TAP DHI KHDA HOC - SD IB/ZOIV
UL
KIEU KET CAU DONG HIEN TRONG HEU THUYET VIET NAM Ttr SAU DOI
M 6 I1986 DEN NAY
Do Tien Mioh^
Trudng THPT Trdn Phii (Vinh Yen - Vinh Phuc)
Tom tdt Tim toi sdng tgo cdi mdi la dgc tnmg ciia vdn chuang moi thai dgi Tieu thuyet thai kl hau chien, dgc bi^t tir sau ddi mdi 1986 den nay, co nhieu sdng tao trong linh vuc hinh thirc. ddng ke nhdt Id kieu to chirc cot truyen theo ket cdu ddng hien. Bai bdo ndy tim hieu hai kieu kit cdu dong hi$n ca ban dong hien khong gian - thai gian vd dong hien theo ddng hoi uc cua nhdn vdt chinh
Tir khoa- kieu kit cdu, thu phdp ki thudt, dong hien, tieu thuyet Viet Nam duang dgi
1. D A T V A N D E
Trong van xudi, "ddng hien la each viet ma d do Idi van chi tiet, hinh tugng (khdng gian, thdi gian, nhan vat...) dugc tai hien hdn ddn, trong ciing mgt liic, thdng qua dgc thoai ngi tam va dong y thirc cua nhan vat (cd khi la ciia ngudi ke chuyen). Ddng hien dugc diing nhu mgt k! thuat ket cau tieu thuyet nham lam giam bdt nhimg quy chieu ciia khong gian trong thdi gian lich sir bang each ggi nhd lai nhiing bien co va hanh dgng ddng thdi ma khdng trinh bay mdi quan he nhan qua ciia chung, khong phuc lai su phiic hgp da thanh ciia hien thuc, tao tinh khach quan cho tac pham, gdp phan tao nen dac tinh phi thdi gian CLia Tieu Thuyet Mdi [1].
Nhu vay, cd the hieu ket cau ddng hien la each td chuc song song cac binh dien thdi gian hien tai va qua khii trong mach tran thuat ciia tac pham. Theo dd, nhiing khdng gian each xa nhau co the dat ke nhau theo mdt mdi lien he nao dd. Ket cau ddng hien gop phan dan tdi xu hudng gian luge nhan vat va hien tugng phan ra cdt tmyen truyln thing.
Nha van cd thi phdi hgp nhilu diem nhin tran thuat, phat huy uu thi cua dilm nhin ben trong, lam gia tang chit triet li, tinh tri tue va gia tri nhan van cho tac phim. Day la kilu ket cau kha phd bien trong cac tieu thuyet Viet Nam thugc nhilu thi loai khac nhau tir sau ddi mdi 1986
Nhan bai ngay 12 5 2017, gui phan bien, chinh sua va duyet dang ngay 20.6,2017 Lien he tac gia D6 Tien Minh, Email, dotienminh tranphu@gmail,com
^4 II TRlJdNB BAI HOC THlIi BO HA NOI
2. N Q I D U N G
2.1. B o n g hien k h o n g gian - thoi gian
Ddng hien "hai trinh tu thdi gian" la each kd chuyen dan xen qua khii va hien tai, my cd phan uu tien hon cho mach tmyen qua khii, nhung ve c a ban, ca hai mach tmyen deu tuan thu trinh tu thdi gian. Nhimg birc tudng lira {Khuk Quang Thuy), Coi ddi hu thuc (Biii Thanh Minh), Chim en bay (Nguyin Tri Huan), An mdy dT vdng (Chu Lai) la nhung tac pham sii dung thanh cdng kidu kdt c4u nay. Ddng thdi, Mdi tac pham van hgc la "mot khdng gian dugc khu biet theo mgt each nao dd, phan anh trong cai huu han ciia minh mot ddi tugng vd han la t h i gidi ngoai tac phdm". Cho nen, cac nha van rat chu y xay dung khdng gian trong tac phim, nham bidu dat "thS gidi ben ngoai" rdng Idn kia.
