c&c ben.

Tue la doan "ttft tradng hgp co thoa thuan khac" ttong kho&n 2 Dilu 584 la khfing cd ti'nh tiiyc tl v& cin dupe Iogi bd. Theo quan digm ctia tac gia, kho&n 2 Dilu 584 ph&i

dugc sua Iai nhu sau: 'Tr&ch nhiem boi thudng thiet hai dugc logi trft ttong tradng hgp thiet hai ph&t sinh 1& do sy kifn bit kha kh&ng hoac bofin toan do loi cfta bdn bj thiet hai, trft tradng bgp lugt cd quy djnh khfic";

khoan 3 Dilu 584 phai dugc sfta lai nhu sau:

'Tradmg hgp tai san gay tMft hgi tM chft sd huu, ngudi chigm hftu tai s&n ph&i chiu ttach nhifm bfii thudng tbiet hgi. Tradng hgp t^

san gay tMet hai do t&c dfing cfta ngudi thu ba tht ngudi thft ba pb&i boi tbudng tbiet hai.

NIU tfii san bi chilm hiJu, su dyng ttai ph^p lufit gay thiet hgi thi ngudi chiem hiru, sii dung tr&i ph&p lufit phai bfii tbuong.

Ngudi bj fliift hgi khdng dugc bdi thudng ttong tradng bgp thift hai ph&t sinh theo quy djnh tai kho&n 2 Dieu nay".

2.2. Vi nguyin tac boi thu&ng thiet hgi Thir nhdt, d Bp Mat dfin sy nam 2005, ttong nguyen tic bdi thuong thift hgi cd ghi

"thift bai pbai dupc bdi tbudng to&n bf vi kjp thdi". Tuy nhidn, ttong Bfi luat dan sy nfim 2015 Iai quy djnh "thiet hgi tbyc tl phai dugc boi thudng tofin bfi va kjp thdi". Sir thay ddi nay cho thiy chi nhftng tMet hai thyc ll radi dugc bfii tbudng. Nhung ihiet hgi do suy doan hoac khfing co can cft xac djnh thi khong dugc bfii thudng.

Thu hai, vl viec giam mftc bfii thudng, cd bai sy thay ddi, cy tbi:

- Theo Bd Mat dfin sy nam 2005, ngudi duge giam muc boi thudng Ifi "ngudi gfiy thiet hai". Tuy nhign,. tbeo Bp luat dan sy nam 2015, ngudi dugc gifim mftc boi thudng dupc xac djnh Ifi "ngudi chiu tt&ch nMfm bli thudng tMet hgi". Sy thay dfii nay Ifi phu hgp, bdi vt nguoi ph&i boi tbudng thiet bai dfii khi

TAP CHl LUAT HQC S6 3/2017 NGHIEN C(W - TRAO B6I khfing phm la ngudi g&y tMft hgi. Hon nua,

neu theo quy dinh ttong Bfi lufit dan sy n3m 2005, nMeu ngudi s6 cho ring cM nhihig nguoi n&o true tilp gfiy tiiiet hgi ma phai bfii thudng tM radi cd the dugc gi&m mftc boi fliudng, con nhimg ngudi khdng gfiy tMft hgi nhung phfii bli thudng (vi dy cha m? bdi thudng tMet hai do con dudi 15 Mdi gay tMet hai) tM khfing dugc giam mftc bdi thuang.

- Theo Bp luat dfin sy nfim 2005, cM nhihig ngudi cd "loi vd y" mdi dugc gifim mftc bdi fliudng. Theo Bf Mat dfin sy nfim 2015, ngudi dugc gifim raftc boi thudng ed thg Ifi

"ngudi khdng cd ldi" bofic "cd loi vd y". Su thny dfii nfiy !& ho&n to&n phu hpp, bdi vi neu quy djnh nhu Bfi Mat d&n sy nam 2005 la khfing phu hgp, didu nay dfin din khd khfin trong vifc ap dyng nguydn tic giara mftc bli fliudng ttong tradmg hgp ngudi chju tr&ch nhifm bfii thudmg mfi "khdng cd ldi".

TM ba, Bf Mat dan sy nam 2015 bo sunghai nguyen tic boi thudmg thift hai:

"Khi hen hi thiet hgi co loi trong vi?c gdy thiit hgi thi khong dugc boi thu&ng phdn thiet hgi do loi cUa minh gdy ra ". Dfiy khdng ph&i !& quy dinh mdi dugc de cfp ttong Bg luat dSn sy nfim 2015, mfi quy djnh n&y da dugc de cap ttong Bd lugt dan sy nam 2005. Tuy nMdn, diem mdi thi Mfn d cho, ttong Bp Mat dSn sy nam 2005, quy djnh n&y dugc coi I& mdt ttong cac tradng hgp bli thudng cy tbg v& thufc ndi dung cfta Muc 3.

Den Bf lugt dan sy nfim 2015, day lgi Ifi raft nguygn tic bdi thudng thiet hai. Dilm mdi n&y la bofin loan phu hgp, bdi quy dinh nay c6 thi ap dyng chung cho mgi tradng hgp boi thudng thiet hgi ttgn thye tl.

"Ben CO quyen, lgi ich bj xdm phgm khong dugc boi thu&ng neu thi?t hgi xdy ra do khdng dp dung cdc bi^n phdp cdn thiet, hgp li di ngdn chgn, hgn che thiit hgi cho chinh minh". Dfiy l& nguygn tic bli thudng tMft hgi mdi dg cfip trong Bg Mat dfin sy nfim 2015. Digm mdi nfiy la sy tiln bp so vdi Bf Mat dfin su nfim 2005. No cy the hoa nguyen tic tMen chi, trang thyc cfta phap Mgt dan sy dugc quy djnh tai khofin 3 Dieu 3 Bfi luat dfin sy nfim 2015. Tuy nMgn, quy djnh nfiy ciing cd hgn chg d cho, ngu tMft hgi dfi x&y ngay kM cd b&nh vi xam phgm raa vifc ngan chan, ban che ciing khfing the I&m cho nhirng tMft bai "da x&y ra" trd th&nh "chua xay ra" tM vifc khfing ngan ch^n, bgn chl ehi nen coi la mgt trong nhftng ygu tl dg gi&m mftc bdi thuang. Do do, quy dinh nay ndn dugc sfta ddi theo budng nhu sau: "Ben cd quyin, lgi ich bj xSm phgm khdng dugc bdi thudng mgt phln bofic toan bg neu tMft hgi xay ra do khdng &p dyng c&c Men phap can thiet, hgp li de ng&n ch&n, ban che thiet hgi cho cMnh minh". Tftc 1& ngn thgm cum tft "mfit phln hogc to&n bg" v&o giiia cym tft "khfing dugc bfii thudng" v& cym tft "neu tMft hai xay ra".

