Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN Luat hoc. Tap 34, So 4 (2018) 1-13
Tap chi Khoa hpc Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi: Luat hpc Website: https://js.vnu.edu.vn/LS
Nghien cuu mot so quy dinh dac thu ve cac giai doan to tung doi vai phap nhan trong Bp luat to tung hinh su
nam 2015 va mot so kien nghi
Trinh Quoc Toan*
Khoa Lugl. Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Noi, 144 Xudn Thuy. Cdu Gidy, Hd Ndi. Viet Nam Ngay nhan 05 thang 12 nam 2018
Chinh SLta ngay 20 thang 12 nam 2018; ChSp nhan dang ngay 24 thang 12 nam 2018
Tom tat: De dap ung yeu cau dau tranh phong ngira va chong tpi pham trong thai ky mai, nha nuoc Viet Nam lan dau tien da quy dinh ve trach nhiem hinh sir cila phap nhan thuong mai trong Bo luat hmh sir nam 2015 (sua doi, bo sung nam 2017), dong thai chng quy dmh vk thii Uic truy cuu trach nhiem hinh sir doi vai phap nhan trong Bo luat to tung hmh su nam 2015. Tac gia bai viet nay da nghien ciiu va phan tich cac quy dinh cua Bp luat To tiing hinh six nam 2015 ve thu tuc to tung hmh sir doi vm phap nhan de chi ra mpt so diem bat cap cua chiing, dong thai da de xuat mpt so kien nghj cu the nham hoan thien cac quy dinh ay. Bai viet nay la phan tiep theo ciia bin viet da dang a Tap chi Khoa hpc, Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Ngi, Luat hpc, Tap 34, So 3 (2018).
Tir khda- To tung hinh su, Bp luat To tung hinh su nam 2015, phap nhan thuang mai, trach nhiem hinh su ciia phap nhan.
Trach nhiem hinh s u c u a phap n h a n la v a n d e k h o n g phai la m a i trong luat hinh s u ( L H S ) cua nhieu nirac [ 1 , 2 ] . CJ Viet N a m , l^n d a u tien trong lich sir, B o luat Hinh sir ( B L H S ) v a B p Iuat T 6 hing hinh sir ( B L T T H S ) n a m 2 0 1 5 d a quy dinh ve trach n h i e m hinh sir ( T N H S ) ; trinh tir t h u t u c to t u n g binh sir doi v a i p h a p n h a n . D a y la sir doi mod t u d u y v e tpi p h a m v a hinh phat, v e c a s o ciia T N H S , khac p h u c n h i m g bat cap, b a n c h e trong t h y c tien, n h a m d a p ijmg yeu cau p h o n g , c h o n g tpi p b a m trong tinh hinh m a i , nhat la doi v o i cac b a n h vi vi p h a m n g h i e m
'DT. 84-24-37547512.
Email: [email protected].
https.//doi.org/10,25073/2588-U67/vnuls.4187
trpng p h a p luat v e kinh te v a m o i t n r o n g ciia p h a p nhan va d e b a o d a m sir thong nhat c h u n g cua h e thong p b a p luat [2].
Tiep theo b a i viet " N g b i e n ciiu m o t so quy d i n h d a c thii ve thu tuc to tung hinh sir d o i v a i p h a p n h a n trong B L T T H S n a m 2 0 1 5 " [3] trong bai viet n a y , tac gia tiep t u c d e cap d e n m g t so q u y d i n h d a c t h u c u a B L T T H S n a m 2 0 1 5 n h u n g lien q u a n true tiep d e n timg giai d o a n to tung d o i v a i p b a p nhan v a d e xuat m p t so kien nghj n h a m tiep t u c h o a n thien nbiing q u y djnh n a y trong B L T T H S n a m 2 0 1 5 .
TQ Todn / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugt hgc. Tdp 34. So 4 (2018) 1-13
1. Khoi to vu an, thay ddi, bo sung quyet dinh khoi to vu an hinh sy d6i voi phap nhan 1.1. Kh&i td vu dn hinh su doi v&i phdp nhdn
Khoi t6 vu an hinh sir (VAHS) la giaidoan bSt diu ciia qua trinh t6 tung hinh su de giai quySt vu an. Trong giai doan nay cac ca quan CO thlm quyen tien banh to tung co nhiem vu xac dinh sir viec co hay khong co dau bieu ciia tpi pham d6 khai t6 hay khong khoi to VAHS Cung nhu quy dinh doi vai voi ca nhan, khi xac dinh CO dSu hieu ciia tpi pham do phap nhan thirc hien va khong thupc nhimg truang hop khong duac khdi t6 VAHS theo Di^u 157 BLTTHS nam 2015 thi co quan nha nuac c6 tham quyen tien hanh to tung ra quyet dinh khoi t6 VAHS (khoan I Diau 432 BLTTHS nam 2015). Digu 143 BLTTHS nam 2015 quy djnh viec xac dinb dau hieu ciia tpi pbam dua vao cac can cir: i) To giac cua ca nhan; ii) Tin bao cua co quan, to cbiic, ca nhan; hi) Tin bao tren phuang tien thong tm dai chiing; iv) Kien nghi khoi to ciia C0 quan nha nuac; v) Co quan co tham quyen tien hanh to tung true tiep phat hien dau bieu tpi pham; vi) Nguoi pham tpi tu thii.
Digu 153 BLTTHS nam 2015 quy dinh chung ve cac ca q^uan nha nuac co tham quyen khoi to VAHS doi vai ca nhan va voi phap nhan, do la: i) Co quan dieu tra (CQDT) quyet dinh khoi to VAHS doi voi tat ca vu viec co dau hieu tpi pham, trir nhung vu viec do ca quan dugc giao nhiem vu tign hanh mgt so hoat dpng dieu tra, Vien kiem sat (VKS) , Hpi dong xet xir dang thu li, giai quyet quy dinh tai cac khoan 2, 3 ya 4 Dieu nay; ii) Ca quan dupc giao nhiem vu tien hanh mpt so boat dgng di8u tra ra quyet dinh khoi to VAHS trong truang hop quy dinh tai DiSu 164 cua BLTTHS nam 20)5; iii) VKS ra quyet dinh khoi 16 VAHS trong truong hop: Thu nhdt, VKS hiiy bo quyet dinh khong khoi 16 VAHS cua CQDT, ca quan dupc giao nhiem vu tien hanh mot so boat dgng di6u tra;
Thir hai, VKS true tiep giai quy§t t6 giac, tin bao ve tgi pham, kien nghi khoi t6; Thic ba, VKS trite tiep phat hien d§u hieu tgi pbam hoac theo yeu cau khoi to ciia Hpi ddng xet xir; iv) Hpi d6ng xet xu ra quygt dinh khoi to hoac yeu
cau VKS khoi to VAHS neu qua viec xet xir tai phien toa ma phat hien c6 viec bo Igt tpi phtim.
Tuy nhien, cGng can luu y rang, tham quygn khoi to VAHS doi vcfi ca nhan co nhiing n$i dung khac so vai tham quyen khoi to VAHS doi voi phap nhan. Ve tham quyen khoi t6 VAHS d6i vcri phap nhan, thi "ngoai CQDT, VKS, khong phai tat ca cac ca quan nha nucrc CO tham quyen khai to VAHS neu tren deu co tham quyen khai to VAHS doi voi pbap nhan, ma chi ca quan nao ma pham vi hoat dpng chuyen mon ciia ho co trach nhiem va kha nang phat hien tgi phara do phap nhan thuc hien c6 lien quan den hoat dgng cua hg raoi co quyen khai to VAHS doi vai phap nhan khi co can cii khai t6 quy dinh tai Dieu 143 BLTTHS" [4].
