S68(202)-2012 NG6NNGi]r&Ddls6NG
I NGON NGU HOC VA VIET NGLT HQC |
NHONG
V A NDfi vfi
L U A T N G O N N G O VAKINH NGHI0M
X A Y D O N G L U A T N G O N N G OCUA
M O T S 6 Q U 6 C GIATRfiN THfi GlQl {KI 1^
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF LANGUAGEE LAW AND EXPERIENCE IN FORMULATING LANGUAGE LAW OF SOME
COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD
NGUYiN VAN KHANG (GS, TS, Vien Ngon nguThoc) LTS. Vdn di ngdn ngfi trong thdi gian gdn day dd hut sif quan tdm rqng rai cita xa hdi. tir dgi biiu Quoc hqi nhu GS. TS Nguyin Minh Thuyet. nhd su hqc Dirang Trung Qudc din cdc nhdn si tri thuc. cdc tdng lap xd hqi trong nuac ciing nhu ngirdi Viit Nam a nudc ngodi. Cdc y kien cho rang, da din lUc Viet Nam cdn cd bq Ludl Ngdn ngfi. Be tien tdi xdy dung bg lugt ndy, cd rdt nhieu cong viic cdn phdi gidi quyit. trong dd cd cdng tdc nghiin cuu ca bdn. Tgp chi Ngdn ngir & Bdi sdng xin trdn Irgng gidi thiiu bdi viet du&i day cda GS. JS Nguyen Vdn Khang (tdc gid dang la chii nhi^m de tdi cdp Bq"Nhihtg vdn di li thuyet vd thuc tiin ddi vdi vi^c xdy dung lugt ngdn ngU a Vi4l Nam"
(2011-2012)) Abstract
This article focuses on two issues: theoretical aspects of language law and experience in formulating a language law of some countries in the world. Regarding the theoretical aspects of language law, the article clarifies the concept of language law, analyses and identifies characteristics of a language law, its formal structure and content. Regarding experience in formulating a language law of different countries In the world, the article focuses on the the language law of three countries.:
1) The language law of China with the language situation of a multiethnic and multilingual country under the absolute leadership of the Communist Party of China; 2) Two language laws of Russia with two different directions: one is for ethnic languages in Russia and the other is for the national language; 3) Two language laws of Azerbaijan regarding the national language in two different historical and social periods. This article is part of our efforts in formulating a language law in Vietnam.
nSng cua cdc ngon ngii; dong thai dam bao 1. Mgt so van de vk lu|t ngon ngfr gin gi&, phdt triin cac ngfin ngQ-, cac quySn /. I. Khdi ni?m "lugt ngon ngU" ngon ng& ciia toan xa hpi, cua cac dan toe
• Luat ngon ngiJ (LNN) la mpt bp phan vk ciia ca the.
cua luat dan su triiih bay vh m^t phap li Theo each phSn chia h? th6ng vSn ban nhiing luan diim co ban vi chinh sach ngon phap lu$t thanh hai lo^ gom vSn ban lu3t ngij-dan t6c va cong cuoc xay dung ,ng6n (hien phap, Iu|it, bfl lu^t) va van ban duoi ngiJ do nha nuac chinh thiic tiin hanh; kiin lu^t (phap 16nh, sic lenh, nghi dinh,...), luat dinh cac quy chi ng6n ngii; phan bo chiic ngfln ngii thuflc vi van ban luat. Theo do.
NGON NGCf & Odi S 6 N G s6 8(202)-2012l
toan bp quy trinh xay dung lu^t ngon ngQ"
cung nhu cau true, npi dung, hinh thuc ciia luat ngon ngu' phai tuan thu theo "khung chung" cua mpt v^n b&n lu^t noi chung vh tinh dae thu eua tirng quflc gia noi rieng.
Chang han, tdt ca cae bp luat tren thi gi6i mu6n dupc xay dimg vk sau khi xky dyng, muon dupe thong qua deu phAi dupc s\r dong y ciia ca quan l^p phap. tiie la quoc hpi hay nghi vi^n. Luat ngon ngu- cung khong thi ngoai 1?. Mpt vi d\i khac, neu nhu mpi bp lu^t tren thi gioi cung nhu cie bp luat eua Vipt Nam diu cfl dieu khoan "xii phat" thi luat ngon ngii cung phai cfl dieu khoan nay, tuy nhien, hinh thiic va miic dp CO thi khac bai "ngon ngO la mpt hi$n tugrng xa hpi dac biet".
Npi dung ciia luat ngon ngir (LNN) t$p trung vao cac noi dung nhu:
- Quy dinh quySn lai va nghia vu cua eong dan trong su dung ngon ngu:;
- Quy dinh viec sur dung ngfln ngii quoc gia trong cac ea quan hanh chinh nha nuac, trong giao due, thong tin dai chung;
- Quy dinh ve ph^m vi sir dung ngon ngu"
dan tpc thieu so, ngoai ngii;
- Bao hp cua nha nuac va phap luat dfli vcri ngon ngu".
