NONG NGfflEP BEN V L T N G VA SU" PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP VUNG DONG BANG BAC BO
Vu Van Ddng Ngo Tuan NghTa Tdm tat: Nhung ndm qua ndng nghiip vitng Ddng bdng Bdc Bd dd dgt dugc nhiiu thdnh tint, ndng sudt lao ddng cd su tdng len ddng ke, cdc md hinh ndng nghiep cdng nghi cao dang ddn dugc hinh thdnh tgo co so cho su phdt triin cho nhirng ndm tiep theo. Song, thuc ti cho thdy su phdt trien chua tucmg xung v&i dim ndng cua viing, cdn thiiu tinh ben vdng trong bdi cdnh phdt triin m&i.
Bdi viit ndy chi ra tinh chua bin -vimg trong qud trinh phdt trien cd vi khia cgnh kinh ti, xd hdi vd mdi truang giai dogn 2010 - 2019, tir do de xudt mgt sd gidi phdp phdt tnin ben \>ung ndng nghiip Ddng bdng Bdc Bd nhirng ndm tiip theo.
Tii- khoa: Ndng nghiep, phdt triin bin vHng; Ddng bdng Bdc Bg Dat van de
Co cau nen kinh te dang cd sir chuyen dich theo hudng tang len cua ty trgng nganh cong nghiep, xay dung, nganh du lich, dich vu va giam ty trgng nganh nong, lam nghiep, thuy san. Cung vdi dd qua trinh xay dung cac khu, cum cdng nghiep, qua trinh do thi hda vit sir tang len ve quy mo dan so lam giam mgt lugng Idn dat cho san xuat nong nghiep. Dong thdi su bien doi khi hau toan cau, cac djch berth bung phat vdi quy md Idn ciing CO anh budng khong nhd tdi phat tnen nganh ndng, lam nghiep, thiiy san trong khi nhu cau luong thuc, thuc pham ciia xa hgi ngay cang tang.
Dilu nay doi hdi nong nghiep ciia Viet Nam noi chung va ndng nghiep Ddng bang Bac Bg (DBBB) noi rieng tat yeu phai phat trien theo hudng nang cao gia tri gia tang va ben vung. Trong nhiing nam qua nong nghiep DBBB co budc phat trien dang ke va gdp phan tich cue vao qua trinh chuyen dich ca ciu, nang cao nang suat, phat tnen mo hinh ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao. Tuy nhien, trudc nhimg yeu ciu mdi dat ra, su phat tnen ciia ndng nghiep DBBB chua dam bao tinh ben viing ca ve mat kinh tl, xa hgi va moi trudng. Vi vay, de ndng nghiep DBBB phat trien ben virng, nhiing nam tdi doi hdi
can phai nghien cuu lam ro ngi dung, thuc trang va de xuat nhiing giai phap trong phat tnen la rat can tbilt.
I. Mgt so khai niem
Hien nay co nhieu each tiep can ve phat trien ben viing trong ndng nghiep. To chite Nong nghiep va Luong thuc Lien hgp quoc FAO dua ra quan diem tai Hgi nghi thugng dinh Trai dat nam 1992:
"Phat trien ben viing la quan ly va bao tdn ngudn luc tu nhien va dinh hudng thay doi trong cdng nghe va the che theo each dam bao sir dat dugc va dap ling nhu cau hen tuc ciia the he hien tai va tuong lai. Phat trien ben viing (trong nong nghiep) bao tdn dat, nude, nguon giong cay trdng va vat nudi, khdng lam suy giam chat lugng moi trudng, phu hgp ve mat ky thuat, kha thi ve mat kmh te va chap nhan ve mat xahgi" (FAO, 2013).
Theo D6 Kim Chung va Kim Thj Dung (2013),
"Nong nghiep phat tnen ben vihig la su kit hgp hai hda ca ba try cdt kinh te, xa hgi va moi trudng, thoa man nhu cau luang thuc hien tai va khong anh hudng den nhu cau cua the he tuong lai". Vii Trgng Binh (2013) lai cho rang, ndng nghiep bin virng CO the tap tmng vao cac cong nghe sir dung, dac biet la cdng nghe giiip giam su phu thugc vao
P H A T TRI^N B ^ N VO'NG VUNG Q U Y S N 9, SO 4 (12/2019)
LY LUAN - TRAO pQl
cac nguin tai nguyen khong tai tao va dau vao co hai cho moi trudng, vi du nhu nong nghiep sinh thai, nong nghiep hiiu co, nong nghiep sir dung it diu vao (low-mput). Theo Dumaski, nin tang ciia ndng nghiep ben vimg la duy tri tiem nang san xuat sinh hgc, dac biet la duy tri chat lugng dat, nude va da dang sinh hgc. Nong nghiep bin viing dat dugc nhd ba ylu to: quan ly dat ben viing; cong nghe san xuat duoc cai tien va nang cao hieu qua kinh te (DumanskI, 1997).
