phat trien ben vctng

THU'C TRANG KINH TE CAC DAN TQC THIEU SO TAI CHO TAY N G U V £ N H I E N NAY VA M Q T S 6 VAN DE

PHAT TRIEN BEN VCTNG**'

BiJi V a n D a o Biii T h i K i m H u o t i g Tdm tit: Tdy nguyen Id viing co dieu kien thuan lgi di phdt triin kinh te, nhdt Id kinh ti ndng, lam nghiip Mac dii vdy, din nay, kinh ti cua cdc ddn tdc thiiu sd tgi chd Tdy Nguyin vdn trong tinh trgng kem phdt trien, ddi sdng khd khan vd ty li hd ddi ngheo cao. Bdi viet khdi quat birc tranh thuc trgng phdt triin kinh ti a cdc ddn tdc thiiu sd tgi chd Tdy Nguyin trin ba khia cgnh kinh ti ndng nghiip, kinh ti phi ndng, Idm nghiep vd gidm ngheo. Tren ca sd thuc trgng, nghiin ciru chi ra nhung bdt cap vd di xudt mdt sd gidi phdp gdp phdn phdt triin kinh ti vd gidm ngheo bin vdng a cdc ddn tgc thieu sd tgi chd Tdy Nguyin.

Tir khoa: Ddn tdc thieu sd tgi chd; kmh ti; ngheo; gidm ngheo.

Satt v a n de

Q Tay Nguyen hien nay cu trii tren 50 dan tdc thilu sd (DTTS), trong do cd 12 dan tgc thieu sd tai chd (DTTSTC), gdm 8 dan tgc ndi ngdn ngii Mdn k h a me la Brau, R a Mam, X a dang, Gie Trieng, Ba na. Ma C o ho, Mnong va 4 dan tgc ndi ngon ngii Ma Lai - Da Dao la E de, Gia rai, Chu ru, Raglai.

Cho d8n trudc ngay giai phong 1975, du da trai qua hon mia the ki le thugc chii nghTa thyc dan cii va mdi, v6 c o ban, cac DTTSTC Tay Nguyen van sdng trong nhirng cdng xa ndng thdn tuang ddi dgc lap va khep kin, vdi cac dac diem kinh te, xa hdi cd truygn con duge bao luu dam net (Dang Nghiem Van va cac tac gia, 1981)

*''Bai viet la mot phan ket qua thuc hien de tai khoa hoc cap CO sd nam 2019 "Mdt so vdn de kinh te - xd hgi trong phdt ti-ien ben viing cdc tpc nguai thieu so tai chd viing Tru&ng Son Tdy Nguyen ". Ca quan chii tri Vien Dan toe hgc. Chu nhiem de tai: Bin Van Dao

Tir khi dat nude doi mdi. Dang va Nha n u d e da ban hanh va thuc hien nhieu chii truang, chinh sach phat tnen kinh te cho viing va cho cac DTTSTC Tay Nguyen. Nhiing ket qua dat d u g c la to Idn va dang ke. Tuy nhien, do nhirng nguyen nhan chii quan va khach quan, cho den nay van tdn tai d cac DTTSTC Tay Nguyen nhiing van de dat ra can giai quyet de co the phat trien ben virng kinh tg (Biii Minh Dao, 2000).

Bai viet phac hga birc tranh hien trang phat trien kinh te tren ba ITnh vyc la kinh te nong, lam nghiep, kinh te phi ndng nghiep, giam ngheo, xac dinh mdt so van de va de xuat mgt sd kien nghi, giai phap lam c a sd khoa hgc eho xay dyng chinh sach phat trien kinh te d cac DTTSTC Tay Nguyen hien nay.

L Thirc trang phat trien kinh te nong, lam n g h i ^ Muc nay trinh bay thuc trang phat trien nong, lam nghiep d cac dan tgc thieu so tai cho Tay Nguyen theo bon khia canh la chuyen dich c a cau cay trdng vat nudi, trdng trgt, chan nudi va quan ly, bao ve rimg.

P H A T T R I ^ N B E N V O N G V O N G Q U Y E N 9, SQ 4 (12/2019)

LY LUAN - TRAO D O I

1.1. Chuyin djch ca cau cay trdng, vgt nudi Do tac ddng ciia cac dieu kien mdi, qua trinh chuyen dich ca cau cay trdng, vat nuoi da dien ra qua ba giai doan d cac DTTSTC Tay Nguyen.

Giai doan dau dien ra trong thap nien trudc doi mdi (1976 - 1986). Dii it nhieu da chuyen sang lam rugng nude, tiep noi truyen thdng, cac DTTSTC Tay Nguyen van chii yeu trdng trgt nucmg ray du canh, quang canh va chan nuoi tha rong nira cham soc, nhara tu cap, tu tuc luang thyc va phuc vu nhu cau Cling le. Trong dieu kien dat nude giai phong, nuang ray du canh va chan nuoi tha rdng da loi thdi, can xoa bo do gan vdi doi ngheo va lam suy giam tai nguyen. Phat trien trong trgt va chan nuoi theo hudng chuyen dan tir du canh ty tiic sang dinh canh, tir chan nudi tha rong tu tiic sang chan nuoi nbot chuong dua yen the manh dat dai la nhu cau khach quan. Do luong thuc duoc xac dinh la the manh trong trgt, lai do ap dung mo hinh dinh canh, dinh cu d mien nin mien Bac, chii truang la van ddng ngudi dan tai cho ddi lang tir vimg sau vimg xa ra dinh canh, dmh cu dgc ven ducmg giao thong, khai hoang dong rugng, xay dyng cong trinh thuy lgi de phat trien rudng nude ty tiic luang thyc dya tren quan be san xuat tap the. Chu trucmg phat trien rugng nude de ty tiic lucmg thuc va chan nudi dya vao quan he san xuat tap the liic do co nhiing bat cap. The manh lirong thuc d dong bang la phat tnen rugng nude, nhung d Tay Nguyen, nai nguon sinh thuy ban che, hien thuc va bieu qua van la trong trgt tren dat khd. Do nhiing ban che ve dieu kien tu nhien va do mau thuan giiia quan he san xuat vdi lyc luong san xuat, chuyen doi trong trgt theo hudng xoa bd nuong ray di vao rudng nude va chan nuoi tap the d cac DTTSTC 10 nam sau giai phong da khong may thanh cong Nhieu td doi cdng, hgp tac xa nong nghiep chi tdn tai tren hinh thirc. Nhieu canh dong rugng nude bi bd hoang do khdng cd nude hoac do thieu ky thuat. Chan nuoi tap the ky thuat thap lai thieu dong cd trong mua kho keo dai dan den gia siic chet dan. Nliieu buon lang Tay Nguyen bd lang dmh canh, dinh cu quay ve lang cu tai pha rimg, lam ray du canh. Quan diem coi luong thuc la the manh va chii truang ty tiic luong thyc bang mgi gia vdi Tay Nguyen noi