Ngofii ra, nguydn tic bdi tbudng thift hai dugc quy djnh tgi khoan 2 v& khoan 4 Dieu 585 Bp Mat dan sy n&m 2015 cd nhimg mau thuan ma kM &p dyng v&o trudng hop cy thi se khfi x&c dinh dupc nguygn tic nao dugc

&p dung. Trong do, khoan 2 x&c dinh cac digu kien de giam mftc bdi thudng thiet bgi, ttong do cd tirudng bgp ngudi bi tiiiet hgi khdng CO loi. Kboan 4 lgi xae dinh nguygn tic ben bj tbiet hai ph&i chju phfin thift hgi tuong ftng vdi mftc dp loi cua rainh. Hai quy

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TAP CHi LUAT HQC S 6 3/2017 NGHIEN CVV - TRAO Bdl

dinh nay khi gdn vdi bli thudng thift hai do ngudn nguy hiem cao dp gdy ra se cd mau thuin. Nlu ttong trudng hop nguon nguy hiem cao dd gay thift hai ma ngudi bj thift hji hoin toin cd ldi nhtmg la ldi vd y thi vifc boi thudng thift hai sg tuan theo nguySn tie d khoan 2 (ngudi phdi bdi thudng thift hai dupc gidm mdc bli thudng) hay khoan 4 (ngudi hi thift hai khdng dupc bli thudng phan fliift h^ do loi cto minh gdy ra). Tuy nhiSn, theo quan diem cua chung tdi thi khdng the dp dung khoan 4, bdi vl nlu dp dung khoan 4 flii ngudi bi thift hai hoin toin khdng dupc bdi ±udng (vi hp hpin toin cd loi vd y), ddng nghia vdi vifc chu sd hihi, ngudi chiSm hiru, su dung se dupc loai trir ttdch nhifm bdi thudng, dilu niy mau thuan vdi dilm a khoan 3 Bilu 601 Bd ludt dan sir ndm 2015 (chu sd hihi, ngudi chilm hihi, ngudi su dling chi dupc loai trir nlu hoin toin do lli cl j cto ngudi bi thift h^ii). Do dd, chi cd All dp dung khodn 2 dl xem xdt vifc cd giam miic bdi fliudng thift hai cho ngudi phai boi thudng hay khdng. Ngoii ra, de dam bao su thdng nhat gito cac quy dinh vdi nhau, flieo quan diem cto tac gia, khodn 4 Dieu 585 phai dupc sto ddi cho phii hpp, cu die nhu sau: "Khi ben bj fliift hai cd ldi ttong vifc gdy fliift hai flil khdng dupc bdi fliudng phdn thift hai do loi cto minh gay ra, trir trudng hpp luat cd quy djnh khdc". Tac gia cho ring nen ttiSm doan "iiii ttirdng hpp luat cd quy dinh khdc" dl ttdnh dupc nhihig mdu fliuan vdi quy dinh tai dilm a khodn 3 Dilu 601 Bd ludt ddn su nam 2015. Ddng flidi, cd fliS coi dilm a khodn 3 Dieu 601 Bp ludt ddn su nam 2015 chfnh li mpt ttpng nhihig ttudng 44

hpp ludt cd quy dinh khac mi Miodn 4 Dieu 585 Bp luat dan sy nam 2015 nhic din.

2.3. Ve nang luc chiu trdch nhifm boi thuang thiet hai cua cd nhdn

Quy dinh ve ndng luc chiu ttdch nhifin bdi fliudng fliift hai cto cd nhan ttong B6 ludt ddn sir ndm 2015 cd mdt sl dilm mdi so vdi Bf ludt ddn su nam 2005,''" cu ttil:

Thii nhdt, cizm tit "ngudi chua thinh niSn dudi 15 tuli" ttong Bp ludt dan sy ndm 2005 dupe thay bdng cum tir "ngudi chua du 15 tudi" trong Bp lujt ddn su nam 2015. Sit thay ddi niy li hpp If, bdi vi ngudi ngirdi chua dii 15 tudi duong nliien duoc hiSu la ngudi "chua thinh niSn" nen cum tir niyld thto. Hom nto, Bd luat ddn sy ndm 2015 sii dung cum tti "chua d i 15 tuli" thay vi cum tii "dudi 15 tudi" cung li hpp If, bdi vl quy dinh nhu ttong Bd luat ddn sy nim 2005 cd thS dan den cdch hiiu rdng ngudi dudi 15 tuli li ngudi hi du 14 tuli ttd xuong vd se khdng bao goin ngudi da du 14 tuli nhung chua du 15 tudi.

Thir hai, Bp luat ddn su nam 2015 bl sung vifc xdc dinh nang lyc bli thudng thiet hai cto "ngudi cd kho khan ttong nhdn thiic, lam chu hinh vi". Sy bl sung niy li hf qua tat ySu cto vice bd sung quy dinh vl nguoi cd khd khan trong nhan thitc, lam chu hinh vi ttong noi dung chl djnh ca nhdn.

2.4. Ve vdn de lien dai bdi thuang thiit hgi Trong Bp luat dan sy nam 2015, vin de lien ddi bdi thudng thiet hai dupc quy dinh (4).Xem them: Nguyin Van H^i, "NSng l\rc chiu Ir^ch nhi?m b^i thudmg thilt hjii do tii sin giy ra trong BQ luat dan sir nim 2015", Tgp cht lugl hQC s6 4/2016. n-. 32-41.

TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 3/2017 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO Bdl

tai Dieu 587. Tuy nMdn, theo tinh thin cfta Digu 587, vin d l bdi thuang lidn ddi cM d|t ra ddi vdi tradng bgp nMlu ngudi ciing gfiy fliiet hgi, tuc 1& tMft hgi do bfinh vi tt&i p h ^ luat gfiy ra. Dfii voi tradmg hgp t&i san gay tMft hgi, v i n de lign ddi b l i thudng Mfn nay cW dupc quy djnh tix>ng tradng hgp boi thudng thift hgi do nguon nguy Mem cao dp gay ra, do sue vgt gfiy ra ho^c do nh& cfta, edng trtnh xay dyng kh&c gSy ra. N l u gift nguyen quy djnh nhu ttong Bd lugt dfin sy nam 2015, mfi ttong tradng bgp c&e logi tai san khac gay thift hgi, nhidu chft thg cfing cd loi ttong viec quan li, vifc xac dinb ttach a ^ ^ ^ lign doi phai dya v&o nguyen tfie ap

dyng tuong ty pbap Mat. Tac gia cbo ring thay vi ph&i vfin dyng nguyen tic ap dyng tuang ty ph&p Mat, ngn sua ddi, bd sung e&c quy djnh cd lien quan cho phu hpp, ddng thdi ngn co quy dinh cbung cbo ca tmdng hgp hfinh vi gfiy thift hai v& t&i san gfiy thift hai. Theo dd, ndn sua tgn Dilu 587 Bg Mat dan sy nfim 2015 Ifi 'Tr&ch nhiem lign ddi boi thudng tMft bgi", dfing tbdi nfii dung cfta . Dieu nfiy ed the sfta lgi nhu sau: "Tradng hgp nhilu ngudi cting gay thiet hai boac ' ttudng hgp tai s&n gSy thiet hgi rafi nhilu j ngudi cftng cd tr&ch nhiem qu&n li tht nhftng ' ngudi do ph&i lien ddi bfii tiiudng cho ngudi bj thiet hai. Tr&ch nhifm bfii thudng cfta timg ngudi dugc x&c djnh tuong ftng vdi mftc dp iSi cfta raoi ngudi; nlu khdng xac djnh dugc mftc do loi tM hp ph&i b l i thudng thiet hgi theo phin bing nhau".