Tit nhirng quan diem ve phat trien nong nghiep bin viing da trinh bay d tren, co the hieu: Phat triin nong nghiep ben virng la qua trinh phat trien ndng nghiep gan vdi qua trinh khai thac, sii dung hgp ly cac ngudn luc tu nhien, to chirc san xuat, ap dung ky thuat va xay dung the che phii hop, dam bao muc dich ve mat kinh te, xa hgi va mdi tm'dng.
Phat trien nong nghiep khong chi thda man nhu cau ciia hien tai ma con khong lam anh hudng den qua trinh phat trien ciia tuong lai.
Tir cac quan diem ve phat trien nong nghiep ben vijng co the phan tich ngi dung tir tiep can qua cac phuong dien kinh te; phuong dien xa hgi va phuang dien moi tnrdng. Cu the, ben viing ve phuang dien kinh te dira tren cac dieu kien tu nhien nham tot da hoa thu nhap trong khi van duy tri va bao ton dugc cac dieu kien tu nhien tao ra thu nhap do. Ben canh dd nang cao hieu qua kmh te va tdi uu hoa djnh hudng phan bo va sir dung tai nguyen. Ben vung ve phirong dien xa hgi hudng den muc tieu phat tnen con ngudi qua cac tiep can vdi van de lao dgng, viec lam, thu nhap, thu hudng cac dich vu xa hdi,... lien quan den duy tri su on djnh ciia he thong van hoa va xa hgi. Ben viing ve phuang dien mdi trudng qua trinh khai thac cac dieu kien tu nhien hudng vao su on dinh ciia he thdng vat ly, tu nhien va sinh hgc, Uong do quan tam, nhan manh den kha nang phuc hoi va kha nang thich img cua he thong vdi nhiing su thay doi hon la kha nang duy tri tinh trang "ly tudng".
2. Cach tilp can tir cac mo hinh phdt triin nong nghiip bin virng
Tiep can tir cdc md hinh phdt triin ndng nghiep bin vung.
Md hinh phdt triin ndng nghiip hihi ca: Nong nghiep hiiu ca la qua trinh san xuat dua vao cac ylu tl ky thuat nham nang cao hieu qua khai thac tai nguyen va ban che tac dgng cd hai len moi trudng tu nhien ciing nhu mdi trudng song ciia con ngudi. Phuong phap san xuat ndng nghiep hiiu ca thucmg la luan canh, tham canh cay Uong thong qua bien phap dimg phan dgng vat va cay trong lam phan bon; nghien ciiu, dua ky thuat phu be mat kbi lam dat vao thdi gian thich hgp, dong thdi lua chgn cay trdng, vat nudi cd kha nang chong chiu tit vdi diien tai, dich benh; tang cudng da d^ng sinli hgc, han che su dung thuoc trir sau; nang cao hieu qua cac loiti cd lgi, sii dung hieu qua nguon nude va xay dung bd tieu chuan ky thuat quy dinh san pham hiru co, thu tuc kiem tra va chiing nhan san pham hiiu ca.
Mo hinh phdt triin ndng nghiip img phd biin ddi khi hdu: Md hinh nay da dugc VQ Trgng Binh (2013) mo ta thong qua each tiep can dua tren ba tru cdt chinh la: Tang nang suat va thu nhap; tang cucmg kha nang phuc hoi cua he sinh thai va giam thieu tac hai khi thai nha kinh vao bau khi quyen.
Cac khia canh ca ban ciia tiep can nay bao gom:
nang cao hieu qua khai thac cac nguon tai nguyen dat, nuac d cap do dia phuong va cap dg viing;
thiic day cac boat dgng giiip hap thu cac bon, ket hgp chan nudi va trdng cay vdi san xuat luong thuc theo hudng cai thien do mau md cua dat; giam phat thai khi tit hoat dong ndng nghiep co nguon goc tir su dung phan bon, chan nuoi va tir boat dgng trong Ilia; sii dung tai chinh cac-bon (carbon finance) lam "don bay" cho nong nghiep ben vung, mang lai nhirag loi ich true tiep cho nguin san xuat nho va mdi trudng. Ben canh do, da dang hoa cac nguon thu nhap va dac diem gen ciia cay trong de gmp ndng dan tranh dugc thai tilt bit djnh; phat then cac hinh thirc bao hiem rui ro va chien luge quan ly nii ro ciing nhu chien luac xay dung kha nang phuc hoi bao gom mang ludi an sinb xa hoi ma ngudi ngheo co kha nang tilp can va he thong quan ly cd kha nang cung cap thong tin thdi hit kip thdi den nong dan va giam sat ket qua dau ra ciia cac hoat dgng, dua tren kiln thirc tmyIn thing cua
PHAT TRif N BEN V O N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 4 (12/2019)
Vu v a n Bong - Ngo Tuan NghTa Nflng nghiep ben virng...
nong dan va u n g dung cac ky thuat h n h boat d l thay dot dieu kien thai tiet nhung khong anh hudng xau den he sinh thai.
