HOAN THIEN QUY DINH VE DI SAN DUNG VAO VIEC THOf CUNG TRONG DlT THAO BO LUAT DAN SlT
( S C A
DOI)
Hd Thi Van Anh*
Tdm tat: Tren ca sd phdn tich qui djnh cua Du thdo Bg lugt Ddn su (sua ddi) vi di sdn dung vdo viic thd cdng, tdc gid chi ra mot sd bdt cap vd dua ra cdc de xudt hodn thiin.
Abstract: By analysing provisions on estate used for worship purposes in the Draft Civil Code (amendment), this article points out some shortcomings and make proposals for improvement of those provisions.
T
hd cflng td tien la phong tuc cua ngudi Viet Nam da cd tfl rat xa xua va hifn nay v k dugc coi tigng. Vifc thd cung td tiSn dugc thuc hifn trSn co sd cua quan nifm mang tinh chat dao dflc va van hda: Tdn trpng va biSt cm cdng sinh thanh, dudng due; con ngudi cd ngudn cpi, td tdng, vi vgy con chau phai tdn trpng va biet on nhflng thS he cha dng da sinh ra minh. Thd Cling to tien, di san thd cung cd y nghTa quan trgng khdng chi ve mat vat chdt, ma cdn cd gia tri ve mat tinh thk. Vi vay, ddi vdi di san dung vao viec thd cflng cd nhiing quy udc rat chat che cua gia dinh, ddng tgc, ddng thdi Nha nudc ciing cd nhirng quy djnh phap lugt cy thS cdng nhan va bao ve quyen cua ca nhan dugc de lgi di san dimg vao viec thd cflng.Trong Dy thao Bd lugt Dan sy (BLDS) (sua doi), van de di san dung vao viec thd Cling dugc qui dinh tgi Dieu 671 nhu sau:
"/. Trudng hap ngudi lap di chuc di lgi mdt phdn di sdn dung vdo viec thd ciing thi phdn di sdn dd khdng duac chia thua ke vd
ThS., Khoa Luat - Dai hpc Hue.
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dugc giao cho mgt ngudi da dugc chi dinh trong di chuc qudn ly de thuc hien viic Iha cung; neu ngudi dugc chi dinh khdng thuc hien ddng di chuc hogc khdng theo thoa thudn cua nhOng ngudi thua ki thi nhtmg ngudi thua ke co quyen giao phdn di sdn dung vdo viec thd cung cho ngudi khac qudn ly de thd cung.
Trudng hgp ngudi de lgi di sdn khong chi djnh ngudi qudn ly di sdn thd cung thi nhimg ngudi thua ke cu mdt ngudi qudn ly di sdn thd cung.
Tntdng hgp tdt cd nhOng ngudi thua Ae theo di chuc diu dd chit thi phdn di sdn ditng de thd cung thudc ve ngudi dang quan ly hgp phdp di sdn do trong sd nhimg nguc'i thudc diin thua ke theo phdp lugt, trii trudng hgp trong di chiic cua ngudi di lai di sdn cd quy djnh khdc.
2. Trudng hgp todn bd di sdn cda ngudi chit khdng du de thanh todn nghTa vu tai sdn cua ngudi dd thi khdng dugc ddnh mpt phdn di sdn dung vdo viic thd cun^\
Qua nghien ciru D i k 671 Dy thao BLDS (sua ddi) nhan thdy, qui dinh vl di san dflng vao viec thd cflng v k cdn nhung
"diem trdng" ve cac ndi dung sau:
HOAN THIEN QUY DINH VE ..
Thu nhat., ve hinh thuc cua viec lap di sdn thd cdng
Dy thao BLDS (sfla ddi) khdng qui dinh vl hinh thflc cua vifc lap di san thd cung.
Vifc lap di san thd cung khdng nhat thiSt phai lap trong di chuc, ma cd thS lap d mdt van ban ddc lap khac. Thyc tl nay v k d i k ra d cac viing ndng thdn (dac bift di san nay thudc vS ca ddng hp). Hinh thflc nay cd dugc coi la hgp phap hay khdng va cd nhiing dilu kifn nao kem theo? Chinh vi vgy, chflng tdi thdy can thiSt phai qui dinh dilu kifn vl hinh thflc cua viec lap di san thd cung.
