p ehi Khoa hoc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn C: Khoa hgc Xa hoi. Nhdn vdn vd Gido due: 26 (2013). 30-45
Tap chi Khoa hgc TrUdng Dai hoc Can Thd website: sj.ctu.edu.vn
T I N H K H O A H Q C V A N G H I E N ClTU K H O A H O C X A H O l - N H A N V A N Tran Th^ih Ai'
' Khoa Suphgm, Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tlia Thdng tin chung:
Ngdy nhgn: 02/01/2013 Ngdy chdp nhgn: 19/06/2013 Title:
Scientificity and research in Social Sciences and Humanities Tdt khoa:
Khoa hgc Tv nhien. Khoa hgc Xd hgi - Nhdn vdn, Phuang phdp khoa hgc, Tinh khoa hgc. Tiiu chi Keywords:
Natural Sciences, Social Sciences- Humanities, Scientific Method, Scientificity, Criteria
ABSTRACT
Recently, the press says a lot about the state of our country's current stagnation in scientific activity in general, humanities and social sciences in particular. Many authors have mentioned many reasons fi)r this situation, which comes to the backwardness of scientific research methods. To contribute to the improvement of scientific activity in this field, the author of this article would like to introduce some notion of scientific research in social sciences and humanities, widely used by occidental scientists. He pays special attention to scientificity and the scientific method that all work must respect.
T O M TAT
Gan ddy, bdo chi noi nhiiu ve tinh trang tri tri hi'in nay cua nuac ta trong hogt dgng khoa hgc noi chung vd khoa hgc xd hoi nhdn vdn noi riing. Nhiiu tdc gid da de cap den nhiiu nguyin nhdn ddn din tinh trgng do, trong do co noi din su lac hau ve phuang phdp nghien cuu khoa hgc. Nham myc dich gop phdn cai thien hogt dgng khoa hoc trong Imh vuc ndy, tdc gid bdi viit nay muon gidi thieu mgt so quan niem vi nghien ciiu khoa hgc trong ITnh v\fc xd hgi nhdn vdn dugc su dung rgng rai trong gidi nghien cuu phuang Toy.
Tdc gid dgc biet luu y den tinh khoa hgc vd phuang phdp khoa hgc md mgi cong trinh nghiin cuu diu phdi bdo dam.
Thdi gian qua, y^n cac phuang tien thdng tin dai chiing, ngudi ta ndi nhieu ve tinh yang tri y e hien nay ciia nude ta trong boat ddng khoa hgc ndi chung va khoa hgc xa hgi nhan van (KHXH-NV) ndi rieng. Nhilu tac gia da de cap den nhieu nguyen nhan dan den tinh trang dd, tir sy kem ham ciia co che quan ly, hay viec dau tu khdng thda dang cua ngan sach nha nude, din chat lugng cdn h ^ che cua ddi ngu lam cdng tac KHXH-NV, yong do cd ndi din sy l?c hau ve phuong phap nghien cuu khoa hgc yong ITnh vyc nay.
Nhan dip Tgp chi Khoa hoc ciia Trudng Dai hgc Cin Tho thanh lap cac chuyen san
dinh ky, yong dd cd chuyen san Khoa hoc Xd hgi. Nhdn vdn vd Gido dye, chiing tdi mudn de cap den van de ma bay lau nay gidi nghien cihi khoa hge trong ITnh vuc nay cdn dang tranh luan, tham ehi cd khdng it ngudi cdn ma hd, khien cho chit lugng nghien ciiu eua nganh cdn nhieu ban che. Dd la ti'nh khoa hgc cua cac cdng yinh nghiSn ciiu yong ITnh vyc xa hgi va nhan van, trong dd cd ca khoa hgc giao due.
Hy vgng bai viet nay se gop phin lam sang td nhiing diem cdn mo hd ve ly thuylt, hoac it ra, se md ra eude trao doi, yanh luan khoa hgc, d l hoat ddng hgc thu^t ve Xa hgi, Nhan van va Giao due ngay cang khdi sic.