2.5. Vi th&i hiiu kh&i kien yiu cdu bdi thu&ng thiit hgi

Trong Bfi Mat dfin sy nfim 2015, thdi

Mfu khdi kifn yeu cau bdi tbudng thiet hai 1& 3 nfim thay vi quy djiih 2 nfim nhu ttong Bf lugt dfin sy nam 2005. Sy fliay doi nay Ifi phft hgp vdi mgt so quy dinh cd lien quan (thdi Men khdi kifn ygu clu ngudi thfta k l thyc hifn ngbia vu tfii san do ngudi chit de lai la 3 nam kg tft thdi d i l m md thua k l ) . Cd thg liy vi dy cy tbg ve sy phu hgp n&y nhu sau:

Ngay 01/01/2013, A gSy fliiet hai v l sftc khoe cho B. Ngay ttong ng&y hdm dd A g&p tai nan va chet, co de lgi di san. Nhu vgy, thdi hifu khdi kifn vd boi tbudng tbiet hai v&

thdi Mfu khdi kifn yeu cau ngudi thfta ke ph&i tbuc Men nghta vy tai s&n do ngudi chgt d l lgi d l b i t diu tir ngay 01/01/2013. Theo quy djnh v l tbdi hieu khdi kien vg Ihfta kg, den trade ngay 01/01/2016, B co the nfp don khdi kien yeu c&u ngudi thfta ke ctia A phai bdi thuang thay cho A. Neu thdi hifu khdi kien ve bfii thudng thift hgi ehi keo dai 2 nfim tbi Iuc n&y vifc kbdi kien tbeo quy djnh vg thua ke ciia B dfii vdi ngudi thfta ke cua A la khfing cdn gia ttj. Nhu vay I& khdng hgp li vt nghTa vy boi tbudng ciing la mpt logi ngMa vy tai s&n do ngudi chet de Iai.

Thdi digm tinh thdi Men khdi kifn vg bdi thudng tMet hai cftng cd sy thay dfii. Theo quy dinh ttong Bfi Mat dfin su nfim 2005, thdi diem do Ifi "thdi diem quyen va lgi icb bi xam phgm". Theo quy djnh ttong Bg lu&t d&n sy nfim 2015, thdi didra dd la flidi dilm

"biet ho&c bufc ph&i biet quyen va lgi ich hgp ph&p bj xfim pham". Sy thay ddi nfiy la phu hgp, bdi vt khdng phai tradng hgp nfio ngudi cd quyen ygu c i u cung cd thi bilt dugc quyin va lgi icb hgp ph&p cfta mtnh bi xfim phgra d thdi diera nao. Quy djnh nhu

' TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 3/2017 NGHIEN CUV - TRAOBdl Bf Mat dfin sy nfim 2005 dan den nMeu

tradng hgp kM ngudi c6 quygn ygu cau biet h o ^ bufc phfii bigt quygn v& lgi ich hgp , p h ^ cua minh bi xfim phgm tM thdi Mfn

khdi kifn cd thi dfi hit.

3. Nhihig diem moi ve x&c dinh tMft hai 3.1. Thi$t hgi do tdi sdn bi xdm phgm Quy dinh yl "tfii sfin bi mil", "tai s&n hi buy hoai hogc bi hu hdng" d Bfi Mat dfin sy nfim 2015 dircrc dfit ttong cftng mpt khoan thay vi dfit trong hai khofin kh&c nhau nhu d Bg Iugt dfin sy nfim 2005. Quy dinh nfiy la hgp li, bdi vi vl ban chit, hai logi tMft hai nfiy deu !& nhihig tMft hai tryc tilp do t&i s&n bi xam pham, ngn viec t&ch ra !& khfing cin tMet. Hon nua, vifc t&ch hai loai tMft hgi n&y ra hai kho&n kh&c nhau se cd thi din din c&ch Meu ring nhiing thift hgi n&y ddc Ifip vdi nhau va kM x&c dinh se ph&i tfnh to&n tit c& nhumg tMft hgi n&y. Tuy nhidn, kM thift hai dugc bieu Mfn dudi dgng "bi mit" tM cM ti'nh gi& tri cua tm san bj mit makhdng the tinh tiep gi& tri cfta thiet hgi vl "tai s&n bi hu^ hoai hofie bi hu hdng".

Bg lufit dan sy nam 2015 bfi sung quy dinh vg "tMft hgi kh&c do Mat quy dinb".

Quy dinh nay efing bgp h', bdi vi kM tai s&n bi x3m pbam cd thi chft sd huu se mit di nhiing lgi ,ich ma Ie ra hg dugc hudng. Do dd, vifc lift ke flieo quy dinh cua Bg luat dan sy nam 2005 se khdng bao quat dfiy dft c&c tMft hgi ma chu sd hftu phai g&nh chiu khi tai s&n bi xSm pham. Vi du, mdt con ttau dang CO fliai din fli&ng tiift 9 bi ngudi l&i d tfi gay tiiift hgi (bi chit) tiii kM xae djnh fliiet hgi flieo quy dinh cfta Bfi Mat dfin su nfim 2005, khfing flil tinh din gia trj cfta eon nghe

sfip dugc sinh ra. Tuy nMdn, theo quy djnh ciia Bf Mat dan su nfim 2015, gifi tri cua con nghe c6 thi cung dugc x&c dinh Ifi mgt ttong nhihig loai tMft hai kh&c do phap Mat quy dinh kM tfnh tofin mftc bfii tbudng.

3.2. Vi thiit hgi do sue khoe bi xdm phgm Quy dinh vl tMet hgi dd sue khod bi xfim phgm trong Bp Mat dan sy nfim 2015 c6 nhung thay doi so vdi Bp Mat dfin sy nfim 2005 nhu sau:

Thie nhdt, bd sung diem d khofin I vdi nfi dung "tMft hai khfic do Mat quy dinh".

Vifc bd sung quy dinh nfiy la bo&n to&n hpp li, bdi vt tren thyc tg kM ca nhan bi xfim pham sftc khoe, ngo&i nhimg tMet hai ma c& nhan phai g&nh ehiu nhu Bd lufit dan sy n&m 2005 lift kg till hp cdn co thi bi rait di nhumg lpi ich kh&c. Vi du, A da ki hgp ding kho&n vifc vdi thdi ban 1 th&ng v& raftc thu lao 30 ttieu.