Thu hai, vi viic gi&i hgn quyin djnh dogt tdi sdn dung vdo vifc thd cung
Quyk dinh dogt tai san dung vao vifc thd cung bi gidi ban dS dam bao vifc thyc hifn nghia vu tai san cua ngudi qua cd.
Khoan 2 Dilu 671 Du thao BLDS (sfla ddi) v k qui djnh gilng nhu khoan 2 Dilu 670 BLDS 2005: "Trong Irudng hgp todn bd di sdn ciia ngudi chit khdng du de thanh todn nghia vu tdi sdn cua ngudi do thi khdng dugc ddnh mgt phdn di sdn dung vdo viec thd cung". Nhu vgy, du ngudi lap di chuc da thi hifn y chi danh mdt p h k di san cfla minh vao vifc thd cung thi y chi dd khdng dugc phap luat thfla nhgn nlu p h k tai san cdn lgi khdng du dl thanh toan nghia vy tai san ma ngudi qua cd dS lai. Trong trudng hgp ngudi cd di san thilt lap di san cho vifc thd cflng, chu ng cd quyk yeu cdu hfly bd vifc nay va xfl ly di san de thanh toan ng.
Khoan 2 Dilu 671 Dy thao BLDS (sfla ddi) chi quy dinh khdng chap nhgn dua di san diing vao viec thd cung nSu anh hudng den vifc thyc hifn nghTa vy tai san cfla ngudi dS lgi tai san thfla kl, ma khdng dl cap trudng hgp anh hudng d k quyk dugc hudng thfla
kS cfla nhftng ngudi thua kS khdng phy thudc vao ndi dung di chuc (con chua thanh nien, cha, me, vg, chdng; con da thanh niSn ma khdng cd kha nang lao ddng (DiSu 669 BLDS 2005 va D i k 670 Dy thao BLDS (sua ddi)).
Nhu vay, ca BLDS 2005 va Dy thao BLDS (sfla ddi) chi gidi hgn viec sfl dung di san vao viec thd cflng trong tuang quan vdi nghia vy ve tai san cua ngudi dS Igi di san.
Cd y kien cho rang, can phai cd gidi hgn ca
"ddi vdi "thua ki bdt bugc", tfle thua ke khdng phy thudc vao ndi dung di chuc:
"Neu viic di lgi phdn di sdn vdo viic thd ciing cua ngudi lap di chiic dnh hudng din quyin lgi chinh ddng cua nhOng ngudi thua ki theo Diiu 669 BLDS thi quyin dinh dogt do bi hgn chi di ddm bdo nhOng ngudi thua ki ndi tren dugc hudng phdn di sdn it nhdt la bdng hai phdn ba cua mgt sudt thua ke theo phdp lugt"^. Mgt quan diem khac ciing cho rkg: "Di sdn thd cung cd thi bi cdt gidm do su "cd mat" cua ngudi thua ke khdng phu thudc vdo ndi dung cua di chitc.
Vi nhimg ngudi ndy, theo quy djnh tgi Dieu 669 BLDS 2005, hg dugc ddm hdo hudng kyphdn 2/3 sudt cua mdt ngudi thua ke theo phdp ludt trong trudng hgp todn bg di sdn dugc chia theo phdp lugt chu khdng phdi chia tren phdn di sdn cdn lgi sau khi da tru diphdn di sdn ddnh cho thd cung"
Thu ba, vi quy dinh cho phep "ddnh mgt phdn disdn vdo viec thd cdng"
Dy thao BLDS (sfla ddi) v k gift nguySn qui dinh cua BLDS 2005 la cho
' Pham van Tuyit, Thira ki - Quy dinh cua phap ludt va thifc tien dp dung, tr. 195, 196.
^ Hpc vien Tu phdp, Gido trinh Ludt ddn sir, Nxb.
Cong an nhan dSn, Ha N6i, 2007, tr. 540.
phep'Wan/i mdt phdn di sdn vdo viic thd cung", nen quyen dinh doat khdng the ap dyng cho toan bd di san. Du thao BLDS (sfla ddi) chua xac dinh rd gidi hgn "mgt phdn" la bao nhieu trong toan bg di san.