chung va vdi cac DTTSTC Tay Nguyen noi rieng 10 nam sau giai phdng la chua phii hgp.

Giai doan thii hai dien ra vao nhirng nam 1986 - 1990. Khic phuc chii truang phat trien rudng nude de ty tiic luong thyc trong thdi gian 10 nam sau giai phong, vdi mong mudn hien thuc hoa the manh rimg va cay cdng nghiep, cac tinh Tay Nguyen trien khai tren quy mo Idn viec dua cac DTTSTC vao lam cdng nhan tai eac ndng, lam trudng qudc doanh, dua tren quan be san xuat dugc coi la tien tien nhat liic do, quan he san xuat quoc tap the. Phong uao "cong nhan hoa" dien ra khap cac tinh Tay Nguyen, d at va manh me tai hai tinh Dak lAk va Gia Lai - Kon Tum. Do thieu su chuan bj chu dao ve vat chat va con ngudi, do ndng voi, chii quan, ap dat, dua ngudi dan vao qudc doanh theo kieu "danh trdng, ghi ten", nhat la do thieu bien chimg trong viec nhan thuc mdi quan he san xuat va lyc luong san xuat, qua trinh "cdng nhan hda" ngudi dan tai cho da khdng may thanh cdng. Den nam cuoi thap nien 80 cua the ky XX, phan Idn cong nhan la ngudi DTTSTC, hoac ty nguyen, hoac bat bugc, lan lugt ra khdi cac nong, lam truong trd ve vdi kinh te ea the nuang ray trudc kia, chiu mat phan dat canh tac ciia hg gia dinh da dua vao cac ndng, lam trudng trudc day. O cac budn lang con lai, ngudi dan duac van ddng tap the hoa ndng nghiep, san xuat trong eac tap doan san xuat hay hgp tac xa ndng nghiep, nhung den cudi thap men 1980, do man thuan quan he san xuat va luc luong san xuat, ciing dan bi giai the de giao dat san xuat den hd gia dinh. Dii da qua hai lan chuyen doi, cay trdng d eac buon lang Tay Nguyen van thien ve dgc canh, liic dau la cay liia (can va nude), ve sau la cay cdng nghiep. Liru y rang, chuyen han sang cay cdng nghiep trong khi hieu qua d cac cu dan mdi den, nhat la ngudi Kinh thi lai khong phit hgp va bieu qua d eac cu dan tai chd. Cung can cu ben nhau tren viing dat Tay Nguyen, yong khi cac dan toe mdi den tu tin lam cdng nhan trong eac nong lam trudng, hoac chuyen canh cay cong nghiep de roi ehi sau it nam ddi song kha gia len trdng thay, thi ngudi dan tai chd dii sinh song d day bao ddi, lai dugc Nha nude dau tu, giiip dd, nhung nhieu nam sau van chat vat trong doi ngheo. Chua ke gap cac riii ro khach quan nhu mat miia, dich benh, gia ca bap benh, neu

PHAT T R I E N B t N VUNG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, s O 4 (12/2019)

Biii van Dao - Biii Thi Kim Htfong ThiTC trang kinh le...

cac cu dan mdi den de dang chuyen doi eay yong de phuc hdi thi cac cu dan tai chd hau nhu tay trang, quay ve vdi canh tac nuong ray. Can nguyen la do khac biet trinh dd dan tri, dac diem van boa, phong tuc tap quan va ky thuat san xuat. Ngucri dan cac budn lang Tay Nguyen ve ban chat deu la nhiing ndng dan nuang ray, kha nang chuyen ddi til ndng nghiep tu cap ty tiic sang ndng nghiep hang hoa khd khan va cham chap, ddi hdi nhung budc dl qua do va nhirng md hinh chuyen ddi phii hgp. Chii tnrong qua thien ve mgt loai cay trdng, nhat la cay cdng nghiep trong dieu kien trinh do san xuat thap kem va gia ca ndng san khdng on dinh la mao hiem, kho tranh khdi quay trd lai san xuat du canh gan vdi ddi ngheo.

Giai doan ba dien ra tit dau thap nien 1990 den nay. Riit kinh nghiem hai giai doan trudc, chu truang cua Nha nude la van dgng ngudi dan lay trdng trgt lua nude lam ban dap de di dan vao chuyen canh cac loai cay cdng nghiep hang hoa co gia tri cao nhu ca phe, hd tieu, che, cao su... va chan nudi gia siic Idn theo quy md hg gia dinh.

Trong cac nam 1993 - 1998, cac tinh Tay Nguyen d6u trign khai cac chuang trinh, du an nhara chuygn ddi co cau vat nudi, cay trdng theo hudng tren, dac biet cho cac viing sau, viing xa. Cac bien phap hd trg chuyen ddi ca cau cay trdng dugc trien khai, bao gom khai hoang canh dong, xay dyng cac cong trinh tudi tigu, cung cap giong cay trong, hudng din ky thuat yong trgt mdi, dac biet ky thuat trdng cay cong nghiep, cho ngudi dan vay v6n dg phat tnen san xuat,... Hudng di nay da dap ling nguygn vgng ngudi dan va phu hgp vdi ca che kinh te thi trudng thdi ky ddi mdi.