Hien cfl nhiiu each phan lo^i LNN. Tuy nhien, thuorng dupc nhac den la hai logi:
LNN don chu thi va LNN da chu thi. LNN dan chu the tiic la cfl mflt ngon ngu: la ngfln ngQ chil the (dieu nay cfl nghia rang, trong pham vi niflt quoc gia chi cfl mpt ngfln ngQ:
quoc gia la ngfln ngu" uu the hoSc co dja vi la ngon ngu' chinh thiie duy nhat). LNN da ehii the coi hai hoSc han hai ngon ngfl- la chu thg (\k ngon ngu- qu6c gia, ngfln ngft chinh thiic).
Cfl ihi noi, moi bfl luat ngon ngu: diu cfl tfln chi va nguyen tie rieng dya tren co sflf dae diSm canh huong ngfln ng& ciia nuflrc d6 cung nhu truyen thong ngon ngu: van hoi, nguyen tic dan chu cua the che quoc gia.
Ching h ^ , mflt so bp luSt ngfln ngif dya
tren nguyen tic phSn bfl ve chiic nSng ciia"' ngon ngti theo vjing/dja phuang; m^t s6 bg luat chi dya tren nguydn tic quyin lye ca nhSn mk khflng tinh din viing/dja phucmg;
mpt so bO lu^t lgi dya vko nguygn tic thyc ti ngon ngO dupc hinh thdnh trong ljch sir.
Vi dy, LNN ciia Cpng hod liSn bang Nga
"can cir vdo truyin thong lich sir van hod da sflm dupc hinh.thdnh, tieng Nga Id cflng cu ca bdn giao tiip chung giDa cac dan tge trong lien bang Nga, cfl dia vi Id ngdn ngu' cua Lien bang Nga trong bien gifli todn Lien bang Nga". O Singapore, tuy ngufli M3 Lai ehi chiem 13% tong dan s6 nhung tiing Melayu lai Id ngfln ng& quflc gia (trong khi dfl nguofi Hoa chiim trfln 78% nhimg tiing Hoa khflng phdi Id ngon ngQ- quic gia).
Tiing Han, ch& Han Id ngon ngii^ vdn tu quflc gia (phfl thflng thoai; tieng pho thong) cua Nuoe Cpng hoa nhan dan Trung Hoa voi sy gidi thich Id: dan sfl nguoi Han chiem tren 80% tflng dan sfl cd nuac (dan tpc da sfl); sa dl "phfl thong thoai" (tiaig pho thflng) liy dm Bdc Kinh ldm tieu chuSn vi Bdc Kinh co 5 trieu dai dflng dfl 6 dfl gom Tong, Nguyen, Lieu, Minh, Thanh.
1.2. Cdu true vd noi dung cda ludt ngon ngit
1.2.1. Cdu true cua lugt ngdn ngfi CGng giflng mpi bp lu|it, ciu tnic cua luat ngfln ngu- tuan thu iheo khung chung cua mpt b§ lu^t nhu gflm cae chuong, cdc diSu khoan. Tuy nhien, ben canh cau tnic mang tinh khung chung ddi voi mpi bp luat thi c5u tnic ciia bfl lu^t ngon ngfl- con mang d?c diim rieng cua m^t bp lu?it vi ngon ng5 cGng nhu tinh dSc thii ciia m5i quflc gia. VI du:
LNN cua Ba Lan ban hanh nam 1999, gflm 5 chuong 19 diiu. Cy thi: MflidSu;
Chuong 1 "Nhiing quy dmh chung" (diSu 1- diiu 4); Chuang 2 "Luat phap bio v?
ngon ngii Ba Lan trong cupc sflng xa hpi"
(diiu 5 - diiu 11 a); Chuong 3 "Xdo dinh ehinh thiic vi sy hiiu biit tiing Ba Lan"
so 8 (202)-2012 NGON NG&& D6\ SONG
(dieu 11 b, c, d); Chuong 4 "Hpi dflng Ngfln ngii Ba Lan va tham quyen ciia hpi dong"
(dieu 12 - diiu 14); Chuong 5 "Cac quy djnh hinh sy"(diiu 15); Chuang 6 "Thay dfli trong quy dinh hien hanh vd nhQng quy dinh cuoi ciing" (diiu 16 - diiu 19).
LNN eua Cpng hod Cadacxtan gflm 6 chuong, 27 diiu: Chuang 1 "Nhung diiu khoan chung"; Chuong 2 "Ngfln ngii trong cae tfl chiie quflc hQ:u va phi quflc hiiu va trong CO cau ty tri dia phuong"; Chuang 3
•"Ngfln ngu- trong cdc Imh vyc gido dye, khoa hpc, van hod vd thii phap truyin thong tin tlie dgi chiing; Chuong 4 "Ngfln ngtt di dat ten ciim eu dan, tir ngii chuyen dyng vd tin tire thi giac; Chuang 5 "Bao hp phap luat ciia ngfln ngu"; Chuang 6 "Sii dyng ngfln ngir trong quan he vflfi nuac ngodi va tfl chiic quflc te".