Tuy nMdn, A da bi xara phara sftc khoe tiirdc kM bit diu lara vifc 1 ngay, kMin cho A khdng the iam dugc cong vifc dd va mat di khoan thu nhap raa lg ra cd dugc.

Thu hai, sft dyng cym tft "nguoi chiu ttach nhifm bdi thudng" thay eho cym tft

"ngudi xam phgm sftc khoe cfta ngudi khac"

ttong Bg Mat d&n sy nam 2005. Sy tiiay dli nay la bgp ti, bdi \\ thye tl kbdng phai mpi tradng hgp ngudi xam phgm sftc khoe ciia ngudi kh&c deu phai chiu ttach nhiem bli thudng. Cd nMlu tradng hgp. ngudi ph&i bli thudng khdng ph&i l& ngudi dfi gay fliift ha^

vg sftc khoe cho ngudi khfic. Vf dy, bd ae bfii thudng tMft bai do con dudi 15 tudi.gay ra, ph&p nhan bdi thudng tMet hgi do ngudi cua phap nhan gfiy ra...

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TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 3/2017 NGHltN COV - TRAO Bdl

Thii ba, x&c dinh rd mftc bft dip tfin that ve tinh thin nlu khfing thoa thufin tM &p dung cho tftng ngudi M xfim phgm sftc khoe.

Dfiy la quy dinh mdi vfi ro rang hon Bd lugt dan sy nfim 2005. Tuy nMdn, dudng nhu quy dinh n&y l& khdng cin tMlt^ bdi vi ngudi M tin fliit tinh thin ttong trudmg hgp nfiy chinh la ngudi bi xfim pham sue khoe. Dfing thdi, mfii ngudi bi xara phgm sftc khoe lufin dgc lap vdi nhau ttong vifc ydu cau boi thudng tMft hgi. Do do mftc bu dip tfin that vg tinh than ciing ducmg nhien dugc x&c djnh mgt each dfic lap cho tftmg ngudi.

an^ Thit tu, mftc bu d&p ton that ve tinh than -^T)^^ tradng bgp c&c bfin khfing c6 tho&

thuan dugc x&c djnh tfii da khfing qua 50 lin mftc luong CO sd. Viec Bfi Mat dfin su nfim 2015 sft dyng kh&i nifm "mftc luang ca sd"

tiiay cho kh&i mera "mftc Iuong tfii tMlu chung" quy dinh d Bp Mat dan sy nfim 2005 la hgp h', bdi vi ttudc thdi dilm ng&y 01/7/2013, chua ed kh&i mfm "rauc Iuong ca sd" m& cM tfin tgi khai nifm "mftc luong tfii tMgu chung"

v& "mftc luong tfii tMgu vftng". Tgi tbdi digm nay. mftc Iuong tdi tMeu chung dugc dung l&m can cft dl x&c dinh mftc bft dip tdn that vl tinh tiiin. Tuy nMen, tft 01/7/2013 kh&i nifm "muc lucmg co sd" duge dung thay thg khai mfm "mftc luong toi tMeu cbung" quy dinb tai c&c vfin ban ve che dp tiln luang vfi c&c chl dp khfic cd lien quan ddn tien Iuong cfta CO quan cd th&m quyen.'^'

Diem mdi ttong vifc x&c dinh mftc bii dip tdn that ve tinh thfin Ifi thay vt xac djnh

mftc tli da kM khdng thofi thu^n Ifi 30 th&ng luong tdi tMeu nhu Bf lugt dan sy nfim 2005, flit Bfi Mfit dfin sy nfim 2015 quy djnh mftc toi da Ifi 50 lln Iuong co sd. Tuy nMen, quy dinb nay vin cbua thyc sy ro r&ng bdi vicbua dua ra cfin cft &p dyng vdi tung tradng hgp cy thi (vi dy: raftc tfii fliieu 1&

bao nMgu, can cft v&o dfiu de fip dyng raftc bu dip tfin that vl tinh than bfing 10, 20 hay 30 lin... mftc luong co sd).

3.3. Vi thiet hgi do tinh mgng bf xdm phgm Thu nhdt., ttong Bfi lufit dfin su nfim 2005, chi nhung cM pM cbo viec "cftu chua, bdi duang, cbfim sdc ngudi bi tMft hgi" trudc kM chet moi dugc bdi thudng.*' Tuy nMen, Bd luat dfin sy nfim 2015 lgi quy dinh: "Tlu^t hgi do siic khoe bi xdm phgm theo guy djnh tgi Diiu 590 cua Bg ludt ndy", Tftc Ifi theo quy dinb n&y, neu ngudi bi xam phgm tinh mgng chua chit ngay tM mftc bli thudmg se bao gim cfi bli thudng thiet hgi do sue khoe bi xfim pbgm. Sy thay ddi n&y 1& hgp K, bdi vt trong thdi gian dieu tri ngudi bi tMft bai mfit tbu nhfip bofic phfii cd ngudi ehfim sdc hofie bi anb hudng ve tinh than... Do do, nhirng khofin bdi thudng nay Ifi dd boi thudng cho cbinh ngudi bj xfim phgm sftc khoe, cdn nhung kho&n bdi thudng sau 1& bfii thudng cho ngudi than thich cfta ngudi chet.

Thu hai, Bfi lufit dfin sy nfim 2015 ciing bfi sung vfi thay dfii muc bfii thudmg kM tiifli mang bj xfim pbgm cung tucmg ty nhu khi sftc khoe bj xfim pbam:

(5).Xem th£m Dilu 5 Nghj djnh sd 66/2013/ND-CP ngiy 27/6/2013 quy djnh muc luong ca sd doi vdi cin bd, cdng chiic, vign chiic vi lyc iupng vu ttang.

(6).Xem them: Nguyen Vin Hpi, "Xic djnh thift hgi khi tt'nh mgng bi xam phgm theo phap luit din sy Vift Nam", Tgp cht ddn chu vd phdp lugt. sd 8/2011.

tt. 22 - 28.

' TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 3/2017 NGHIEN ciru - TRAO Bdl - Bfi sung quy dinb "thift hai khac do

ph&p lugt quy djiih";

- Sfta quy dinh "ngudi xfim phgm tinh , mgng cfta ngudi khfic" thfinh "ngudi chiu

tt&ch nMfm boi thudng";

- Mftc bu dip tin thit ve tinh than ndu khdng tho& thufin tht dugc x&c dinb tdi da khfing qu& 100 lln mftc luong ca sd va &p dung cbo m5i ngudi co tmh raang bi xam pham.

