T TRtfOfNG SUf

jy

DIEN DAN TRAO DOI

NANG CAO HIEU QUA SUf DUNG VON KINH DOANH CUA DOANH NGHIEP TRONG NEN KINH TE THI TRtfOfNG

ThS. NGO N G Q C KHANH

Tong cdng ty Tai chinh co phan Dau khi Vi$t Nam

T

rong nen kinh te thi trd- dng, cac doanh nghiep (DN) ludn phai dd'i mat vdi nhiSu khd khan va sd canh tranh khdc liet. Khdng cdn sd bao cap cua Nha nddc, cac chu thS kinh doanh phai td bu dap chi phi va td chiu trach nhiem dd'i vdi ket qua san xua't, kinh doanh (SXKD) cua minh. VI vay, DN nao lam an cd hieu qua se ddng vdng trong nen kinh te mdi, ngddc lai se din de'n nguy cd pha san. Theo dd, hoat ddng SXKD cua cac DN phai gan vdi thi trddng, bam sat thi trddng;

dac biet, mdi DN can phai chu ddng, linh hoat trong viec khai thac, tao lap va sd dung vdn nham dat dddc hieu qua cao nhat trong boat ddng SXKD.

1 . Nhu'ng dac trflng cd ban cua von kinh doanh

Viec n h i n thflc dung v i d i y du ve nhflng d i e trflng cua vd'n trong q u i trinh SXKD se giup D N q u i n ly va sfl dung vd'n cd hieu q u i hdn. Trong nen kinh te' thj trfldng, vd'n kinh doanh cd nhflng d i e trflng sau:

In the market economy, enterprises usually have to face many dif- ficulties as well as fierce competition. Therefore, for their existence and development, entrepreneurs have to closely follow the developments in the market and be active and flexible in exploiting, creating and utilizing capital aimed at highest level of efficiency in business and production activities.

However, capital utilization efficiency of enterprises is normally affected by both objective and subjective factors. Thus, in order to effectively manage and utiliz their capital sources, along with right and full understanding of capital features, it is required for enterprises to conduct strict appraisal, assessment and selection of investment projects; to reasonably select methods of capital mobilization as well as fully exploit resources mobilized; to well organize production process along with promoting product sales; to well implement debt collection; to proactively manage the risks by buying insurance...

- Vd'n p h i i dfldc dai d i e n cho mdt Ifldng tai s i n , nghTa la dfldc the hien bang gia tri cua nhflng t i i s i n cd thflc (hflu hinh hoac vd hinh).

- Vd'n p h i i dfldc van ddng de sinh Idi. Dac trflng nay xua't p h i t tfl nguyen tac: tien te c h i dfldc coi la vd'n khi chung dfldc dfla vao SXKD; chung van dgng bie'n ddi hinh t h i i bieu hien theo mdt vdng t u i n h o i n nhflng tai d i e m cudi cung cua vdng tuan hoan.

gia trj tien p h i i Idn hdn khi xuat phat.

- Vd'n p h i i dfldc tfch tu, tap trung de'n mdt Ifldng nha't djnh mdi phat huy t i c dung. Do do, de dau tfl v i o SXKD, c i c DN khdng c h i khai t h i c c i c tiem nang ve vd'n ma cdn p h i i tim mgi each de thu hut vd'n.

- Vd'n cd gia trj ve mat thdi gian, nghia l i phai xem xet yeu to' t h d i gian cua ddng tien. Do i n h hfldng cua nhieu ye'u td nhU

62 THONG TIN & DU BAO KINH TE - XA HOI S6'54 (6.2010)

lam p h i t , g i i c i thay d d i , sfl tien bd cua khoa hgc - cdng nghe, nen d mdi thdi d i e m khac nhau, sflc mua cua ddng t i e n cung cd sfl khac nhau.

- Vd'n p h i i gan lien vdi chu sd hflu: trong nen kinh te tri thflc, vd'n ddng mdt vai trd quan trgng, do d d , khdng the cd ddng vd'n vd chu. Khi gan vdi mdt chu sd hflu nha't djnh thi vd'n mdi dflgc chi tieu hgp ly, cd hieu q u i .

- Trong nen kinh t e t h j trfldng, vd'n p h i i dflpc xem nhfl mdt thfl h i n g hda d i e biet. Nhflng ngfldi cd vd'n cd the dfla vd'n vao thj trfldng, nhflng ngfldi c l n vd'n den thj trfldng huy dgng vd'n de dflgc sfl dung vd'n. Ngfldi huy ddng vd'n p h i i t r i mdt k h o i n chi phf sfl dung vd'n nhi't djnh cho chu sd hflu ngudn vd'n. Nhfl vay, k h i c vdi h i n g hda thdng thfldng, khi vdn dfldc "ban ra", ngfldi b i n se khdng bi m i t di quyen sd hflu ma chi mat di quyen sfl dung va ngfldi mua dflqc quyen sfl dung vd'n trong mot thdi gian nhi't djnh.