Bdi vi theo Dieu 76 ciia BLHS nam 2015 (sira doi nam 2017), phap nhan chi phai chiu TNHS doi voi cac tpi pham cu the dugc quy dinh tai 33 dieu luat ve tpi pham (cac dieu 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 200, 203, 209, 210, 211, 213, 216, 217, 225, 226, 227, 232, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 300 va 324).
Luat To chuc CQDT hinh su nam 2015 quy dinh cu the tham quyen ciia mpt so co quan nha nuoc CO tham quyen khdi to VAHS doi vai mot so tgi pham do phap nhan thuc hien. Cu the, Bp dpi bien phong khi thuc hien nhiem vu trong lmh vuc quan li ciia minh ma phat hien tpi pham quy dinh tai mgt trong cac dieu 188, 189, 192, 193, 195, 227, 235,242 cua BLHS nam 2015 do phap nhan thuc hien xay ra trong khu vuc bien gidi tren dat Hen, bd bien, hai dao va cac viing bien do Bg doi bien phong quan li thi CO quyen khdi t6 VAHS doi vdi pbap nhan (Digu 32). Co quan Hai quan khi thuc hien nhiem vu trong ITnh vuc quan li cua minh ma phat hien tpi pham quy dinh tai mot trong cac digu 188, 189 va 190 cua BLHS nam 2015 do phap nhan thuc hien thi cd quyen khai td VAHS ddi vdi phap nhan (Digu 33). Ca quan Kigm lam khi thuc hien nhiem vu trong ITnh vuc quan li ciia minh ma phat hien tgi pham quy dinh tai mpt trong cac digu 232, 243, 244, 245 ciia BLHS nam 2015 thi ciing co quygn khdi td phap nhan (Dieu 34). Cac dem vi
T.Q. Tonn / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Ludt hoc. Tap 34. So 4 (2018) 1-13
thuge luc lupng Canh sat bien khi thuc hien nhiem vu trong ITnh vuc quan li ciia minh ma phat hien tpi pham quy dinh tai mOt trong cac digu 188, 189, 227, 235,237, 242 ciia BLHS nam 2015 do phap nhan thuc hien xay ra tren cac vimg bien va thgm luc dia cua nudc Cdng hda xa hgi chu nghTa Viet Nam do luc lugng Canh sat bign quan li thi ciing dupc quygn khdi to VAHS doi vdi phap nhan (Digu 35). Co quan Kiem ngu khi thuc hien nhiem vu trong ITnh vuc quan li ciia minh ma phat hien tgi pham quy dinh tai mdt trong cac dieu 242, 244,245, 246 cua BLHS nam 2015 do phap nhan thuc hien xay ra tren cac vung bien va them luc dia cua nudc Cgng hda xa hpi chu nghTa Viet Nam do Kilm ngu quan li c6 quyen khdi td VAHS doi vdi phap nhan (Dieu 36).
/ 2. Quyit dinh kh&i td vu dn hinh su, thay ddi, bd sung quyit dinh kh&i td vu dn hinh s\r ddi v&i phdp nhdn
Khi cd d&u bieu cua tdi pham cac co quan nha nudc cd tham quygn phai ra quyet dinh khdi to VAHS. Cung gidng nhu quygt dinh khdi td VAHS ddi vdi ca nhan, quyet dinh khdi td VAHS doi vdi phap nhan ciing ap dung cac quy dinh tai Dieu 154 BLTTHS nam 2015.
Quyet dinh khdi to VAHS phai ghi ro can cu khdi to, dieu, khoan cua BLHS nam 2015 duoc ap dung dg khdi to vu an, sd, ngay, thang, nam, dia didm ban hanh quygt dinh khdi to VAHS; bg tgn, chuc vu, chii ki cua ngudi ban hanh quyet dinh khdi td VAHS va ddng dau.
Trong thdi ban 24 gid ke b> khi ra quygt djnh khdi to VAHS, VKS phai gtri quygt dinh do den CQDT c6 tham quyen dg tien hanh dieu tra.
Trong thdi ban 24 gid ke hi khi ra quygt dinh khdi td VAHS, CQDT, ca quan dupc giao nhipm vu tign hanh ragt sd hoat ddng digu tra phai gui quyet dinh do kem theo tai lieu lien quan den VKS cd tham quygn de kigm sat viec khdi to.
Trong thdi ban 24 gid kg hi khi ra guygt dinh khdi td VAHS, Tda an phai giri quygt dinb do kem theo tai lieu lign quan den VKS ciing cap.
Trong trudng hgp khi cd can cu xac dinb tgi pham da khdi to khong dimg vdi hanh vi phiim tdi da xay ra thi CQDT, co quan dugc giao nhiem vu tign hanh ragt s6 hoat dpng digu tra, VKS ra quygt dinh thay ddi quygt dinh khdi td VAHS, vi du, Cdng ty Cd phan X bi khdi td ve tpi budn lau theo Digm b Khoan 6 Dieu 188 BLHS nam 2015, nhung trong qua trinh dieu tra CQDT cd du chiing cir xac dinh hanh vi pham tpi cua Cdng ty cd phan X cau thanh tgi budn ban hang cam theo Digm b Khoan 5 Dieu 190 BLHS nam 2015. Trong trudng hgp nay CQDT ra quygt dinh thay ddi quygt djnh khdi to vu an theo tgi danh mdi.
Trong qua trinh digu tra neu xac dinh phap nhan cdn thuc Men hanh vi pham tpi khac chua hi khdi to thi CQDT ra quyet dinh bd sung quygt dinh khdi td VAHS, vi du Doanh nghiep A bi khdi td ve tgi trdn thue theo Diem a Khoan 5 Dieu 200 BLHS nam 2015, nhung trong qua trinh dieu tra, CQDT phat hien Doanh nghiep nay cdn thuc hien hanh vi pbam tdi san xuat, budn ban hang gia theo Digm b Khoan 5 Dieu 192 BLHS nam 2015. Trong trudng hop nay CQDT ra quyet dinh bd sung t^uygt dinh khdi td Doanh nghiep A ve tpi san xuat, buon ban hang gia ngu tren.
Dg bao dam viec thirc hien nghigm cbinb pbap luat ddi vdi viec thay ddi, bo sung quygt dinh khdi to VAHS ddi vdi phap nhan, CQDT, CO quan dugc giao nhiem vu tien hanh mdt sd boat ddng didu tra phai giri quyet djnh thay ddi, bd sung quyet dinh khdi to VAHS kem theo cac tai lieu c6 lign quan cho VKS ciing cap hoac VKS cd thfira quygn de thuc hien chiic nang kigm sat vice tuan theo phap luSt ddi vdi quyet dinh thay ddi, bd sung quyet dinh khdi td VAHS.
Trong trudng hpp VKS ra quygt dinh thay ddi hoac bd sung quygt dinh khdi to VAHS thi trong tbdi ban 24 gid ke tir khi ra quygt dinh thay ddi hoac bd sung quygt dmh khdi to VAHS, VKS phai giri cho CQDT dl tign hanh dieu tra.
T.Q Toan / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Lugt hgc. Tdp 34, Sd 4 (2018) I-I3
2. Khdi to bi can, thay dfii, bd sung quygt dinh khdi td bi can doi vdi phap nhan 2.1. Kh&i to bi can ddi v&i phdp nhdn
Khdi td bi can la viec CQDT, VKS, coquan dugc giao tien banh mgt so boat dpng dieu tra quygt dinh khdi td hinh su ddi vdi phap nhan khi cd dii can cir cho rang phap nhan da thirc hien hanh vi ma BLHS quy djnh la tpi pham.
Nhu vay, can cir de cac co quan cd tham quygn ra quyet dinh khdi to VAHS ddi vdi phap nhan khi da tbu thap dugc diy du cac chirng cu chimg minh ho da thuc hien hanh vi pham tdi.
