VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET NA?-J HOI DIA LY VIET NAM
SAT LO VA VAN DE QUAN LY MOI TTaj'6'iWG BiEN
Ngiiydn Trgng Tien, NgiiySn Mgnli Hd'
SUMMARY
Erosion problem and environmental manage on tho coast
Erosion problem has been damuging to economic und sociul development. Eveiy year, the communities living in central's coast have to he incurred. The studies have early determined the general fuclors cause coastal erosion are due lo the uclivily oj endogenous, exogenous and exploitation manugemeni of resources, construction luck of coutral.
It's has needed to research more genercd reasons caused land slides and develop the policies, documents, decisions und ugreeinent on the management and iinpleinenlulion on protecting naturul resources environmenlul steering commillee for reducing duiiger ofcutuslrophic coastal erosion.
MO DAU
Sill Id bd bien Id mdl dcang thien lai gay ldn thai ebo ddi sdng xa hdi, dcie biel Id cdng ddng dan sinh ven bien luien 4"rung. Irong thai gian gan diiy, do dien bien bdt ihudng ciia thai liet, kbi bau vd sir gia tang khai tbdc tai ngu)en ibicu kicm sodt da khien hien lugng sat Id bd bien cang trd nen nghiem trgng ve qui md, cudng do. Tinh hinh Scat Id xdy ra nghiem trgng d hau bet todn ddi ven bien mien Frung, trir mdl sd vimg cua sdng d Thanh Hda, cdn hau nbu todn bd cdc ditim siit Id khde d mien 44ung diu lien quan den cdc cira sdng va nbiing vimg bd cdii Lao tren tram tich bien gidu cdi khd, cdi mjii ed ket cau bd rdi tham nude.
T'di nguyen tbien nhien va mdi trudng ven bien Viet Nam dugc td ebire qudn ly, sir dung, bdo ve, khai thdc co' ban theo nhieu quy che, sac lenh, chi thj, van bdn va cdc cdng irdc qudc tl nui Viet Nam cam ket. Song, hien tugng sal Id van khdng dugc cdi thien Id bao, Ccde gidi phdp thuc hien chii yen Id khac pbi^ic linh thi-.
1. TINH HINH SAT LO VEN BIEN VIET NAM
Hien tugng sai Id ven biln Viet Nam, nhat la ddi ven bien mien Trung cho den nay da cd khd nhilu cdng trinh nghien ciru vd da deal dugc nhung ket qud nhat dinh. Tuy nhien, vin chua cd Idi gidi ve eo cbe boat ddng ciia hien tugng nciy mot each tudng minh. Kit hgp trong nghien ciru ki kit nbiing nam 2000, 2001, 2002, dodn cdn bg Vien Dja ly da thdng ke chua diy dii dugc 245 doan bd bi xdi sat, trong dd ed 96 docan ddi hon 1 km, 61 doim cd do dai tren 3 km vdi 60 doan cd tdc do xdi sau vao phan ddt lien tir 10-30 m/nam. Flien tugng xdi sat Id xdy ra chu yeu cd su tham gia phdi hgp ciia bao, mua lu tren ciic triln sdng va vj tri Scat Id mdi nam mot khde gciy trd ngai Idn ebo cdng ldc du bdo.
Phong Moi irudng Dia ly - Vien Dia ly v
Hgi ng-hi Klioa hgc Dia ly Todn cjvdi; ldn th&o-Hd Ngi, 2010 941
•VIEN DIA LY - ^'lEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM
Biing I: Tinh hinh sat Id ven biin (iltSng ke chua day du den nam 2000)
TT I 2
" 1
4 5 6
7 8
9 10
Dia danh Thanh Hda Nghe An Qudng Binh
Thira Thien Hue Qudng Nam Quang Ngai
Binh Djnh Phil Yen
Klidnb Hda Binh Thuan
Vi tri Cira sdng Len Nghi Hdi - Cua Ld Cira sdng Ren Cua sdng Gianh Cira sdng Ly Hda Cira sdng Nhat Le Cira sdng Thuan An Cira sdng Tu Hien Cua sdng Thu Bdn Cira sdng Tra Bdng Cua sdng Tra Khue Cua sdng Ve Cira sdng Tra Lau Sa Fluynh
Cua Dai An Cua Gd Bdi Cua sdng Ba Cira Da Nang Sdng Dan Thach Cua sdng Cdi Ciia sdng Quao Cira Ca Ty Cira sdng Luy
Tinh hinh sat Id 1200m 2768 m 3000 m 3000 m 3500 m 3000 m 1300 m Bdi lap ciia sdng
8,34 km 1900 m 3500 m 2100 m 1700 m 1 km, sau 150 m
5000 m 1000 m 3000 m Sat mai 1000 m 1000 m 1000 m
(Nguon: Ban chi dga phdng chong lut bdo Trung irong) Trong 10 nam gan day, hien tugng sat Id bd bien ngay cang gia tang vl chilu dai
\ a mirc do xdi sau vao dat lien. Ddi vdi cdc viing cua sdng, luan suy ban diu cho thiy, kem theo mua lu cd gid miia Tay Nam se sat Id ben bd trai va nguge lai gid miia Ddng Bac se gay sat Id phia bd phai sdng. Mat khac, sat Id bd biln khdng chi do lire sdng bien ma cdn ed SIJ phdi hgp eiia ddng lu tao ra tir cac muang xdi rit ldn chay tir dit lien ra. nhat la d lien ddi dcil eat dd, cdn cat dd sat biln nhu d xa Hong Thing - Binh Thuan.