Tiep can phdt tnin ndng nghiep bin virng theo chudi gid tri
Theo each tiep can nay, phat trien ndng nghiep ben viing la phat trien mdt chuoi gia tri ndng san tir san xuat den tieu dimg gan vdi dich vu thuong mai cd su gan ket cac qui trinh san xuit b i n viing. Van dung thanh cdng, hieu qua san xuat nong nghiep ben viing theo md hinh nong nghiep hiiu co, nong nghiep img pho bien ddi khi hau, doi hoi khu vuc DBBB phai td chirc san xuat theo c h u l i gia tri theo nguyen tac quan li chat lugng, ve sinh an toan thuc pham, xay dung san pham cd thucmg hieu tren nen tang ciia qui trinh san xuat ben vung thong qua thi tnrdng. Phat trien ndng nghiep ben viing theo chudi gia tri thong qua chiing nhan ciia cac he thong chi dan Vietgap, Globalgap, Eurogap..., se giiip cho ngudi tieu diing tiep can dugc san pham nong san an toan, gia tri san pham dugc nang len.
Qua dd giup ngudi nong dan va cac chii the tham gia chudi san xuat se cd lgi ich de duy tri va phat trien he thdng san xuat nong nghiep ben viing.
3. Q u a frinh p h a t t r i e n n o n g nghiep viing O o n g b a n g Bac Bg
3.1. Mgt sd kit qud dot dugc
Sdn xudt ndng, lam. thuy sdn: tir nam 2010 tdi nay, ndng, lam nghiep va thiiy san ciia vimg DBBB cung da hinh thanh nhung viing chuyen canh vdi mo hinh ndng nghiep cong nghe cao theo hudng san xuat hang boa tap trung, cung cap cho thi truong trong va ngoai nude nhieu loai nong san c6 chit lugng vdi gia hgp ly, co siic canh tranh vdi san pham cimg loai tren thi trudng.
Ve trdng trgt cdc cdy luong thuc, cdy dn qud, rau mau.... ket qua dieu tra d cac dia p h u a n g khu vuc D B B B cho thay nam 2018 toan viing co 1.118,9 nghin ha dien tich trdng cay luong thyc, trong dd cay liia chiem ty trgng cao nhat vdi 9 3 % dien tich (1.040,7 ha/1.118,9 ha). Do didi tilt thuan lgi cho cay liia sinh trudng va phat trien nen nang suit lua tai khu vuc DBBB dat 49,4 ta/ha, tang 3,2
ta/ha so vdi nam trudc, tdng san lugng cua viing nam 2018 dat 6.292,4 nghui t i n tang 235,9 nghin t i n so vdi nam trudc. Doi vdi cac loai cay an qua (vai, nhan, oi, budi, tao,...) toan vimg cd 89,2 nghin ha. San lugng cay an qua toan vimg dat 996,8 nghin t i n chilm tren 2 5 % tdng san lugng cay an qua toan qudc. Doi vdi cac loai cay rau mau (ngo, khoai tay, su hao, ca chua va trdng hoa xen canh,..) toan vimg co dien dch ban 200,9 nghin h a chiem 2 7 , 8 % dien tich rau mau ca nude, Uong khi san lugng cay rau man toan viing dat 4.114,5 nghin tan,... (Tong eye Thong ke, 2019a).
Vi chdn nudi (trau, bd, lon, gd, vit,. .), ddi vdi chan nudi hien dang co su chuyen dich n i quy m o nhd 2-3 con/hg vdi su tan dyng thiic an thd, ngudn san CO sang xu hudng sir dyng thitc an cdng nghiep. Tuy nhien, m o hinh nay chua pho bien, theo ket qua bao cao ciia cac tinh dugc Tong eye thdng ke tdng hgp nam 2018, chi phi san xuat mgt kg thit lgn, ga, vit hoi xuat chuong vao khoang 32.000-45.000 dong/kg, trong c o cau chi phi san xuat mgt k g thit lgn h a i xuat chudng thi chi phi ve thirc an chiem ty trgng tir 50-60%.
Ve thuy sdn, khu vuc DBBB la vung co tdc do phat trien nudi trong thiiy san cao nhat ca nude ca ve dien tich nudi trong va san lugng. Tir 2010 den 2018 tdng dien tich va san lugng nuoi trdng thuy san ciia khu vuc DBBB da tang len dang ke. Cy the dien tich nuoi trong thuy san trong 8 nam tir 2010 - 2017 da tang 11,7 nghin ha, trong khi san lugng da tang 3,54 l i n n l u nam 2010 chi dat 198.403,0 nghin tan thi den nam 2017 da tang len 703.022,0 nghin tan (Tong cue Thong ke, 2019a). Tuy nhien, san lugng ctia cac tinh co dien tich danh bat ven bien chiem le kha Idn cho thay gia tri cua nganh van phy thudc vao khai thac tu nhien nen thu nhap ciia ngu dan cdn kha bap benh phu thugc thdi tilt va gia ca tbi trudng la rat Idn.