Tfit cfi nhftng thay dfii nfiy deu hgp li nhu dfi phfin tich d phan ttdn. D§c bift, quy dinh ve muc bti dip tin thit tinh thin dugc &p dyng cho moi ngudi cd tfnh mang bi xSm pham la rd rfing va rat cin tMet. Trong tradng hgp nay, ngudi dugc bii dip tin thit ve tinh than khdng ph&i 1& ngudi bi xfim phgm tfnh mgng ma la ngudi thfin thich cfta hp. Cd the ed nhieu ngudi bj xfim phgra tinh mgng nhung chi cd mpt ngudi than thich.

Trgn thuc te, nMlu tradng hpp da xfiy ra mfiu thuan giua nhumg ngudi cd tiifim quygn trong vifc x&c djnh raftc bu dip tin thit vl tinh tiiin chi tfnh mft lin vdi tit cfi nhfimg ngudi bi xfim phara tinh mang hay tfnh rieng vdi tftng ngudi. Sy bfi sung quy dinh nay da giai quylt dugc nhftng mfiu thuan ph&t sinh ttong qu& trinh giai quylt ttanh chip vl bfii thudng iMet hgi do tfnh mang bi xam phgm.

3.4. Ve thiet hgi do danh die, nhdn phdm, uy tin bi xdm phgm

Thit nhdt, Bf lufit dan sy nfim 2015 da bd quy dinh ve chft flil bi xam pham danh dy, nhfin phim, uy tin. Dieu nay la bgp li bdi bit ki chu till nfio ebftng rainh duge danh du, nhan pham hoae uy tin eua minh xam pham tilt diu cd quyin yen ciu boi tiiudng tiiift hgi.

Thie hai, Bf lu^t dfin sy nfim 2015 cung cdnhihig didu cUnh bgp li tuong ty nhu ddi vdi tradng hgp sftc khoe, tfnh raang bi xam pbam nhu: bfi sung tMft hai kh&c do phap lufit quy dinh; ca sd dg tfnh muc bD dip tin thit vl tinb thfin Ifi luong co sd m& khdng ph&i luong tfii thidu nhu Bfi Mat dan sy nam 2005. Tuy nMgn, cd mft didm khfing hgp li Ifi khfing cln thilt ph&i x&c dinh muc bii dip tin thit vl tinb thin ap dyng cho mfii ngudi cd danh dy, nhan pbam, uy tin bi xfim phgm.

Bdi V] ngudi bi tdn that tinb than trong tradng hgp n&y chfnh Ifi ngudi bi xam pham danh du, nhan phfim, uy tfn. Ddng thdi. mfii ngudi bi xfim pham danb dy, nhfin phfim, uy ti'n ludn dgc lap vai nhau ttong vifc ydu clu bfii thudmg tMft hgi. Do dd raftc bu dip tin that ve tinh than cung duong nhien dupc xfic dinh mft c&ch dfic l&p cho tftmg ngudi.

3.5. Vi th&i hgn hu&ng boi thu&ng thiet hgi do tinh mgng, sue khoe bi xdm phgm

Thir nhdt, Bf Mat dan sy nfim 2015 da bl sung quy dinh lien quan din viec x&c dinh tbdi diera dupe budng bdi thudng ihift hai, cy thg nhu: thdi dilm mit bofin toan kha nang lao dpng; thai diem ngudi cd tinh mgng bi xfim pham chet; thai diem sinh ra va cdn sdng dfii vdi con da thfinh thai. Sy bo sung nay Ifi ro rfing va bgp If. Dilu nay se gidp cfic toa cd can cft de xac djnh mftc bli tbudng efing nhu thdi hgn faudng bdi thudng raft c&ch cy thg v& chfnh x&c.

Thu hai, Bp lufit dan sy nam 2015 b"

sung quy djnh cho phep cac bgn dugc • ipa fliuan vl tbdi ban budng bfii thudng thift hai kM sftc khoe bj xfim phgm. Dfiy cftng 1& quy dinh phii hgp vdi mft ttong nhung nguygn 48

TAPCHiLUATHQC SO 3/2017 NGHltN CVV - TRAO Bdl t&; CO b&n cua Lu|t dan sy dd 1& nguygn tac

thda thufin dugc quy djnb tai khofin 2 Dieu 3 Bd lufit dfin sy nfim 2015.

4. Nhfing diem m<H trong quy dinh vl mft so tnrong hgp boi thirong thift hgi cu the

4.1. Boi thu&ng thiet hgi trong tru&ng hgp vugt qud yeu cdu cua tinh thi cdp thiit

Bfi lufit dfin su nam 2015 da bd quy dinb tai khofin 1 Dilu 614 Bp Mat dan sy nfim 2005 la: *'Ngu&i gdy thiit hgi trong tinh thi cdp thiet khong phdi boi thu&ng cho ngu&i bi thiet hgf\ Dfiy la su sfta dfii hgp li bdi vi quy dinh vd "ngu&i dd gdy ra ttnh thi cdp thiit ddn den thiet hgi xdy ra thi phdi boi thi'&ng cho ngu&i bi thiit hgi" dfi bao trftm ca quy dinh n&y. Do dd, khfing cin tMlt phai dua ra quy dinh nhu tai kho&n 1 Dieu'614 Bfi lufit dfin su nam 2005.

4.2. Boi thu&ng thiit hgi do nhiiu ngu&i ciing gdy ra

Dfiy la mfit ttong nhumg tradng hgp bfii thudng tMet hai cy the dugc quy djnh tai Dilu 616 Bfi Mat dan sy nam 2005. Tuy nhien, trong Bfi Mat dfin sy nfim 2015, quy djnh nay da dugc chuyin len tbanh mpt trong nhung quy djnh chung ve bfii thudng thiet hgi vfi duge &p dyng cbo ragi tradng hpp cy thi ma cd nMeu ngudi cfing gfiy ra.

Sy fliay dfii nay ciing bofin tofin hpp If bdi vi thyc tl, nhilu ngudi cfing gfiy ra tbiet hgi cd tiig rai vao tradng hgp nhieu ngudi dd cung vugt qufi gidi ban phdng vf chfnh dang, cung vugt qua yeu cau cua tinh the cap thiet, cfing sft dyng chit kich Uiieh... Do do, ylu to

"ciing gfiy thiet bai" Ifi yeu td chung cfta cfic tradng hop cy the, ndn khfing thi dat thanh mpt tradng hgp boi thudng thift hgi mfi phai

dat d nfi dung cfta phln quy dinh chung.