/. 2.2. Ngon ngfi duqc lugt hda Mac dil, nhu dinh nghta 6 tren, LNN la mflt bp phan cua luat dan su quan tam den mgi van de ngfln ngii trong quflc gisL, nhung thye te cho thdy, cdc ludt ngon ngir deu tap trung vdo ngdn ngu thuc hien chuc ndng ngon ngU qudc gia - luc Id ngon ngfi quoc gia vdf hay ngdn ngir chinh thuc. Noi cdch khac, ngfln ngu- quflc gia (hay quflc ngtt) va/hay ngon ngii chinh thiic Id sii menh ciia luat ngfln ngii. Dieu nay the hien ngay fl tSn cua cac bp luat. Vi du: "Luat Ngfln ngtt vdn ty thong dung quflc gia" ciia Nuflfc Cflng hoa Nhan ddn Trung Hoa (2001), "Lu$t Ngon ngtt chinh thiie" eiia Nucrc Cpng hfla Adecbaidan (1992; 2002), "Luat Ngfln ngtt nha nuoc" eiia Lien bang Nga (2005), "Lu|it Ngfln ngtt chinh thiic" cua Latvia,...
Cung can noi them Id, rieng 6 Cpng hod lien bang Nga cho den nay co tai 2 bfl luat ngon ngu. Truoe khi LNN ndm 2005 dupc ban hdnh chuyen ve ngon ngtt nhd nuoc ciia Lien bang Nga thi vdo ndm 1991, Lien bang Nga CO Lugt ve cae ngfln ngtt dan tpc cua Lien bang Nga (nam 1998 Id mpt bp phgn
ciia lugt lien bang). Day Id truflng hgp it g^p tren thi gifli.
Doi v&i cdc ngon ngit khdc irong qudc gia, LNN thuflrng nhic den mpt cdch ngin gpn, CO the Id m§t dieu khoan rieng, cung cfl the chi Id mpt npi dung cfl lien quan din ngfln ngtt quflc gia/ngon ngtt chinh thirc. Vi dy, LNN cua Ba Ban tai diem 2 ciia Diiu 2 cfl ghi rfl ludt ndy " khong dnh huong din (...) ede quyin Ipi ciia nguoi dan tpc thieu so trong quflc gia va cpng dflng dan tpc sii dyng ngon ngtt dia phuong". LNN eua Latvia tgi Diflu 1 cfl ghi, muc dich ciia lugt nay Id "(...) hpp nhat cdc thanh vien ciia cdc dan t^c thieu sfl vdo xd hpi Latvia trong khi van gitt lai quyfln ciia hg trong viec sii dyng tieng bdn ngtt hay nhung tiing khac".
Doi vai ngogi ngir (tiic la khflng phdi ngfln ngtt trong pham vi quflc gia), ede LNN tuy khflng cfl dieu khoan rieng nhung eo nhae den trong mflt hoac mflt vai dieu khoan ehung lien quan den ngfln ngtt sir dyng trong qudng cdo, thucmg mgi, hop dflng kinh te, phdt thanh bdng tieng nuac ngodi, v.v.
Chang hgn, LNN ciia Trung Quflc quy dinh,
"(...) ede truong hpp cdn sOr dung ngfln ngtt van ty nuflfc ngoai trong cdc xudt bdn phim tieng Han bdt bufle phdi cfl phdn .chii thich bing ngfln ngtt vdn ty thflng dung quflc gia"
( Dieu 11); "(....) Cdc truong hgp cdn stt dyng tiing nu6c ngodi de phdt thanh phai dugc CO quan qudn li phat thanh truyin hinh cua Quflc vu vi^n phe chuan"; "Do yeu cdu cong viec, cdc blen hieu, qudng cao, thflng bdo, bien bao neu dflng thoi su dung ca chtt nuflfc ngodi va chtt Han thi ehtt Hdn phdi Id chtt Hdn quy phgm" (Dieu 13). LNN cua Ba Lan da ddnh Dieu 11 de quy dinh rieng ve vipe su: dyng tieng noi chtt viet nttoc ngoai: Cac quy dinh tir Dieu 5 den Dieu 10 (*sij dyng tieng nfli chtt viet Ba Lan-NVK) khflng ap dyng cho: 1) Ten riSng; 2) Cac tap chi, sdch, bao vd ede chuang trinh mdy tinh (tru khi cac mfl td vd huong dan nhOng chuang trinh ndy dupc
NGON N G Q & Ddl S 6 N G S6 8(202)-2012
viet bdng tiing nuoe ngodi); 3) Gidng dgy va nghien curu a cdc truflng dai hgc, trung hpc va cac Iflrp hpc su dyng tieng nuflfc ngoai hodc gidng day song ngtt, cao ddng, dao tao gido vien ngoai ngtt. cung nhu gidng day cde mfln hgc khdc, niu nfl tuong thich vfli cae quy dinh cy thi; 4) Khoa hgc vd nghe thuat sdng tgo; 5) Thuflng phdi sii dung trong khoa hgc vd kT thugt, thuat ngtt;
6) Nhan hieu, t6n thuong hipu vd ten ggi xuat xu hdng hod, hdng hod vd djeh vy; 7) Tieu chudn dupc gifli thieu trong cdc ngfln ngtt gflc, phfli hpp vfli cdc nguyen tic tiSu chudn hfla.
Ddi vai ngdn ngit ki hieu, mgt sfl bfl ludt da cfl quy dinh riSng. Chdng han, Luat NN eiia Latvia quy dinh "dam bdo viec phdt trien vd su dung ngfln ngtt ki hieu Latvia trong viee giao tiep vai nhttng ngucri khiim thinh" (Phdn 3).