Cd y kien cho rang, "nSn quy dinh ro phgm vi di san dung vao vifc thd cung chiem ty IS bao nhieu phan tram tdng gia tri cua ngudi chSt de lai" . 0 day, "mot phdn " cd thi h i k la 1/100 hay 99/100. Trudng hgp mdt ngudi dinh dogt toan bd bat ddng san cua minh dimg vao vifc thd cflng thi viSc dinh doat nay nen dugc chap nhan, khi gidi ban bao dam quyen lgi cua chii ng va quyk dugc hudng thfla ke cua nhflng ngudi thfla ke khdng phu thudc vao npi dung di chiic dugc thyc hien. Cd quan diem cho rkg, vifc quy dinh chi cho phep danh "mgt phdn " di san vao vifc thd cflng la xam phgm quyen ty dinh dogt cua ngudi cd tai san**.
Thli- ttr, ve ngudi qudn ly di sdn diing vdo viec thd ciing
Theo Dy thao BLDS (sua ddi), di san
"dugc giao cho mgi ngudi da duac chi djnh Irong di chiic qudn ly di thuc hien viec thd cdng", do dd, ai cung cd the la ngudi quan ly di san theo y chi cua ngudi de lgi di san. Tuy nhien, tren thuc te. cd rat nhiSu trudng hgp ngudi dl lgi di san khdng chi dinh ngudi quan ly. Ve trudng hgp nay, khoan I DiSu 671 Dy thao BLDS (sfla ddi) quy dinh:
"trong trudng hgp ngudi de lgi di sdn khdng chi djnh ngudi qudn ly di sdn thd cung thi nhimg ngudi thua ke cu mdt ngudi
qudn ly di sdn thd cung". Nhftng ngudi thfla kl la ai? Chi c k nhirng ngudi thfla kl thufc hang thfla kl thfl nhdt hay tdt ca nhflng ngudi thudc dien thfla kl theo phap lugt (tat ca ba hang thfla ke)? Thilt nghT, chi c k y kiln cua ngudi thudc hang thua kl thfl nhit dh cfl ngudi quan ly di san dung vao vifc thd cflng .
V k dl tilp theo la trudng hgp gifla nhiing ngudi thua kl cd mau thuk, tiranh chdp nen khdng thdng nhat dugc vifc lya chgn ngudi quan ly di san thd cung, vay hp cd dugc yeu cdu Tda an giai quyet xac dinh ngudi quan ly di san? Ca BLDS 2005 va Du thao BLDS (sira ddi) deu khdng quy dinh hudng giai quyet cu thS. Doi vdi nhflng trudng hgp nay, nSn trao quySn xac dinh ngudi quan ly di san cho Tda an. Trong thuc tS, khi khdng tim dugc tiSng ndi chung giua nhiing ngudi thfla ke ve ngudi quan ly di san, Tda an cung da can thiSp de xac dinh ngudi quan Iy di san^.
Ngoai ra, BLDS 2005 va Du thao BLDS (sua ddi) khdng qui dinh quySn va nghTa vu ciia ngudi quan ly di san thd cung, vi thS khdng cd ca sd xac dinh viec mgt ngudi cd vi pham nghia vy thd ciing hay khdng? Hifn nay, de xac dinh mdt ngudi co thd cung hay khdng chi cd the dli chieu vifc ngudi dd da thuc hifn dung vdi di chuc hoac thda thugn cua nhung ngudi thua kS.
Dat trudng hgp ngudi lap di chuc khdng xac dinh cu thS ve quyen va nghia vu va nhiing ngudi thua ke ciing khdng thda thuan vl v k
' Phiing Tmng Tap, Lugt thira ke Viet Nam, Nxb. H4 Nfi. 2008, tr, 232.
* Do van D^i, Ludl thita ke Vi^t Nam, Bdn dn vd binh ludn bdn dn, Nxb. Chinh trj quoc gia, 2013, tr.
26, 27.
Xem: Do Vdn Dai, Ludl thita ke Vi?t Nam. Bdn dn vd binh lugn bdn dn, Nxb. Chfnh trj quoc gia, 2013, tr.37.
