Quan ly thuoc bao ve thiFC vat a> Thai Lan
NCS.TRAN THI NGOC LAN PGS.TS. NGUVEN PHUONG LE*
PGS.TS. NGUVEN MAU DUNG*"
Nghiin cieu ndy tim hiiu thuc trgng cong tdc qudn ly thuoc bdo ve thuc vgt (BVTV) a Thdi Lan ~ mpt nu&c eo lugng Ihuic BVTV dugc nhgp khdu vd sic dung hdng ndm tuang dii l&n so v&i cdc nu&c khac trong khu vuc. Kit qud nghien cim cho thdy, Thdi Lan rdt quan tdm din cong tde qudn ly thuoc BVTV nhdm dam bdo an todn thuc phdm vd hgn che 6 nhiem moi tru&ng thong qua ban hdnh hi thong vdn bdn phdp lugt vd triin khai cdc hogt dpng qudn ly tie khdu ddng ky din lieu thu kit hgp qudn ly du lugng thuoc BVTV. Mac dit vgy viic thiiu vdn bdn phdp lugt riing di qudn ly thudc BVTV, su phoi hgp chua hiiu qud giita cdc ca quan co lien quan vd tinh trgng qudn ly tin thuang mgi thuoc BVTV chua chiit che Id nhitng vdn di con ton tgi vd cdn dugc khde phuc trong qudn ly thuoc BVTV & Thdi Lan.
Tir khoa: Qudn ly, sdn xudt nong nghiip, thuoc bdo ve thuc vgt, Thdi Lan.
1. Dat van de
San xuat ndng nghiep cd vai trd hit siic quan trpng trong nen kinh te Thai Lan. Ben canh cung cap luong thyc thyc phim, san xuit ndng nghiep cdn cd vai trd bet siic quan trpng trong tao viec lam dn dinh cho 40%i lyc lupng lao ddng, gdp phin nang cao thu nhap va ddi sdng cua ngudi dan Thai Lan. San xuit ndng nghiep ddng gdp 9% trong tdng GDP cua dit nudc Thai Lan va gdp phan quan trpng trong tao ngudn thu ngoai te tir xuit khlu rit nhilu san pham nhu gao, rau qua, thyc phim chl biln (Tirado et a l , 2008).
Tuy nhien cung nhu da sd cac nudc khac, d l ban chl thiet hai do sau benh gay ra, cac hd ndng dan Thai Lan da va dang sir dung rit nhilu loai thudc BVTV. Lugng thudc BVTV dugc nhap khlu vao Thai Lan da tang len nhanh
Hoc vi|n Nong nghiep 'Viet Nam.
chdng. Da sd cac loai thudc BVTV dugc nhap khau vao Thai Lan deu d muc do nguy hai nghiem trgng hoac rat nghiem trgng. Day ciing la nguyen nhan gay ra tinh trang d nhiem moi trudng, tinh trang mat an toan thyc pham d Thai Lan. Chinh vi vay, quan ly thudc BVTV la van de da va dang dugc Chfnh phu Thai Lan hit siic quan tam. Nghien cim nay dugc thuc hien nham tim hieu thyc trang cdng tac quan ly thuoc BVTV d Thai Lan, danh gia nhiing uu diem va ban che trong quan ly thudc BVTV d Thai Lan.
2. Phuong phap nghien cii-u
Nghien cim nay chu yeu sir dung cac thdng tin, sd lieu thil cap dugc thu thap tir cac bao cao nghien ciiu, cac sd lieu thdng ke va van ban phap luat cd lien quan den tinh binh nhap khau, san xuat, su dung thudc BVTV va cac boat ddng quan ly thudc BVTV d Thai Lan. Phuang phap thing ke md ta, phan tich so sanh la nhung phuang phap chil yeu dugc su dyng trong nghien cuu.
':::tmm^'\ -wt^
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Ngoc Lan - Phu-gng Le - Mau DQng Quan ly thudc bao ve thuc vat..
3. Ket qua nghien cu-u
3.1. Khdi qudt tinh hinh sdn xudt nong nghiep vd sd- dung thudc BVTV & Thdi Lan
Thai Lan cd tdng dien tfch dat ty nhien la 51,3 trieu ha, trong dd cd 22,1 trieu ha dat ndng nghiep. Tdng dan sd cua Thai Lan nam 2012 la 66,6 trieu ngudi, trong dd 65,5% dan sd sdng d khu vyc ndng thdn (Schreinemacbers et al., 2015). Mac du gia tri san xuat ndng nghiep ciia Thai Lan chi chiem 9% trong tdng GDP cua dat nudc, tuy nhien san xuat ndng nghiep van cd vi trf bet sue quan trgng do ban 40% lyc lugng lao dgng van dang tham gia san xuat trong nganh
ndng nghiep va san xuat ndng nghiep chiem 25 30% tdng gia tri xuit khlu ciia dat nudc.