Ket cau ddng hien cua Nhirng birc tudng lua kha dem gian. Chuong khdi dau chu ylu la mach tmyen trong hien tai: Ti vi dua cao phd ve cai chet ciia tudng Pham Xuan Ban (Hiing Phong). Giao su Tmong Dinh Lan ggi dien bao tin cho ban be va ddng dgi. Ong nhd lai lan Hiing Phong den tham minh each day ba thang. Trudc ngay diln ra tang ll Hung Phong, mgi ngudi te tuu d nha giao su Lan. Thanh dua con trai tir Phap v^ chiu tang, ba quyet dinh thira nhan Pham Xuan Ban la cha rugt ciia con trai minh. Ba phSn chinh ciia tac pham (tii trang 43 den trang 794) kk chuyen trong qua khii. Tuy cd xen ke ddi chiit hfii lie hoac vai cau chuyen lien quan den cugc sdng thdi hau chiln cua mdt so nhan vat, nhung mach ke chu yeu dugc sSp xIp theo trinh tu thdi gian tir luc nhdm nam sinh lop lOB chu^n bi nhap ngii va qua trinh chien d4u ciia hg cho din nam 1976. Phhn kit - Trong s6 tay ciia chinh iiy - ghi lai suy nghT ciia Luong Xuan Bao ve chuyen xir bin mgt ngudi linh trinh sat, ve viec cham ket nap dang cho Tmong Dinh Lan, ve thai do dang che trach ciia Ban vdi Thanh... Cd the noi, ket cau ddng hien cua Nhirng birc tudng lira phii hgp vdi ldi danh gia theo kieu "cai quan dinh luan" ve Pham Xuan Ban, mdt vi tudng tai ba trong viec cam quan nhung cung cd khdng it khiem khuyet trong cugc sdng ddi thudng.
Coi ddi hu thuc ke ve Tran Ciing, mgt ngudi linh da cdng hien trgn ven ddi minh cho sy nghiep chdng ngoai xam ciia dan tdc. Nam 1965. anh di bd ddi, dau nam 1966 ve phep mudi nga\' va cudi vg. Vg chdng d vdi nhau hai ngay, hai dem. Nam 1970 dugc tuyen duong anh hiing. anh ra Bac bao cao, tat qua nha dam ba ngay "ngay di tham hoi hg hang.
Iang xdm, tdi tiep khach, chai bdi vdi ban be den mudi mgl, mudi hai gid khuya. Vg chong danh cho nhau tinh bing gid" [2]. Sau dd, vg anh sinh dugc mgl cd con gai. Nam 1975 ve phep mgt lan, 1978 lai sang Campuchia danh nhau. 1989 anh dugc dieu ve lam Huyen doi trudng d que huong. Khdng lau sau anh phat benh than kinh, phai ve gia dinh dilu trj.
Hanh phuc ctia vg chdng anh "chung quy lai chi cd bdn chir CD va CD (chd dgi va chiu dung)" [2]. Tac pham cd hai mach truyen dan cai chat che vao nhau. Mach truyen hien tai
TAP DHI KHDA HOC - SD 1B/2D17
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dien ra trong vdng hon hai thang, md ddu bang con dien ciia Tran Cung, ket thiic khi Ciing phat benh nang. Mach tmyen qua khii dugc ke qua nhat ki Tran Cung va vai doan hdi lic khi anh tinh tao, tai hien khoang thdi gian tir liic Cung nhap ngu, di B rdi \ e que cudi vg va tilp tuc vao chiln tmdng. Ddng hien bdng each de vg con Tran Cimg dgc nhat ki cho anh nghe, tac gia da cho nhan vat true tiep triet luan ve ddi sdng hien tai, \ e chien tranh qua cugc ddi thoai tu tudng giiia hai the he cha - con ma van khdng gay cam giac nang ne vdi ngudi dgc. Hinh thiic ddng hien ciing giiip nha van de dang hon khi pha trdn chat triet luan vdi chdt sir thi va chdt bi kich. Cd the ndi, Biii Thanh Minh da thanh cdng khi dung hgp nhieu khuynh hudng tieu thu\ et chien tranh trong mdt tac phdm.