1.2.3. Ndi dung cua ludt ngdn ngit 1.2.3.1. Tap trung hoan todn vao ngon ngtt quoc gia vd (hoac) ngon ngtt chinh thttc, LNN huong toi dia vi ngfln ngu quflc gia, ngfln ngtt chinh thuc va quyen ngfln ngtt eua cflng ddn cung nhu van de sir dung ngfln ngtt trong giao tiep chinh thuc. Tuy nhien, khflng dimg Igi fl do, LNN eon huong den cdc van de dai sy ciia quflc gia.
Trudc het, doi voi ngfln ngtt, LNN cfl muc dich bdo ve vd phdt triin ngfln ngtt chinh thiic /ngfln ngtt quoc gia vd viec sii dung ngfln ngtt chinh thuc /ngfln ngtt quflc gia tren lanh thfl cua quflc gia do. Chdng han, LNN ciia Ba Lan quy djnh "bdo ve ngfln ngtt Ba Lan"; LNN cua Latvia nhdm
"giu gin, bao ve, phat trien tieng Latvia".
LNN ciia Adeebaizan nam 2002 ghi rfl
"quy djnh vi the phap li ciia tiing Adeebaizan nhu ngfln ngtt chinh thttc ciia Nuoc cflng hfla Adeebaizan". LNN ciia Lifin bang Nga ve ngon ngu ciia nhd nuoe Lien bang Nga (2005) tgi Diiu 1 dd " (...) di cdp den viec sir dyng 'ngon ngtt nhd nuoc eiia LiSn bang Nga tren todn lanh thd Hen bang
Nga"; "tiing Nga vfli tu cdch Id ngfln ngii nhd nufle trfin todn ldnh th6 lifin bang Nga";
"bdo vp vd ung hO tiing Nga". LNN ciia Trung Qu6c ra d6i "(...) nhdm thiic diy cflng tdc quy phgm hfla, tieu chuin hfla vd sy phdt triin ldnh mgnh ciia ngfln ngtt vdn tu thflng dyng qu6c gia, ldm cho ngfln nga vdn ty thflng dyng qu6c gia phdt huy tit hon vai trfl ciia minh trong ddi s6ng xd hpi, thiic diy giao luu kinh ti, vdn hfla gifta cac ddn tpc vd cdc dia phuong" (Diiu 1); "Ngfln ngtt vdn ty thong dyng quflc gia dupc nhdc den trong lugt ndy Id tifing ph6 thflng vd chtt Hdn quy pham" (Dieu 2); "Nhd nudc mo rpng tiing pho thflng vd chtt Hdn quy pham"
(Diiu 3).
Thir hai, doi voi cdc myc dich vd nhiem vu ngodi ngfln n^tt hay vupt len tren ngon ngtt Id cdc vin dfi bao qudt mang tam quoc gia dai sy. Nfli trpi Id mpt so npi dung chii yeu nhu sau:
- Ve vdn hfla, hdu hfit cac LNN deu cho rang, ludt hfla doi voi ngon ngtt quoc gia/ngon ngtt chinh thiic chinh Id nham g6p phdn vdo bdo ve vd phdt triin vdn hfla: "giu gin di sdn vdn hfla vd lich sir ciia dit nucrc Latvia" (LNN cua Latvia); "(...) tiing Ba Lan Id mpt yeu tfl ciia ban sic dan tpc va la loi ich eiia nen van hfla quoc gia", " sy can thiit phdi bdo thn bdn sdc trong qua trinh todn cau hfla" (LNN cua Ba Lan), " cong nhgn nin vdn hoa Ba Lan Id mgt dflng gop di xdy dyng mpt nin vdn hfla chdu Au ^ dgng nhim^ rieng bipt, sy gitt gin va phat triin mflt nen van hfla qua sy bdo tin ngon ngtt Ba Lan" (LNN ciia Ba Lan); "bdo vfi va phat trien vdn hfla, ngon ngii" (LNN ciia Lien bang Nga).
- Vfi Ipi ich dan tpc quflc gia, cdc LNN deu khing dinh rdng, ngon ngtt cfl vai tro quan trpng trong vi^c bdo ve Igi ich quic gia, Ipi ich dan tflc vd hpp nhat vfi ddn toe, vi thi, ciji phm luat hfla de gop phin bdo ve chu quyin quoc gia, chu quyfin ddn tge.
"Nudc COng hoa Adeebaizan coi vific su
s o 8 (2Q2)-2Q12 NGON NGUT & £)6l SONG
dung tieng Adeebaizan nhu mpt biiu tupng quan trpng nhat ve mgt cau triic ciia m^t nhd nuoc dflc lap" (LNN cua Adeebaizan, 2002). Nghi vien Ba Lan cho ring, "qua kinh nghifim ciia Uch stt cde eupe diu tranh gianh ngfln ngtt cua nhttng ke xdm lupc vd dfl hfl ddt nuflfc, ngfln ngtt trfl thdnh mpt cong cu chia rfi ddn tpc Ba Lan" (LNN ciia Ba Lan). LNN ciia Latvia coi vipc cflng b6 luat ngon ngtt Id nham "thuc diy mpt sy hpp nhat hon ntta ciia xa hpi", "hpp nhit cdc thanh vifin ciia cac dan tpc thiiu s6 vdo x3 hpi Latvia (...)".