Trong ndi bd nganh ndng nghiep thi trdng trgt cd vai trd quan trpng nhat, ddng gdp tdi 60%o tdng gia tri san xuat nganh ndng nghiep (Singhapreecha, 2014). Liia gao la cay trdng chu lyc ciia Thai Lan vdi dien tich san xuat lua gao la 12,37 trieu ha va san lupng dat 38,79 trieu tin nam 2013. Ngoai ra san, ngd, mfa dudng la nhung cay trdng quan trpng vdi dien tfch thu hoach hang nam dat tren 1 trieu ha.
Nam 2013, san lugng ngd ciia Thai Lan dat 5,07 trieu tin, san lugng san dat 30,23 trieu tan va san lugng mfa dudng dat 100,1 trieu tan.
Bang 1: Dien tich va san luong mot so cay trong chii yeu ff Thai Lan 2009 - 2013
Cay trong I. Dien tich (trieu ha)
1. Lua gao 2. Ngd
3. sin
4. Mia dudng 5. Cao su
II. San lucmg (trieu tan) 1. Liia gao
2. Ngd 3. San 4. Mia dudng 5. Cao su
Nam 2009
11,14 1,10 1,33 0,93 1,86 32,12
4,62 30,09 66,82 3,09
Nam 2010
11,93 1,16 1,17 0,98 1,93 34,41
4,86 22,01 68,81 3,05
Nam 2011
11,65 1,15 1,14 1,26 2,04 36,13
4,97 21,91 95,95 3,35
Nam 2012
12,28 1,14 1,36 1,28 2,05 37,47
4,95 29,85 98,40 3,50
Nam 2013
12,37 1,15 1,39 1,32 2,25 38,79
5,06 30,23 100,10
3,86 Nguon: FAOSTAT, 2015.
Cung nhu da sd cac nudc khac. Thai Lan da va dang su dung thudc BVTV dl ban chl thiet.
hai do sau benh gay ra. Thudc BVTV dugc bat dau nhap khau vao Thai Lan tu nam 1966 va khdi lugng nhap khau lien tyc tang len tu khoang 6.000 tin nam 1976 len tdi 20.000 tin nam 1994; 80.000 tin nam 2004 (Tirado et al., 2008), 172.000 tin nam 2013 (Tawatsin et al., 2015). Thai Lan xep thir 3 trong sd 15 nudc chau A ve lugng thudc BVTV dugc sir dung hang nam va xep thir 4 ve lugng thudc BVTV dugc sir dyng tren 1 don vi dien tich dat canh tac (Panuwet et al, 2012).Theo Shreinamacher (2014) thi 70% lugng thudc BVTV dugc nhap
khau vao Thai Lan la tu Trung Qudc. Trong sd cac loai thudc BVTV dugc nhap khau vao Thai Lan giai doan 2007 2013 thi thudc tru cd chiem ty trgng ldn nhat (62 19%), tiep den la thudc tru sau (chiem 12 23%i), thudc tru nim (chilm 5 11%) (Tawatsin el al., 2015). Tinh binh quan Thai Lan sir dyng 8,4 kg thudc BVTV dugc nhap khau/ha dat canh tac trong nam 2012, trong khi con sd nay cua Viet Nam la 16,2 kg/ha, cua Campuchia la 2,9 kg/ha va cua Lao la 0,1 kg/ha (xem Hinh 1). Trong giai doan 2000 2013, lugng thudc BVTV dugc su dung tfnh tren mdt don vi dien tich d Thai Lan tang 6,8%/nam (trong khi d Viet Nam tang 9,7%/nam). Sl lugng
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21
Quan ly thudc bao ve thuc vat. Ngoc Lan - Phiygng Le - Mau Dung chimg loai thudc BVTV cung tang len nhanh
chdng (Shreinamacher et al., 2014).
Hinh I: Lu-ffng thulc BVTV sii' dung d mot so nu-ffc 2003 - 2012
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
—3k—Thai tan — ^ — V i e t N a m
Thudc bao ve thyc vat dugc cho la mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan chinh dan den tinh trang nhiem ddc d Thai Lan. Trong giai doan 2007 2013, moi nam cd tu 49.000 din 61.000 trudng hgp hi nhiem ddc do cac chat nguy hai gay ra va ty le tir vong la tir 76,4 den 96,6 ngudi tren 100.000 dan. Han mdt nua sd trudng hgp nhiem ddc d Thai Lan la do anh hudng cua thudc BVTV va % sd ngudi tir vong do nhiem ddc la tu thudc BVTV (Saoraya & Inboriboon, 2013).
Trong nam 2011, Cue Benh nghe nghiep va mdi trudng da tien hanh kiem tra mau ciia 533.524 ndng dan Thai Lan sir dung thudc BVTV d 74 Bdng 2: Khung phap ly trong quan
tinh dl danh gia mile do nhiem ddc do sir dung thudc BVTV va kit qua kilm tra cho thay cd 32%
sd ndng dan nay la d muc rui ro cao do nhiem dpc thudc BVTV (Issarapan, 2013).