An mdy divang (Chu Lai) ciing dan cai hai cau chuyen hien tai va qua khii. Chuyen thii nhat la sau chien tranh mudi sau nam, d tudi bdn muoi chin. Hai Himg trd lai mien Nam tim sinh ke. Tinh cd anh gap mgt ngudi dan ba sang trgng, giam ddc Sd Ndng lam, rat gidng Ba Suong, ngudi yeu ciia anh thdi chdng M>. ngudi ma chinh anh va ddng ddi da thdn cat. Khi bugc phai tiep anh, ngudi dan ba ay khdng nhan minh la Ba Suong. Anh tim gap lai ban be cii de tim ra su that. Cudi cung. anh biet Ba Suong khdng chet. cd chi bi thuong va dugc dai uy Tudng dua ve Sai Gdn ciiu chiia. Cd bien thanh Tu Lan, chdi bd qua khii hao himg de chay theo nhirng tham vgng khac. Khi tinh ngd, cd phai tra gia bang cai chet ciia minh. Cau chuyen di tim su that ve Tu Lan xay ra trong thdi gian khoang hai thang. Chuyen thii hai ke ve nhirng nam thang chien ddu gian nan ma kieu himg cua Hai Himg \a ddng ddi noi dia ban ven dd Sai Gdn khoang hai muoi nam ve trudc. Trong cudc chien dau ay Hai Hung va Ba Suong da gap, yeu nhau rdi mat nhau.
Hai cau chuyen lien quan true tiep den cugc ddi Hai Himg dan cai chat che vao nhau vao deu dugc td chiic theo trinh ty thdi gian. Chuyen di tim su that \e Tu Lan la cai cd cho nhirng hdi lie ve chien tranh khdc liet vdi bao guong mat ban be thdn thiet trd ve. % a ciing la phan ket thyc su cho mdi tinh Himg - Suong. Ddng thdi neu khdng cd cau chuyen ve cugc chien ddu nam xua thi se khdng the cd cau chuyen An mdy dT vdng mudi sau nam sau chien tranh cua Hai Himg. Cac chuang 1. 3, 5, 7 la cdu chuyen ciia Hai Hiing trong hien tai (tinh tir liic di cu vao Nam den khi Ba Suong bi chet): cac chuang 2. 4. 6. 8 la hdi lie cua Hai Hiing ve qua khii chien tranh; cac chuong cdn lai la su dan xen giiia qua khii va hien tai.
Nhin tdng the. cdt tmyen An mdy dT vang co dii bdn thanh phdn chinh: that niit. phat trien. cao trao. md niit: ngoai ra cdn cd them phan trinh bay va phdn vi thanh. Phdn trinh bay nam d chucmg 1. Hai Himg tu gidi thieu ve ban than minh trong hoan canh hien tai.
Phdn that nut van nam trong chuang L bat ddu tir khi Hai Hiing nhdn ra Ba Suong. hien la giam doc Tu Lan, tai mgt nha hang sang trgng d mien Tay. Phdn phat trien tir chuang 2 tdi
. . II TRLtaNB e A I HOC THlIl B D HA NDI
Chuong 13, la hanh trinh Hai Himg di tim su that vi Tu Lan. Phto cao trao n t a trong chuong 14, Hai Hung quyfa dinh dot nhap vao phong gito doc Tu Lan, vol mot hanh dong quySt Uet va phu phang, anh da bi6t dich xac Tu Lan chinh la Ba Suong va co cimg khong thi chdi cai vg su mt ky. P h k mo niit nlm li6n k6 ngay sau cao trao, gom mot phin chuong 14 cho iin cai chit cua Ba Suong. Trong phfci nay, Hai Himg ti6p tuc gap 1^
nhimg nguoi ban chiSn diu nam xua nhu Tuin, Tam Tinh. Qua can chuySn cua ho, anh da tim dSn Tuong, mot cim binh trong quan doi Viet Nam cong hoa va da bi6t ro tai sao Ba Suong van s5ng va tro lai thanh Tu Lan. Phin vi thanh: ban be dua Hai Himg len Sai Gon di tea lai mito Bic nhung Sin liic sip chia tay, anh quyet djnh a lai cimg moi nguoi tim ten Dich, thu pham gay ra cai chSt cila Ba Suong. Hanh trinh tim hieu sir that ve Tu Lan dugc vilt theo l6i gia trinh tham, it nhiSu mang dang dip hau hien dai, dem den cam giac hdi hop, gay cin va gop phin tao nen siic cu6n hut cua c6t truyen. Nhu vay, tuy si dung kit ciu d6ng hien nhung An mdy di vang vin kS mot cau chuyen kha tin, ranh mach. Song du sao, thong qua d6ng hien thoi gian, nguoi doc ciing ghi nh^in no luc each tan ket cau tieu thuyet cua Chu Lai.
Thoi gian va khong gian lam nen hinh thitc t6n tai ciia thj gioi vat chat va con ngucri.