Ve kinh ti trang trgi. tinh bet 2018 khu v u c DBBB CO 9.192 trang trai, do thih chat ctia san xuat nong, lam nghiep va thiiy san la theo thdi vy nen cac trang trai phat trien gdp phan tao viec lam va nang cao thu nhap cho lao ddng thudng xuyen.
P H A T T R l f N B £ N V O N G V O N G Q U Y ^ N 9, SO 4 (12/2019)
VY LUAN - TRAO DOl
cac trang trai con sir dung lao dgng theo tinh chat thdi vy. Ket qua dieu tra, cac trang trai ngoai tao viec lam thuong xuyen cho gan 40 nghin lao dgng, thi sd lao ddng thdi vu ciing tren 10 nghin lao dgng. Qua do cung tao ra thu nhap binh quan 1 lao dgng lam viec thucmg xuyen ciia trang trai la 45-55 trieu dong/nam cao hon so vdi lao dgng khu vuc ndng thdn (Tdng cue Thong ke, 2019b).
Ve cdc hap tdc xd ndng nghiep, vdi 3.363 hgp tac xa ndng nghiep khu vuc DBBB, binh quan mgt hgp tac xa ndng nghiep cua viing sit dung 20-25 lao dgng, trong do von san xuat binh quan 1 hgp tac xa ia 889 trieu ding, tang 240 Uieu ding (37%) so nam 2010. Gia tri san xuat tinh binh quan tren dau ngudi cita cac hgp tac xa dat tren 55 tneu ding.
3.2. Nhung hgn che trong qua trinh phdt triin cua nganh ndng nghiip khu vuc Bong bdng BdcBg
Mac du dat duoc mgt so thanh cong nhit dinh trong phat trien nong nghiep, song san xuit nong nghiep khu vuc DBBB vin con nhilu ban chi, cy the:
Thir nhdt, san xuat nong nghiep chu yeu mdi chu trgng tdi phat trien ve so lugng, chua chua nang cao dugc chat lugng. Nang suat con thap, gia tri thuang pham cua ndng san chua cao. Nam 2018, gia trj toan nganh nong nghiep chi chilm 16% tdng gia tri toan viing va thieu dn dinh (Tdng cue Thong ke, 2018). Quy mo san xuit con nho le, phuong thiic san xuat cdn lac hau lam ban chi qua trinh phat trien san xuat nong nghiep hang hda tap trung va day nhanh toe dg cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hoa nong nghiep, nong thon cua khu vuc DBBB.
Thir hai. trong quy hoach phat triin nong nghiep con chua can doi, chua hinh thanh cac viing san xuat chuyen canh, cac viing chan nuoi quy md lon gan vdi qua trinh san xuat hang boa. Qua trinh chuyen dich trong ngi bg nganh dien ra con cham do dd gia Ui san xuit nong nghiep (tring trgt, chan nudi) vin chilm ty le cao, uong khi khu vuc lam nghiep va thiiy san con thip, chua cd su phat triin tuong xting vdi tiem nang ciia viing. Ben canh do
ddi sdng ciia ngudi lao dgng ndng nghiep con nhilu kho khan, thu nhap chua dap iing dugc nhu ciu ca ban vl sinh boat, hgc hanh, cham soc siic khoe ciia hg gia dinh (nam 2018, thu nhap binh quan cua lao ddng ndng nghiep chi dat 3.880.000 ding/ngudi/thang (Tong eye Thong ke, 2019).
Cimg vdi do thien tai, dich benh xay ra d nhieu dia phuang va diin bien khd ludng cd anh hudng khdng nho tdi nganh nong nghiep.
Thir ba, ty le lao dgng nong nghiep cdn Idn.
Nam 2018, lao dgng ndng nghiep trong do tuoi tii 15-55 dii vdi nii va 60 doi vdi nam chiem 35,7%
tdng so 12.095.500 lao dgng toan viing (Tdng cue Thing ke, 2018), trong khi dien tich dat n6ng nghiep ngay cang thu hep. Theo de an quy hoach ciia Bg Cong thuang ban hanh nam 2016, viing DBBB cd 35-40 nghin ha dat nong nghiep da chuyen doi va trong quy hoach chuyen doi cho phat trien cac khu, cum cdng nghiep. Dieu nay ddi hdi vimg can phai co chien luge dS giai quylt vin de day manh chuyen dich co cau lao dgng, giai quyet viec lam gop phan tang thu nhap cho lao dgng nong nghiep (Bg Cdng Thucmg, 2016). Ben canh do ty le lao dgng qua dao tao con qua thap theo bao cao dieu tra nam 2018 lao dgng qua dao tao toan vung chi chiem tren 27%, trong do nong nghiep chi la 4,21% do dd trinh do chuyen mon ky thuat cua lao dgng chua dap iing dugc yeu cau cua su phat Uien, gay trd ngai cho qua Uinh nang cao nang suit lao ddng trong san xuit ndng nghiep (Ting cue Thing ke, 2018).