3.2. Time trgng cong tdc qudn ly thuoc BVTV & Thdi Lan
3.2.1. Hi thing vdn bdn phdp lugt qudn ly Ihuic BVTV
Chfnh phu Thai Lan tuang ddi chu dpng trong quan ly hda chat ddc hai trong dd bao gdm ca thulc BVTV, thdng qua viec ban hanh va thyc thi dao luat ve chit ddc PSA (Poison Substance Act) diu tien vao nam 1967 va sira doi vao nam 1973. Dya tren dao luat nay. Thai Lan da ban hanh Dao luat Chat nguy hai HSA (Hazardous Substance Act) vao nam 1992 (sita doi vao nam 2001 va nam 2008). Muc dich chinh cua van ban nay la quy dinh viec nhap khlu, san xuit, tieu thy va sir dung cac chat nguy hai d Thai Lan. Ben canh Dao luat Chat nguy hai, cdng tac quan ly thudc BVTV d Thai Lan cdn tuan thii theo mdt sd dao luat khac nhu Dao luat ve tang cudng bao ve chat lugng moi trudng qudc gia, Dao luat ve thyc pham, Dao luat ve tieu chuan ndng nghiep (xem Bdng 2).
ly thulc BVTV ff Thai Lan
Giai doan Bao Luat Van ban cu the
1. Truoc khi su dung - Quy dinh ve dang ky thudc BVTV
- Quy dinh ve nhap khau, san xuat va phan phdi
Dao luat Chit nguy hai HSA Dao luat Chit nguy hai HSA
Dao luat ve tang cudng bao ve chat lugng mdi trudng qudc gia (thdng qua nam 1992)
Thdng bao cua Bd Ndng nghiep va Hgp tac ve dang ky, cap va cap lai giay chimg nhan ddi vdi cac chat nguy hai (Vu Ndng nghiep nam 2009)
Thdng bao cua Bg Ndng nghiep va Hgp tac ve san xuat, nhap khau, xuat khau va sd huu cac chit nguy hai (Vu Ndng nghiep nam 2004)
Thdng bao ciia Uy ban Chat nguy hai ve van chuyen cac chat nguy hai nam 2002)
Thdng bao cua Bd Khoa hgc cdng nghe va mdi trudng ve phan loai cac nha may, ca sd san xuat cdng nghiep ddi vdi viec thai nudc thai vao mdi trudng nam 1996) - cac nha may thudc BVTV dugc xem la cac ca sd can dugc giam sat
nudc thai trudc khi thai vao mdi trudng |
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Ngoc Lan - Phu'O'ng Le - Mau Du ng Quan ly thuoc bao ve thuc vat.
Ve tieu chuin ddi vdi nudc thai tu cac co sd san xuat cdng nghiep nam 1996 - Hda chit BVTV khdng dugc cd trong nudc thai
- Quy dinh ve ban thudc BVTV
Dao luat Chat nguy hai HSA
Thdng bao cua Bd Ndng nghiep va Hgp tac ve san xuat, nhap khlu, xuit khlu va sd huu cac chit nguy hai (Vu ndng nghiep nam 2004) - quy dinh ve dilm ban hang Thdng bao cua Bd Ndng nghiep v a H g p tac ve dan nhan mac va mile do ddc hai ciia cac chat nguy hai (Vu Ndng nghiep -1995); vl thii tuc va dilu kien sir dung nhan mac ddi vdi cac chat nguy hai nam 1996
2. Trong khi six dung (khong eo vdn ban guy dinh cy ihi) 3. Sau khi sii' dyng
Quy dinh ve ve du lugng chat ddc trong mdi trudng
Dao luat ve tang cudng bao ve chat lugng mdi trudng qudc gia (thdng qua nam 1992)
Thdng bao ciia Uy ban Mdi trudng qudc gia ve tieu chuan chit lupng nudc ngim (nam 2000) quy dinh ve du lugng cua 09 chung loai thudc sau trong nudc ngam; ve tieu chuin nudc mat nam 1994 ve du lugng chat organochlorine trong nudc mat
- Quy dinh ve du lirgng chat ddc trong thyc pham
Dao luat ve thyc pham (Thdng qua nam 1979)
Thdng bao cua bd y t l ve thyc pham vdi du lugng ddc hai nam 2005, quy dinh vl du lugng tdi da cho phep ciia thudc BVTV trong thyc pham trong nudc va nhap khau
Dao luat ve tieu chuan ndng nghiep (Thdng qua nam 2008)
Quy dinh tieu chuan ve du lugng thudc sau trong hang hda va thyc phim ndng nghiep nam 2008) - bao gdm du lupng thudc sau trong thyc pham san xuat trong nudc, xuat nhap khau.
Nguon: Panuwet et al., 2012.