Ve quyen cflng dan dfli voi ngfln ngtt, cdc LNN dfiu cho rang, luat ngfln ngtt bdo ve va phdt huy quyen ngfln ngu cua ngudi dan. "Dam bao cho cae cong dan Lien bang Nga dupe quyen sii dyng ngfln ngtt nhd nudc eiia Lien bang Nga" (LNN cua Nga);
dam bdo "quyen ty do trong viee su dung tieng Latvia trong bat cu ITnh vyc nao cua doi song trong viing lanh thfl Latvia"
(LNN ciia Latvia); "giiip do ngudi Adac sflng d nudc ngodi de hp dupe hudng sy giao dye bdng tieng me de", "quyen eong dan lya chpn ngfln ngtt ciia hp" (LNN ciia Adeebaizan, 1992); "mfli cflng ddn eiia nude cflng hod Adeebaizan phai biet ngfln ngtt chinh thttc" (LNN cua Adeebaizan, 2002);
"Nhd nudc tgo difiu kien de cflng dan dupe hpc tdp vd su dyng ngon ngtt van tu thflng dung quflc gia" (LNN ciia Trung Quflc);
"Tifing Phap Id yiu tfl ca bdn ve tu cdch phap nhan vd cua di sdn nudc Phap" (LNN eiia Phdp).
1.2.3.2. v i chiic ndng, pham vi sii dyng cua ngfln ngu chinh thuc/ngon ngtt quflc gia, cdc hq lugt ngdn ngit diu tap trung vdo lugt hod giao tiip cong mang tinh chinh (hire, khong ludt hda cdc vdn de vi giao tiep cd nhdn vd giao tiep phi chinh thirc.
Trudc het, cin lam rfl khdi nipm "ngfln ngtt quflc gia" vd "ngfln ngQ- chinh thuc" vd cung la di Ii gidi sao cfl each su dung "ngon ngu quflc gia" / (vd) "ngfln ngtt chinh thttc".
Ngdn ngfi qudc gia dupc hifiu Id ngfln ngtt do lugt phdp ciia nhd nudc quy dinh, dupc su dung trong dfli npi (hdnh chinh, gido dye, phdt thanh truyin hinh) vd trong doi ngogi eiia nhd nudc. Cung vdi quoc ki, quic ca, ngfln ngtt quic gia Id biiu tupng ciia quic gia dfl. Id tdi sdn quoc gia vd Id biiu tupng cho sy thing nhit, dflc lap ciia mOt quflc gia. Vfli tu cdch Id cflng cy giao tiip gitta cdc dan tpc, ngon ngtt quoc gia Id phuang tifin hpp nhat quflc gia vfi mdt ngfln ngtt. Ciing vdi y thttc quic gia, ngfln ngtt quic gia tgo nfin sy gin kit vi tinh thdn, tinh edm gitta cdc thdnh vifin vdi quoc gia.
Ngdn ngit chinh thirc dupc hieu Id ngfln ngtt do lugt phdp eiia nhd nude quy dinh, dupc su dyng trong hoat dpng cua nhd nudc.
Ngon ngtt quflc gia cfl the dflng thdi la ngon ngu ehinh thuc, nhung ngfln ngtt chinh thttc khflng nhat thiet la ngfln ngtt quflc gia. Vi du, fl Singapore, 04 ngon ngtt Id tieng Han, tifing Tamil, tifing Melayu, tifing Anh deu dupc cflng nhan Id ngfln ngtt chinh thue, nhung chi tieng Melayu dupc tuyen bfl la ngfln ngtt quflc gia. Tifing Viet hien nay Id ngon ngtt chinh thttc duy nhat d Viet Nam.
Su phan bifit gitta ngfln ngtt quflc gia va ngon ngtt chinh thttc thuong dupe hifiu Id:
Ngon ngtt quflc gia cung vdi quflc ki va quflc ca mang y nghia bifiu trung cho dflc lap thflng nhdt cua quflc gia vd dupc coi Id
"ngon ngtt cua dan". Ngfln ngtt chinh thttc mang gid tri Id cong cu de thflng nhdt quflc gia, gittp eho cdc thdnh vien trong quflc gia giao tiep, hgc hdnh, tim vi$c Idm, lao dflng, thdnh dgt trong dfli sflng. Do dfl, ngon ngtt chinh thuc dupe vi vdi hp thflng duong sd, nfli kit cdc dia phuong trong mpt quflc gia thflng nhit vd dupc coi Id "ngfln ngtt vi ddn". Vi thfi, trong vific lya chgn ngon ngtt quic gia cdn chii y khd nang gdn kit tinh than, tinh cam cdc thdnh vifin vdi quflc gia ciia ngfln ngtt do. Trong viee lua chgn ngfln ngtt chinh thttc thi lai cdn chu y khd ndng cda ngfln ngtt dfl cfl the Idm phuong tifin
NGON NGUa odi SONG S6 8(202)-201Z
giao tiep chung, ddm bao eho sy thong nhat quflc gia va dii kha ndng thye hipn cdc ehtte ndng xa hpi phyc vy sy nghipp phdt trien kinh te, vdn hod, khoa hpe, xa hpi cua dat nude.