Thir tu. CO cbl thuc diy lien kit cac nha: Nha nude, nha dau tu, nha nong, nha khoa hgc va ngan hang hgp tac hieu qua theo chudi gia tri trong san xuit ndng nghiep khu vuc DBBB con chua phii hgp. Trong thuc te radi chi c6 su tham gia chu ylu cua nha nong va nha nude, trong khi vai trd cua cac nha khoa hgc chua ro net, ngan hang con gap nhung rao can trong ho trg ngudi ndng dan vl ca chi, chinh sach,_ trong khi cac doanh nghiep tham gia con tuong dii it (dudi 1% sd doanh nghiep diu tu vao nong ngiii^p) do co chi dk thu hut diu Ui tir cac dia phucmg doi vdi cac doanh nghiep vao ndng nghiep gap nhilu khd khan nhu viing quy hoach, dien tich manh miin, nhd le,...
P H A T T R l t N B E N V O N G V O N G Q U Y E N 9, S 6 4 (12/2019)
Vii Van P6ng - Ngo Tuan NghTa Ndng nghiep ben virng...
Nhiing ban che nay phan Idn do phat trien thieu quy hoach, thieu gan ket giira cac chii the lien quan trong san xuat ndng nghiep mgt each ben vung. Mat Idiac, mgt bo phan cac hg gia dinh ciing chua cd dieu kien de chuyen ddi md hinh san xuit, thieu nguon von de ap dung khoa hgc ky thuat vao san xuat. Dieu nay ddi hdi DBBB can co nhirng giai phap phii hgp cho qua trinh phat trien ciia nen ndng nghiep nhirng nam tiep theo.
3.3. Tinh chua bin virng trong phdt triin nong nghiip viing Bong bdng Bac Bg
Vung DBBB ciing con nhieu bat cap ve phat trien chua ben vung ca ve kinh te, xa hgi va mdi trudng nhu sau:
Thir nhdt. su phat trien chua ben virng ve kmh te. Tang trudng cua nong nghiep con thap va chua dn dmh the hien qua tdc do va quy mo tang tmdng, nhung nam qua tdc do tang trudng ndng nghiep cua viing con thap (nam 2018 dat 3,76%) trong kbi quy md tang trudng ciing chi 16,4% GDP toan viing. Dieu nay cho thay chat lugng tang trudng nong nghiep ciia viing con thap. Trong khi cau tnic tang trudng ndng nghiep the hien qua khai thac hieu qua cac yeu to dau vao ciia vimg van chu yeu dua vao tang vdn, lao ddng va tai nguyen thien nhien, do dd chat lugng tang trudng nong nghiep cua viing con thap, chua theo hudng phat trien ben viing. Vimg van dua cbii yeu vao cac san pham cd lgi the nhu liia, rau man, cay an qua (nhan, vai, di, ), trong khi hieu qua sii dyng cac yeu td dau vao nhu vdn, lao dgng, dat dai,... con thap, nang suit lao dgng, gia tri san pham, thu nhap ciia nong dan chua chua cao va thieu dn dinh.
Su chuyen dich co cau nganh nong nghiep con cham bieu hien d co cau nganh nong nghiep van chilm ty trgng cao hon so vdi lam nghiep va thiiy san. Trong khi ty trong nganh cong nghiep che biln, bao quan va dich vu phuc phat trien nong nghiep cdn thip Chuyen dich ca cau nganh nong nghiep chua gin vdi sir dung tiet kiem, hieu qua cac nguon luc, chua phat huy dugc Igi the so sanh ciia vimg va ciia timg dia phuong. Trong qua trinh phat triln cac dia phuang chua phat huy dugc nganh cd lgi thi canh tranh, mang lai hieu qua kmh
tl, bao dam cho nganh ndng nghiep tang trudng nhanh va ben vung.
Nang suit lao ddng trong ndng nghiep cdn thap va chua In dinh. Cimg vdi hieu qua san xuat, nang suat lao dgng nong nghiep ciia vimg van con thap dugc bieu hien qua raiic thu nhap cua lao dgng nong nghiep. Theo bao cao ciia Tong eye Thong ke, thu nhap ciia lao dgng khu vuc nong nghiep chi dat trung binh tir 4 - 5,5 trieu dong/thang, trong khi do thu nhap cua lao dgng ndng nghiep ciing con chua dn dinh dugc bieu hien qua hieu qua san xuat tir cac san pham trdng trgt, chan nuoi va che bien cung luon dai vao tinh trang dugc mua mat gia.