Tap ehi Khoa hgc Truong Dai hgc Cdn Tha Phdn C: Khoa hoe Xd hdi. Nhdn vdn vd Gido due: 26 (2013): 30-45
1 VE TEN GQI KHOA HOC XA HOI VA KHOA HOC NHAN VAN
Tir lau, khi ndi din « khoa hgc », ngudi ta thudng nghT din cac nganh thugc ITnh vuc khoa hgc - ky thuat. Tinh yang nay khdng chi xay ra d nude ta, ma cd le yen khip thi gidi deu nhu vay. Trong World Social Science Report cua UNESCO nam 1999, hai ddng chii bien tai lieu nay nhan xet nhu sau:
« Theo each bilu eua cdng chiing, thuat ngir "science" thudng dugc ddng hda vdi cac nganh khoa hpc tu nhien. Tir do, xuat hien nhilu cau hdi dai ding ve y nghTa ciia khoa hpc xa hdi la gi va cac khoa hpc xa hdi ed thuc sy khoa hpc khdng »' (A. Kazaneigil & D.
Makinson, 1999, y. 11).
Ngugc ddng Ijch sii, ngudi ta thay rang ten ggi « sciences humaines » (khoa hpc nhan van) dugc hiu tude de Condoreet, vua la kinh te gia vira la chinh khach ngudi Phap (1743 - 1794) sir dung lin dau tien yong tac pham Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progres de Vesprit humain' duge viet trong tu trong khoang thdi gian 1793-1794 trudc khi ty sat. Tuy nhien, tu khi xuat hien ten ggi d6n khi dugc nhin nhan la mdt nganh « khoa hgc » nhu ngay nay la mgt chang dudng dai: cac khdi nganh Khoa hoc xd hpi va Khoa hpc nhdn vdn da trai qua qua yinh phat yiln nhieu the ky. Ci phuang Tay, mac dii truyen thdng nghien cuu trong hai ITnh vuc xa hdi va nhan van cd tu thdi Hy Lap cd dai, nhung nganh nghien eiiu vl hai ITnh vyc nay chi dugc xem nhu la mpt khoa hgc td giiia thi ky 19, khi cac nha nghien cdu kl thira nhung thanh tyu ve phuang phap nghien cihi trong khoa hge ty nhien (KHTN). A. Comte (1798- 1857). ngudi duge xem la cha de ciia nganh xa hdi hge hien dai, la ngudi rit nguong md khoa hge tu nhien va khoa hgc chinh xac, da phat hien ra sy bat on ciia khuynh hudng van chuong diy cam tinh cua gidi nghien ciiu xa
Nguyen vSn tai lieu nay bing tiing Anh, cac Uich din tir tai lieu nay do chiing tdi dich sang tiing Viet.
" C6 nghia la Phdc thdo lich sir nhiing tiin bg cm tri tue nhdn loai.
hdi - nhan van thdi bay gid. Ong i p li hoai bSo xay dung nganh nay thanh mgt nganh khoa hge diing nghia, d l xay dung kiln thiic khoa hgc v l xa hdi bing mgt phuong phap luan chat che nhu cac nganh KHTN. Tiep budc A.
Comte, cac nha xa hdi hgc nhu M. Weber va E. Durkeim da cd nhBng thanh tyu to Idn yong viec ap dung phuang phap khoa hpc de nghien ciiu cac khia canh khac nhau cua xa hdi, gop phin phat y i l n manh me nganh khoa hpc nay vao dau the ky 20.
Theo dieu ya chua day dii, d Vidt Nam, cac thuat ngir nay xuat hien kha muon mang. (5 mien Bac, vao nam 1956 cd Khoa Khoa hpc x a hdi thugc Dai hgc Tdng hgp Ha Npi^; nam 1967 thanh lap Nha xuat ban Khoa hpc Xa hdi dya y^n co sd tach bd phan xa hgi nhan van tir nha xuat ban Khoa hgc*. C5 mien Nam trudc nam 1975, cd hai trudng dai hgc ed nganh dao tao mang ten khoa hpc xa hpi vh khoa hoc nhdn vdn : dd la Vien Dai hgc Can Tho, vdi Bgi hoc Lugt khoa & Khoa hoc xa hpi (gdm cac chuyen nganh Luat va Kinh te), Vien Dai hgc Van Hanh vdi 2 trong sd 5 khoa mang ten khoa Khoa hpc xa hpi va khoa Vdn hpc &
Khoa hoc nhdn vdn. Cac trudng cdn lai deu diing ten ggi «truyin thdng» d l chi cac chuyen nganh dao tao: Dgi hpc Khoa hoc giang d£iy cac nganh khoa hgc ty nhien va chinh xac nhu Toan, Ly, Hda, Sinh; Bgi hpc Van khoa giang day cac nganh Van, Sir Dja, Triet, Ngoai ngii... Dilu dd vd hinh trung khien thuSt ngii « khoa hpc » mac nhien dugc hieu la « khoa hgc ty nhien va chinh xac ».