Tuy nhifin. thyc ti cho thdy d nhieu quoc gia chi cfl mpt ngfln ngtt dflng thdi ddm nhiem chiic ndng ngfln ngtt quflc gia vd n^on ngtt chinh thuc. Thyc te ndy lifin quan dfin vi$c lya chpn ngfln ngtt quflc gia. Cho dfin nay, vipc lya chpn ngfln ngtt quflc gia tren the gifli tuy tiiy thupc vdo ednh huong xa hpi cua moi nude nhung cfl the quy vi ba each lya chpn dudi day:
(1) Chgn mpt ngfln ngu trong cdc ngfln ngtt dan tge (thudng Id dan tflc da sfl) Idm ngfln ngtt quoc gia. Vi dy: Acmfini, Adeebaizan, Trung Quoc, Viet Nam, Trieu Tien, Anh, Phap,...
(2) Chgn mpt ngfln ngtt nudc ngodi (thuong vfln la ngfln ngtt ciia thyc dan nudc dfl) ldm ngfln ngu quflc gia. Vi du: Papua Niu Chine chpn tieng Anh, Tflgfl chpn tieng Phdp, Xantikit Nevit chpn tieng Anh, Xao Tflmfi va Prinxpe chpn tieng Tay Ban Nha, Urugoay chpn tifing Tay Ban Nha, Xenegan chgn tieng Phap.
(3) Kfit hpp cd (1) va (2), tuc Id, vtta chgn mflt trong eac n^fln ngu dan tflc (thuflng Id dan tge da sfl) vtta chpn ngfln ngtt nudc ngodi (thudng vfln la ngfln ngtt cua thyc ddn nude dfl) lam ngfln ngtt quflc gia.Vi dy: An Dfl chpn tieng Anh vd tiing Hindi; Brunay chgn tieng Anh va tiing Melayu; Liic Xambua chpn tieng Phdp, tiing Due va tieng Liicxambua; Paragoay chpn tiing Tay Ban Nha, tiing Paragoay vd tifing Goarandi.
v i tifiu chi de cfl dupc mpt ngfln ngu quoc gia, xet ttt d^e diem chuc ndng quflc gia cua ngfln ngtt, ngfln ngtt hgc xa hfli cho ring, ngfln ngtt quflc gia cfl cae thupc tinh sau:
- Ld bifiu tupng ban sic quflc gia md dai dien la sfl dflng quin chiing nhan ddn nudc
dfl. Hay nfli cdch khdc, sfl lupng ngudi sit dyng phdi chiim ti 1^ ddng ki vd Id biiu tupng eiia bdn sic quflc gia;
- Dupc dflng ddo ngudi dan nudc do sii dyng vd stt dyng rpng rdi trong todn quflc;
- Dupc stt dyng trong nhQng nhom van hfla ehu yiu trong nudc vd dupc stt dyng dk thfi hi?n nguydn vpng cua quflc gia;
- Ld ngfln ngtt cfl hp thing-ciu tnic co bdn hodn chinh, dii di ddm nhdn chuc ndng quic gia, tttc Id phdi d mttc chuin myc, la biiu tupng cua tinh xdc thyc;
- Ld spi day nii lien qud khu vfli vinh quang.
Trd Igi vin di ludt hod giao tiep cong mang tinh chinh thiic cua ngfln ngtt quoc gia/ngfln ngtt chinh thuc, lugt ngfln ngtt tap trung vdo cdc ITnh vyc giao tiep nhu sau:
1) Ngfln ngtt stt dyng trong hogt dpng cua cde co quan quyin lyc nhd nuflc tir trung uong den dia phuong;
2) Ngon ngtt su dyng trong cac co quan lap phap, trong tod dn, eo quan tu phap;
3) Ngfln ngtt stt dung trong iyc lupng vu trang;
4) Ngfln ngtt stt dyng trong gido dye;
5) Ngfln ngu stt dyng trong hogt dpng cua cdc CO quan phat thanh truyin hinh;
6) Ngfln ngtt stt dyng trong trong cac an phim nhu tap chi, sdch bdo,...;
7) Ngon ngtt stt dyng trong qudng cao, cdc ITnh vyc dich vy;
8/ Ngfln ngtt sii dyng tren nhdn hang hoa;
9/ Ten rieng, trong dfl bao gflm cd cac dfli tupng dja li, bien chi duflng;
10/ Ngon ngu stt dyng trong ki hop ding lao dpng;
11/^ Ngon ngu stt dyng trong thu ttt trao doi quoc te;
12/ Ngfln ngtt stt dyng trong hoat dgng cflng chiing;
13/ Ngon ngtt su dung trong chiing minh thu, hp chiiu vd tit ca nhttng thflng tin lien quan (sfl cflng vi^c, bing tflt nghifip, giay khai sinh, gidy kit hfln, chiing ttt,..);
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14/ Ngon ngu su dung trong cdc lfi hpi chinh thttc vd cac hoat dflng dupc thyc hipn bdi lanh dgo nhd nude, chinh quyen dia phuang.