Con nguW va thi gioi viit chit khdng thi t6n tai ngoai khdng gian va thai gian. Trong tieu thuyet cila Ta Duy Anh, co su ddng hien cua hai cdi khong gian qua khii - hien tai. Khdng gian hien tai trd' thanh khdng gian gian sam hdi, tu thu cua con ngudi. Ap dung thii phap ddng hien khdng gian, nha van mudn ttai tam nhin ve cudc ddi va con ngudi theo nhieu phien canh. Duong bien khai qu^t hi8n thuc teong tac phiim dugc nod rdng; tam hang, khat vong cila nhan vat dugc khoi sau d nhilu ting via. Khdng gian cac can phdng benh vien teong Thien thdn sdm hdi nhd hep va "chat nhu nem", ddng hien vdi khdng gian thuc tai sam hdi ay, la nhiing khdng gian khac nhau, gan hen vdi hanh vi ciia con ngudi trong qua khir. Trudc khdng gian hien tai benh vien, chimg kiln bao canh ddi eo le, hg nhan ra bao dieu trong qua khii, mdt thdi mdng mo, ndng ndi, xem tinh yeu la tinh due la tit ca le sdng, de gid day, khi bi phu b?ic hg an han ban than va thu ban tinh nhan, nhan tinh... Khdng gian phd G trong Di tim nhdn vdt khdng hin la khdng gian rdng Idn. Nd chi la con luon nam giira dudng, mgi ngudi tu tap, dung llu, quan, kiot... thi la thanh phd G. Khdng gian hien till 14 nhiing ngdi nha dng dd da ddng gdp khung, cim tu cudc sdng con ngudi. Chay doc khdng gian ay, theo budc chan di tim cai vong than vong ban cua Chu Quy thuc hien, biit hao khdng gian khdc hi^n ra; cd khi la khdng gian nha chila, nai mu Ciic lam chu, duoc irang Iri Idc loijt theo hieu bill ciia ke thua tiln nhung thilu van hda, cd khi la khdng gian day irg nliir khu 6 chudt di timg cim cd cua cugc ddi Chu Quy, dng Ban- khi la khdng gian
||n;i khi, - khdng gian chiln tranh chit chdc, tang thuong; ciing cd khi la khdng gian iKiyiM ;,„ Cong Vim,, nai con ngudi muln sieu thoat, chay teln thuc tai nho bin dl sdng ftunhNych,,,
TAP CHI KHOA HDC - 5 C 1B/2D17 47
Moi khdng gian la moi hoan canh giao tiep khac nhau. De dugc sdng trong khdng gian khac nhau dy, con ngudi phai deo nhilu mat na, cd liic hg chi tdn tai trong khoang khac hanh dgng hoac bi chi phdi bdi xa hdi. Dieu do kien giai vi sao hg ludn dat ra cau hdi Toi la ai? Va khdc khoai di tim cdu tra ldi. "Ci bau thi trdn/6 dng thi dai", phai chang khdng gian sdng da lam nen kieu con ngudi lat cat, con ngudi manh vd trong xa hdi?
2.2. Dong hien theo dong hdi irc cua nhan vat chinh
Day la kieu ddng hien khdng tuan theo mdt trinh tu thdi gian nao, ddng trdn thudt hau nhu dua tren ddng hdi lie bdt dinh ciia nhan vdt chinh.
Trong van xudi, "ddng hien la each viet ma d do ldi van chi tiet, hinh tugng (khdng gian, thdi gian, nhan vat...) dugc tai hien hdn ddn, trong cimg mdt liic, thdng qua ddc thoai ndi tdm va ddng y thiic cua nhdn vat (cd khi la cua ngudi ke chuyen). Ddng hien dugc dimg nhu mdt ki thudt ket cdu tieu thuyet nham lam giam bdt nhirng quy chieu ciia khdng gian trong thdi gian lich sir bang each ggi nhd lai nhung bien cd va hanh ddng ddng thdi ma khdng trinh bay mdi quan he nhdn qua cua chiing, khdng phuc lai su phiic hgp da thanh ciia hien thuc, tao tinh khach quan cho tac phdm, gdp phdn tao nen dac tinh phi thdi gian ciia Tieu Thuyet Mdi. O day, chiing tdi di sdu phan tich ket cdu ddng hien trong tieu thuyet
"ddng y thii:c" cua Ta Duy Anh va Bao Ninh.
Ldo Kho, cudn tieu thuyet thudt lai cugc ddi lao Khd tmdc nhutig bien cd ciia lich sir.