Theo Dao luat Chat nguy hai, Uy ban Quan ly Chat nguy hai (Hazardous Substance Commitee HSC) da dugc thanh lap va phdi ket hgp vdi 3 bd la Bd Cdng nghiep, Bd Y te, Bp Ndng nghiep va Hgp tac trong viec quan ly cac hda chat nguy hai. Cac don vi chuc nang cua cac bd nay lai ban hanh cac van ban quan ly (Nghi dinh, Thdng bao) cap bg, trong dd cd cac van ban quan ly thudc BVTV de thyc hien cdng tac quan ly theo dao luat chat nguy hai. Dao luat nay dugc ky vgng se quan ly cd hieu qua ban cac chat nguy hai va liet ke danh muc cac hda chat hi cam sir dyng hoac hi ban che su dyng trong san xuat ndng nghiep, trong nganh y te, trong tieu dung ca nhan va cac hd gia dinh. Cac chat nguy hai dugc phan thanh 4 nhdm va viec san xuat, xuat nhap khau hoac su dung cac chat nguy hai nay phai tuan thu theo cac quy dinh tuy theo chat dd thudc nhdm nao. Da cd ban 1.000 hda chat dugc xep vao 4 nhdm chat nguy
hai theo quy dinh. Tuy nhien, do dao luat nay dugc thyc hien bdi nhieu bd khac nhau nen dan den tinh trang khdng thdng nhat, chdng cheo, thieu hpp tac trong qua trinh thyc thi giQa cac bd va khdng thyc sy hieu qua.
3.2.2. Cong tde qudn ly ddng ky, cdp giay phip sdn xudt vd nhgp khdu thuoc B VTV
He thdng dang ky va cap giay phep ddi vdi thudc BVTV cd vai trd quan trpng trong viec ban che san xuat hoac nhap khau nhiing chung loai thudc BVTV cd muc do riii ro cao ddi vdi siic khde va mdi trudng. (3 Thai Lan, viec dang ky thudc BVTV nham muc dfch danh gia rui ro va lgi ich de tir dd quyet dinh cd chg phep sir dyng thudc BVTV dd hay khdng. Phdng phap che ndng nghiep thudc Cue Ndng nghiep, Bd Ndng nghiep va Hgp tac la dan vi cd trach nhiem tiep nhan dang ky va cap chung nhan dang ky thudc BVTV d Thai Lan. Dang ky
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Quan ly thuoc bao ve thuc vat.. Naoc Lan - Phu'O'ng Le - Mau Dung chimg nhan thuoc BVTV dugc phan chia lam
hai loai la dang ky nhap khau thudc BVTV va dang ky san xuit thudc BVTV. Qua trinh dang ky thulc BVTV bao glm 3 giai doan la: i) Dang ky kilm tra hieu lyc va miic do dpc hai cua thulc (trong phdng); ii) dang ky kiem tra hieu lyc cua thulc tren ding rudng va danh gia mirc dp ddc hai ddi vdi he sinh thai; iii) Dang ky su dung thulc de ra quyet dinh thudc BVTV do cd dugc chip nhan cho sir dung hay khdng.
Viec dang ky sir dung thudc (giai doan 3) yeu clu eln cd kit qua danh gia tfnh hieu lyc, mii-c do ddc hai ciia thulc, kit qua phan tich chat lugng su dyng thulc; kit qua kiem nghiem ve tin du thulc BVTV (kilm nghiem ddiig vat khi ddng vat an san phim cd sir dung thudc BVTV do trong hai nam). Nlu cac chi tieu dd dugc chip nhan thi don vi dang ky se nhan dugc giay chiing nhan da hoan thanh dang ky thudc BVTV. Trudc nam 2008, gily chung nhan nay khdng ghi ro thdi ban cd hieu lyc, tuy nhien sau nam 2008, gily chiing nhan nay cd thai ban trong 6 nam, sau dd can lam thu tuc de gia han thdi ban chiing nhan. Chi phf dang ky chirng nhan thulc BVTV moi lln la 5.000 bath, chi phi mdi lan cap giay phep va cap lai giay phep cho nhap khau va cho san xuat thudc BVTV la 20.000 bath (HSA, 2008).
De dugc cap giay phep nhap khau thudc, ngoai giay chirng nhan dang ky thudc thi co quan cap giay phep se kiem tra nai luu tru thudc BVTV, hda don nhap khau thudc va chimg nhan ket qua phan tfch thudc. De dugc cap phep san xuat thudc, ngoai giay chiing nhan dang ky thudc BVTV, ca quan cap giay phep se tien hanh kiem tra noi san xuat va luu tru thudc, may mdc va phuong tien san xuit, cac bien phap quan ly an toan lao dpng, cac bien phap quan ly chit thai va d nhilm... Theo Kline (2014) thdi gian tinh tir liic dang ky chirng nhan den khi dugc cap phep nhap khlu hoac san xuit thulc BVTV d Thai Lan trung binh la 850 ngay, dai han dang kl so vdi cac nudc khac trong khu vyc nhu Viet Nam (khoang 750 ngay) va Campuchia (250 ngay).
Cac chit nguy hai (bao gdm thudc BVTV) du-gc phan thanh 4 nhdm tuy theo miic do ddc hai. Ddi vdi nhung chit nguy hai nhdm 1 thi viec san xuit, xuit nhap khlu hay sd hQu chat nguy hai thudc nhdm nay cin tuan thu theo nhQng dilu kien va quy trinh cy the ma khdng cin phai dang ky chiing nhan va d p giay phep;
Ddi vdi nhQng chit nguy hai thupc nhdm 2 thi viec san xuit, xuit nhap khlu hay sd hQu cin dugc thdng bao cho ca quan chirc nang va viec san xuit va nhap khau cin phai dang ky chiing nhan; Viec san xuit, xuit nhap khau va sd hilu cac chit nguy hai thudc nhdm 3 can dugc cap phep; Cac chit ddc thugc nhdm 4 hi cam san xuit, xuit nhap khau va sd huu.