Qua trinh chuyen ddi vat nuoi cay trdng qua ba giai doan ndi trgn ciing phan anh qua trinh chuyen ddi tir du canh sang dinh canh d cac DTTSTC Tay Nguyen. Cd thg thay, ngay ca qua trinh chuyen ddi cay trSng, vat nudi giai doan ba van khong khoi bdc Id mdt sd han chg. Trong muc tieu phat trign cay luang thuc nham muc dich ty tuc, cdn chii trgng nhigu vao cay liia nude ma coi nhe vai trd Ciia cac loai cay mau tren dat khd. Tap trung qua nhieu tign cua va cong sire cho phat trign cac loai cay cdng nghigp nhu la con dudng thoat ngheo

nhanh nhk va duy nhat ma khdng tinh den kha nang nii ro cao ciia viec trdng cac cay "nha giau"

trong dieu kien gia ca ndng san hang hoa khong dn dinh. Cdng tac hudng dan khuyen nong, khuyen lam chua dgn ncri den chdn va khdng phii hgp.

Nhiing han che ttgn din den he qua, d nhigu nai, cay trong, vat nudi mdi hoac chet hang loat, hoac cho nang suat thap kem, khien ngudi dan trd lai doi ngheo va mSt niem tin vao ky thuat san xuat mdi (Bui Minh Dao, 2011).

1.2. Phdt trien trdng trgt

Trudc hgt, do ehinh sach quoc hiiu hda dat rimg va quan ly rung ciia Nha nude, dien tich nuong ray giara dan dgn nam 2010 va ca ban dugc xoa bo vao nam 2015. Thay vao do la su md rgng dien tich ddt dinh canh, luc dau la rugng nude trong lua, rugng khd trdng hoa raau nham tu tiie luang thyc, vg sau, ngay cang phat tnen nhanh cac loai cay hang nara va cay cong nghiep dai ngay nham muc dich hang hda (ea phe, ho tigu, che, cao su. ). Co cau cay trong cd sy chuyen doi tu liia ray sang cay hang nam va lau nam hang hoa. Tdng dien tich rugng nude d cae DTTSTC nam 1976 chi khoang 2000 ha d mgt so vimg, mgt so dan tdc eo dat triing va ngudn nude Den nay, da sd cac buon lang da cd rudng nude. Dien tich rudng nude tang nhanh tir nam 1990 din nay, dac biet tai cac budn lang vimg cao nguyen Tai Dak Lak, rugng nude trong cac DTTSTC tang hi yen dudi 1000 ha lgn 10.500 ha vao nam 2010 (Biii Minh Dao, 2000).

Ciing nhu thg la sy tang nhanh dien tich cay cong nghiep. Theo so lieu cua tinh Dak Lik, den nam 2008, d cac DTTSTC da c6 34.557 ha cay cdng nghigp, trong dd, 31.000 ha ca phe, binh quan 0,1 ha/khau, cdn lai la cao su, ho tigu va dao Ign hot (Sd Nong nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn tinh Dac Lak, 2008). Su xuat hien va ngay cang phat trien cua cay cdng nghiep la yen to tich eye, mang tinh dot pha ciia ydng Ugt d nhieu buon lang Tay Nguygn.

Cac loai giong cay ydng mdi dan dugc dua vao, gdm cac giong lua cao san, ngo lai, san cao san, cac loai ca phg, cao su, ho tigu. Cac ky thuat canh tac mdi, bao gom ky thuat canh tac cay luong thyc, canh tac rugng nude ciing ky thuat gieo

P H A T T R I E N B E N V O N G V U N G Q U Y ^ N 9, SQ 4 (12/2019)

LY LUAN - TRAO D 6 |

trdng, cham sdc va thu hoach cay cong nghiep, thong qua ngudi dan mdi den va thdng qua cdng tac khuyen nong, du cham chap, nhung timg budc da dugc du nhap vao ddi song canh tac ciia cac dan tdc thigu so tai cho Tay Nguyen. Nang suat lua, hoa man va cay cdng nghiep so vdi ngucri Kinh cdn thap kera, nhung ciing dan dugc nang cao. Nang suat lua rudng vu miia liic dau chi dat 2,0-2,5 tan/ha/vii, nay d nhigu viing da dat 3,5- 4,0 tan/ha/vu. Nang suat ca phe luc dau cbi dat 1,0 - 1,2 tan nhan/ha, nay nhieu vung da dat trgn 2,0 tan nhan/ha. Qua trinh chuygn doi tir nuang ray sang dinh canh rugng nude, cay hang hda dign ra tuong doi pho bign d cac viing eao nguyen dat do va cham chap, yeu at a cac viing niii cao, dat bac mau, dia hinh kho khan thugc bac Tay Nguyen.

Do ket qua ciia chuyen ddi each mang tir nuong ray sang rugng nude va cay cong nghiep, nhieu thon lang DTTSTC d cac khu vuc trung tam va cao nguyen da dinh canh dinh cu virng chac va CO ddi song tit on dinh den kha gia. Co the kg ra nhu dan tgc Gia-rai d eac huyen Chu Sg, Chu Pirh, Chu Pah, Krdng Pa, Diic Co (tinh Gia Lai), dan tgc E-de d cac huyen Krdng Pak, Krong Buk, Ea Hleo, Ea Ka, Krong Nang,... (tinh Dak Lak), dan tgc Mnong d cac huyen Dak Song, Dak Mil, Chu Jut, Tuy Diic (tinh Dak Nong), dan tgc Chu-ru d cac huyen Don Duong, Diic Trgng, dan tdc Ca-ho, Ma d cac huyen Bao Lgc, Di Linh, Diic Trgng,.. (tinh Lam Ddng), mdt phan dan tgc Ba-na d huygn Dac Doa, Mang Yang (tinh Gia Lai), mot phan dan tgc Xa-dang, Ba-na d huyen Dac Ha, thanh phd Kon Turn (tinh Kon Timi),.... Cac DTTSTC da c6 vai tro quan trgng trong viec md rdng dign tich cay tr6ng hang nam tir 440.000 ha nam 2003 len 842.194 ha nara 2009 va 896.661 ha nam 2013, dien tich cay cong nghiep tir 635.961 ha nam 2003 len 805.809 ha nam 2009 va 991.441 ha nam 2013 (Biii Minh Dao, 2018).