Khdi td bi can ddi vdi phap nhan ciing nhu ddi vdi ca nhan do ngudi c6 chiic vu trong cac ca quan CQDT, VKS, co quan dugc giao tien hanh mot sd hoat dpng digu tra quyet dinb.
Nhin chimg tham quygn khdi td bi can ddi vdi phap nhan theo Dieu 179 BLTTHS nam 2015 thupc ve Thii trudng, Phd Thu trudng CQDT cac cap; Vien trudng, Phd Vien trudng VKS nhan dan, VKS quan su cac cap.
Tuy vay, VKS cac cap chi khdi to bi can ddi vdi pbap nhan hoac ca nhan trong trudng hop:
i) Phat hien cd ngudi da thuc hien hanh vi ma BLHS quy dinh la tdi pham chua bi khdi to thi VKS yeu ciu CQDT ra quygt dinh khdi td bi can hoac true tiep ra quygt dinh khdi to bi can neu da ygu cau nhung CQDT khong thuc hien;
ii) Sau khi nhan ho so va kgt luan dieu tra, ngu VKS phat hien cd ngudi khac da thuc hien hanh vi ma BLHS nam 2015 quy dinh la tpi pham trong vu an chua bi khdi td thi VKS ra quygt dinh khdi td bi can va tra hd so cho CQDT dg digu tra bd sung.
^ Ngoai CQDT va VKS, khi tign hanh td tung doi vdi tdi pham it nghiem trgng trong trudng hgp pham tdi qua tang, chimg cij va li lich ngudi pham tdi rd rang, nhiing ngudi cd chiic vu trong cac co quan duoc giao nhiem vu tign hanh mdt sd hoat dpng digu tra ciing cd thSm quygn quyet dinh khdi td bi can ddi vdi ca nhan va phap nhan pham tdi (Khoan 2 Digu 39 BLTTHS nam 2015), do la nhiing ngudi trong cac CO quan:
+ Bd dpi bien phong gdm Cue trudng, Pho Cue trudng Cue Trinh sat Bign phdng; Cue trudng, Pho Cue trudng Cue phdng, chdng ma tiiy va tdi pham; Doan trudng, Phd Doan trudng Doan dac nhiem phdng, chdng ma tiiy va tgi pham; Chi huy trudng, Phd Chi huy trudng Bp dpi bien phong tinh, thanh phd tryc thupc trung uong; Ddn trudng, Phd Ddn tnrdng Don bien phdng; Chi huy trudng, Phd Chi huy tnrdng Bign phdng Cira khau cang;
+ Hai quan gdm Cue trudng, Phd Cue trudng Cue Dieu tra chdng budn lau; Cue trudng, Phd Cue trudng Cue kigm tra sau thong quan; Cue trudng, Phd Cue trudng Ciic Hai quan tinh, lign tinh, thanh phd true thudc hung uong; Chi cue trudng, Phd Chi cue tnrdng Chi cue Hai quan cua khau;
+ Kiem lam gdm Cue trudng, Pho Cue trudng Cue Kigm lam; Chi cue trudng, Pho Chi cue trudng Chi cue Kiem lam; Hat trudng, Pho Hat trudng Hat Kigm lam;
+ Canh sat bidn gdm Tu lenh, Phd Tu lenh Canh sat bign; Tu lenh vung, Phd Tu lenh viing Canh sat bien; Cue trudng, Phd Cue trudng Cue Nghigp vu va phap luat; Doan trudng, Pho Doan trudng Doan dac nhiem phong, chdng tpi pham ma tuy; Hai doan trudng, Phd Hai doan trudng; Hai dpi trudng, Phd Hai dpi tnrdng;
Ddi tnrdng, Phd Dpi trudng Dpi nghigp vu Canh sat bien;
+ Kigm ngu gdm Cue trudng, Pho Cue tru'dng Cue Kigra ngu; Chi Cue trudng, Phd Chi cue trudng Chi cue Kigm ngu viing.
Khoan 2 Digu 433 BLTTHS nam 2015 quy dinh cung tuong tir nhu Khoan 2 Digu 179 cua Bd luat nay, dd la quygt dinh khdi td hi can doi vdi phap nhan phai ghi ro thdi gian, dia digm ra quyet dmh; hp tgn, chiic vu ngudi ra quyet dinh; tgn va dia chi ciia phap nhan theo quyet dinh thanh lap cua co quan cd tham quygn; toi danh, digu khoan cua BLHS nam 2015 da ap dung; thdi gian, dia digm pham tdi va nhimg tinh tigt khac ciia tdi pham.
Neu phap nhan bi khdi td vg nhieu tpi khae nhau thi trong quyet dinh khdi td bi can ddi vai
T.Q Todn / Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN Ludt hoc. Tap 34. So 4 (2018) 1-13
phap nhan phai ghi ro timg tdi danh va dieu, khoan cua BLHS nam 2015 dugc ap dung.
Vg trinh tu, thu tuc khdi td bi can ddi vdi phap nhan dupc quy dinh chung nhu bi can ddi vdi khdi td ca nhan, cu thg nhu sau:
Kg tir khi ra quygt dinh khdi td bi can, trong thdi ban 24 gid CQDT phai gui quyet dinh khdi to va tai lieu lien quan den viec khdi td bi can cho VKS Cling cap dg xet phg chuan. Trong thdi han 03 ngay ke tir ngay nhan dugc quygt dinh khdi to bi can, VKS phai quygt dinh phe chuan hoac quygt dinh hiiy bd quyet dinh khdi td bj can hoac ygu cau bd sung chimg cir, tai lieu lam can cii dg quygt dinh viec phe chuan va gui ngay cho CQDT.
Trudng hop VKS ygu cau bd sung chiing cii, tai lieu thi trong thdi ban 03 ngay ke tir ngay nhan dupe chiing cii, tai lieu bd sung, VKS phai ra quygt dinh phg chuan hoac quygt dinh huy bd quyet dinb khdi td hi can.
Sau khi nhan dugc quygt dinh phe chuSn quygt dinh khdi td bi can hoac quygt dinh khdi to bl can cua VKS, CQDT phai giao ngay quygt dinh khdi td bi can, quyet dinh phg chuan quygt dinh khdi td bi can va giai thich quyen, nghTa vu cho bi can la phap nhan thdng qua ngudi dai dien theo phap luat ciia phap nhan. Viec giao, nhan cac quygt dinh ngu trgn dugc lap bign ban theo quy dinh tai Dieu 133 ciia BLTTHS nam 2015.
2.2. Thay doi, bd sung quyit dinh kh&i td bi can ddi v&i phdp nhdn
Khi tign hanh dieu tra ngu cd can cii xac dinh hanh vi cua bi can khdng pham vao tdi da bi khdi to hoac quygt dinh khdi td ghi khdng diing hp, tgn, tudi, nhan than ctia bi can thi CQDT, VKS ra quygt dinh thay ddi quyet dinh khdi td bi can ddi vdi phap nhan.
Trong trudng hgp khi tidn hanh dieu tra c6 du chung cu xac dinh bi can la phap nhan cdn thuc hien hanh vi khac ma BLHS quy dinh la tdi pham thi CQDT,^ VKS phai bd sung quygt dinh khdi td bi can ddi vdi pbap nhan.
Mpi trudng hpp thay ddi hoac bd sung quygt dinh khdi to bi can ddi vdi phap nhan deu phai cd su phg chuan cua VKS. Digu 180 BLTTHS nam 2015 quy dinh trong thdi ban 24 gid kg tir khi ra quygt dinh thay ddi hoac bd sung quygt dinh khdi td bi can, CQDT phai gui quygt dinh nay va tai lieu cd Ugn quan dgn viec thay doi hoac bd sung dd cho VKS ciing cap dg xet phg chuan Trong thdi ban 03 ngay kg tir ngay nhan duoc quygt dinh thay doi hoac bd sung quyet dinh khdi td hi can, VKS phai quygt dinh phg chuan hoac quygt dinh hiiy bd quygt dinh thay ddi hoac bd sung quygt dinb khdi td hi can hoac ygu cau bd sung chiing cii, tai lieu iam can cii dg quygt dinh viec phg chuan va gui ngay cho CQDT.