Thu hai, sir phat trien chua ben viing ve xa hgi.
Qua trinh tao lap viec lam con thieu va chuyen dich ca cau lao ddng nganh ndng nghiep con cham.
Dieu nay dugc bieu hien qua sd viec lam dugc tao ra nam 2018 cua vung mdi dat 2.025.000 trong tong so 2.068.000 lao dong nong nghiep toan vimg, ty le lao dgng nong nghiep that nghiep nam 2018 vin chilm 2,08% (Vu Trgng Binh, 2013) Nang suat lao ddng van con thap, viec lam thdi vu con nhieu. So viec lam ciia cac hd thiiy san cdn it, trong khi so viec lam ctia cac hd lam nghiep va thuan ndng cdn chiem ty le cao, viec lam ciia lao dgng nganh chan nudi cdn thap, ben canh dd viec lam trong nganh che bien ndng san, djcb vu phuc vu san xuat ndng nghiep ciing con rat ban che.
Thu nhap cua lao dgng nong nghiep cdn thap va thieu on dinh, chat lugng cugc song ciia ndng dan cham dugc cai thien va nang cao. Dieu nay dugc bieu hien khi thu nhap binh quan ciia lao ddng ndng nghiep chi dat 4 - 5,5 tneu dong/thang va ty le hg ngheo chiem 2,4%. Chat lugng cudc sdng ciia lao dgng nong nghiep dugc the hien qua miic chi phi cho cugc song, dau tu cho giao due, cham soc siic khoe, kham chiia benh,... Tuy nhien, do thu nhap ciia ngucri lao dgng cdn thap nen chi phi cho cugc sdng con ban che, it cd dieu kien dau tu cho giao dye, dau tu cho cham soc siic khoe.
Tliir ba, su phat trien chua ben viing ve mdi trudng. Trong san xuat nong nghiep thi khai thac, sit dung tai nguyen dat dai, ngudn nude lai chua
P H A T T R I E N B t N V O N G VUNG QUY^N 9, SO 4 (12/2019)
LY L U A N - T R A O D 6 |
dem lai hieu qua khi gia tri tren timg ha dat, tung ngay cong lao dgng con thap, dien tich dat bi suy thoai, 6 nhiem bi bo hoang hoa tang len. Do do, de khai thac bieu qua tai nguyen thien nhien, DBBB can ching 6 nbilm, suy thoai tai nguyen dat vabao ve nguon nude hudng den phat trien ben viing.
Qua trinh bao ve, phyc hii, tai tao tai nguyen va da dang sinh hgc trong san xuat nong nghiep con yeu. Phat trien nong nghiep ben viing luon gan vdi sy da dang, qua trinh bao ve, phyc hdi, tai tao tai nguyen va bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai. Tuy nhien Uong thuc tiln viec sir dung cac loai thuoc bao ve thuc vat con cao, trong khi he thong thu gom, sir ly chai lg dung thuoc bao ve thyc vat cua cac dia phuong cdn han che.
Phat trien nong nghiep chua thich iing kip thdi vdi biln doi khi hau. Ndng nghiep la nganh ludn gan lien vdi cac dieu kien tu nhien va chiu anh hudng true tiep cua qua trinh bien ddi khi hau.
Trong thyc tien phat trien nong nghiep d cac dia phucmg chua cho thay su thich irng vdi bien doi khi hau khi cac cay trong, vat nuoi thudng xuyen gap dich benh do bien doi khi hau dan den nang suat,hieu qua san xuat ciia nganh con thap va chua on dinh.
4. Mot so giai phap nham phat trien nong nghiep Dong bang Bac B9 theo hiroiig ben virng Thu nhdt. nang cao hieu qua khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien. Tai nguyen thien nhien nhu dat dai, khi hau, thdi tiet, do am, ngudn nude, khoang san, he sinh hgc,... cd tac dgng va anh hudng true tiep den phat trien nen ndng nghiep ben vung do san xuat nong nghiep phu thudc chat che vao dieu kien tu nhien, do cac yeu to ty nhien quy dinh. Trong khi do DBBB la khu vuc co dat dai, khi hau, thdi tiet, do am, nguon nude, khoang san, he sinh hgc,... thuan Igi cho su phat trien nong nghiep, dac bi?t la cac khu vuc thuan nong Vdi nhiing dieu kien tu nhien thuan lgi doi hoi khu vuc can cd nhiing quy hoach mang tinh on dinh tao dieu kien cho nong nghiep phat trien ca ve quy md, CO can, gia tri san xuat,...