* Bf Tu ph4p, Dy dn diiu tra ca bdn th>fc tien thi hdnh mgt so chi dinh aia Bp lugt Ddn str 2005, 2013, tr.423.
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HOAN THIEN QUY DINH VE ..
de nay thi dya vao tieu chi nao de xac dinh hp da vi phgm nghTa vu thd ciing? Hoan toan cd the luat hda nhiing nghia vy cua ngudi quan ly di san thd ciing, chkg hgn:
nghTa vu cung gid, sfla sang, cham lo p h k md, bao quan dd thd cung nhu hoanh phi, cau ddi, sd ghi danh ddng hg, Iu huong, dinh ddng... Tuang iing vdi nghTa vy la quyen Igi cfla ngudi quan ly di san thd cung, hp dugc hudng hoa Igi, lgi tfle tfl cac loai tai san nay, vi du: trdng cay, trong hoa mau trSn dat dflng vao vifc thd cung.
Thu ndm, vi chdm dirt di sdn dung vdo vi^c thd cung
Dy thao BLDS (sua ddi) chua cd quy dinh giai quylt nhflng van de phat sinh sau khi cfl ngudi quan ly di san thd cflng. Trong thyc tl, sau mdt thdi gian lap di san thd ciing, nhiing ngudi thfla ke va ngudi quan ly di san thd cflng ddng y sira chfta hoac dd bd di san thd cflng - phong tuc mien Nam ggi la "phd huang hda ", thi phap luat cd chap nhgn cho hg thay doi hien trgng di san thd Cling khdng? Viec thay ddi hien trang di san thd Cling dd cd bi coi la trai vdi y chi cua ngudi dl lai di san hay khdng?
Khoan 1 Dilu 671 Dy thao BLDS (sfla ddi) quy dinh: "Trong trudng hgp tdt cd nhOng ngitdi thua ke theo di chuc diu da chit thi phdn di sdn diing de thd cung thudc vi ngudi dang qudn ly hgp phdp di sdn do trong sd nhOng ngudi thuge diin thua ke theo phdp ludl". Thugt ngft "thuge vi ngudi dang qudn ly hgp phdp di sdn" la khdng rd rang. 6 day, cd thi dugc hieu la thudc vl quyk sd hiiu cua ngudi dang quan Iy hgp
phap p h k di san thd cflng hoac chi thudc quyen quan ly, sfl dung di san thd ciing.
Neu la thudc quySn sd hiiu cfla ngudi dang quan ly thi di san dflng cho viec thd cung chdm dflt. Cd y' kiSn cho rang, ngudi dang quan Iy "la chu sd hiht di sdn" va "trong trudng hgp ndy, ngudi la chu sd him di sdn cd quyen djnh dogt theo y chi cua chu sd hint, di sdn dugc coi la di sdn diing vdo viec thd cung khdng cdn Id di sdn thd cung nua md Id tdi sdn thudc sa hint rieng cua ngudi dugc xdc lap quyin sd hihi ddi vdi tdi sdn ndy "
Dy thao BLDS (sfla ddi) quy dinh di san dflng vao viec thd ciing "thuoc" ngudi dang quan ly khi tdt ca nhiing ngudi thfla kS theo di chuc deu da chSt va ngudi quan ly la ngudi thudc difn thfla ke theo phap lugt.
Quy dinh nay gay khd hieu. Tai sao khi nhiing ngudi thfla kl theo di chuc chet thi di san lai thudc ve ngudi dang quan ly di san khi ngudi nay thudc difn thfla kS theo phap lugt? Han nua, chflng ta da thay, trong thyc tiln xet xu, ngay ca khi khdng cd di chflc, di san dung vao vifc thd cung van tdn tai. Do vay, quy dinh lien quan den viec nhflng ngudi thfla ke theo di chflc dSu chet khdng cd y nghTa ddi vdi trudng hgp vfla neu.