1.2 3.3. Ciing vdi viee lu^t hod chiie nang, phgm vi stt dung cua ngfln ngtt quflc gia/ngfln ngtt chinh thuc, cdc bfl ludt ngfln ngtt cfln cfl cac difiu khodn rieng dfli vdi viec bdo vfi, phat trifin chiing. Npi dung chu yeu tap trung vao nhung difim sau:
- Dam bao cho ngfln ngtt quflc gia/ngfln ngtt chinh thttc thyc hifin tflt dupc chttc nang, pham vi stt dung nhu quy djnh d trfin.
"Dam bdo sy hdnh chttc cua ngfln ngtt nhd nude Lien bang Nga tren toan ldnh tho Lifin bang Nga" (LNN cua Nga).
- Cfl bifin phdp va tao mpi difiu kifin dfi ngfln ngtt quoc gia, ngfln ngu chinh thuc phdt trien, chuan hod va hifin dai hod "Ap dyng cac bifin phap khdc de bdo ve va hfl trp ngfln ngtt nhd nudc Lien bang Nga"
(LNN cua Nga). Theo dfl Id mflt sfl vdn dfi cu the nhu tang cuong viec nghien cuu de chuan hod ngfln ngtt ndy; tdng cuong gidng day va bien soan ede sach cflng cy. Vi du,
"vific bdo vfi su trong sang cua ngfln ngtt chinh thuc bdng each tgo nhung difiu ki^n phu hpp voi viec dp dyng cac bien phdp dfli vdi sy phat triin li thuyet vd thyc hanh ngfln ngtt" , "(...) it nhit trong 5 nam mpt lan ddm bdo cho sy xuat ban mflt cuon ttt dien xac dinh cdc chuan ciia ngfln ngtt vifit"
(LNN cua Adeebaizan); "Cac chudn ve ngfln ngu van chuong Latvia se dupc Uy ban chuyfin gia ngfln ngtt Latvia soan thdo thanh lugt" (LNN cua Latvia, phdn 23); "Cfl sy ho trp cua nha nudc trong vific in dn ttt diin va sdch ngtt phap tiing Nga", "Ap dyng cdc bifin phap hodn thifin hfi thflng giao dye, hfi thflng ddo tao chuyen gia trong ITnh vyc tiing Nga va gidng vien tieng Nga vdi tu cdch la tiing niidc ngodi, ciing nhu t'ifin hdnh dao tgo can bfl khoa hpc su phgm cho cde CO sd giao due cfl hpe tgp vd gidng
day bdng tifing Nga d ngoai pham vi Lien bang Nga" (LNN eua Nga).
- Thdnh l^p cde co quan, ti chttc de gidm sdt vi^c thyc hi^n luat ngfln ngtt trong dfl co vipc qudn li, chi dao vi^c chudn hod ngfln ngtt chinh thttc/ngon ngtt quflc gia. Ching hgn, d Trung Quoc Id Uy ban ngfln ngtt vdn ty quic gia tryc thupc Quoc vy vi?n vd cdc Uy ban ngfln ngtt vdn ty cdc cap lai dia phuong; d Latvia cfl Uy ban chuyen gia ngfln ngtt Latvia.
1.2.3.4. v i vipc xtt phgt dfli vdi cdc hanh vi vi phgm luat ngfln ngtt, cdc bg lugt ngon ngtt deu cfl dieu khodn rifing. Cfl hai kieu xii phgt cho hai loai vi pham: logi vi pham dnh huflng dfin loi ich quflc gia, dfin sy doan ket dan tge vd loai vi pham mang tinh ed nhdn.
Loai vi pham dnh huflng dfin lgi ieh quoc gia, din sy dodn kit ddn tge, den hpp dong kinh tfi,.. .din quyen eon ngudi ve ngfln ngu thi miie dg xu phat giflng nhu cac bp luat khde. Chang han, "Dieu 6 Trdch nhiem do vi phgm luat phap Lien bang Nga ve ngon ngtt nha nude eua Lien bang Nga: 1. Viee thflng qua ede lugt lien bang vd van bdn phdp quy khde eua Lien bang Nga nhdm han ehe viec su dung tifing Nga vdi tu cdch Id ngfln ngtt nha nudc, eung nhu cdc hdnh dOng vi pham cdn trd vific thyc hien quyen eiia cflng dan dugc stt dyng ngfln ngu nhd nudc cua Lien bang Nga se keo theo trdch nhifim do ludt phap Lien bang Nga quy dinh".
Logi vi phgm mang tinh ca nhdn trong stt dung ngfln ngtt thi nghieng vfi "khuyen bao", "nhic nhd", muc cao nhat Id phdi. cai chinh, phe binh, ednh cdo. Day la diim khdc voi cdc bp ludt khdc. Vi dy: "Diiu 15.
Trfin lanh tho Ba Lan, ai vi pham diiu 7 a (lien quan den .cong vific lam dn luon bdn- NVK), nghTa la chi su dyng mflt thu tifing nude ngodi trong cdc canh bao vd thflng tin cho ngudi tieu dimg, cdc nguyen tic hudng dSn stt dyng, ede thong tin vi tinh chit, dde diem cua hdng hod, dich vy, bdo hdnh, hoa
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don doi hfli phdi theo nguyen tdc khdc thi s6 bi phat tifin" (LNN cua Ba Lan). "Doi vdi nhung trudng hpp vi phgm nhttng quy dinh trong chuang 2 ctia lugt ndy, khflng tudn theo cdc quy dinh vd tifiu chuan ve ngfln ngtt vdn ty thong dyng quflc gia, cflng ddn cfl thi bi dua ra kiin nghi vd phfi binh"
(Dieu 26, LNN eiia Trung Quoc).