Thir hai, phat trien thi trudng tieu thu on dinh cho phat trien ndng nghiep. De phat trien nen ndng
nghiep hang hoa quy mo Idn thi thi trucmg tieu thu la rit quan trgng. Thi trudng dugc danh gia la muc tieu, la ddng lire cua su phat tnen, cd anh hudng manh me din su bien dii, su phat trien ciia nganh nong nghiep ca ve eg cau, sd lugng va chat luong.
Do do, DBBB can day manh xay dung, tao lap cac dilu kien hinh thanh thi trudng thiic day tren cho nong nghiep phat trien.
Thu ba, day manh iing dung khoa hgc cong nghe nhim nang cao hieu qua san xuat va nang cao nang suit lao dgng. Khoa hgc ky thuat khong chi CO tac ddng manh me tdi su phat trien cua kinh tl - xa hgi noi chung ma nd cdn gop phan nang cao hieu qua, nang suat ciia nganh nong nghiep bin viing noi rieng. Khoa hgc ky thuat tac dgng tdi phat tnen ndng nghiep ben vung bao gom cac yeu td nhu: hinh thirc td chiic san xuat, trinh do phat trien khoa hgc cdng nghe (nghien ciru, thitc nghiem,...) va qua trinh ling dung cac cong trinh nghien cim trong qua trinh san xuat. Nghien ciiu phat trien khoa hgc cdng nghe ciing nhu each thirc to chirc san xuat cd tac dgng khong nho tdi qua trinh phat tnen nong nghiep ben viing, bdi cac each thdc to chiic san xuat cd tac dgng tdi quy mo, nang suat, chat lugng trong qua trinh san xuat nong nghiep. Hon the niia, each mang khoa hgc cong nghe 4.0 dang co sir tac dgng manh me tdi qua trinh phat tnen cua xa hgi, la ddng lire manh me de hinh thanh va phat trien mgt nen ndng nghiep ben vung. Do dd DBBB can phai day manh img dung khoa hgc ky thuat vao san xuat ndng nghiep.
Thir tu, de phat trien nong nghiep ben viing thi vai tro to chiic, quan ly cua nha nude, vai trd ciia cac ben Hen quan va nhan tbiic, Uinh do san xuit ciia ngudi nong dan la rit quan trgng. Do do, can phai: i) Nang cao vai trd to chirc, quan ly cua nha nude: Nha nude cd vai tro hoach dinh chinh sach, uu dai, ho trg cho phat triln nen nong nghiep. Vdi nhiing chinii sach phii hop vdi thuc tiln va xuat phat tir nhu cau phat triln se khai thac hieu qua cac nguin tai nguyen nhu: tai nguyen dit, tai nguyen nude, nguin nhan luc, khoa hgc,... khuyin khich nong nghiep phat triln theo hudng bin viing. Ben canh do nha nude ban hanh cac quy hoach, hi trg qua trinh tap tmng tai nguyen dit phuc vu san xuit
P H A T T R I ^ N B £ N V O N G V U N G Q U Y ^ N 9. SO 4 (12/2019)
Vii van Dong - Ngo Tuan Nghia N6ng nghigp ben vung...
nong nghiep t^p trung, hinh thanh cac viing san xuat chuyen canh Idn, md rgng quy md, giam chi phi san xuat, nang cao nang luc canh tranh ciing nhu hieu qua san xuat. Nha nude can phai cd co che, chinh sach ho trg mang tinh dac thit doi vdi phat trien nong nghiep ben viing, tir khau cung dng cac yeu td dau vao cho tdi qua trinh san xuat va phat uien thi trucmg hudng den su dn dinh. Day dugc coi la dieu ki^n quan trgng de khuyen khich, thiic day su phat trien mgt nen ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao hudng den su phat trien ben viing; ii) Nang cao vai trd ciia cac ben lien quan: can phai xac dinh ro raoi quan he ve mat igi ich cua cac chu the tham gia trong san xuat ndng nghiep. De phat trien mgt nen ndng nghiep ben vung khdng the chi cd nha nude va nong dan tham gia mgt each thuan tuy nhu trudc, ma can phai cd su tham gia ciia ca nha nong, nha nude, nha khoa hgc, ngan hang va nha doanh nghiep. Trong chudi san xuat de tao ra san pham cd gia tri cao, can co ngudn vdn dau tu Idn, CO su nghien ciiu cua cac nha khoa hgc, cac vien nghien cuu de cd nguon gidng tot, co doanh nghiep che bien, bao quan, phat trien tbi tmdng de on dinh dau ra,... Do do, viec dam bao hai boa lgi ich cho cac ben tham gia cd vai tro rat quan trgng trong chudi san xuat ndng nghiep hien nay. Dong thdi, can cimg cd moi quan he mat thiet giiia nong nghiep, ndng dan va ndng thdn theo hutkig ndng dan la chu the cua qua trinh phat tnen ndng nghiep bin vung, xay dung cac ca sd cong nghiep, dich vu va phat tnen dd thi theo quy hoach la can ban, phat triln toan dien, hien dai hoa nong nghiep la then chdt; iii) Nang cao nhan thiic, trinh do san xuat cua ngudi nong dan la rat quan trgng. Hien nay, ty le lao dgng nong nghiep trong co cau lao dgng van chilm ty le cao trong xa hgi vdi 37,75%. Day la lire lugng ddng dao, co vai tro quyet dinh tdi sir
phat triln ciia nong nghiep theo hudng ben viing trong hien tai va tucrag lai. Dieu nay doi hoi phat CO chinh sach dl nang cao nhan thiic ve tam quan trgng, su cin tbilt phai phat triln mgt nin ndng nghiep ben vung. Ben canh do, can nang cao trinh do san xuat cua ngudi ndng dan, dac biet la nguon nhan luc da qua dao tao, de ngudi ndng dan cd du kha nang tilp nhan su chuyen giao va iing dyng khoa hgc cdng nghe Uong san xuat tao ra nang suat cao, chat lugng nong san vira than thien vdi moi trudng vira dam bao nang luc canh tranh tren thi trudng. Co the khang dinh muc tieu phat trien nong nghiep ben viing chi cd the dat dugc khi ngudi nong dan cd dugc nhan thitc phii hgp va co trinh do san xuat hien dai, khi do ngudi ndng dan se gan bd vdi hoat dgng san xuat kinh doanh trong liiih vuc nong nghiep.