Cac loai thudc BVTV sir dung d Thai Lan chu yeu thudc nhdm 3, chi mdt sd ft thuoc BVTV sinh hpc va thudc BVTV cd miic ddc hai thap la thudc nhdm 2 va khdng cd loai thuoc BVTV nao ciia Thai Lan thudc nhdm 1. Thai Lan da khdng cap chimg nhan dang ky cho 96 loai thudc BVTV va 96 loai thudc nay hi cam trong san xuat ndng nghiep cua Thai Lan. Day la con sd kha cao so vdi cac qudc gia khac trong khu vyc (d Viet Nam la 29, d Lao la 55) (Schreinemacbers, 2015).
3.2.3. Cong tdc qudn ly sdn xudt, nhgp khdu vd phdn phoi thuoc BVTV
Quan ly san xuat va nhap khau thudc BVTV cua Thai Lan tuan thu theo cac quy dinh trong Dao luat Chat nguy hai va Dao luat ve tang cudng bao ve chat lupng mdi trudng quoc gia.
Ddi vdi quan ly nhap khau, khi cac doanh nghiep (dugc cap phep nhap khau) nhap khau thuoc BVTV vao Thai Lan thi tai cua khau hai quan tien hanh lay mau thudc BVTV dd de phan tfch va ket qua phan tich nay phai phu hgp vdi giay chiing nhan dang ky thi mdi dugc thdng quan.
Ngoai ra, hai quan cua khau se kiem tra viec ddng gdi, va dan nhan mac cua thudc BVTV de diim bao tuan thu theo dung quy dinh. Theo Kline (2014) thi 90%, miu thudc BVTV nhap khau dap img dugc yeu cau va dugc thdng quan, thdi gian thdng quan ddi vdi thudc BVTV thudng mit 2,5 ngay - n g i n hon dang kl so vdi thdi gian thdng quan dii vdi thudc BVTV d cac nudc khac nhu Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia.
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Ngoc Lan - Phu-ang Le - Mau Dung Quan ly thudc bao ve thyc vat..
Bdng 3: Ten va khoi lu-ffng nhap khau 10 loai thuoc tru- sau, trii- co va tru- benh pho bien nhat ffThai Lan
Thii- tu-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Thuoc trii- co Ten thuoc Glyphosate
isopropylammonium Paraquat dichloride 2,4-D sodium salt 2,4-D dimethyl ammonium
Ametryn Atrazine Butachlor Diuron Acetochlor Propanil
Khoi lifo-ng (tin) 27.994,4
13.823,1 6.361,6 6.121,7 4.621,6 4.284,7 2.368,9 1.776,2 1.164,2 987,1
Thuoc trir sau Ten thuoc
Chlorpyrifos Cartap hydrochloride Carbaryl Cypermethrin Carbosulfan Isoprocarb Dichlorvos Chlorpyrifos+
cypermethrin Fenobucarb Profenofos
Khoi lu-p-ng (tin) 1.193,3 663,2 592,6 504,9 432,2 382,8 320,9 263,0 215,3 189,5
Thuoc trir nam Ten thuoc
Mmancozeb Carbendazim Propineb Captan Copper hydroxide Propiconazole Difenoconazole Phospbonic acid Fosetyl- aluminium Metal axyl
Khoi lu-ffng (tin) 1.513,3 644,2 548,9 472,2 459,5 354,3 347,8 245,7 233,9 152,8 Nguon: Tawasin et ai, 2015.
Ddi vdi cac don vi san xuat thudc BVTV, ngoai yeu cau ve giay phep san xuat thi trong qua trinh san xuat cac ca quan quan ly se tien hanh lay mau thudc BVTV dugc san xuat de phan tfch va kiem tra ket qua phan tich so vdi giay chimg nhan dang ky. Ngoai ra, ca quan quan ly cung tien hanh kiem tra viec ddng gdi, dan nhan mac thudc BVTV, thanh tra dilu kien san xuat, an toan lao ddng va cac bien phap quan ly mdi trudng, cdng tac van chuyen thudc BVTV. Theo bao cao ve tinh hinh quan ly thudc BVTV cua Thai Lan thi trong nam 2010, Thai Lan da kiem tra 753 mau thudc BVTV nhap khau va 100%) deu dap ung tieu chuan dang ky.
Sd lupng mau kiem tra d cac nha may san xuat thudc BVTV la 306 va cd 2,6%) sd mau khdng dap ling tieu chuan dang ky (FAO, 2012).