Trudng hgp VKS ygu cau bd sung chiing cic, tai lieu thi trong thdi ban 03 ngay ke tir ngay nhan dugc chiing cii, tai lieu bd sung, VKS ra quyet dinh phg chuan hoac buy bd quyet dinh thay ddi hoac bd sung quygt dinh khdi td bl can.
Sau kbi nhan dugc quyet dinh phg chuan hoac quyet dinh hiiy bd quygt dinh thay ddi hoac bd sung quygt dinh khdi td bi can la phap nhan, quygt dinh thay ddi hoac bd sung quygt dinh khdi td bi can la phap nhan ciia VKS, CQDT phai giao ngay quyet dinh nay cho phap nhan da bi khdi td thdng qua ngudi dai dien theo phap luat cua phap nhan. Viec giao, nhan cac quygt dinh ngu trgn dugc lap bien ban theo quy dinh tai Digu 133 ciia BLTTHS nam 2015.
Ddi vdi trucmg hop VKS ra quygt dinh thay ddi hoac bd sung quygt dinh khdi td bi can ddi vdi phap nhan, thi trong thdi han 24 gid ke tu khi ra quygt dinh dd VKS phai giri cho CQDT dg tien hanh dieu tra.
3. Lay loi khai ngydi dai dien theo phap luat ciia phap nhan
Sau khi khdi td VAHS ddi vdi phap nhan, Digu tra vign, can bp djgu tra ciia co quan dupc giao nhiem vu tign hanh mdt sd hoat dgng dieu tra phai liy ldi khai ciia ngudi dai dign theo phap luat ciia phap nhan dg thu thap chiing cir
T Q. Todn / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hgc. Tap 34 So 4 (2018) 1-13
va lam ro su that khach quan cua vu an ddi vdi phap nhan bi khdi td.
Viec liy ldi khai cua ngudi dai dien theo phap luat cua phap nhan phai tuan theo quy dinh tai Digu 442 BLTTHS nam 2015, dd la:
Digu tra vien, can bg digu tra phai cd giay trieu tap ngudi dai dien theo phap luat cua pbap nhan de ISy Idi khai. Giay trieu tap phai ghi ro hp ten, chd d hoac lam viec cua ngudi dai dien theo phap luat ciia phap nhan; gid, ngay, thang, nam, dia diem cd mat, gap ai va trach nhiem ve vigc vang mat khdng vi li do bit kha khang hoac khdng do trd ngai khach quan (Digu 440 BLTTHS nam 2015).
Trong khi Khoan 1 Digu 183 BLTTHS quy dinh ddi vdi bi can la ca nhan, viec hdi cung bi can do digu tra vign tign hanh ngay sau khi cd quygt dinh khdi td bi can, cd thg hdi cung hi can tai noi tign hanh digu tra hoac tai nod d ciia ngudi do thi ddi vdi viec lay Idi khai cua ngudi dai dien theo pbap luat cua pbap nhan phai dupc thuc hien tai noi tien hanh digu tra, tai tru sd CQDT, CO quan dugc giao nhiem vu tien hanh rapt sd boat dpng didu tra hoac tai tru sd cua phap nhan.
Trude khi lay Idi khai, Digu tra vign, can bp dieu tra phai thdng bao cho Kidm sat vign va ngudi bao chiia thdi gian, dia digm lay ldi khai.
Khi xet thay can thigt, Kigm sat vign tham gia viec liy ldi khai.
Tnrdc khi tign banh lay Idi khai lan dau, Digu tra vign, can bd digu tra ciia co quan duoc giao nhiem vu tign hanh mpt sd boat ddng dieu tra phai giai thich cho ngudi dai dien theo phap luat cua phap nhan bigt rd quygn va nghTa vu quy dinh tai Digu 435 cua BLTTHS nam 2015 va phai ghi vao bien ban.
Khi tign hanh lay ldi khai Didu tra vien hoac can bd dieu tra dua ra nhiing cau hoi ngudi dai dien theo phap_ luat cua pbap nhan nhung vin dg lign quan den vu an, nhung cung cd thg cho hp ty vigt Idi khai ciia minh,
Khdng dupc lay ldi khai ngudi dai dien theo phap luat cua phap nhan vao ban ddm, Digu 442 BLTTHS nam 2015 khdng cd quy dinh trutrag hgp ngoai le. Trong khi do doi vdi bi can la ca
nhan trong trudng hpp khdng thg tri hoan dupc thi digu tra vien vSn cd the hdi cung vg ban dgm va phai ghi ro li do vao bign ban (khoan 3 Digu 183 BLTTHS nam 2015). Khi liy ldi khai ngudi dai dien theo phap Iuat cua phap nhan khdng dugc diing nhiic hinh, biic cung, mom cung hoac nhimg bien phap trai phap luat khac ddi vdi hg.
Trong trudng hgp ngudi dai dien theo phap luat ciia phap nhan khdng thira nhan hiinh vi pham tdi ciia pbap nhan, khieu nai boat dpng digu tra hoac cd can cii xac dinh viec digu tra vi pham phap luat hoac trong trudng hgp khac khi xet thay can thigt kigm sat vign se lay Idi khai ngudi dai dien theo pbap luat ciia phap nhan.
kigm sat vign lay Idi khai ngudi dai dien theo phap luat cua phap nhan ciing dugc tign hanh theo quy dinh nhu ddi vdi digu tra vien, can bo dieu tra can bd dieu tra ciia co quan dugc giao nhiem vu tidn hanh mdt sd hoat ddng digu tra liy ldi khai ciia ngudi nay.
De bao dam thyc hien quygn con ngudi, quyen cdng dan theo Hiln phap 2013, tinh khach quan, minh bach trong hoat ddng td tung, ngan ngira nhirng hanh vi vi pham phap luat ciia ngudi tign hanh td tung, giiip cho co quan chiic nang kidm tra, phat hien c6 hay khdng diu hieu oan, sai; bi can cd bi biic cung hoac dung nhue hinh hoac vi pham phap luat trong giai doan dieu tra hay khdng, khoan 6 Digu 183 va khoan 5 Dieu 442 BLTTHS nam 2015 quy dinh viec ghi am, ghi hinh boat dpng hdi cung bi can la ca nhan hoac pbap nhan, ddng thdi dg bao dam tinb kha thi, hieu qua, tranh lang phi, phu hgp vdi digu kien nudc ta. Dieu 442 BLTTHS nam 2015 da quy dinh vide lay ldi khai ciia ngudi dai dien theo phap luat ciia phap nhan tai tru sd CQDT, CO quan dugc giao nhiem vu tign hanh mdt sd boat ddng didu tra phai dugc ghi am hoac ghi hinh cd am thanh. Viec lay ldi khai cua ngudi dai dien theo phap luat ciia phap nhan tai cac dia digm khac dugc ghi am hoac ghi hinh cd am thanh theo ygu cau ciia nguoi dai di?n, cua ca quan, ngudi cd tham quyen tign hanh td tung [5, 6].
Digu tra vign, kidm sat vien, can bp digu tra cua CO quan dugc giao nhiem vu tien hanh mgt
T.Q. Todn/Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Lugt hoc. Tap 34. Sd4(2018) 1-13
sd hoat ddng didu tra lay ldi khai ngudi dai dien theo phap luat cua phap nhan ddu phai lap bign ban theo quy dinh tai Didu 178 ciia BLTTHS nam 2015.