4.3. Boi thu&ng thi$t hgi trong tru&ng hgp ngu&i hi thi$t hgi hodn todn cd ldi

Dfiy ciing la mfit ttong nhihig tradng hgp bdi thudng thift hai cy thi ttong Bf lufit dan sy nam 2005. Tuy nhidn, dg dam b&o sy phfi hgp ngn ttong Bf Mat dan sy nfim 2015, tradng bgp nay dugc cbuyln lgn phln quy dinh chung va dugc gM nhgn ttong hai digu voi nhihig phln khfic nhau. Theo dd, mdt phfin dugc ghi nhan ttong khoan 2 Dieu 584 nhu mdt ttong e&c cfin cft logi trft tt&ch nhifm cua ngudi gfiy fliiet hai (ngudi bi thiet hai hofin toan cd l6i tM ngudi gfiy tMet hai khdng phfii bli tbudng). Phln khfic tM lai dupc gM nhfin ttong kho&n 4 Dilu 585 nhu mdt trong nhfimg nguyen tfie bli thudmg tMet hai (khi bdn bi tMet bgi cd loi ttong vifc gfiy tMft hai tht khfing dugc bdi thudmg phfin thift hgi do l6i cua minh gfiy ra).

4.4. Bdi thu&ng thiet hgi do nguai thi hdnh cdng vu g&y ra

Dfiy la quy dinh mdi ve htnh thfte the hifn va ndi dung dieu cbinh, cu thi nhu sau:

Thu nhdt, quy dinb n&y da ggp hai quy dinh ve bdi thudng fliift hai do c&n bfi, cfing chftc gay ra (Didu 619 Bd Mat dfin sy nfira 2005) vfi bfii thudng thift hgi do ngudi cd thfim quyen cua eo quan tien banh lo tyng gay ra (Dilu 620 Bfi Mat dfin su nfim 2005).

Thu hai, xac djnh cbu thi phai boi thudng thiet hai Ifi nhfi nudc makhfing phai ca quan qu&n li c&n bfi, cfing ehfte hay co quan tien hfinh tfi tyng.

Thu ba, x&c dinb ro Mat fip dyng dk gifii quygt 1& Lufit ttach nhiem bdi thudng cfta Nhfi nudc ma khfing phai Bg Mat dan su.

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TAP CHf LUAT HQC SO 3/2017 NGHltN CW - TRAO Bdl 4.5. Bdi thu&ng thi^t hgi do ngu&i duai

muai ldm tudi, ngu&i mdt ndng lire hdnh viddn s\F gdy ra trong th&i gian tru&ng hpc, benh viin, phdp nhdn khdc true tiip qudn li

Quy dinb nfiy cd mpt sfi thay ddi so vdi Bp lufit dfin su nfim 2005 nhu sau:

TM nhdt, tft "tfi chuc" dugc thay the bfing tft "ph&p nhfin". Tbay dfii nfiy dan den vifc x&c djnh chft the quan li ngudi gay tMet hai trong tradng hgp nay cM cd the 1& ph&p nhfin.

Sy sfta ddi n&y phuhgp vdi sy thay ddi c&c quy dinh vl chft thi trong Bd Mft dfin sy tbeo hudng cM thiia nhgn tu c&ch chft the ciia c&

nhan v& ph&p nhfin. Do do, ttong tradng h ^ cfic chu the dugc de cap trong Dieu Mat nay mfi gay tMft hgi kM dang doc&c tfi chftc khfing cd tu c&ch ph&p nhan qu&n li, tift ttach nMfm dugc dat ra cho tftng c& nhan cd tr&ch nMfm quan K hogc se d§t ra tr&ch nMem lign ddi dfii vdi c&c c& nhan cd tt&ch nMem qu&n li.

Thit hai, cym tu "duoi 15 tudi" duge sfta ddi th&nh "chua du 15 tudi". Nhung phfin tich cho su Ihay ddi n&y dfi dugc lara ro d nhirng phin ttdn.

4.6. Boi thuang thiit hgi do ngu&i lam cdng, ngu&i hgc nghi gdy ra

Bp Mat dSn sy nfim 2015 dfi bd cym tft

"v& cac ehu the kh&c" khi x&c dinh ngudi chju tt&ch nMfm bdi thudng tMft hgi do ngudi Ifim cfing, ngudi hpc ngbl gfiy ra.

Dieu nay cho thiy Bg lugt dfin sy chi dilu chinh van de bdi ±udmg tMft hgi do ngudi Ifim eong, ngudi hge nghe cfta ca nhfin, ph&p nhan. Doi vdi eac tradng hop ngudi lara cdng, ngudi hpc nghi do cac cbft tbi kh&c sft dyng m& gay tiiift hai tiii khdng &p dyng quy djnh nay nhung rd rang ciing khfing cd quy

dinh n&o phfi hop de fip dyng dfii vdi cfic tradng hgp nfiy.

4.7. Bdi thu&ng thi^t hgi do nguon nguy hiim cao dg gdy ra

Thie nhdt, khofin 2 Dilu 601 Bf Iugt dan sy nSm 2015 bd sung mdt nfii dung ttong ngWa vy cfta chft sd hiru ngudn nguy Mem cao df la ngofii vifc tuan thft quy djnh ph&p luat vl "bao qu&n, trfing giu, vgn chuyin, su dyng ngufin nguy hidm cao dp" nhu trong Bfi Mat dan sy nfira 2005, tM con phfii tuan thft quy dinh pb&p lugt lien quan din viec

"van bfinh" ngudn nguy Mem cao dfi.

Thit hai, ttong kho&n 3 vfi khoan 4 Bf Mat dfin sy nfim 2015, cym tu "ngudi cMem hiiu, sft dyng" dugc dftng thay cho cym tu

"ngudi dugc chft sd hftu giao cMdm hm, sir dyng". Viec su dyng cym tu "ngudi cMem huu, sft dyng" mac dfi bao qu&t dugc cfic chii thg chilm hftu, sft dung co c&n cft phap luat kh&c mfi khdng bao gfim chft sd hfiu vk ngudi dugc chu sd hfiu chuyin giao nhung cym tft nay cung gay ra bat cfip d chl chmh b&n thfin nd cftng bao bam c& ngudi cMlm huu, sft dyng tr&i phfip Mat. Dilu n&y din den ban khoan rang ngudi chilm huu, sii dyng tt&i pb&p lufit ngudn nguy higm cao df cd dugc loai trft tt&ch nhiera bli tiiudng tiiiet hai tiieo quy dinh tgi kho&n 3 Dieu 601 Bo Mat dan sy nfim 2015 hay khfing? Vl vin de nay, t&c gia cbo ring nguoi cMlm hiiu, sii dung trai phfip Mat ngufin nguy Mgm cao df khdng dupc &p dyng cfin cft loai trft trach nMem ttong ttuong hgp xfiy ra su kifn bat kha kh&ng hofie tinh the cip tiiilt, bdi vt ban thfin hp ludn M coi Ifi cd loi do cMlm hihi, sft dyng tt&i ph&p lugt ngudn nguy Mdra cao 50

TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 3/2017 NGHltN CUV - TRAO BOI dp cfta ngudi kh&c. Dli vdi tradng hop hoan

toan do ldi co y cua ngudi bi tMet hgi tM tfie gia cho ring ndn logi trft tt&ch nMem boi thudng tMft hai cho ngudi bi cMlm hfiu, su dyng tt&i phap lufit. Theo dd, cln ph&i sua dli kho&n 3 vfi kho&n 4 Dilu 601 Bfi Mat dfin sy nfira 2015 nhu sau:

"3. Chft sd hihi, ngudi cMem him, sft dyng hgp ph&p ngudn nguy Mem cao df pb&i bli tbudng tMft hgi ca kM khdng c6 l6i, trft tiirdng hgp sau dfiy...