3.2.4. Cong tdc qudn ly cdc eua hdng bdn thudc BVTV
Cac cua hang ban thudc BVTV can tuan thii theo dao luat chat nguy hai HSA ve diem ban hang, ve nhan mac. Co quan quan ly cd the se
lay mau thudc BVTV cua cac cira hang ban thudc BVTV de phan tich va kiem tra chat lupng cua thudc BVTV dugc bay ban. Co quan quan ly cung kiem tra nhan mac ddi vdi thudc BVTV (chi dugc su dyng ngdn ngu Thai), kiem tra cdng tac ddng gdi (dung lugng, cd bao bi) va an toan cua bao bi ddng gdi (rd ri, bien dang...), kiem tra sd dang ky chung nhan thudc BVTV.
Nhtmg ngudi chii cira hang ban le thudc BVTV d Thai Lan dugc yeu cau can cd chimg chi da tham gia tap huan ve thudc BVTV va dugc yeu cau tham gia khda tap huan nay 5 nam/1 lan. Khda tap huan thudng keo dai trong hai ngay. De md mdt cua hang kinh doanh thudc BVTV thi chii cua hang phai nop dan dang ky ban thudc BVTV, the can cudc, chimg chi da tham gia tap huan, vi trf va quy md cira hang va chung nhan he thing luru trQ thudc BVTV an toan cua cira hang tdi Phdng Ndng nghiep de cd the dugc d p gily phep kinh doanh. Theo bao cao ciia OAR (2011) thi hien cd 26.000 cua hang ban le thudc BVTV d Thai
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Quan ly thuoc bao ve thuc vat... Ngoc Lan - Phu'O'ng Le - Mau Dung Lan dugc cap giay phep kinh doanh thudc
BVTV va cac cira hang nay dugc tryc tiep ban thuoc BVTV cho ndng dan. Ngoai ra, cdn cd rat nhilu cua hang ban thulc BVTV khdng phep.
Do sd lupng cua hang ban thudc BVTV khdng phep la kha ldn nen viec quan ly cua hang ban le thuoc BVTV la ft cd hieu qua, dan tdi viec budn ban kinh doanh san pham thudc BVTV chua dang ky hoac thudc BVTV bi cam la tuong ddi phd bien.
Mgt thach thilc ldn trong quan ly cac cua hang ban le thudc BVTV la do nhieu loai thudc BVTV cd thanh phan hoan toan gidng nhau hoac tuang ty nhu nhau nhung dugc dang ky dudi cac ten thuong mai khac nhau. Hien nay, cd khoang ban 20.000 loai thulc BVTV (cd cdng thirc khac nhau) dugc ban d Thai Lan.
Theo Cue Phap che cua Bd Ndng nghiep va Hgp tac (OAR, 2011) thi cimg mpt loai thudc BVTV c6 the cd tdi 300 ten thuang mai khac nhau lam cho cdng tac quan ly thudc BVTV d Thai Lan gap kha nhieu khd khan. Theo bao cao ve tinh hinh quan ly thudc BVTV cua Thai Lan thi trong nam 2010 tdng sd 786 mau thudc BVTV ngoai thi trudng da dugc lay de kiem tra va cd tdi 8,5% sd mau khdng dap irng dugc tieu chuin da dang ky (FAO, 2012).
3.2.5. Qudn ly sie dung thuoc B VTV a Thdi Lan Sir dung thudc BVTV d Thai Lan khdng dugc quy dinh trong cac dao luat hay cac van ban phap luat cu the (Panuwet et al., 2012). Tuy vay, tren bao bi thudc BVTV cd ghi cac dilu eln chu y khi sir dung thulc BVTV nay. Mat khac. Cue Ndng nghiep thudc Bd Ndng nghiep va Hgp tac da nhan thiy van dl sir dung thudc BVTV qua lieu lugng ciia ndng dan Thai Lan va cl gIng giam lugng sir dung thudc BVTV cua hd ndng dan thdng qua cac chien dich tuyen truyin van dgng thyc hien san xuat ndng nghiep huu ca, ap dung cac bien phap quan ly dich hai tdng hgp (IPM), thuc hanh ndng nghiep tit (GAP) va tang cudng sir dung thudc BVTV sinh hgc.
Hien nay, cd 96 loai thudc BVTV bi d m sir dung trong san xuit ndng nghiep d Thai Lan.
Tuy vay, rit nhilu bao cao cho thiy nhung loai thudc BVTV bi d m nay vln dang dugc sir dung d Thai Lan, tham chf ke ca thudc endosulfan, methamidofos, parathion-methyl, va monocrotofos (Plianbangchang, et a l , 2009).
Dilu nay la do nhung loai thudc BVTV nay cd hieu qua trong phdng tru sau benh va nhu d u su dyng ciia ngudi ndng dan van d miic cao.
Hon nua, nhilu loai thuoc BVTV bi d m van phd bien va sin cd dudi hang tram ten gpi khac nhau nen viec d m su dyng nhung loai thudc nay van gap rit nhilu khd khan va khdng dl de Cue Ndng nghiep cd thi tim ra cac giai phap giai quylt tinh trang nay, dac biet trong dieu kien so lugng can bd quan ly la rat ft so vdi sd lugng cac cira hang ban le thudc BVTV d Thai Lan.