Trong qua trinh phat trien trong trgt theo hudng ty tiic luong thuc tir rudng nude va tir nong cay cong nghiep hang hoa, da xuat hien nhigu huyen co dong ngudi DTTSTC la tam guang sang trong phat yign kinh te trong trgt. Tieu bieu cd thg ke ra la cac huygn Di Linh, Bao Lara, Bao Lgc ciia

dan tdc Ca-ho d tinh Lam Dong, Gia NghTa, Dak Song, Chu Jut, Tuy Diic cua dan tgc Mndng d tinh DJk Nong, Krdng Pak, Krong Buk, Ea Hieo, Chu Mnga ciia dan tdc E-dg d tinh Dak Lak, Chu Se, Chu Pah ciia dan tdc Gia-rai d tinh Gia Lai, Dac Ha cua dan tdc Ba-na va Xo-dang d tinh Kon Tum.

Ciing nhu the, xuat hien nhieu xa cd dong ngudi dan tdc thieu sd la tim guang phat yien cay eong nghiep nhu cac xa Tan Chau, Tan Thugng, dan tgc Ca-ho d huyen Di Linh, tinh Lam Ddng, xa Dak R'Tih, dan tgc Mndng d huyen Tuy Dire, tinh Dak Nong, xa Ea Tul, dan tdc E- de d huyen Chu Mnga, tinh Dak Lik, xa la Blang cua dan toe Gia- rai, huyen Chu Se, tinh Gia Lai,... Bgn canh cac cdng ddng huyen, xa ddng ngudi DTTSTC la diem sang kinh tg, xuat hien nhigu ca nhan la tam guong lam kinh te gioi thong qua phat trien trang trai trSng trgt liia nude, cay cdng nghiep lau nam va chan nuoi. O tinh Lam Ddng co cac dng Km, K Kai, (dan tgc Co-ho huyen Dire Trgng),... O tinh Dak Nong CO cac dng K Bieu, K Sd, Dieu Lgc, Digu Phi Ong (dan tdc Mndng, xa Dak Nia, thi xa Gia NghTa).... 6 tinh Dak Lak co cac ong Ma Ben(dan toe E-dg, tp Buon Ma Thudt), Ma Ren (dan tgc E-dg d budn Sah, xa Ea Tul, huyen Chu Mnga)... O tinh Gia Lai cd cac dng Brao (dan tgc Gia-rai d lang Boong, xa la Diic, huyen Diic Cg), Kpa Kdt (dan tgc Gia-rai, xa Ta Trok, huyen la Pa), Kpui Bang (dan tdc Gia-rai lang Lan, thi yan Chu Prong, huyen Chu Prong), Dinh Van Vinh, Dinh Van Deu (dan tgc Ba-na d lang Dap, xa Kdng Long Khong, huyen Kbang),...

1.3. Phdt trien chan nudi

Ben canh kgt qua phat trien ttong trgt la sy phat trign cua chan nudi tir tu cap tu tiic sang kinh tg hang boa.

Dan yau nhu la vat nuoi dac tnmg trudc day, nay suy giam d toan vung do suy giam rimg va nguon nude, chi cdn d vung cao bac Tay Nguygn.

Thay vao dd la sy phat trign cua dan bd nhu la vat nudi miii nhgn, sii dung trong ndng nghiep va trao ddi hang hoa. Ben canh giong bd dia phuang ngay cang it di la sy phat trign ciia cac gidng bo ngoai nhap nhu bo lai Sin, bd siia. Con de dugc nudi kha phd bien trudc daynay da vang bong do nhu ciu

P H A T T R | £ N B E N V O N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 4 (12/2019)

Biii Van Bao - Bui Thj Kim Httmig Thire trang ldnh tl...

chan nudi nhdt chuong va do khong gian thdn lang bi thu hep dan. Dan lgn, ga mac du dugc van dgng phat trien nhung cd xu hudng giam di do dich benh, do chua quen ky thuat mdi va do lgn, ga gidng mdi doi hoi ky thuat cao. Xuat hien mgt sd hinh thiic chan nudi mdi nhu dao ao tha ca, nudi cac loai thuy cam vit, ngan, ngdng. Thay vi chan nudi gia dinh, nay xuat bien nhieu yang trai yong trgt, chan nudi, hay trang trai hon hgp chan nudi trong trgt, vdi dign tich cay ydng bang vai ha va vdi dan gia siic, gia cam bd, Ign, ga hang vai yam con.

Phuong thirc chan nudi timg budc chuyen tir tha rong nira cham soc sang nhot chudng cham sdc.

Phan Idn gia sue trau, bo, lgn va gia cam ga da dugc lara chudng trai, du co thg cdn sa tam. Trau bo dugc chan tha ban ngay, dugc cho an them cd ban dem. Lgn, ga dugc cho an thiic an va cam nau chin.

Du cdn cham chap va khd khan, nhung cac ky thuat chan nuoi mdi nhu tigra phong dich benh, kham chiia benh thudng thirc, cho an thiic an gia siic, chgn giong, do nganh Ndng nghigp va Phat trign ndng thon van ddng, tap huan da dugc tiep thu, chap nhan va di vao cudc sdng d khap cae thon lang, du hieu qua cdn chap chiing.

Dudi tac ddng ciia kinh tg thi trudng, chan nuoi chuygn dan tir ty cap tu tiic sang hang hoa, ro net la vdi cac loai gia siic bo. Ion va dera lai nguon thu nhap hang chuc trieu dong/nam d nhigu hg gia dinh thudc cac dan tgc.