4. Tradng hgp ngufin nguy Mem cao dp bi cMgra hiru, sft dyng tt&i ph&p Mgt tM ngudi dang cMem him, sft dyng ngudn nguy Mem cao dp ttai ph&p Mat ph&i bfii thudng thift hgi, trft tradng hgp tMft hgi xay ra ho&n to&n do ldi cd y cfta ngudi bi thift hgi".

4.8. Bdi thu&ng thiit hgi do ldm d nhiim moi tru&ng

Bdluat dfin sy nfim 2015 sft dyng tft "chu thi" dg thay thi cho cym tft "cfi nhSn, ph&p nhan v& c&c chu thi kh&c" va "ngudi g&y d nMem mfii trudng". Sy sfta dfii nay tgo ra kh&c biet trong viec x&c dinh cac chft the pb&i chju tt&ch nMfm bfii tiiudng tMet hai so vdi Bf Mat dSn sy nfim 2005. Trong Bd lufit dfin sy nfim 2005, chft thg phfii boi thudng do l&m fi nMem mfii trudng cd thg la c& nhan, ph&p nhan, hg gia dinh, tfi hgp t&c. Tuy nMgn, tbeo cac quy djnb trong Bfi Mat dfin sy nam 2015 efing vdi cfic quy dinh ve chu the ttong Bd luat nay, cd the xac dinb dugc chft thi phai bli tbudng thiet hgi do lain fi nMem mfii tradng chi co thg la ca nhfin va phap nhan.

4.9. Bdi thu&ng thi?t bgi do sue vdt gdy ra Thit nhdt, Bf Mat dan su nfim 2015 da bd quy dinh neu ngudi bi tMet hai ho&n toan cd

loi trong viec iam sue v$t gfiy tMft hgi cho minb tht chft sd hihi khfing pb&i bfii thudmg.

Thyc chit quy dinh n&y dfi dupc Idng ^ d p vao quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dilu 584 vl can cft logi trft tr&ch nMfm boi thudng, ttong do ciing cd can cft do 1& hoan toan do ldi cua bgn bi tiiift hgi. Do vgy, vifc logi bd n&y la boan toan phft hgp, tt&nh dugc sy triing lap gifta eac quy dinh.

Thit hai, Bd Mat dan sy nfim 2015 da bo sung quy dinh ve ti&ch nMfm bfii thudng tMft hgi cua ngudi cMem hiiu, ngudi sft dyng sue vgt tgi khofin 1 Dieu 603. Quy dinh n&y ho&n to&n phu hpp, bdi vi ngudi dugc chu sd huu giao cMera hihi, sft dyng sue vfit l& ngudi cd quyen nhit dinb ddi vdi siic vgt do (thdng thudng Ifi ngudi ducrc khai th&c cdng dung ciia sftc vat h o ^ ngudi dugc hudng mft cM pM nhfit dinh de quan li sue vgt), ndn phfii boi tbuong tMft hgi do sftc vfit do gfiy ra.

Thie ba, Bd lufit dfin su nfim 2015 bfi sung quy dinh Udn quan dgn trach nMfm cfta chft sd hihi, ngudi chiem bum, sft dyng sftc vfit khi sftc vat bj cMem hiM, su dyng ttai ph&p luat. Vifc bd sung quy djnh nay nhfim nang cao ttach nMfm cfta chft sd hiiu, ngudi cMem hiiu, sft dyng sue vfit ttong vifc qufin li sdc vat. Do dd, neu khdng quan If tdt sue vat thi chft sd hftu, ngudi cMem him, sft dyng sue vat phfii chiu tr&ch nhiem vg viee quan If cfta minh.

4.10. Bdi thie&ng thiet hgi do cdy cdi gdy ra Thie nhdt, Bfi lugt dan sy n3m 2015 bd sung quy dinh ve tt&ch nMem bdi thudng cfta ngudi chilm htM, ngudi dugc giao qu&n If cfiy coi. Day la quy djnh nhim x&c djnh tt&ch nMfm cfta ngudi quan If cay edi khi

51

TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 3/2017 NGHltN cinj - TRAOBdl cay coi gfiy ra tiiift hai. Tuy nhien, ngudi

duge gjao qu&n If cay cdi cung c6 till coi l&

ngucri cMlm hftu cfiy coi, bdi vi "cMlm hihi la nim gift, qufin U". Do dd, ndn sft dung tiiong nhit tft "cMlm huu" ihay vi su dyng e& tu "cMgm hiiu" vfi tu "qu&n If'.

Thie hai, Bfi lugt dfin su n5m 2015 da md rfng pham vi c&c tradng hpp c&y cli gay thift hai mfi pbat sinb ttach nMem bdi thudmg cua chft sd hihi, ngudi cMem bim, ngudi qu&n If cfiy coi. Theo Bd Mat dfin sy nfim 2005, chi khi c&y cdi dd, giy m& gfiy fliift hai mdi ph&t sinh ti^cb nMfm bfii thudng. C&c ttirdng hgp c&y cdi gay thiet hai m& khfing do dd, gay tM khfing ph&t sinh tt&ch nMfm bfii thudng tiiift hgi.

Thu ba, Bp luat dan sy nam 2015 da khfing cdn quy djnh bai tiirdng hgp loai trft ti^cb nMfm bdi tiiudng do cfiy cdi gay ra (hoan to&n do loi cfta ngudi bj tMft hgi vfi bit kha khang). Tuy nMen, nhftng can cft nay da duge quy dinh chung cho mpi tiirdng hpp tgi khoan 1 Dilu 584 Bf lufit dfin sy n&m 2015.

4.11. Bdi thu&ng thi?t hgi do nhd cua, cdng trinh xdy dtmg khdc gdy ra

Thit nhdt, Bf Mat dfin sy nfim 2015 da bfi sung mfit chft thg phfii chiu tt&ch nMfm bfii thudng kM nba cfta, cdng trinh xay dyng khac gay thift hai l& "ngudi chiira hihi".

Tuy nhien. neu bd sung ngudi cMlm bihi tht ngn bd quy djnh vg "ngudi quan If bdi vt kh&i mem cMem hftu da bao gdm c& kbai niem quan li ttong do.

Thu hai, Bfi Mat dfin sy nam 2015 dfi md rpng phgm vi cfic tradng hpp bfii thudng tMft hai do nh& cfta, cdng tiinh xfiy dyng khfic gay ra. Theo dd, tit c& cac tiirdng hgp

nhfi cfta, cong trinh xfiy dyng kh&c gay tMft hgi till diu phfit sinh ttach nMfm boi thudng nlu dft c&c dilu kifn.