Cdu chuyen dugc md dau d thdi hien tai. Ldo Kho dang ngdi udng rugu li ti... Lao bat dau luc Igi ki ire, ldi ra ca day nhiing thang an chao da bat, nhirng thang phan thay, nhiing thang ngam mau phun ngudi, nhirng thang tan hai cudc sinh nhai ciia lao, nhiing thang khau phdt tdm xa... Sao cai gidng hai nhdn nd nhieu den the? "Dan chiing nd ra day!"... Lao tudng tugng dang ngdi d ghe quan tda, it ra la the, tieng ndi vang len tan trdi. Lao se thanh bieu tugng tam li cua Iang Ddng tam tdi nay. Bay gid lao mdi cho ggi cd thang con hdn lao ciia lao ve, bao vao mat nd de nd biet mat thang bd nd: "May md mat ra ma xem, dimg tu phu con a. Bd an diit thien ha le nao chiu dl may nhdn!" [6].
Thdi gian qua khii - hien tai - tucmg lai va cac su kien tuong iing ddng hien d thdi hien tai khi lao Khd ngdi xudng udng rugu, luc tim qua khir va mo tudng din tucmg lai. Gdn gia biet cugc ddi, lao ra hdu tda, thi toan bg qua khii hien ve trong tam tri. Mgi vdt xung quanh nhu cd menh he giiip lao nhd ve "mgt thdi da xa". Hai muoi nam tmdc, mdt bdn ndng Ta KJid "tning sd ddc dac", leo len lam chu tjch xa Hoang, dugc tung hd bing nhiing trang vo tay. Hai muoi nam sau, dng Biii - anh phd cdi, ke an cdp mat hang - bi thu huyen cung dugc mgi ngudi tung hd vo tay nhu thi. Cd le ddy la ban chdt ciia "cudc sdng tdn tai phai chang bang su vd vinh" [6]. Ba ngay tmdc phien toa, lao nhd lai dem dot kich nha chanh tdng, rdi chuyen Vu Xuan bi ban... Hien tai, "dem nay cd le vi qua cd don, lao Khd bd ra
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TRUCING BAI HOC T H U B D HA NDI vudn mdt mmh" [6]. lao nhd vl qua kbit "nam iy". "dem iy", lao - ga chan sao - td tinh vdi ba Khd thi nao, chuyen iao mai mdi cho nhilu cap vg chdng ra sao... Toan bd " cai su ddi"xoay quanh lao Khd tir qua khii din Men tai dugc ninh bay vira song hanh vira ddi sanli nhau, con ngudi qua khir va con ngudi hien tai ciing xuat hien teong hien tai de soi chieu cho nhau, giup chiing ta cd cai nhin diy du hon ve nhan vat va su kien.
Di tim nhdn vdt duoc vilt bdi kl thuat ddng y thiic. Truyen bat dau tir thdi qua khii,
"tdi" - Chu Quy tinh cd dgc duoc mau tin tren bao ve vu thang be danh giay bi giet, tilp din, vac thdi dilm hien tai, "tdi" truy tim nguyen nhan cai chet ciia thang be danh giiy kia.
K I tir dd, hai ddng thdi gian qua khir - hien tai dao Idn vi tri nhung khdng luan phien tren hanh trinh tim kilm ciia "tdi". Thdi gian cua di tim nhan vat chay theo ddng tam trang, gin lien vdi nhirng manh hdi ire vd vun di trong giac ma hay nhitng can ac mdng ciia "tdi".
Nhimg gi dien ra d hien tai deu cd the "chui" vao cai dau ciia "tdi" de moi khi dem ve, tu nd ket hgp lai xuat hien teong giac ma, ggi nhac "tdi" nhd ve mdt qua khir nao dd.
Khi hdi ire lai nam thang da qua, "tdi" tiep tuc ngup Ian trong giac mo cua qua khu, cac Idp thdi gian cir the chdng xep len nhau trong mach hdi ire den ndi chiing ta khd phan biet dugc dau la su kien cua hien tai dau la su kien cua qua khir. Dd cang ciia thdi gian bieu dat nhimg uan khuat teong tam hdn "tdi" mudn vgt trao ra ngoai. Cac sir kien noi duoi nhau cha\ tir qua khd den hien tai khdng lien quan ma bi cit quang. "Tdi" kl vl vu anh chang thg san giet dng gia gac rimg di trong ki ire, budi tdi ke thii gilt cha lai xuit hien. Vu giet vg va tu sat cua tien si N khiln "tdi" nhd lai cai chit ciia cha, nhd lai chuyen gap go tien SI N... Chen ngang vao ddng hdi lie la cau chuyen rieng vl cudc ddi cda mdi nhan vat hoac nhirng sir kien khac. Nha van su dung ki thuat ddng ki ire nhu chile may quay phim chieu roi mgi thdi diem, moi khia canh, mgi gdc khuit trong cudc ddi va suy nght ciia nhan vat.