1.4. Qudn ly, bdo ve rimg

Rimg ta nguon tai nguygn quy gia cho phat trign kinh tg va bao vg moi yudng. Giao rimg cho ngudi dan quan ly bao ve la chu truang Idn cua Dang va Nha nude nham xa hgi hda cong tac bao ve rimg, gop phan xda doi giam ngheo, phat trien kinh te bgn viing. Tir sau nam 1975, ciing cac tinh mign niii yong ca nude, cac tinh Tay Nguyen da trign khai cong tac giao rimg cho ngudi dan cac DTTSTC quan ly, bao ve.

Nhiing nam 1990, xuat hien d cac huyen Dac Ha, tinh Kon Tum, Kdng Choro, Kbang, tinh Gia

Lai, Ea Hleo, Buon Don, tinh Dik LJk, Tuy Diic, tinh Dak Ndng,.. binh thiic giao rimg cho cac cdng ddng budn lang quan ly, bao ve do cac td chiic qudc te ciia Cdng hoa lien bang Diic, Ha Lan tap huin va dau tu. Hinh thuc nay nham nang cao nang luc quan ly, bao ve tai nguyen rimg la chinh ngn chi hieu qua trong thdi gian du an dugc diu tu va trien khai.

Tir nam 2001 dgn nay, phd bign d Tay Nguygn hinh thuc nha nude giao rimg cho nhora hg thudc cac thdn lang DTTSTC quan ly bao ve. Ngay 12 tiiang 11 nam 2001, Thu Urdng Chinh phu da ban banh QuySt dinh sd 178/QD-TTg vg quyen hudng lgi, nghTa vu ciia hd gia dinh, ca nhan dugc giao, dugc thue, nhan khoan rimg va dat lam nghiep.

Theo quygt dinh nay, mdi nhom hg d cac thdn lang gan rimg va cdn rung dugc giao mgt dien tich rung nhat dinh, co ttach nhiem quan ly bao ve rung va duge chi tra bang mgt yong hai nguon ngan sach la Ngan sach chi tra dich vy moi trudng rimg, do cac du an thiiy dien chi tra va Ngan sach nha nude chi ya. Tign thii lao dya ygn so ngay cong tuan tra, bao ve rimg, mdi ngay cdng dugc tra 150 - 200 ngan dong, tiiy tiing noi ma moi nam cho thu nhap khoang 2-4 trieu dong/hd. Theo danh gia ciia nganh chiic nang, thdng qua viec giao khoan quan ly, bao ve, y thuc, trach nhiem vg bao ve rimg ciia ngudi dan duge nang cao hon, ngudi dan co them nguon thu nhap tit viec nhan khoan bao ve rimg, thu hai dugc lieu va lam san ngoai go dudi tan rimg, cho thay viec bao vg rung da mang lai lgi ich thiet thuc gin voi cugc song ciia ngudi dan mien niii, nhat la cac hg dong bao DTTSTC.

2. ThiTc trang kinh te phi nong, lam nghiSp 2.1. Nghe thu cdng

Su thay ddi cua dieu kien tu nhien va tac ddng ciia kinh tg thi tnrdng da timg budc lam mai mdt cac nghe thu cong truygn thong, dign ra nhanh va sdra d viing cao nguyen, mugn va cham hon d cac lang viing sau, viing xa nhu bac Kon Tum. Nghg dan lat hau nhu mai mdt, cd chang con d ngudi gia, do sy vang bong dan ciia nuang ray, do nguyen

P H A T T R I ^ N B E N V O N G VUNG QUY^N 9, SO 4 (12/2019)

LY LUAN - TRAO D Q I

lieu dan lat ngay mgt khan higm, dac biet do do sy CO mat ngay cang nhigu cua cac phuong tien van chuyen radi. Nghe trong bong dgt vai d cac thon lang hoac mai mdt, hoac mat ban. Chi con lai mgt sd rat hiem hoi khung cui det vai d mgt so lang vung sau, viing xa, do ngudi gia sii dung. Da sd thanh nii, thanh nara khong bigt det vai, dan lat. Do sat dugc ban nhieu vdi gia re tai thi trudng lam cho nghg ren va thg ren vang bong. Do van dgng cua chinh quyen,, mgt so hgp tac xa tbii cong det tho cam dugc thanh lap d ngudi Ba-na tinh Gia Lai, ngudi Ca-ho, ngudi Ma, tinh Lam Dong, nhirng do ban chg dau ra va tbi tnrdng, hieu qua con bap benh.

2,2. Dich vu trao ddi hdng hoa Dich vu trao doi hang hoa co nhiing biit pha so vdi trudc day. Do thanh kign vdi nghe buon ban, il thay ngudi DTTSTC lam dich vy trao ddi. Mac du vay, do tac dgng ciia kinh tg thi trucmg, do giao thdng phat yign, dich vu mua va ban da thuan tien den hau het cac thdn lang. Moi lang co vai ba hg ngudi Kinh hay tai chd ban hang tap hda tai nha.

Cimg vdi do la he thdng chg xa, chg huygn va chg tinh duoc md rgng. Dang kg la vai y6 ciia kha ddng dao tu thuang ngudi Kinh hang ngay mang bang hoa luu dgng bang xe may den tirng lang, tung nha yao doi vdi ngudi dan. Do sy vang bdng dan ciia nucmg ray va suy giam eiia kinh te rimg, nhu cau mua va ban ngay cang tang len San pbim ban ra khong chi la lucmg thyc, gia sue, gia cam ma cdn la lara san, nong san hang hoa. San pham mua vao khdng chi la cae nhu yeu pham cdng nghe nhu quan ao, xa phong, thuoc la, dudng, siia, keo banh,.. ma con la cac tien nghi sinh boat dit tien radi nhu raay ndng cu, 6 to, xe dap, dai, ti vi, xe may,...