Thie ba, hai cfin cft loai tru ciing dugc bo di l& "hoan toan do l5i cfta ngudi bj tMft hgi"

va "sy kifn bit kha kh&ng". Nhfimg .quy djnh nay da dugc dl cap ttong khofin 1 Dilu 584 vfi fip dung cbo mgi trudmg bgp.

Thie tu, Bp lufit dan sy nfim 2015 bl sung quy djnh lidn quan dgn ttach nMem cua ngudi thi cfing. Tuy nMgn, vifc ap dyng quy dinh nay tren thyc tl doi hdi phai that cMnh xac, bdi vi sg de bi nbfim lan giua tradng hop nhfi eua, cfing trinb xfiy dyng gfiy thiet hgi vdi bfinh vi tbi cfing nhfi cfta, cfing tiinh x&y dyng kh&c gay ra tMft hgi.

4.12. Bdi thu&ng thiet hgi do xdm phgm thi thi

Thie nhdt, Bg Mat dfin sy nfira 2015 gidi ban c&c chft thi xfim phgm thi the cM gim ca nhfin, ph&p nhan, ttong kM do Bfi Mat dfin sy nam 2005 cdn x&c dinb thera c& c&c chft the kh&c ngofii ca nhfin v& ph&p nb&n.

Thic hai, kh&i mem "ngudi xam phgm thi the" dupc thay bing kh&i nifm "ngudi cMu trach nMfm bfii tbudng" kM xac dinh chu tbi phfii bfi dip ve tinh than. Sy thay doi nfiy Ifi phii hpp, bdi vt khdng phai trudmg bpp nfio ngudi xam phgm tM thd cung phai ty bdi thudng.

Thir ba, vifc xac dinb raftc bfi dap ton thfit ve tinh than vfi cfin cu de x&c dinb efing dugc thay ddi. Theo dd, muc bfi dip se fip dyng cho moi tM the bi xam pham (Bp luft dfin sy nam 2005 khdng quy dinh ro vfin de n&y) vfi can cft dl tfnh la luang co sd ma khong ph&i luomg tdi thilu nhu Bd lufit dan sy n5m 2005. Sy fliay ddi n&y Ifi phfi hgp bdi 52

TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 3/2017 NGHltN CW - TRAO BOI vi nlu dli quy dinh chung ve muc bft dip tin

thit vl tinh thin neu khdng thoa thugn dugc tM toi da khdng qufi 30 th&ng luong tiln luang CO so tiii se dan din nhihig mfiu thuSn ttong vifc x&c dinh mftc toi da dd ap dyng cho mdt thi the hay rapt lln xara phgm tbi the (mfit lin co thi xfim pham nMeu tM the).

4.13. Bdi thu&ng thi$t hgi do xdm phgm md ma

Bfi Mat dfin sy nfim 2015 c6 hai sy thay ddi so vdi Bp lugt dfin sy nfim 2005 khi quy djnh ve bdi thudng tMet hai do xara phgra md ma nhu sau:

Thu nhdt, chi xfic dinh c& nhfin v& ph&p nhfin 1& chft thg xfim phgm mfi ma.

' ' Thu hai, bfi sung quy djnh lien quan den bfi dap ton that ve tinh than kM xam phgm mo mfi la 10 lin muc luong co sd cbo moi mfi m&bi xfim pbgm. Sy bfi sung nay la hoan loan phu hgp, bdi vt mo m& ra^c dfi cfing cd thg la mfit ttong nhirng logi tai s&n nhung loai t&i s&n nay hau nhu cM co gi& tri ve mat tinb tiiln. NIU mo m& M xfim phara tM tinh than cua nhfimg ngudi cdn sfing se bi anh hudng.

Do dd, nlu mfi mfi bj xam pham rafi khdng ed khoan tiln bfi dip ve tinh thin I& khdng phfi hpp vdi myc dicb bfi dip tin that cfta tt&ch nMem bfii tbudng tMft hai ngoai hpp dfing.

4.14. Bdi thu&ng thi^t hgi do vi phgm quyin lgi cua ngu&i tieu ddng

Trong Bfi Mat dfin sy nfim 2015, cbft thi vi pham quyin lpi ngudi tigu dfing ehi cd thi la c& nh&n va ph&p nhfin (ttong Bf Mat dfin sy nfira 2005 con bao gfira c&c chft the kh&c).

Ngoai ra, ttong Bf Mat dfin sy nfim 2015, hfinh vi vi phgm quyen lgi ngudi tigu dung cd till fip dyng vdi ca tradng hpp kinh doanh

h&ng hofi va djch vy (ttong Bf Mat dan sy nSm 2005 cM dl cap hfing hofi). Sy thay doi nay Ifi phfi hgp bdi vi nd the Men sy tuong ding gifta quy dinh lien quan den chft thg chiu tt&ch nMfm boi thudng tMft hgi vdi quy dinh ve lien quan dgn vifc tbam gia vao quan he ph&p Mat dfin sy cfta cac chu the.

Ngofii ra, sy phu hgp con the Mfn d cho nd bao qu&t dugc cac trudng hgp bdi tbudng tMet hai do vi phara quyen lgi cfta ngudi tieu dftng phfit sinh tten thyc te (tten thuc tg, khfing chi viec s&n xult, kinh doanh s&n phfim mdi ed thg gfiy ra thift hgi. raa ngay ca vifc kinh doanh dich vy ciing cd the gfiy tMft hgi cbo ngudi tieu dung)./.

T A I LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Hofing Dgo vfi Vu TM Lan Huong, "Yeu

tfi loi ttong ttacb nMf ra bfii thudng thift hgi ngoai hgp dong", Tgp chi nghiin cuu lap phdp, so 13, fli&ng 7/2013.

2. Nguyen Van Hgi, "X&c djnh tMft hgi kM tinh mgng bi xfim phgm theo phap Mat dan sy Viet Nam", Tgp chi dan chu vd phdp lugt, sfi 8/2011.

3. Nguygn Vfin Hgi. 'Trach nMem bfii thudng fliiet hai ngo&i bgp dfing ttong Dy th&o Bg Mat dan sy (sfta dfii)", Tgp chi lugt hpc, so dfic biet, fliang 6/2015.

4. Nguyin Vfin Hgi, "Digu kifn phat sinh ttach nhifm bfii thudng tiiift hgi do tfii sfin g&y ra ttong Bg Mat dan sy", Tgp chi lugt hgc, sd 12/2015.

5. Nguyen Vfin Hpi, "Nang lyc chiu tt&ch nhiem bfii tbudng tMft hai do tai sfin gfiy ra ttong Bfi lufit dfin su nSm 2015", Tgp chilugthgc, sfi4/2016.

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