3.2.6. Quy dinh qudn ly du lugng thuoc BVTV
Quan ly du lugng thudc BVTV dugc quy dinh trong cac dao luat ve tang cudng bao ve chat lugng mdi trudng qudc gia, Dao luat ve thyc pham, Dao luat ve tieu chuan ndng nghiep (xem Bdng 2). O khfa canh bao ve mdi trudng, Uy ban mdi trudng qudc gia (NEC) da dupe thanh lap va xay dyng cac quy dinh quan Iy tdn du thudc BVTV trong nudc ngam va nudc mat (xem Bdng 4).
Chinh phu Thai Lan da cdng bd Chinli sach qudc gia ve an toan thyc pham vao nam 2004 vdi muc tieu nham tang cudng chat lugng thyc pham dugc san xuat phyc vu nhu cau tieu dung trong nudc va xuat khau. Chiln luge an toan thirc pham qudc gia vdi hudng dan quan ly chat lugng thyc pham trong moi giai doan san xuat da dugc xay dirng cd sy tham gia ciia rat nliieu cac CO quan cd lien quan. Mdt dieu kha thii vi la chinh sach qudc gia v l an toan thyc pham nay da tap trung vao viec giam thieu tdn du thuoc BVTV trong san pham ndng nghiep. O cap hp ndng dan, viec sir dung thudc BVTV dugc giam sat bdi quy dinh ve thyc hanh ndng nghiep tdt (GAP) do Cue Ndng nghiep (Bd Ndng nghiep va Hgp tac) ban hanh. Ben canh do quy dinh vc mirc ton du thuoc BVTV tdi da dugc hai ca quan song song quan ly la Cue Quan ly thuc 26 - NhOng vin di KINH Tt Mk CHiNH TRj THE GIOI S6 5 (241) 2016
Ngoc Lan - Phwang Le - Mau Dung Quan ly thuoc bao ve thuc vat.
phim va tan dugc (FDA) ciia Bd Y t l va Cue Tieu chuan thuc pham va san pham ndng nghiep quoc gia (TACSF) cua Bp Ndng nghiep va Hgp tac. Ddi khi ddi vdi cung mdt
loai thudc BVTV nhung muc tdn du tdi da do hai dan vi nay quy dinh lai khac nhau nen gay ra tinh trang ldn xdn, rdi loan va khdng hieu qua trong quan ly.
Bdng 4: Nguong cho phep tdn du- thulc BVTV trong moi tru-ffng nu-dc ff Thai Lan
Nirffc mat Thudc BVTV
Organochlorine DDT
Alpha-BHC 1 Dieldrin
Aldrin
1 Heptachlor Epoxide 1 Endrin
1
Ngudng cho phep (yg/L) 50
1 0,02
0,1 0,1 0,2 0
Nu-dc ngam Thulc BVTV
Chlordane DDT Heptachlor Epoxide
Dieldrin 2,4-D Atrazine Lindane Pentachlorophenol
Ngudng cho phep (pg/L 0,2
2 0,2 0,03
30 3 0,2
1 Nguon: Panuwet et al, 2012.
3.3. Mot so ini diem va ton tai trong quan ly thulc BVTV ff Thai Lan
* Ifu diim
- Cdng tac quan ly thudc BVTV d Thai Lan da dugc quan tam chii trgng tir kha lau, dac biet trong giai doan gan day khi Thai Lan cdng bd Chfnlt sach qudc gia ve an toan thyc pham (nam 2004) ma ndi dung tap trung chu yeu vao viec giam thieu tdn du thudc BVTV trong cac san pham ndng nghiep.
- He thdng dang ky chirng nhan va cap giay phep cho nhap khau va san xuat thudc BVTV d Thai Lan la tuong ddi chat che.
- Hang nam cac co quan quan ly cua Thai Lan da tien hanh lay lugng mau BVTV kha ldn de kiem tra danh gia chat lugng thudc BVTV dugc nliap khau, san xuat va tieu thy tren thi trirdng.
Thdi gian thdng quan ddi vdi thudc BVTV nhap khau d Thai Lan la tuong ddi ngan so vdi cac nudc trong khu vyc.
*. Mpt so hgn chi
- Quy dinh quan ly thudc BVTV d Thai Lan cimg vdi cac hda chat nguy hai khac dugc tuan thu theo Dao luat Chat nguy hai HSA. Day la
mdt trong nhQng ban che ldn trong quan ly thudc BVTV d Thai Lan vi nhu vay Thai Lan khdng cd he thdng van biin phap ly rieng cho quan ly thudc BVTV.
- Quan ly thudc BVTV dugc thyc thi bdi cac ca quan ciia nhieu bd khac nhau (Bd Ndng nghiep va Hgp tac, Bd Y te, Bd Cdng nghiep) va mdi co quan nay lai ban hanh cac van ban khac nhau trong quan ly thudc BVTV. Dieu nay ddi khi dan den tinh chdng cheo, khdng thdng nhat (do khdng cd sir phdi hgp giila cac bd) va kem hieu qua trong quan ly thulc BVTV.