Gid bielbdng tdi gom ba phin Idn, dugc kit ciu theo mach thdi gian nghich dao theo ddng ki ire hdn ddn, mien man, each quang ciia nhan vat. Thdi gian tuyin tinh bi dao vi tri hoac hda trdn vao nhau: Phin mdt; Diu nam hai ngan; Phin hai: Cudi nam mdt ngan chin tram chin muoi; Phan ba: Chuyen giira hai thi ki.
Chuyen dugc ke theo ngdi giat liii cua thdi gian. Sir viec xay ra sau, gin vdi hien tai, duoc ke trudc. Ban doc phai ngugc thdi gian, trd vl qua khir dl tim kilm nguyen nhan gay nen ket_qua d hien tai. Thdi gian tilp tuc hi dao tuyin din chdng mat khi vai trd, vi tri nguoi dan chuyen, ngudi kl chuyen, ngudi tudng thuat, ngudi bien tap... ludn ludn ho doi ngoi. Xuat hien d ngdi thii nhit. cac nhan vat tu din, tu ke vl cudc ddi va nhimg kien minh tung chiing kien qua hdi uc va giic ma ciia hdi ire. Ylu td thdi gian thuc nhu mat dan de thdi gian ciia nhirng giic ma, cua cac chilu ao giac tdn tai. Ddi khi "Id gia Chen ngang va bi chen ngang", "loan khiu" theo dd. thdi gian trd nen vd vun tl
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nhihig mdu, nhiing manh dugc lip ghep ngdu nhien, tinh cd khdng tuan theo mdt trat tu nao. Song hanh vdi tiidi gian qua khii - hien tai - tuang lai cimg ddng hien trong thi hien tai la nhiing manh hien thuc huyen ao, tam linh va hien thuc dien tien.
Ndi budn chiin tranh ciia Bao Ninh (cd nhan de khac: Thdn phdn cua tinh yiu) la tac pham tac pham tieu bieu nhat cho ki thuat nay.
Trong tac phdm, cac y nghi, cam giac, cac lien tudng bdt chgt cua Kien thudng xuyen dan ben vao nhau, "khdng gian va thdi gian tu y khuay dao, khdng ke gi den tinh hgp ly"
[tr.54], thdi gian qua khut ludn chiem uu the. Cac chuong thudng bat dau bang nguyen cd hien tai nhung ngay sau dd ddng hdi lie lai dua anh ve qua khii vdi nhiing mdc thdi gian va khoang khdng gian hoan toan ngdu nhien. Chi khao sat trinh tu tran thudt cua phdn md dau chiing ta da thay dieu dd: miia khd ddu tin sau chien tranh (nam 1975), Kien tham gia ddi thu nhat hai cdt, tdi trudng Ggi Hdn - hdi lic cua su xda sd ciia tieu doan 27 (1969) - hdi lic ciia nhung ngay cudi thang tu nam 1975 va trdn "bai bac" cua may ngudi trong tieu ddi trinh sat - hdi lic ve miia mua nam 1974, benh nghien hdn ma, Can bd trdn, chuyen tinh cua ddng ddi vdi ba cd gai trong rimg va viec xtr mdy ten tham bao.
Trd ve sau chien tranh, hdu nhu Kien chi sdng vdi nhirng giac mo va nhiing hdi ire.
Kien thudng mo thdy trdng Ggi Hdn, ddi Xao Thit...vdi su hiiy diet tan bao cua chien tranh va biet bao khudn mat ban be anh em, ddng dgi men thuang ciing chung nhau mdt sd phdn d nhirng canh rimg bi bom dan ke thii tan pha xo xac. Hinh anh cugc chien da an sdu vao tiem thiic Kien tdi miic, nd thudng xuyen iia ve trong y nghi ciia anh, mdt con ngudi da sdu da cam va giau tri tudng tugng. Nhirng cum tir "Kien nhd". "Kien nghi" .xudt hien rdt nhieu Idn trong tac phdm (trang 28, 65, 69, 82, 92, 100, 110, 116...).