4. T^m dinh chi dieu tra, dinh chj di§u tra, dinh chi vu an, dinh chi bi can, bi cao la ph^p nhSn
Tam dinh chi dieu tra la viec co quan cd tham quygn tign hanh td tung tam ngimg didu tra ddi vdi vu an hoac ddi vdi bi can la phap nhan khi cd nhiing can cii do BLTTHS nam 2015 quy dinh.
Theo quy dinh tai Digu 443 BLTTHS nam 2015, CQDT, ca quan dugc giao nhiem vy tidn hanh mdt sd boat ddng didu tra ra quyet dinh tam dinh chi dieu tra khi trung cau giam dinh, ygu cau dinh gia tai san, ygu cau nudc ngoai tuang trg tu phap nhung chua cd ket qua ma da bgt thai han digu tra.
Trudng hgp nay viec giam dinh, dinh gia tai san, tuong trg tu phap vln tigp tuc dupc tien hanh cbo dgn khi cd kgt qua. Quy dinh nay cho phep khi cd kgt qua giam dinh, dinh gia tai san hoac kdt qua ygu ciu tuang trp tu phap thi CQDT, CO quan dupc giao nhiem vu tign harih mdt sd hoat dgng didu tra ra quyet dinh phuc hdi didu tra hoac dinh chi dieu tra ngu kdt qua do cho kgt luan hanh vi ciia phdp nhan khdng thda man cac dau hieu cau thanh tpi pham theo quy dinh ciia BLHS.
Dinh chi digu tra la viec ca quan nha nudc cd thira quygn tign hanh td tyng cham diit toan bd boat ddng didu tra ddi vdi vy an va bi can la phap nhan khi cd can cii do BLTTHS nam 2015 quy dinh.
Dinh chi vu an, dinh cbt bi can, bi cao la vigc VKS hoac Tda an cb&m dirt toan bd boat ddng truy td xet xii vu an va bi can, bj cao khi cd can cu do BLTTHS nam 2015 quy dinb.
Theo khoan 2 Dieu 443 BLTTHS nam 2015, CQDT, ca quan dugc giao nhiem vu tien banh mdt sd hoat dgng dieu tra ra quyet dinh dinh chi dieu tra, VKS, Tda an ra quydt dinh
dinh chi vu an, dinh chi bi can, bi cao la phap nhan khi thudc mdt trong cac trudng hgp: a) Khdng CO su viec pham tdi; b) Hanh vi ciia phap nhan khdng cSu thanh tdi pham; c) Hanh vi pham tgi cua phap nhan da cd ban an hoac quygt dinh dinh chi vy an cd hieu lyc phap Iuat;
d) Het thdi han dieu tra ma khdng chimg minh dugc phap nhan thuc hien tpi pham; d) Het thdi hieu truy ciru trach nhiem hinh su.
Khoan 2 Digu 443 BLTTHS nam 2015 khdng tach cac can cii dg VKS ra quydt dinh dinh chi vu an, dinh cbi bi can va cac can cii dg Tda an ra quygt dinh dinh chi vu an, dinh chi bi cao, dan dgn khdng thdng nhat giiia cac quy dinh ve dinh chi vy an theo thu tye thdng thudng va thu tuc ddi vdi phap nhan.
Ddi vdi cac quy dinh ve dinh chi vu an theo thii tuc thdng thudng, Thim phan Chu tga phien tda chi dupc dinh chi vu an trong giai doan chuan bi xet ySx ndu c6 can cir quy dinh tai Digu 282 BLTTHS nam 2015, do la: i) C6 radt trong cac can cir quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 155 hoac cac didm 3, 4, 5, 6 va 7 Dieu 157 cua BLTTHS nam 2015; ii) VKS nit toan bd quygt dinh truy td tnrdc khi md phien tda.
So sanh vdi quy dinh ve nhiing can cir khdng khdi td VAHS theo Didu 157 BLTTHS nam 2015 thi trong giai doan chuan bi xet xir khi cd can cit khdng cd sy viec pham tdi, hanh vi khdng cau thanh tdi pham Tham phan Chii tpa phign tda ciing khdng dupfc quydt dinh dmh chi vu an, vi do khdng phai la can cii dg hp dugc phep dmh chi vy an. Trong khi dd theo JGioan 2 Didu 443 BLTTHS nam 2015 thi dd lai la can cir dg Tda an dinh chi vy an, dinh chi bi cao.
5. Xet xir vu an hinh sy doi vdi phap nhan 5.1 Thdm quyen xet xif sa thdm ddi v&i phdp nhdn
Theo cjuy dinh ciia BLTTHS nam 2015 vg thim quygn xet xii so thim ddi vdi phap nhan gdm nhung quy dinh chung vd thim quyen theo sy vide va doi tugng, quy dinh rieng doi vdi phap nhan vg tham quygn theo lanh tbd.
T Q Todn / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hgc, Tap 34. SS 4 (2018) 1-13
5.1.1. Thdm quyen xet xir theo lanh thd Theo Didu 444 BLTTHS nam 2015 thim quygn xet xir so tham theo lanh thd ddi vdi phap nhan dugc phan dinh theo noi phap nhan thyc bien tdi pham hoac noi phap nhan cd tru sd chinh hoac cd chi nhanh.
i) Tda an noi pbap nhan thyc hien tdi pham Theo khoan 1 Didu 444 BLTTHS nam 2015, Tda an cd thim quydn xet xu VAHS ve cac tdi pham do phap nhan thuc hien la Tda an noi phap nhan thuc hien tdi pham. Nhu vay, nhiing tpi pham do phap nhan thyc hien xay ra d nai nao, dia phan hanh chinh lanh thd thudc Tda an nao thi Tda an dd cd tham quyen xet xii.
Tham quyen td tung ciia Tda an theo ncri thyc bien tdi pham la quy dinh cd tinh nguygn tac, bao dam xet xir dugc thuan lgi, khach quan va phii hpp vdi ehuygn mdn, nghiep vu ciing nhu cac dieu kien vat chit phuc vu cbo boat ddng xet xir ciia Tda an. Quy dinh nay pbii hgp vdi quy dinh vg tham quyen theo lanh tbd ciia Tda an theo thu tuc tbdng thudng (Khoan I Dieu 269 BLTTHS nam 2015) va Khoan 4 Dieu 163 BLTTHS nam 2015 khi quy dinh ve thim quyen ciia co quan didu tra, theo do CQDT cd tham quyen digu tra nhiing VAHS ma tdi pham xay ra trdn dia phan ciia minh.
ii) Tda an noi phap nhan cd tru sd chinh hoac cd chi nhanh
Trong trudng hpp tgi pham thyc hien tai nhieu noi khac nhau hoac khdng xac dinh dupe noi thuc hien tdi pham thi Tda an cd tham quyen xet xit la "Tda an not phap nhan do cd try sd chinh hoac nai c6 chi nhanh cua. phap nhan do thuc hien tdi pham"(khoan 1 Didu 444 BLTTHS nam 2015).
Ddi vdi nhiing tdi pham thyc hien tai nhigu noi khac nhau, dd cd thg la nhiing trudng hgp pham tpi tir hai lan trd Ign, pham nhigu tdi hoac pham mdt tdi bdi nhieu hanh vi khach quan dupc thuc hien d nhidu dia phuong khac nhau, ciing nhu trudng hop khong xac dinh dugc noi thyc hien tgi pham thi viec quy dinh tham quyen xet xir theo noi phap nhan c6 try sd chinh hoac c6 cbi nhanh la phu
hpp vai dac digm cua phap nhan, bao dam cho viec xet xir ciia Tda an dugc thuan loi.