2. Cac nhan to' tac dong den hieu qua su* dung von kinh doanh

Tren thflc te, hieu q u i sfl dung vd'n cua D N bj t i c ddng bdi c i ye'u to' k h i c h quan v i chu quan.

* Ve nhan to khach quan - Cd che quan ly va chinh sach kinh te'vTmd cQa Nha nddc:

Trong nen kinh te thj trfldng, c i c DN cd quyen tfl do kinh doanh va binh dang trflde p h i p luat.

Nha nfldc q u i n ly vT md nen

kinh te va tao h i n h lang phap ly de cac D N hoat ddng trong khu- dn khd p h i p luat. Chfnh sach kinh te cua Nha nfldc dn djnh se giup cho hoat dpng SXKD cua D N thdng sud't, cd hieu q u i v i ngqgc l a i . Chfnh s i c h kinh te cua Nha nfldc cd the l i m tang hoac giam hieu q u i sfl dung vd'n kinh doanh cua D N . Do vay, de nang cao hieu q u i sfl dung vd'n, c i c D N c l n d i e biet quan t i m de'n c i c chfnh s i c h kinh te cua Nha nfldc.

- Mdc do lam phat cua nen kinh te: Khi nen kinh te cd lam p h i t , sflc mua cua ddng t i e n g i i m sut dan de'n sfl tang gia cua c i c loai vat tfl h i n g hda.

D N p h i i bd ra mdt khd'i lfldng t i e n te nhieu hdn mdi cd the mua dfldc mdt khd'i Ifldng t i i s i n tfldng dfldng trflde thdi d i e m xay ra lam p h i t . Dieu nay khie-

" n cho nang Iflc cua vd'n bj g i i m sut.

- Rui ro trong kinh doanh:

Nhflng rui ro nhfl hda hoan, b i o lut, bie'n dgng ve thi trfldng...

l i m cho tai s i n cua D N bj tdn tha't, giam gia tri, dan de'n vd'n cua D N bj mat m i t .

- Thi trddng va sd canh tranh: Trong s i n xui't hang hda, bie'n dgng cua thi trfldng d i u v i o va d i u ra la mot can cfl quan trgng de DN lap ke hoach ve vd'n cd' d j n h , vd'n Iflu dgng.

Ben canh d d , khi xem xet thi trfldng, D N khdng the bd qua ddi thu canh tranh. Vi vay, de cd the tdn tai v i p h i t trien, D N p h i i nghien cflu ky thj trfldng cung nhfl dd'i thu canh tranh cua m i n h .

* Ve nhan to chu quan Ngoai nhflng nhan to' k h i c h quan tren, cdn cd c i c nhan to' chu quan do chfnh b i n t h i n DN tao nen, i n h hfldng tdi hieu q u i sfl dung vd'n:

- Trinh do quan ly va tay

So 54 (6.2010) THONG TIN & DU BAO KINH TE - XA HOI

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DJN DAN TRAO DPI

nghe cua ngddi lao ddng: Ne'u 3. Mot so' bien phap cO ban lieu, khai t h i c tdi da cdng sua't trinh do q u i n ly khdng td't se gay nham nang cao hifu qua sfl dung may mdc, thie't bj hien cd; vnd ra tinh trang that t h o i t vd'n, ne'u von kinh doanh rgng thj p h l n , tang cfldng cong tay nghe ngfldi lao ddng khdng Mdt la, thflc hien chat che t i c tie'p t h j , q u i n g c i o nham tang cao se lam g i i m nang sui't lao viec tha'm d j n h , danh g i i va Ifla khdi Ifldng s i n pham tieu thu, han dgng, tfl dd lam g i i m hieu q u i chgn dfl i n d i u tfl. Viec Ifla c h g n che tdi mflc tha'p nha't s i n pha'm sfl dung vd'n. dfl i n dau tfl td't hay khdng cd tdn kho, tfl dd tang nhanh vdng

- Lda chon phddng an dau td: tfnh cha't quye't d j n h de'n sfl tdn quay cua vd'n.