Nhd each td chiic truyen theo ddng hdi lie mien man bdt dinh ciia Kien ma chi can mdt vai trang van Bao Ninh cd the "ke lai nhiing dieu khdng the ke" bang ngdn ngii thdng thudng. Hien thuc Iang ket d be sdu tdm hdn giay vd, hdi thiic con ngudi - day la "lich sir trong con ngudi". Chgn ddng y thirc lam phucmg thiic tran thuat chinh. Bao Ninh da tra ldi cau hdi cd the viet tieu thuyet nhu the nao mdt each dich dang. Khi viet tieu thu>ei. Kien - nha van phudng - "het siic thu ddng, hdu nhu trd thanh bat kha tri trudc cdc trang viet cua chinh minh. Mach truyen nd the nao thi budng theo nhu the. anh nhu hoan toan cam chiu cai logic bi dn ciia tri nhd va tri tudng tugng" [8].
Vi dua tren ddng hdi lie va nhiing gidc ma ciia mgt ke bi "bdn loan" tinh thdn nen mach truyen khdng ngimg diit gay. Vi du: Viec xir mdy ten tham bao bi tach ra lam hai doan (tir trang 39 den trang 45 va trang 161), ki lic ve doan tau chiln tranh va biln cd d ga Thanh Hda bi tach ra lam bdn doan (trang 136, tir trang 206 din trang 207, tir trang 213 den trang 220. tir trang 253 den trang 285 va kit thiic bdng la thu cua Ki "td ong" - trang 286)... Bao Ninh da "budng loi cdt truyen truyen thdng" va cd y "virt bo tinh nhdt quan.
jg II T R L J C < N B B A I HOC T H U BO HA NDI
hoan chinh ciia cdt miyen. Song lin theo ddng hdi uc ciia nhan vat Kien, ngudi dgc vin nhan thiy cd hai cau chuyen Idng ghep vao nhau. Dd la cau chuyen va qua teinh sang tao cua mdt "nha van phudng" Idng trong cau chuyen ve cudc ddi mdt ngudi linh. Khi cau chuyen v l qua teinh sang tao cudn tilu thuylt cua nha van Kien ket thuc thi cau chuyen vl cugc ddi anh va hanh trinh din than vao cudc chiln va mdi tinh bit tir song day bi kjch cung hien hinh teong tri mdng tugng ciia ddc gia. Bao Ninh cung nhac tdi cac mdc lich sir Idn nhu nam 1965. Mau Than 1968, sail Hiep dinh Paris 1973, ngay 30 thang Tu nam 1975. Tuy nhien, khi nhin chiln tranh tit hien thuc tam Iinh chu khdng phai hien thuc sir kien, guong mat chiln tranh d day mang dam an tugng chu quan, ca biet chir khdng sang rd nhu su phan tich bang cai nhin y thirc he cua van hoc trudc 1975.
Vdi thii phap ddng hien. .Vo; buon chien tranh cd six gap gd vdi mdt sd tieu thuyet phuong Tiiy hien dai d su giiim nhe chat kich, hanh ddng va xung dot. Ngudi dgc khdng thay mau thuan hay xung ddt giira cac tuyen nhan vat, song thue ra mau thuan khdng nam d be ndi ma da dich chuyen vao ben trong tam hdn nhiin vat, chung bien thanh nhirng nghich li cua Idng ngudi. Dudng nhu mdi ngudi linh deu gap phai mau thuan giiia Ii tudng va khat vong cao dep ma ho dem vao chien trudng mgt hanh trang vd gia vdi hien thirc chien tranhh khdc liet. bao tan, mau thudn giira niem khat khao quen di nhirng ki ire chiln tranh dau budn vdi mot thuc te phu phang la hg "khdng tai nao nhic chan ra khdi mieng hi chien tranh" [8]. rdi nghich li trd treu "hg la nhihig ngudi tinh tuyet vdi lai la nhimg ngirdi cd ddc vinh viln" [8].. Dich chuyen mau thuin vao ben trong tam hdn nhan vat, sci td coi vd thirc, tiem thirc con ngudi la mdt su chuyin hudng thanh cdng cua Bao Ninh.