5.1.2. Thdm quyin xit xu theo su viic vd theo ddi tuong
Digu 444 BLTTHS nam 2015 khdng quy dinh rieng ve tham quydn xet xu so tham theo su viec va theo doi tupng ddi vdi phap nhan.
Theo Digu 431 BLTTHS nam 2015, thim quygn xet xu sa tham theo sy viec va theo ddi tugng ddi vdi phap nhan dupc thyc hien theo cac quy djnh chung (cac dieu 268, 271, 272, 273 BLTTHS nam 2015).
5.2. Xel xu sa thdm, phuc thdm, gidm dde thdm, tdi thdm
Theo quy dinh tai Khoan 2 Digu 444 BLTTHS nara 2015 viec xet xir so tham, phiic tham; xet lai ban an, quygt dinh da cd hieu luc phap luat ddi vdi phap nhan dupc thyc hien theo thu tuc chung trong BLTTHS nam 2015 theo quy dinh tai Phan thu tu: Xet xu VAHS, tii chuang XX ddn chuang XXIII va Phan thii sau:
Xet lai ban an, quygt dinh cd hieu lyc phap luat, hi chucmg XXV dgn chuong XXVII.
Ciing theo quy dinh d Khoan 2 Didu 444 BLTTHS nam 2015 phign tda xet xir ddi vdi phap nhan phai cd mat cua ngudi dai dien theo phap luat cua phap nhan, kigm sat vign VKS Cling cap; cd mat ngudi bi hai hoac ngudi dai dien ngudi bi hai.
Theo quy dinh nay thi su cd mat cua ngudi dai dien theo phap luat cua phap nhan tai phign toa la bat bupc, ngudi nay phai c6 mat theo giiy trieu tap ciia Tda an, trudng hpp vang mat khdng vi li do bat kha khang hoac do trd ngai khach quan thi Tda an cd thg ra quygt dinh din giai.
Cung gidng nhu phign tda xet xu theo thii tuc thdng thudng, tai phign tda xet xir phap nhan, su cd mat ciia kigm sat vien VKS la bat budc, vi kidm sat vidn thay mat VKS duy tri quyen cdng td, budc tdi bi cao trude Tda an, ndn neu kidm sat vidn v§ng mat thi phai hoan phidn tda xet xu.
T.Q. Todn / Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Lugl hgc. Tdp 34 So 4 (2018) 1-13
Phidn tda xet xir pbap nhan cflng phai cd mat cua ngudi bi hai hoac ngucri dai dien hgp phap ciia hp. Theo Didu 292 BLTTHS nam 2015, ndu bi hai hoac ngudi dai di?n cua hp vang mat thi tiiy trudng hgp, Hdi ddng xet xir quydt dinh hoan phien tda hoac van tidn hanh xet xir. Trudng hgp xet thay sy vSng mat ciia bi hai hoac ngudi dai dien cua hg chi trd ngai cho viec giai quygt bdi thudng thiet hai thi Hpi ddng xet xir c6 thg tach viec bdi thudng dd xet xir sau theo quy dinh ciia phap luat.
6. Tham quy^n, thu tuc thi hanh an doi vdi phap nhan
Dieu 33 BLHS nam 2015 quy dinh he thdng hinh phat ap dung ddi vol phap nhan pham tpi, trong dd cac hinh phat chinh gdm c6' i) Phat tien; ii) Dinh chi boat ddng cd thdi ban; iii) Dinh chi boat ddng vTnh vidn. Hinh phat bo sung bao gdm: i) Cam kinh doanh, cam hoat dpng trong mdt sd ITnh vyc nhat dinh;ii) Cam huy dgng vdn; iii) Phat tign, khi khdng ap dyng la hinh phat cbinh. Ben canh he thdng hinh phat, BLHS nam 2015 cung quy dinh cac bien phap tu phap ap dyng ddi vdi phap nhan, do la:
i) Tich thu vat, tidn tryc tigp Hgn quan ddn tpi pham; ii) Tra lai tai san, sira chiia hoac bdi thudng thiet hai; budc cdng khai xin ldi; iii) Khdi phyc lai tinh trang ban dau; iv) Thyc hien mdt sd bien phap nham khac phyc, ngan chan hau qua tidp tuc xay ra.
Trong sd cac tdi pham cy the quy ket cho phap nhan dugc quy dinh tai 33 didu luat vg tpi pham trong phan Cac tpi pbam BLHS nam 2015, ddu quy dinh hinh phat chinh la phat tidn la hinh phat chu ydu. Ddng thdi, phat tidn vdi tu each la hinh phat chinh hoac la hinh phat bd sung dgu dugc quy dinh ap dung cho ca ngudi pham tdi va phap nhan pham tgi ndn viec thi hanh hinh phat nay dugc quy dinh ro tai Digu 445 BLTTHS nam 2015 la: Thu trudng ca quan thi hanh an dan su cd tham quygn ra quyet dinh thi hanh hinh phat tien ddi vdi phap nhan.
Trinh ty, thii tye thi hanh hinh phat tien dupc thuc hien theo quy dinh cua Luat thi hanh an dan sy va dugc quy dinh nhu sau:
Theo Digu 36 Luat thi hanh an dan sy nam 2008 (sira doi nam 2014), trong thdi han 05 ngay lain viec, kg tir ngay nhan dugc ban an, quyet dinh ciia Tda an, Thu trudng co quan thi hanh an dan sy phai ra quyet dinh tbi hanh an phat tien ddi vdi phap nhan. Trong tbdi han 02 ngay lara vide, kd tu ngay ra quydt dinh thi hanh an, Thu trudng co quan thi hanh an dan su phai phan cdng chap hanh vien to chiic thi banh quyet dinh thi hanh an. Quydt dinh tbi hanh an phai giri cho VKS ciing cap dd thyc hien chiic nang kiem sat viec tuan theo phap luat trong tbi hanh an (Digu 38). Quygt dinh ve thi hanh an, giay bao, giiy trieu tap va van ban khac cd lign quan den viec thi banh an phai dugc giao true tigp cho ngudi dai dien theo phap luat hoac ngudi chiu trach nhiem nhan van ban cua co quan, td chirc do va phai dugc nbiing ngudi nay ki nhan. Trudng hop co quan, td chiic dugc thdng bao cd ngudi dai dien tham gia viec thi hanh an hoac cir ngudi dai dien nhan van ban tbdng bao thi nhiing ngudi nay ki nhan van ban tbdng bao. Ngay ki nhan la ngay dupc thdng bao hgp Id (Dieu 41). Trudng hgp chii ddng ra quydt dinh thi hanh an, chap hanh vien phai tidn hanh xac minh didu kien thi hanh an cua ngudi phai thi hanh an. Thdi han ty nguyen thi hanh an la 15 ngay, kg tir ngay phap nhan bi kgt an nhan dugc hoac dugc thdng bao hgp Id quydt djnh thi banh an. Hdt thdi ban nay, phap nhan bi thi hanh an cd dieu kien thi hanh an ma khdng hr nguygn thi hanh an thi bi cuong chg. Viec thi hanh an duong nhien ket thiic trong cac trudng hgp sau day: i) Duong su da thyc hien xong quygn, nghTa vu cua minh; ii) Cd quydt dinh dinh chi thi hanh an; iii) Cd quygt dinh tra don ygu cau thi hanh an.
Co quan nha nudc cd tham quyen thi hanh cac hinh phat khac va cac bien phap tu phap quy dinh tai BLHS nam 2015 ddi vdi phap nhan theo quy dinh cua phap luat thi hanh an hinh sy.
T.Q. Todn/Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hgc. Tap 34. So 4 (2018) I-13
Trudng hgp phap nhan bi kdt an thyc hien chia, tach, hgp nhat, sap nhap thi phap nhan kd thira cac quyen va nghTa vy ciia phap nhan bi kdt an cd trach nhiem thuc hien nghta vu thi hanh an phat tien, bdi thudng thiet hai.