Ne'u D N Ifla chgn phfldng i n s i n tai va p h i t trie'n cua D N . De cd Bd'n la, thflc hien td't cdng tac xui't tao ra s i n pha'm cd cha't quye't djnh dung dan trong viec thu hdi cdng nd b i n g c i c h dda Iflgng cao, m i u ma d e p , phu hdp Ida chgn dfl i n d i u tfl, mdi D N ra chfnh s i c h tfn dung dung dan thj hieu ngfldi tieu dung se mang c l n p h i i tfnh t o i n , nghien cflu dd'i vdi tflng k h i c h h i n g , han lai hieu q u i kinh te Idn. Ngfldc c i c ye'u to nhfl: k h i nang t i i che t i n h trang b i n h i n g khong lai, phfldng i n kinh doanh that c h f n h , dieu kien cung c i p s i n thu dflgc t i e n , vd'n bj chie'm dung bai, hieu q u i sfl dung vd'n se bj pha'm, tfnh k h i thi v i ke't q u i ma q u i nhieu. Ben canh dd, DN g i i m sut. dfl i n mang l a i . cung c l n p h i i l i m td't cdng tac

- Sd hap ly cua ca cau tai Hai la, Ifla chgn hinh thflc thanh toan nd de'n han, t r i n h de san va ngudn vd'n kinh doanh huy ddng vd'n hdp ly cung n h f l t d cho c i c k h o i n nd q u i ban ngay trong DN: Viec d i u tfl q u i Idn chflc khai t h i c triet de c i c ngudn mdt tang l e n .

v i o c i c t i i s i n khdng sfl d u n g Iflc da huy ddng. Huy ddng vd'n Nam la, p h i t huy vai trd cua hoac chua sfl dung, vay nd qua p h i i d i m b i o dfldc tfnh ddc lap, tai cbfnh doanh nghiep trong viec nhieu, sfl dung khdng triet de chu d d n g trong boat ddng SXKD q u i n ly, sfl dung vd'n; t i n g cddng ngudn vd'n ben trong se khdng cua D N . Dieu n i y cd nghTa la cdng t i c kie'm tra, giam sat ddi vdi nhflng khdng p h i t huy t i c d u n g D N p h i i huy ddng dfldc tdi da viec sfl dung vd'n tfl k h i u mua sam cua vd'n m i cdn khie'n ngudn ngudn Iflc ben trong nhfl trfch tfl tai s i n , vat tfl de'n dfl trfl, sin xuat vd'n bj hao hut, mat m i t , tao rui ldi nhuan, ngudn vd'n kha'u hao, v i tieu thu s i n pham; p h i t hien ro cho D N . quy d i u tfl p h i t trie'n, p h l n cdn kjp thdi nhflng vfldng mac, tdn tai

- Xac dinh nhu cau vdn kinh lai se dfldc huy ddng tfl ben trong qua trinh quan ly sfl dung doanh: Viec x i c dinh nhu c i u n g o i i nhfl: thue, vay ngan b a n , vd'n, tfl dd cd c i c quye't dinh dieu vd'n khdng chfnh xac se d i n de'n dai b a n , . . . Cd ca'u ngudn tai trd chlnh sao cho phu hdp vdi dien viec thfla hoac thie'u vd'n trong p h i i d i m b i o cd chi phf sfl dung bie'n thflc te SXKD.

q u i trinh SXKD, l i m suy giam vd'n binh quan t h i ' p nhi't. Mflc dd Sau la, chu ddng phdng ngCfa hieu qua sfl dung cua ngudn vd'n huy ddng vd'n p h i i dfla tren cd sd rui ro bang c i c h mua b i o hiem tai n i y . d i p flng nhu c i u hinh t h i n h t i i s i n . Dong thdi, lap quy dfl phong - Mdc do sd dung nang Idc s i n c d d j n h va t i i s i n Iflu ddng tai chinh de cd ngudn bu dap khi sin xuat hien cd cua DN vao thfldng xuyen c l n thie't. vd'n kinh doanh bi thie'u hut.

SXKD: Viec sfl dung l i n g phf vd'n Ba la, to chflc td't q u i trinh s i n Tren thflc te, ngoai cac bien Iflu ddng trong q u i trinh mua xui't, di'y manh cdng t i c tieu thu p h i p t r e n , D N c l n can cfl vao sam, khdng tan dung he't nguyen, s i n p h i ' m . D N c l n phdi hdp nhjp dieu kien v i phfldng hfldng phat vat lieu v i o SXKD, de tdn kho dfl nhang gifla cac bd phan san xua't, trie'n cua m i n h de dfla ra cac trfl q u i mflc can thie't trong thdi khdng ngflng n i n g cao nang sui't bien p h i p cu the cd tfnh kha thi gian d a i , se t i c ddng de'n cd ca'u lao ddng nham s i n xui't ra nhi,eu cao de cdng t i c td chflc va sil vd'n cung nhfl hieu q u i suf d u n g s i n pha'm cd chi't Iflqng cao, g i i dung vd'n kinh doanh dat hieu vdn cua D N . t h i n h ha, tie't kiem nguyen, vat q u i cao nhi't.

64 THONG TIN S. DU BAO KINH TE - XA HQI So 54 (6.2010)