2.3. Khai thdc nguon lgi tu- nhien Khai thac nguon lgi ty nhign chi co digu kign tdn tai khong nguyen ven d mdt so lang viing sau, vimg xa, cdn rirng. O da so cac thon lang con lai, cac hoat dgng san ban, san bat, hai lugm hoac khong cdn, hoac mai mgt dan do rimg da liii xa noi cu trii. Tinh trang chung la cac loai thii Idn ving bong. Lon rung, huaii, nai, mang. khi chi con thiy

d it vimg. San ban tap the cd chd va dat bay, chong thd quanh ray de bat thii Idn khong cdn dieu kien ton tai. Chi con di san ca nhan bang na vdi vat san dugc la thii nho, ga rung va cac loai chim. Tru I- uong va so lugng cac loai ca, con trung, nhuyen the d nhigu nen giam siit nghiem trgng. Cac hinh thiic bat ca tho sa nhu mo, xiic, dam, do,... kem hieu qua dan, thay vao do la danh ca bang chai, 1- udi va thudc nd. Nhigu loai rau, raang, cii, qua hoac khong con hoac cdn khdng dang kg, duge khai thac trong digu kien kho khan. Nhin chung, vai tro cua khai thac nguon lgi ty nhien suy giam, mai mgt va mat mat nhieu so vdi trudc day

2.4. Sinh ki lam thue

Trong hoan canh thieu dat san xuat, thigu viec lam, cac sinh kg thu cong, khai thac ngudn lgi ty nhign ngay cang suy thoai, iing pho cua ngudi dan la tim cac viec lam thug. Day la sinh kg mdi xuat hien va ngay cang eo vai tro quan trgng hien nay.

Cong viec lam thug la da dang va phong phii, gdm phu xay, lam thg moc, lam rugng, lara cong nhan trong va ngoai tinh, di xuat khau lao ddng,...

nhung chii yen la lam thug ndng nghie. Tudi ca phe, cat canh ca phg va thu hoach ca phe la cong viec lam thug pho bign ciia cac DTTSTC d Tay Nguygn, khac vdi cong viec lam thug cua cac DTTSTC Trudng Son la trong keo, chat keo, boc v6 keo va thu hoach keo (Biii Minh Dao, 2019).

Chu thue viec la ngudi Kinh hoac ngudi tai cho Phuong thiic ya cdng thudng la theo ngay. Nam 2018, mdi ngay cong lam thug nong nghiep ciia lao dgng DTTSTC dugc tra 180 -200 n^iin ddng/ngudi.

Lam thue la sinh kg chii yen ciia nhigu cap va chdng tre mdi tach hd va khong co dat san xuat.

Tiiy tiing gia dinh ma lam thug dem lai 40%i din 100% tdng thu nhap/hd/nam.

3. Thyc trang ngheo va giam ngheo 3.1. Thg-c trgng ngheo

Cac DTTSTC Tay Nguygn liien co ty le hg ngheo cao trong ca nude. Du tdc do phat trign kinh te va kgt qua giam ngheo khong thua kem cac viing khac va ca nude, nhung do nhiing dac thii ty nhign, dan cu va dan tdc, Tay Nguygn hien vin la mgt

PHAT TRI^N B^N VUNG VLJNG QUY^N 9, SQ 4 (12/2019)

Biii Van Dao - Bill Thi Kim Hu-ong Thyc trang kinh te...

trong 3 viing ngheo nhat yong cac viing kinh tg - xa hdi, vdi tdc do giam ngheo khdng on dinh.

Ngheo ddi tap trung d cac DTTS, nhat la cac DTTSTC. Trong mgi thdi diem, ty le hg ngheo DTTSTC dgu cao gap han hai lan so vdi ty le hd ngheo chung toan viing va cao hon 3 lan so vdi ty le hd ngheo chung ca nude (Biii Minh Dao, 2003).

Trong khi ddi sdng cua ngudi Kinh da cg ban dn dinh thi ddi sdng ciia cac DTTSTC cdn khd khan thap kem, thg hien qua cac chi bao vg ddi ngheo, phan hda ddi song, thu nhap va tigp can eac dich vu xa hgi ca ban. Theo thdi gian, da dign ra phan hda va bat binh dang ngay cang cao ve thu nhap va ddi sdng giira cac DTTSTC vdi cac dan tgc mdi dgn, trong dd, vao nam 2012, chenh lech thu nhap giira nhdm 1 (nhdm 20%. giau nhat) va nhom 5 (nhom 20%) ngheo nhat) dao dgng 8,0 dgn 9,0 lan.

Nhdm cd thu nhap cao nhat thudng la ngudi Kinh, nhdm co thu nhap kha va trung binh thudng la ngudi Tay, Niing, Thai, Mudng, nhom c6 thu nhap thap nhat thudng la cac DTTSTC.

3.2. Thgc trgng gidm ngheo

Trong hon hai thap nign qua, xoa doi giam ngheo cho cac DTTSTC la cong tac trgng tam ciia eac tinh Tay Nguyen, thg hien qua thuc bien nhieu chuong trinh muc tieu quoc gia, trgng tam va tryc tiep la Chuang trinh muc tiiu qudc gia xoa doi gidm ngheo giai dogn ! 998-2000, tiep ndi bang Chuang trinh muc tiiu quoc gia xda ddi gidm ngheo vd viec Idm giai dogn 2001 - 2005 (Chucmg trinh 143) va Chuang trinh muc tiiu qudc gia ve gidm ngheo giai dogn 2006-2010

Dii tinh theo chuin ngheo thu nhap hay chuan ngheo da chieu, nhung qua timg giai doan khac nhau, tir nam 2000 den nay, ty lg hd ngheo DTTS noi chung va DTTSTC noi rigng deu giara tu 3,5%>/nam trd len. Tdng hgp tai lieu ciia cac Sd Lao dgng Thuang binh va Xa hdi 5 tinh Tay Nguygn cho kgt qua, tu nam 2001 den nam 2005, Tay Nguyen da xoa nghgo cho 30.000 hg DTTS, giam ty le hg ngheo DTTS tir 44% xudng cdn 29%>, trong thdi gian 2006 - 2009, ty le hd ngheo DTTS giam tren dudi IO%)/nam. Theo Ueu chi ngheo nam 2010, ty le hg ngheo DTTS Tay Nguygn giam tir 37,10%i nam 2011 xuong con

33,26% nam 2012 va 27,26% nam 2013, binh quan giam gin 5%./nam (Van phdng Ban Chi dao Tay Nguygn, 2015). Theo tigu chi ngheo nam 2010, ty le hd ngheo DTTS Tay Nguyen giam tir 37,1%

nam 2011 xudng cdn 33,26% nam 2012 va 27,26%.

nam 2013, binh quan giam gan 5%o/nam, la kgt qua giam ngheo an tugng ciia cac tinh va viing.