2. N H C T N G NGHIEN ClTU BU^OC DAU VE NGUYEN NHAN GAY SAT LO
Nbieu cdng trinh nghien ciru gin day xem xet sat Id, xdi Id bd biln, bd sdng Id nhung van dl lien quan din mdi trudng dja chit. Cho din nay, van chua ed sir thdng nhit ve khai niem, djnh nghTa mdi trudng dja chit, nbung diu cbira trong dd ylu td ngi sinh va ngoai sinh la nguyen nhan ca ban gay nen sat Id, ben canh dd cd nguyen nhan nbdn sinh phdi hgp tac ddng. Dac diem ndi ddng luc hien dai theo ca ehl liin chim, trugt bang, tdch dan, pha buy dgc theo dirt gay sau trong xu the bat can bing ldn chua kjp bii trir trd lai tao nen tinb boat ddng cao eiia thach quyIn dugc xem la nhan to liln dinh cho cac qua trinh dja chat be mat hay qud trinh ngoai sinh.
Dudi tdc ddng tdng hgp ciia dja ddng luc thach quyIn va ddng lire ciia thuy quyen. sinh quyen da phdt sinh cac qua trinh ngoai sinh cd moi quan he vdi qua trinh Scat Id nhu qud trinh phong hda tao nen cdc loai vd phong hda - thd nhudng khac nhau;
942 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn quoc ldn th&5 - Hd Ngi, 2010
VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM B%1 DIA LY VIET NAM
qud trinh tluiy tluicb dgng lire hien dai - day Id nhan td hang ddu cua qua trinh xdi, sat Id bd bien, bd sdng. 41ieo bdo cdo ciia Ban chi dcio phdng chdng kit bao Trung uong thi trong nbung nam gan day hien tugng sat Id bd sdng, bd bien dudng nbu ddng thdi Xcdy ra tir Thanh llda den F3inb 4"hiian va qud trinb ndy trong nuia mua bao lu di ddi vdi sir lin Iran ciia bien vdo sau Irong dat lien. Cdn nhieu van de ve phan lieh, ddnh gid ngu)'cn nhan, co die sat Id bd bien can dugc dau lu nghien ciru tudng minh trong nluing cdng trinh cap Qudc gia.
3. VAN DE QUAN LY MOI TRUONG VEN BIEN
Tdi nguyen thien nhien vd mdi trirdng ven bien Viet Nam da va dang dugc hoan thien cdc van de ve td chuc qudn ly, khai tbdc, su dung vd bdo ve lheo he thdng quy che, chi thj, luat, siic lenh ciia Viet Nam va cae van ban cdng udc qudc te Viet Nam cam ket tham gia nbu: sac lenh bdo ve rirng ddu ngudn va quan ly cae loai hoang da;
luat dat dai; Quy che vc bdo ve edc ngudn lgi thiiy san (nam 1989); sac lenh ve bdo ve cdc ngudn nirdc (1989); phdp lenh bdo ve de dieu (1989); luat hang bdi (1990); luat ve bcio ve nidi trudng (1994); cdng udc CLFES; Cdng udc bdo tdn da dang sinh hgc...
Cho den nam 2005, Qudc hdi, chinh pbii da thdng qua nbieu bd luat va tren co' sd dd Cede Bd, nganh ciic cap da cd nbieu chi thj, nghj djnh, van ban vc chinh sdch qucdn ly, td chirc khai thac tai nguyen eiia dat nude. Song van chua cd dugc mot he thdng chinh sach ddng bd, dugc gan ket vdi nhau thdng nhat de qudn ly, td ehuc thuc bien bdo ve, sir dung, khai thdc hieu qud cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien vd mdi trudng. Frong rcdt nhilu trudng hgp cdc van ban chi dung d ly thuyet trong ede cdng sd vd binh thiic xudng dja ban cdng ddng dan sinh. Cdng tdc qudn ly vd td chirc thuc hien bdo ve tdi nguyen mdi trirdng cdn phan tdn, cbia Ccdt, dan xen chdng cheo phii dinh lan nhau, thieu kit hgp ddng bd, he thdng thdng nhat giiia cdc bd nganh vdi dja phuong.