Ket lu3n
Cd the khang dinh, trong nhirng nam qua phat trien nong nghiep viing DBBB da dat dugc nhieu thanh tuu kha quan, gia tri nhieu mat hang ndng san dugc tang len, ca cau nong nghiep dugc chuyen dich theo hudng hien dai. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh phat trien nong nghiep vimg DBBB ciing bgc Id nhieu ban che, bieu hien tinh chua ben viing nhu tdc do tang trudng, ca cau nganh con chua hgp ly, gia tri cac loai ndng san con thap va bap benh. Cac ITnh vuc xa hgi cdn nhieu bat cap nhu thu nhap con thap, ty le that nghiep cd cao, chat luong cudc song chua cao, trong khi van de 6 nhiem mdi trucmg, can kiet tai nguyen, dat bi bac mau, dien tich bi thu hep,... ddi hdi chiing ta can cd nhiing danh gia cu the, chinh xac de dua ra giai phap phat tnen nong nghiep viing DBBB nhanh va ben viing xet ca hieu qua ca ve mat kinh te, xa hdi va mdi trudng.
Tai lieu tham khao
Bg Cong Thuong (2016). Quylt dinh sd 3892/QD-BCT ngay 28 thang9nam 2016 vl viec phe duyet
"Phi duyet quy hogch phdt triin cong cdng nghiep viing Ddng hdng sdng Hdng din 2025, tdm nhin 2035"
Do Kun Chung va Kim Thi Dung (2013). Ndng nghiep Viet Nam: Nhiing thach thitc va mgt so dinh hudng cho phat triln bin viing Tgp chi Kinh te vd Phdt triin, Sl 196, tr. 28 - 36.
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LY LUAN-TRAODOl
3. DumanskI, J (1997). Planring for sustainability In agriculture developrment project. Agriculture and Rural DevelopmenfMagazine-Nol
4. FAO (2013). Climate smart agriculture: Managing Ecosystems for Sustainable livelihoods, htq3://www.fao org/docrep/015/anl77e/anl77e00.pdf
5. Tong eye Thong ke (2018). Kit qud tdng hap bdo cdo diiu tra ndng, Idm nghiep, thuy sdn 2017. Nxb Thdngke, Ha Ndi.
6. Tdng eye Thdngke (2019). Kit qud dieu tra lao ddng viic Idm 2018 Nxb Thing ke. Ha Ndi.
7. Tdng cue Thing ke (2019). Kit qua tong hop bdo cdo diiu tra ndng. lam nghiep, thiiy sdn 2018. Nxb Thong ke. Ha Ngi.
8. Vu Trgng Binh (2013). Phat trien ndng nghiep ben vung: Ly luan va thuc tiln. Tap chi Kinh te & Phdt triin, s6.\96,tr.31-45
Thong tin tac gia:
1. Vii Van Dong, Th.S ^^ay nhan bai: 16/8/2019 Rnm,,; .A«« .• T • n • u n r.. ^^^y "^^^ '^^'^ siia: 04/10/2019 - Don Vl cong tac: Truang Dai hoc Sao Do xr • j
- Dia chi email: duydongvu82@gmail com ^^^^ '^^^^^ ^^"S- 26/11/2019 2. Ngo Tuin NghTa, PGS.TS
- Don vi cdng tac- Vien Kinh tl Chinh tri, Hgc vien Chinh Uj QuIc gia Hd Chi Minh
PHAT TRISN B^N VONG VONG QU YSN 9, sQ 4 (12/2019)