Ket qua giam ngheo khdng chi thg hien qua giam ty le hg ngheo, ma cdn qua cac chi bao khac cua ngheo da chigu. Den nay, hau hgt ngudi ngheo Tay Nguyen dugc vay vdn, dugc hd trg vg khuygn ndng - khuygn lam, tham gia md hinh trinh dien, hgi nghi diu bd, phat trien san xuat Ty le ngudi ngheo DTTSTC dugc cip the bao biem y tg dat gin 100%. Ty le hoc sinh hd ngheo DTTS dugc mien giam bgc phi va cac khoan ddng gdp gan

100%..

Cae kgt qua neu tren la thanh tuu to Idn the hien quyet tara giam ngheo cho ngudi DTTSTC cua Dang, chinh quygn Tay Nguyen trong suot hai thap nien qua.

4. Mdt s6 vin dg phat trien bgn virng kinh te va giam ngheo

4.1. Vdn de chuyen doi ca cdu vgt nuoi, cdy trong vd ca cdu kinh ti

Nen kinh tg chi co the dn dinh va phat trien khi CO CO cau hai hoa, hgp ly, khi cae nganh, cac thanh phin, cac loai hinh san xuat dugc bo tri can doi, ben ket vdi nhau, phii hgp vdi dieu kien tu nhien va trinh do phat yign cua chu thg kinh tg. Chuygn dich ca cau kinh te hien cd d cac DTTSTC Tay Nguyen cdn chara, chua hoa nhip vdi ca nude va dang la thach thiic dat ra. Q cac dan tdc tai cho chd Kon Tum, mdt phan Gia Lai, co cau ndng nghiep van la cay luong thyc dat doc va chan nudi ty cap nr tiic, qua trinh chuyen sang trdng trgt va chan nudi hang hoa cham chap. Cung vdi do, ca cau kinh tg chii yen van la ndng, lam nghiep, cdng nghiep - xay dyng va dich vu thuong mai - du Hch kem phat trien.

De chuygn ddi cay trdng, vat nudi hieu qua, can ddi mdi cong tac khuyen ndng, khuyen lam

P H A T T R I ^ N B£N VONG VUNG QUY^N 9, S6 4 (12/2019)

LY L U A N - T R A O D Q I

theo hudng cam tay chi viec, coi trgngdao tao nganh nghg ndng nghiep va phi ndng nghiep, co chinh sach kich can kinh tg hang hoa, nghign cuu tim ra cac loai cay yong vat nudi phii hgp vdi digu kign tu nhign vung Bac Tay Nguygn.

4.2. Vdn di trinh do sdn xudt thdp kem So vdi ngudi Kinh va so vdi yeu cau, trinh do san xuat ciia cac DTTSTC cdn thap kem,. San xuat chu ygu van la thuan nong, trdng trgt luong thyc trgn dat khd, ty cap, Ur tiic, le thugc va trdng chd vao tu nhign. Pho bign van la lao dong thu cong, co bap. Tap quan san xuat, to chirc san xuat va ky nang san xuat da loi thdi. Nang suat cay trong, vat nuoi va nang suat lao dgng thap. Lao dgng nong nghiep la chinh, chii ygu la phd thdng, lao ddng phi nong nghiep chua dang kg. Tu duy kinh te thi truong con md nhat. Tam ly va thoi quen san xuat nuong ray du canh cdn dam net. Trinh do san xuat nong nghiep con sa khai, each xa so vdi yen cau san xuat ndng nghiep hang hda hien nay.

De khac phuc mau thuan trinh do san xuat thap kem, can thuc hien nhigu gmi phap dong bg, trong do chii y ddi mdi cong tac khuygn ndng, khuyen lam theo hudng thyc sy cam tay cbi viec, md rdng nganh nghg va dao tao nganh nghe, bao gdm ca nganh nghg nong nghiep va nganh nghe phi ndng nghiep, nganh Nong nghiep va Phat trien ndng thon nghign cim tim ra cac loai cay trdng vat nudi phu hgp vdi digu kien tu nhien vung Bac Tay Nguyen.

4.3. Vdn de ngheo vd gidm ngheo Dii la viing co tdc do phat tnen kinh tg nhanh, nhung Tay Nguyen lai cd bg phan DTTSTC ngheo tram trgng va pho bien. Ngheo dang trd thanh raau thuan xa hgi, de bi cac the lyc thii dich lgi dyng tuyen truygn kich dgng gay roi an ninh chinh tri-

Dg giam ngheo ben virng, can trign khai nhieu giai phap chinh sach dong bg khac nhau, trong do.

cd vai tro quan trgng la: Phat huy ngi luc ciia ngudi dan, tdn trgng va loi keo su tham gia ciia ngudi dan Khuygn khich vai trd ba dd cua cac don vi quan dgi, cac doanh ngbigp ddng yen dia ban.

Tap trung kinh phi phat trien san xuat va nang cao ddi song thay vi tap trung xay dyng co sd ha ting.