Co the thay, su idng ghep, xao trdn thdi gian da giiip ngudi dgc cam thiy duoc tinh chat khdc liet cua chiln tranh vii cam nhan mdt each sdng ddng v l cai lich sit "ben trong s6 phan mdi con ngudi". Ddng hien thdi gian gdp phin gia tang cam giac mit mat, gia tang in tugng ve cai phi Ii. chimg td nhan vat khdng thi ru bd nhung am anh qua khir. Do dd, kit cau ddng hien phii hgp vdi khuynh hudng tilu thuylt bi kjch - nhan van han la tilu thuylt sir thi. ke ca nhung tac phim su thi nhu trudng hgp Nhirng hue tuang lira thi y hudng "giai sir thi" van dam net.
Vdi .Xd, budn chiin iranh Bao Ninh da bdc Id kha nang phdi canh tai tinh khi dat cac khong gian phd phudng - chien trudng - can nha d canh nhau. Sau day la mdt vi du: "nhilu hom khong dau giiia phd xa ddng ngudi tdi di lac vao mdt giie m a khi tinh. Miii hdi ham pha tap cua duong phd bi cam giac ndng len thanh mui thdi rira. Tdi Urdng minh dang di qua doi Xao Thit" la het ngudi chet sau tran xap la ca tim mau cudi thang chap 72. Tir khi xoc len tu via he ndng nac den ndi tdi phai vdi dua tay len bit mui nhu ke hda rd trudc mit nguoi qua duang. Cd dem tdi giat minh thirc day nghe tiing quat trin hda thanh tiing rii rit ran gay eua true thang vu .rang. Thdt ngudi lai tren giudng. tdi nin thd chd doi md. trai oa tien tu tau ra phu. xudng. "Che- eo- eo... Doanh" [8]. Bdn khoang khdng gian va thdi
TAP CHI KHDA HDC - SC 1B/2D17 51
gian each xa nhau (dudng phd hien tai - ddi Xao Thit ndm 1972, can phdng hien tai - tran chiln qua khii) cung xudt hien trong mdt doan van ngdn da chiing td uu the ciia thu phap ddng hien. Nd vira ggi lai nhiing canh tugng kinh hoang cua chien trdn vira dien ta hdi chiing chien tranh khiing khiep trong tam hdn ngudi linh giai ngu thdi binh.
3 . K E T L U ^
Qua viec phan tich ket cdu ddng hien cua mdt so tieu thuyet duong dai timg dugc du luan danh gia cao, chiing tdi nhan thay kieu ket cau nay da mang lai hieu qua nghe thuat kha dac biet. Nd gdp phdn dan tdi xu hudng gian luge nhan vat va hien tugng phan ra cdt truyen truyln thdng. Tac gia cd t h i phdi hgp nhiSu diem nhin trdn thudt, phat huy uu the cua dilm nhin ben trong, gia tang chat triet li va tinh tri tue cho tieu thuyet. Ket cau ddng hien giiip nha van md rgng dudng bien the loai, khien cau tnic tac pham trd nen phiic hgp;
ddng thdi ciing gdp phan tao dung nen mdt dien mao mdi, giiip tieu thuyet Viet Nam hoa i f t i ^ ^ ^ d d n g chay chung cua tieu thuyet hien dai the gidi.
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
1. Le Huy Bac (1998), Kieu nhdn vdt trung tdm trong tdc phdm cua Hemingway, Luan an Tien si Ngii van, Dai hgc Khoa hoc Xa hgi va Nhan van, Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Noi.
2. Biii Thanh Minh (2009), Coi ddi hu thuc, Nxb Ha Ngi.
3. Chu Lai (1991), ^'n mdy di vdng,'Hxh Van hgc.
4. Ta Duy Anh (2006), Thien thdn sdm hdi, Nxb Hgi Nha van.
5. Ta Duy Anh (2016) (tai ban), Di tim nhdn vgt, Nxb Hgi Nha van.
6. Ta Duy Anh (2014), Lao khd. Nxb Hgi Nha van.
7. Ta Duy Anh (2008), Gid biet bong tSi, Nxb Hgi Nha van.
8. Bao Ninh (2012), Noi buon chien tranh, Nxb Tre.
THE SAME-APPEARANCE STRUCTURE IN VIETNAMESE NOVEL SINCE THE RENOVATION PERIOD 1986 UNTIL NOW
Abstract. Bringing new creation is the literary character of all time Post-war fiction, especially since the renovation period 1986 until now contained many new creation, most significantly was the same-appearance structure. The article explores two basic types of the same-appearance structure including the same-appearance of space-time and the same-appearance of the main character's recollection.
Keywords- Types of structure, technical procedure, same-appearance, contemporary Vietnamese novel