7. Thu tuc diTffng nhien xda an tich doi voi phap nhSn
Xda an tich ia rapt che dinh tien bd, nhan dao. Ngudi va phap nhan dugc xda an tich dupc coi la chua bi ket an. An tich da xda khdng dupc tinb dd xac dinh tai pbam, tai phara nguy hidm.
Ddi vdi ca nhan pham tdi bi ket an, BLHS nam 2015 quy dinh hai hinh thiic xda an tich:
Duong nhidn dugc xda an tich va xda an tich do Tda an quygt dinh. Nhung ddi vdi phap nhan bi kdt an thi chi ap dyng hinh thiic duong nhign dugc xoa an tich.
Dieu kien phap nhan bi kgt an dugc duong nhien xda an tich la neu trong thdi ban 02 nam kg tir khi chap hanh xong binh phat chinh, hinh phat bd sung, cac quygt dinh khac cua ban an hoac tir khi hgt thdi hieu thi hanh ban an ma phap nhan khong thyc hien hanh vi pham tpi mdi.
Khi cd dil dieu kien nhu trdn, phap nhan lam don yeu cau xda an tich. Trong thdi han 05 ngay kg tir ngay nhan dupc yeu cau ciia phap nhan dupc ducmg nhien xda an tich va xet thay cd dli digu kien ngu tren theo quy djnh tai Dieu 89 ciia BLHS nam 2015 tbi Chanh an Tda an da xet xir so tham vy an cip giay chiing nhan phap nhan da dupc xda an tich.
8. Mpt so kign nghi tiep tuc hoan thien cac quy dinh dac thii vd thu tuc td tung doi vdi phap nhan
Trgn CO sd cac kgt qua nghign ciiu nhiing quy dinh dac thu ve thii bac td bang binb su ddi vdi phap nhan trong BLTTHS nam 2015 tac gia c6 mdt so kidn nghi sau:
Thir nhdt, BLHS nam 2015 (sua ddi nam 2017) chi quy dinh TNHS cua phap nhan thuong mai, trong khi dd BLTTHS nam 2015 lai quy dinh trinh ty, thu tye td tung ddi vdi phap nhan ndi chung. Vi vay, BLTTHS nam 2015 cin sira ddi lai cho thdng nhat vdi BLHS nam 2015.
Thir hai, ddi vdi cac quy dinh vd dinh chi vy an theo thii tye thdng thudng, tuc la ddi vdi ngudi bi bupc tdi, Tham phan Chu tga phign tda chi dupc dinh chi vy an trong giai doan chuin bi xet xu neu cd can cir quy dinh tai Digu 282 BLTTHS nam 2015, do la: i) Co mpt trong cac can cu quy dinh lai Khoan 2 Dieu 155 hoac cac didm 3, 4, 5, 6 va 7 Digu 157 ciia BLTTHS nam 2015; ii) VKS nit toan bd quydt dinh tttiy td trude khi md phidn tda. Nhu vay, trong giai doan chuan bi xet xir khi cd can cir khdng cd su viec pham tgi hodc hdnh vi khdng cdu thdnh toi phgm Tham phan Chii tpa phien tda khdng dugc quyet dinh dinh chi vu an, vi do khdng phai la can cii de hp dugc phep dinb chi vy an.
Trong khi dd, Khoan 2 Didu 443 BLTTHS nam 2015 khdng tach cac can cir dd VKS ra quygt dinh dinh chi vy an, dinh chi bi can va cac can cir dd Tda an ra quygt dinh dinh chi vy an, dinh chi bi cao, ngn dan dgn tinh trang khdng c6 sy thdng nhat giiia cac quy dinh vd dinh chi vu an theo thu tye thdng thudng ddi vdi ngudi pham tgi va thu tye ddi vdi phap nhan, dan dgn trudng hgp cd mdt trong hai can cii ndu trdn, trong giai doan chuan bi xet xir, Tham phan Cbu tga phien tda cd tham quyen quydt dinh dinb cbi vy an, dinh cbi bi cao. Tac gia cho rang trong giai doan chuan bi xet xii ngn quy dinh cac can cii dd Toa an ra quydt dinh dinh chi vu an, dinh chi bi cao ddi phap nhan gidng nhu ddi vdi phap nhan, nhat la trong trudng hop ca ca nhan ngudi pham tdi va ca nhan bi didu tra, truy td, xet xu trong cimg vu an vd cimg mgt tdi pham. Trong giai doan xet xii, Tda an khdng van dyng mdt trong hai can cii khdng cd su viic phgm tgi hogc hdnh vi khdng cdu thdnh tdi phgm dd dinh chi vy an la vi theo nhan dinh cua CQDT va VKS da cd sy viec pham tdi xay ra hoac hanh vi da cau thanh tdi pham. Cho ndn, Tda an xac dinh su viec dd khdng phai la sy vide pham tdi
TQ. Todn / Tap clii Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hgc. Tdp 34 So 4 (2018) I-I3
hoac hanh vi khdng cau thanh tdi phara thi phai md phien tda xet xir. Sau khi dua ra cac chimg cii chiing minh quan didm ciia minh, Tda an se tuygn bd vd tpi [7].
Thir^ ba, khi nghidn ciru thim quydn theo lanh thd ciia Tda an trong mdi lien he vdi tham quydn cua CQDT, VKS theo nhiing quy dinh chung dupc quy dinh trong BLTTHS nam 2015 ddi vdi trudng hpp tdi pham thuc hien tai nhieu noi khac nhau hoac khdng xac dinh dugc dia diera xay ra tgi pham cho thay ndi ldn mdt so vin dd sau:
Mdt Id, tham quyen truy td ciia VKS dupc xac dinh theo tham quyen xet xir ciia Tda an ddi vdi vu an (doan 1 khoan 1 Didu 239 BLTTHS nam 2015). Nhu vay, ddi vol trudng hgp tdi pham thyc hien tai nhidu noi khac nhau hoac khdng xac dinh dugc dia didm xay ra tdi phara thi tham quydn xet xii cua Tda an va tham quyen truy td cua VKS la noi cd try sd chinh hoac cd chi nhanh cua phap nhan.
Hai Id. trudng hpp tpi phara duoc thyc hien tai nhieu noi khac nhau hoac khdng xac dinh dugc dja didm xay ra tpi pham thi viec didu tra thudc tham quyen ciia CQDT noi phat hien tdi pham, noi bi can cu tni hoac bi bat (Khoan 4 Didu 163 BLTTHS nam 2015). Theo quy dinh trdn, tham quydn xet xu theo lanh tho cua Tda an khdng phai la co sd xac dinh tham quyen didu tra ciia CQDT nhu la trudng hop thara quygn truy td cua VKS Quy dinh tai Khoan 4 Didu 163 BLTTHS nam 2015 ndu tren chi la quy dinh thara quydn didu tra theo lanh thd ddi vdi ca nhan ngudi pham tdi, chii khdng phai la quy dinh tham quydn digu tra theo lanh thd ddi vdi phap nhan trong trudng hgp tdi pham thuc bien tai nhidu noi khac nhau hoac khdng xac dinh dugc dia diem xay ra tdi phara. BLTTHS nam 2015 can phai bd sung thdm quy dinh la trudng hgp khdng xac dinh dugc dia didm xay ra tdi pham hoac tpi pbam dugc thyc hien tai nhidu nai khac nhau thi viec dieu tra tbugc tham quygn cua CQDT ncri phap nhan cd try sd chinh hoac noi cd chi nhanh ciia phap nhan thuc hien tdi pham.