Cd nhiing chinh sach dot pha dao tao nhanh nguon lye chat lugng cao. Tai eau tnic kinh te va xac dinh mo hinh tang trudng kinh te phii hgp. Xay dung mo hinh san xuat phu hgp nham chuyen ddi nong nghigp sa khai sang nong nghiep hang hoa. Tiep tue xay dyng mdi chinh sach lam nghiep xa hgi, gan ngudi dan vdi rimg, hudng tdi cai thien ddi sdng va ton trgng quyen ciia ngudi dan vdi tai nguyen rimg.

Ket luSn

Dudi tac dgng cua ddi mdi va chinh sach dan tdc, tir nam 1986 den nay, co cau kinh tg cua cac dan tgc thigu sd tai chd Tay Nguygn da cd sy chuyen ddi ro net, la ca sd cho su phat trign dang ke ciia cac hoat dgng trdng hgt, chan nudi va dich vu trao ddi, dac biet ciia trdng cay cdng nghiep hi san xuat ty cap tu nic sang san xuat hang boa, ciing nhu cua cac sinh kg phi ndng nghiep ma lam thue la sinh kg tieu bigu. Kinh te thi trudng va chinh sach quan ly rung ciia Nha nude cung la nguyen nhan chinh dan dgn sy suy giam ciia hai hoat dgng kinh tg tmygn thong la nghe thii cdng va khai thac cac nguon lgi tu nhien. Cho dii da co nhiing budc phat trien quan trong, nhung do dac digm con ngucri va van hda, cac dan tdc thieu so tai eh§ Tay Nguygn van cd ddi song kho khan vdi ty le hg ngheo doi cao so vdi dong bang va so vdi mdt so viing dan tgc mien niii khac. Ngheo, giam ngheo, chuygn doi vat nuoi cay trdng va trinh do san xuat han chg dang la nhiing thach thirc dat ra cho phat yign ben viing kinh tg cac dan tdc thieu so tai cho Tay Nguygn. Giai phap dat ra co nhigu, yong do, chinh ygu va then chot la cac giai phap: Doi mdi cdng tac khuygn nong, khuyen lam theo hudng cam tay chi viec Coi trgng dao tao nganh nghe nong nghiep va phi ndng nghiep. Nghign cuu tim ra cac loai cay trong vat nuoi phii hgp vdi digu kien tu nhien d viing Bac Tay Nguygn. Phat huy ngi luc cua ngudi dan, ton trgng su tham gia ciia ngudi dan. KJiuygn khich vai trd ba do ciia cac don vi quan dgi, cac doanh nghiep ddng yen dia ban.

Tap trung kinh phi phat trign san xuat va nang cao ddi sdng thay vi tap trung xay dyng co sd ha tang.

Co nhimg chinh sach dot pha dao tao nhanh nguon luc chat lugng eao. Tigp tuc xay dyng mdi chinh sach lam nghiep xa hdi, gan ngudi dan vdi rung.

P H A T T R I 6 N B ^ N V Q N G V U N G Q U Y t N 9, SG 4 (12/2019)

Bui Van Bao - Biii Thi Kim Hinmg Thyc trang ldnh te...

T a i lieu t h a m k h a o

1. Bui Muih Dao (2000). Trong trot truyen thdng cdc ddn tdc thieu so tgi chd Tdy Nguyen. Nxb Khoa hgc xa hoi. Ha Ngi.

2. Bill Minh Dao (2003). 77IH-C trang ddi ngheo vd gidi phdp gidm ngheo ddi vai cdc ddn tdc thiiu sd tgi chd Tdy Nguyin. N x b Khoa hge xa hgi. Ha Ndi.

3. Biii Minh Dao (2011). Thuc trang phdt tnin Tdy Nguyin vd mdt sd vdn di phdt tnin ben vimg.Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi. Ha Ngi.

4. Biii Minh Dao (2018). Vai trd cita cdc ddn tdc ihiiu sd tgi chd trong phdt tnen ben virng Tdy Nguyin.

Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi. Ha Ndi.

5. Biii Minh Dao (2019). Mgt sd van de ndi com, birc xiic d cac dan tdc thieu sd tai cho mign niii tinh Quang Nam. Tgp chi ddn tdc hoc, so 5.

6. Dang Nghiem Van va cac tac gia (1981). Cdc ddn tdc tinh Gia Lai - Cdng Tum. Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi, Ha Ngi.

7. Hgi ddng Eg trudng (1990). Quyit dinh 72/HDBT ndm 1990 cua Hdi ddng Bd trudng vi mdt sd chii tr- uang, chinh sdch cu the phdt tnen kinh ti - xd hdi mien niii.

8. Sd Ndng nghiep va Phat yign ndng thdn tinh Dac L l k (2008). Bdo cdo tdng ket cdng tdc ndng nghiip vd phdt trien ndng thdn Ddk Ldk ndm 2008.

9. Thu yrdng Chinh phu (1988). Quyit dinh I33/1998/QD-CP ngdy 23/7/1988 ciia Thu tuang Chinh phii Vephi duyet Chuang trinh muc tiiu qudc gia xod ddi gidm ngheo giai dogn 1998^2000.

10. Thii nrdng Chinh phu (1998). Quyit dinh 135/1998/QD - TTg ngdy 31/71998 ciia Thd tu&ng Chinh phii Phi duyet Chuong trinh phdt trien kinh ti - xa hdi cdc xd dac biit khd khan miin niii vd vimg sdu, viing xa.

11. Van phdng Ban Chi dao Tay Nguyen (2015). So lieu phdt triin kinh te - xa hdi cdc tinh Tdy Nguyin ndm 2015.

T h o n g tin tac gia:

1. Dili V a n D a o , PGS. TS Ngay nhan bai. 5/10/2019 - Don VI cdng tac: Vien Dan tdc hgc, Vign Han lam Ngay nhan ban sua: 24/10/2019 Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam. Ngay duyet dang: 5/11/2019 - Dia chi email: dao_dth@botmail.com

2. Bui T h i Kim H u o n g , Th.S

- Don vi cong tac: Vign Nghien ciru Phat tiien bgn viing Vung, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam.

PHAT TRIEN BEN V U N G VUNG QUYSN 9, S6 4 (12/2019)