Trong nhu'iig nam gin diiy ke bocach ciia Nba nude khan truang xay dung cang , Khu cdng nghiep d ven bien mien Trung nhu Dung Quat-Van Tudng, cdng Gianh, Viing Ang, Chan May... va nhilu dd thj ldn nhu d Fid ITnh, Ddng Hdi, Ddng Fid, Tam Ky, Tuy Flda... pbin niio lam cho ddi ddt ven bien mien Trung trd nen sdi ddng. Phcin Idn Cede du an pbcdl trien nim trong quy hoach, ke hoach ciia cae Bd nganh, song cung khdng it hien tugng di eir, djnh cu phdt trien, khai thcde tai nguyen tu do gay phiic tap cho cdng lac qudn ly. Dac biet Id hien tugng phd rirng ngap man de nudi trdng thiiy sdn, khai thac cdc ran san hd (Id nhirng bire tudng chdng lai hien tugng xdi sat Id bd bien) cho den nay van cdn tdn lai d nhieu nai.
KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI
Sat Id bd biln la mot dang thicn tai nhilu kbi trd thdnh Ihdm hga cho ddi sdng kinh tl - xa hgi, nhit la cdng ddng sinh sdng ven bien miin Trung. Budc dau nghien ciru da xdc djnh dugc nguyen nhan gay nen hien tugng siit Id la do tdng hgp nguyen nhan ndi sinh, ngoai sinh va nhan sinh. Xu the .xay ra hien tugng sat Id thudng triing vao miia intra bao, ki tren cdc triln sdng va dien bien bat thudng mdi noi mot khde va ngay cang gia tang vl qui md, cudng do. Dac biel la d ven bien mien Trung, noi thudng nien phdi true tilp doi phd vdi Ccdc bien tugng thien nhien nhu bao, kit, Idc, xdm nhap man... lai la noi thudng Xcdy ra Scit Id bd biln de dga cTdi sdng cdng dong dan sinh.
Hgi nghi Klioa hgc Dia ly Todn quoc ldn th&5- Hd Ngi, 2010 943
VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VTET NAM
Da cd nhilu van ban, sic lenh, qui djnh ve quan ly, td chirc thirc hien bao ve, khai thdc su dung tai nguyen mdi trudng ven bien mien Trung. Song hien tugng sat Id va mot so hien tugng ihicn nhien khde van chua dugc kiem soat chcit che, du bdo cdn gap nhilu khd khan, dd la phin do su thieu ddng bd. thdng nhat tu cac bd nganh xudng co sd vl qudn K id chiic thuc hien bdo ve, sir dung, khai thac tai nguyen mdi trudng.
Nhim nang cao nang lire qudn ly ben vung ve tai nguyen mdi trudng ven biln vi gidm sdt. du bdo dugc nguy co tai bien sat Id ven bd, tac gia xin cd nhung de nghj, khuyen cdo sau:
- Bdo \ e vd qudn ly chiit che rirng ngap man va cac ran san bd
- Xay diing ke hoach, dau tu td ebire thue hien khai thdng ludng lach de tao dilu kien ebo qud trinb bdi lang Idn bien dirge gia cudng.
- Tu)en lru)cn, gido due va cd quyet sdch den cdng ddng trong viec xdy dung, phdt trien kinh te gan vdi bao ve tai nguyen mdi trudng.
- Ddng bd vd thdng nhat qudn ly tdi nguyen mdi trudng ven bien giua cdc Bd, ngdnb tir Trung uong den co' sd.
- Tang cirdiig dau tu kboa hgc, ky thuat lam ro nguyen nhan, co' cbe sat Id bd bien va kiem sodt, dir bdo tdt hien tugng tai bien nay.
- Tang cudng ky thuat cdng nghe hien dai, tien tien nham kien cd hda cae cdng trinh chdng Scat Id.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Pham Huy Tien, Nguyen Ba Nhuan, Nguyen Trong Tien va nnk; biio Ccio khoa hgc "Ddnh gid hien trgng qudn ly mdi Irudng ddi ven bien mien Trung. gdp phdn tim giai phdp phdng Irdnh sgt Id ba bien " - Trung tain Kboa hgc tu nhien va cdng nghe qudc gia - Vien Dja ly-, Ha Ndi nam 2000.
2. Ban chi dao phdng chdng kit bao T'W' - Bdo cdo tinh Innh lut bdo miin Trung vd phuong hirdng giam nhe Ihien lui. Ha Ndi, nam 1997, 2001.
3. Collin P.H, 1996. Diclionuiy of Ecology and Environmenl. Universal Book Stab.Repriat
944 Hgi nghi Klioa hgc Dia ly Todn quoc: ldn th&5 - Hd Ngi, 2010