Ben canh dd, BLTTHS nam 2015 cung chua cd quy dinh tham quydn xet xir so tham theo lanh thd ddi vdi ca ca nhin ngudi pham tpi va phap nhan trong ciing vy an. Trong trudng hpp thanh vidn la ngudi dai dien theo phap luat ciia phap nhan hoac nhiing thanh vign khac ciia pbap nhan da thuc hien hanh vi pham tpi nhan danh phap nhan, vi Ipi ich ciia phap nhan, thyc hien tdi pham theo sy lanh dao, didu hanh hoac cd sy chap thuan cua phap nhan va hanh vi pham tdi do chua hdt thdi hieu truy ciiu TNHS thi khdng chi ca nhan thanh vidn do phai chiu TNHS ma phap nhan cung phai chiu TNHS vd ciing tdi pham do thanh vien ciia phap nhan dd thyc hien. Nhu vay, phap nhan pham tpi thdng qua trung gian hanh vi pham tpi ciia ca nhan thanh vien cua phap nhan. Vi thg, Khoan 2 Digu 75 BLHS nara 2015 quy dinh viec phap nhan chiu TNHS khdng loai trir TNHS cua ca nhan.
Hanh vi pham tpi cua ca nhan duoc ddng nhat hoa vdi hanh vi pham tdi ciia phap nhan, ndn chung cd quan he rat chat che, khdng tach rdi nhau. Vi vay, trong trudng hpp nay BLTTHS nam 2015 can bd sung quy dinh nhap vy an de didu tra, truy td ddi vdi ca nhan ngudi pham tgi va phap nhan trong cung vu an. Ddng thdi cung bd sung thdm quy dinh trong trudng hgp ca nhan ngudi pham tgi va phap nhan bj khdi td, dieu tra, truy td, xet xu trong ciing vu an thi tham quydn digu tra ciia CQDT theo nhu quy dinh tai Klioan 4 Digu 163 BLTTHS nam 2015.
Thir tu, trong sd cac hinh phat quy dinh ap dyng vdi phap nhan pham tdi cd hinh phat chinh va hinh phat bd sung: Dinh chi boat ddng cd thdi han; Dinh chi boat dgng vTnh vien; Cim kinh doanh, cam boat ddng trong mgt sd linh vuc nhat dinh; Cam huy dpng vdn; Khdi phuc lai tinb trang ban diu la nhijng hinh phat chi duoc ap dyng ddi vdi pbap nhan, khdng ap dyng vdi ca nhan pbam tpi ndn chua c6 quy dinh cu tbd vg thi hanh nhiing hinh phat nay trong Luat thi hanh an hinh su hoac dan sy hien hanh. Vi vay, trong thdi gian tdi can sua ddi, bd sung cac luat nay dd cd co sd phap ii thi hanh cac hinh phat cflng nhu bien phap tu phap ddi vdi phap nhan bi kdt an.
T Q. Todn / Tgp clii Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hgc, Tdp 34 So 4 (2018) 1-13
Thu- nam. quy dinh vg tbu tuc duong nhien xda an tich ddi vdi phap nhan quy dinh tai Dieu 446 BLTTHS nam 2015 khdng ddng bg, thdng nhit vdi quy dinh tai Dieu 70 BLHS. Khoan 4 Didu 70 BLHS quy djnh: "Ca quan quan li co sd dii hdu H hch tu pbap cd trach nhiem cap nhat thdng tin vd tinh hinh an tich ciia ngudi bi kdt an va khi co ygu cau thi cap phieu li lich tu phap xac nhan khdng cd an tich, ndu cd dii dieu kien quy dinh tai khoan 2 hoac khoan 3 Digu nay". Theo quy dinh nay Ca quan quan li co sd dir lieu li lich tu phap mdi cd trach nhiem cap pbigu li lich tu phap xac nhan khdng cd an tich cho ngudi va phap nhan bi kgt an, ndu cd du dieu kien theo quy dinh ciia BLHS nam 2015.
BLTTHS nam 2015 can quy dinh theo hudng Co quan quan li co sd dir lieu li hch tu phap chii khdng phai Chanh an Tda an da xet xu so tham vu an cap giay chung nhan phap nhan da duoc xda an tich.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Xem Tnnh Quoc Toan, Trach nhiem hinh su ciia phap nhan trong phap luat hinh su, NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia - Su th^t. Ha Npi, 2011;
Trinh Qudc Toan, Mpt so van de ve TNHS ciia phip nhan trong Luat hinh su ciia cac nudc theo truyen thdng Common Law, Tap chi Toa an, sd 18/9-2006, tr. 29-38; Trinh Qudc Toan, Trach nhiem hinh sy ciia phap nhan trong Luat hinh
sy cac nudc chau Au lyc dia. Tap chi Nha nuoc
& Phap luat, sd 6 (I94)/2005; Tnnh Qudc Toan, Trach nhiem hmh sy ciia phap nhan va mo hinh ciia no trong LHS Viet Nam tuong lai. Tap chi Nha nudc & Phap luat, s6 5(217)/2006, tr. 56-62.
[2] IJy ban thucmg vu Qudc hoi, Bao cao giai trinh tiep thu, chinh li dy thao Bp luat hinh sir (siia d6L), Tai lieu ky hop thii 10 Quoc hoi khoa XUI, 10/2015;
[3] Xem Trinh Quoc Toan, Nghien cuu mpt sfl quy dmh dac thu ve thii tuc to tung hinh sir dfli voi phap nhan trong Bp luat to t\ing hinh sir nam 2015, Tap chi Klioa hpc DHQGHN, Luiit hoc.
Tap 34, S6 3(2018), tr. 11-25;
[4] Xem PGS. TS. Nguyin Van Huyen, TS. Le Lan Chi dong chii bien, Binh luan khoa hpc Bp lufit to tung hinh sir nam 2015 (Thuc hien tir 01/7/2016), Nxb Lao dong, 2016, tr. 527;
[5] Uy ban Thuang vu Qudc hpi, Bao cao tiep thu, giai trinh y kiSn cac vi dai biSu Quoc hpi ve dy in Bo luat to tung hinh su (sua doi), Tai lieu ki hop thir 10 Qufic hoi khoa XIII, 11/2015.
[6] Xem Thong tu hen tich so 03/20I8/TTLT-BCA- VKSNDTC-TANDTC-BQP ngay 1/2/2018 do Bo truong Bo Cong an, Vien truong VKSNDTC, Chanh an TANDTC, Bp truang Bp Qu6c phoag ban hanh huong dan ve trinh tu; thii tuc thuc hien ghi am hoac ghi hinh co am thanh; sii dung, bao quan, luu trir ket qua ghi am ho^c ghi hinh co am thanh trong qua trinh dieu tra, truy to, xet xu;
[7] Xem PGS. TS Nguyen Ngpc Chi (chu bien), Giao trinh Luat t6 tung hinh su Viet Nam, NXB Dai hoc Qufic gia Ha Npi, 2013, tr, 385-386.
TQ Todn / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludi hgc. Tdp 34. So 4 (2018) 1-13 13
A Study of Particular Provisions on the
Periods of Criminal Proceedings against Corporate Bodies in Criminal Procedure Code 2015
Trinh Quoc Toan
VNU School of Law, 144Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract: To better prevent crimes, the Vietnamese state has for the first time established commercial corporate bodies' criminal hability stipulated m Criminal Procedure Code 2015 (amended in 2017). This Code also provides procedures to prosecute corporate bodies. The paper investigates and analyses tbe provisions of Criminal Procedure Code 2015 regarding cnminal procedures against corporate bodies in order to point out shortcomings and recommend araendraents. This paper is a continuation of the article pubhsbed in VNU Joumal of Science - Legal Sbrdies Vol 34, No.3 (2018).
Keywords: Criminal proceedings. Criminal Procedure Code 2015, commercial corporate bodies, criminal liability of corporate bodies.