1.3 Nhdn xel: hu&ng tdi xdy d\rng Ludl Ngdn ngit d Vi^t Nam
1.3 1. Ngfln ngtt khflng ehi Id van de giao tifip md nfl cfln lifin quan din sy hung thjnh eua dan tpc quflc gia, hiu hit cdc nufl^; trfin the gidi deu coi trpng van dfi ngfln ngtt. Sy coi trpng dfl dupc the hipn d vific luat hfla cae vdn de ngfln ngtt d trong cdc vdn ban lugt vd trong cdc vdn bdn dudi luat.
Dfli vdi vific ludt hfla trong ede van ban lugt, cfl the thdy. trong Hien Phdp eua cac quflc gia hiu nhu deu cfl npi dung vi ngon ngtt. Npi dung ngon ngtt cfl thfi dupc thi^
hifin bing difiu khodn rieng hoac nam trong nfli dung cua mgt difiu khodn ndo dfl. Trong dfl dang ehu y la nhifiu quflc gia da co lugt ngfln ngtt rieng nhu Phap, Canada, Singapore, Trung Quflc, Latvia, Ba Lan,...
Qua cac bp luat ngfln ngu ma chung tfli cfl dupe, cfl the thay, luafngon ngtt cfl mflt sfl diem dang chu y nhu sau:
- Ludt ngfln ngu cfl the dupc tach ra thanh mflt lugt rifing nhung cung cfl thi thupc mpt bfl ludt chung cua quflc gia do (duoi thttc "luat trong luat").
- Hau nhu cdc luat ngfln ngu dfiu tgp trung vao lugt hfla ngfln ngu quflc gia/ngfln ngtt chinh thttc vdi cdc dieu khoan cu thi.
Cde ngfln ngtt dan t$c trong quoc gia vd tiing nudc ngodi chi dupc quy dinh thanh mgt nfli dung trong quan he vdi ngfln ngtt quflc gia/ngfln ngtt chinh thuc (duoi hinh thttc td mpt hay mflt vai dieu khodn rifing hodc nim trong mpt dieu khodn nao dfl cfl lifin quan).
Ld mflt bp phgn cua lu$t ddn sy, ciu true hinh thiic vd npi dung eiia lu$t ngon ngtt tuan thii theo "khung chung" ciia mflt b$ lu^t ddn sy.
1.3.2. Cho din nay, Vi?t Nam chua co lu^t ngfln ngtt. NhQng cdu hfli ddt ra Id:
1) Vi$t Nam dd din liic can xay dyng ludt Ngfln ngtt chua?
2) Vi$t Nam dd dtt diiu ki?n di xdy dyng lu^t Ngon ngtt chua?
3) Niu xdy dyng thi lugt Ngfln ngtt ciia Vi^t Nam s5 xdy dyng theo huflng ndo?
4) Lu§t Ngfln ngtt cua Vipt Nam bao gom nhiing npi dung gl?
Di gflp phin vdo trd ldi nhttng cdu hoi nfiu tren vd de cfl m$t edi nhin ve tinh hinh xdy dyng lugt ngfln ngtt tren thi gidi, ttt do soi vdo vin di xdy dyng ludt Ngfln ngtt a Vi$t Nam, phan dudi ddy, chung tfli sfi trinh bdy cy the kinh nghipm xay dyng luat ngfln ngtt cua m$t si s6 quic gia trfin thi giol.
Do khuon kho cua bai viet, chiing tfli lua chpn lugt ngfln ngtt cua 3 quflc gia voi nhttng ddc diem vd edeh thttc xay dyng rifing:
1) Lugt Ngfln ngtt cua Trung Quoc voi ednh huong ngfln ngtt cua mflt quflc gia da ddn tpc da ngon ngtt duoi sy ldnh dgo tuyet doi cua Dang Cpng sdn Trung Quflc;
2) Hai b§ Lugt Ngon ngtt cua Lien bang Nga vdi hai djnh huomg khdc nhau, do la Ludt Ngfln ngtt vi cdc ngfln ngtt dan tge fl Lien bang Nga vd lugt Ngon ngu vfi ngon ngtt quflc gia cua Lifin bang Nga;
3) Hai bp lu^t ngfln ngtt cua Adeebaizan vi ngon ngtt quflc gia d hai giai doan ljch sit - xa hOi khdc nhau (1992 vd 2002);,^
(Vin di xdy dyng Lugt Ngfln ngii cua Vi^t Nam, chiing tfli sS trinh bay trong mot bdi viit rieng vfli ^.\x di la; "Vifit Nainvcri Lugt Ngfln ngtt -Nhttng c a s d ngon ngtt xa hpi di xay dyng, lu^t ngon^gtt d Vifit Nam).
{Con nUa)
(Ban BiSn lap r ^ bai n g ^ 2&4&2013