Tha sdu, cdn phdn biet di sdn dung vdo vifc thd cdng vd di sdn di thd cung
Di san dimg vao viSc thd cung va di san dl thd Cling dugc hieu khac nhau. Di san dimg vao vifc thd cflng dugc hieu la tai san dugc dling vao muc dich thd ciing. Di san dh thd Cling la vgt (tai san) dugc su dung true tilp trong thd cflng nhu: mam co, hoa, qua, nrgu, nudc, huang (nhang), nSn, cau
' Xem them: BO Tu phip, Dft dn diiu ira ca bdn Ihuc tiin thi hdnh mgt s6 che dmh cua Bg lugt Ddn sg 2005. 2013, tr. 322.
* Xem them: Phiing Trung T$p, Lugt thita ke Vi4t Nam, Nxb. Ha Npi. 2008, tr 232.
NHA NVdC VA PHAPLUATSO 4/2015
ddi, luc binh, chan dung (anh) cua nhftng ngudi da chet, rem ban thd va ban thd...
Thuc te phat sinh nhftng tranh chap ddi vdi di san dS thd cflng nhung khdng dugc ngudi de lgi di san de cap den tiong di chuc.
Thyc tiSn xet xfl cho thdy, cd trudng hgp cac duong sy tranh chap vdi nhau, ySu cdu tda an chia dd vat dugc sfl dyng tryc tiep dS thd cflng (lu huang, cau ddi, tu thd...) iam cac tham phan het sflc lung tiing khi giai quylt. BLDS 2005 va Dy thao BLDS (sfla ddi) khdng c6 quy dinh tai san nao la tai san de thd cflng khdng dugc chia thua ke va each xfl ly ddi vdi cac logi tai san dac bift nay. NIU chap nhgn chia nhu di san thdng thudng se khdng phii hgp vdi thuk phong my tuc, nhung neu khdng chap nhan chia nhu tai san thfla ke thi khdng co can cfl phap lugt va cac ben se khang cao ban an, quyet dinh.
Tfl nhtrng phan tich d tren, tac gia cho ring, D i k 671 Dy thao BLDS (sira doi) can bo sung, chinh sira cac van de sau:
- Trong trudng hgp gifla nhihig ngudi thfla kl khdng thing nhdt dugc vifc lya chgn ngudi quan ly di san thd cflng thi cd
the ySu cau tda an xac dinh.
- Bd sung quy dinh cho phep cac dong thfla kl ciing thdng nhat viec thay ddi hifn trgng di san thira kl (sfla chiia, xay dyng...).
- Bd cum tfl "mdt phdn" tai khoan 1 D i k 671 dl dam bao sy tdn trgng y chi dinh doat cua ngudi de lai di san.
- Khoan 2 Dilu 671 can bd sung them quy dinh chi dugc dS lgi di san dung vao viec thd cflng trong trudng hgp da giai quylt xong quyk Igi cua nhung ngudi thua kl khdng phu thuge vao ndi dung cua di chflc (con chua thanh nien, cha, me, vg, chdng; con da thanh niSn ma khdng cd kha nang lao ddng), ngudi cd quySn lgi lien quan (chfl ng) hoac cd sy ddng y cua nhung ngudi nay.
- Quy dinh rd nhiing tai san dugc coi la tai san dl thd cung khdng dugc chia thira ke (hoanh phi, lu huang, cau ddi, tfl thd...).
- Qui dinh vifc dinh doat di san dimg vao vifc thd cung phai lap thanh van ban.
- Qui dinh cu the quyen va nghTa vu cfla ngudi quan ly di san dung vao vifc thd cung.
(Tiip theo trang 25 - Cdc quy dinh ve hgrp ddng...)
ban ciia BLDS 2005 v k can dugc tiep thu va phat trien. Hgp ddng chuySn quySn sfl dung dat tiep tuc dugc dua vao Dy thao BLDS (sfla ddi) la mdt quyet dinh hgp ly cfla cac nha lam luat. Quan hf chuyen quyk su dung dat cd tinh dgc thu nhat trong cac quan hf dan sy hien nay, ca trSn
phuang dien chfl the, ddi tugng, ndi dung, hinh thflc, trinh ty, thu tuc, hieu lye hgp ddng... Do vay, viec xay dyng mdt hanh lang phap ly chuan myc va cu thi vl quan hf chuyen quyen sfl dung ddt rit c k su quan tam va ddng gdp cua cac nha nghien Cliu va nhiing ngudi lam cdng tac thyc tik.