Thdi gian dang ky chung nhan thudc BVTV d Thai Lan la dai (binh quan 850 ngay) so vdi cac nudc trong kliu vuc nhu Viet Nam va Campuchia. Chi phi dang ky chimg nhan thudc BVTV d Thai Lan cung cao ban dang ke so vdi cac nudc khac.
Viec nhieu thudc BVTV cd thanh phan giong bet nhau hoac tuong tu nhu nhau nhung dugc dang ky dudi nhieu ten thuong mai khac nhau (cd khi tdi 300 ten khac nhau) dan din viec quan ly thulc BVTV tren thi trudng gap nhieu khd khan.
NhOng vin di KINH Tt VA CHJNH TRj THt GIOI S6 5 (241) 2016-
27
Quan ly thudc baove thyc vat... ^ Ngoc Lan - Phu'O'ng Le - Mau Dung
4. Ket luan cdng tac quan ly thuoc BVTV d Thai Lan da dat X duoc nhung kit qua dang kl, ty le sd mau thudc La qudc gia nliap khau va su dung thuoc ^^^^,^ ^^^^ j ^ . . ^ ^^^ ^ . ^ ^ ^ ^^p ^ ^ ^-^^ ^^^^^^
BVTV hang nam kha ldn trong khu vyc (dung ^^^^ ^, ^^^ y^. ^^x^ j ^ , ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^.^ ^^
thu 3 trong so 15 n u d c d khu vyc chau A), 1 hai ^^. " ^ . ^ j ^ , ^ ^ ^ . ^ j ^ ^ , ^ ^j^^g ^^.^^, q ^ ^ 1^
Lan da trien khai nhieu bien phap nham tang ^^^^.^ ^ ^ ^ ^^, ^j^.j j ^ ^ ^ j . ^ ^^^ ^^ q ^ ^ ^,^
cudng cdng tac quan ly thudc BVTV. Thong qua ^,^ ^^ ^^ j . . ^ '^^^^ ^^^^^ q^,^^^ 1^. j , ^ ^ ^ ^ g ^ ^ ^ ban hanh he thdng van ban phap hiat, to chuc ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ j ^ . . ^ q^^_ ^,^j^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ,^^i ^1^^.^
quan ly dang ky chung nhan va cap giay phep ^, ^^, ^^^^^ ^_ ^^ ^^^. ^.^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^,^.
sail xuat va nhap khau, td chirc quan ly qua tnnh ^^.^ ^^^^ |, ^^ ^^. ^ , ^ ^x^ ^^j ^x^
san xuat thudc BVTV d trong nuac cung nhu ^^^^^ ^ - ^ ^ , ^^^^ ^^^ ,^^,^ q^^. ^^^^^^ q^,,^
quan ly ho^t dgng nhap khau_ thtioc BVl V to ^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^ ^ . ^^^ j^,g_^ ^^^^
chuc quan ly cac cua bang ban thuoc BVIV...
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. FAO. (2012): Proceedings on Regional wokshop on enhancement of regional collaboration on in Pesticide Regulatory Management, •www.fao.org. Truy cap ngay 15 thang 02 nam 2016.
2. FAOSTAT (2015): Database on crop production at http://faostat.fao. org. truy cap ngdy 08/03/2016.
3. HSA - Hazardous Sustance Act, Thailand. 2008. http:///www.thailaws.com/law/tJaws/tlawO120.pdf.
Truy cap ngay 10/02/2016.
4. Issarapan P., (2013): Pesticide poisoning risk among Thai farmers.
http;//www.envocc.org/Budget56/Ec oncouncilVer2.pdf. Truy cap ngay 30 thang 11 nam 2015.
5. Kline N., (2014): Assessment of environment for cross-border trade of agricultural imputs : Thailand, Viemam and ComfioAa.Enabling Agricultural Trade (EAT) project report. Fintrac Inc.
6. Office of Agriculture Regulation (OAR) (2011): Public Access Database. http://m.doa.go.th/ard/.
7. Panuwet P., et al,. (2012): Agricultural Pesticide Management in Thailand: Situation and Population Health Risk. Journal of Environ Sci Policy. 17: 72 - 81.
8. Plianbangchang P, Jetiyanon K, Wittaya-areekul S. Pesticide Use Patterns Among Small-Scale Farmers: A Case Study from Phisanulok, Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medical Public Health. No. 40.
9. Saoraya J& Inboriboon PC. (2013): Acute poisoning surveillance in Thailand; the current state of affairs and a vision for the future. ISRN Emergency Medicine, 1- 9.
10. Schreinemacbers P., et al., (2015): Safe and sustainable crop protection in SoutheastAsia: Status, challenges and policy options. Environmental Science & Policy .No. 54.
11. Singhapreecha C, (2014): Economy and Agriculture in Thailand.
http://www.ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=246&print=l
12. Tawatsin A. et al., (2015): Pesticide Use in Thailanf and Toxic Effects to Human Health. Medical Research Archives. Issue 3.
13. Tirado R., et al., (2008): Use of agrochemicals in Thailand and itsconsequences for the environment Technical Note 03/2008. Greenpeace Research Laboratories. School of Biosciences, University of Exeter (UK).
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