2 HI]|N TRANG K H O A H Q C XA H O I - NHAN VAN 6 VIET NAM
X. Nguyen Hong Cdn,
http://www.ngoraiguhoc.org/index.php?option=co m_content&view=article&id=677:55-xay-dng-va- phat-trin&catid=ll:tin-tuc-khoa&Itemid=I3(ft#a' khao ngay 17/12/2012)
'' Tren ca sd phat yien tu Td xuit ban - Ban Nghifin cim Van - Sir - Dia cua BCH TW Dang (1953- 1954), NXB Van - Sur - Dia thudc Bp Giao due (1955-1959), NXB Sir hpc thudc UBKH nha nuoc (1960-1963); NXB Khoa hgc, mang sach khoa hoc xa hpi (1963-1966).
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn C: Khoa hoe Xd hgi. Nhdn van vd Gido due: 26 (2013): 30-45
Co the ndi nganh Khoa hgc Xa hdi — Nhan van (KHXH-NV) d nude ta chua bao gid
« mat gia » trim trgng nhu ngay nay. Tinh trang nay da manh nha tu lau va the hien qua nhieu khia canh khac nhau. Xu hudng chgn nganh hgc yong cac ky tuyen sinh vao dai hgc da ndi len duge phan nao vi the cua KHXH- NV yong xa hdi. Ky thi tuyIn sinh nam 2012 ed hon 1,8 trieu lugt hd so dang ky dy thi dai hgc tren ca nude, nhung chi cd han 80 nghin hd so dang ky vao nganh khoa hgc xa hgi (tdc 4,43%). So vdi^ nam 2011 thi nhom nganh nay da giam den gan 8% (Hieu Nguyen, 2012, tai Hdu yen mang).
Nhung phai din khi cd cac su kien xa hdi ndi bat nhu kit qua thi tuyen vao dai hgc qua kem, hoac bao chi cdng bd vi txi ciia boat ddng khoa hgc Vidt Nam trong cac bang xep hang the gidi, thi du luan mdi Idn tiing bao ddng manh me. Diem lai so luge mgt sd nhan xet, ta cd the thay yen binh dien vT md, cd mgt sy mat can ddi trong dau tu giiia KHKT va KHXH-NV, nhu nhan xet sau day cua Pham Bi'eh San:
« Chung ta da tap trung vao phat yien khoa hge ty nhien, khoa hge ky thuat va khdng quan tam day dii den cac nganh khoa hgc xa hpi hifn dai nhu kinh tl hgc, xa hdi hpc, luat hgc va nhieu chuyen nganh khae can cho viee td chuc va xay dyng mgt xa hdi hien dai» (Pham Bich San, 2012, tai lieu tren mang).
Doi vdi nhiing nghien cdu da cho ra kit qua dugc cdng dong khoa hgc kilm chiing thi viec triln khai vao thyc tl lai cham chap, phai dot
« den xanh » ciia lanh dao cap cao, nhu trudng hgp nganh su hgc:
« Cd nhiing vin dl rit Idn cua lich sir, sai rd rang, eac hdi thao khoa hgc chuyen nganh da chi ra nhilu lin, nhung vin chua dugc bat den xanh de chinh thuc sua yong sach giao khoa. » (Dinh Xuan Lam, 2011, tai lieu yen mang).
Tham chi cd ca khuynh hudng coi thudng kiln thuc KHXH-NV: khi xay dyng chinh sach, du an Idn li^n quan den nganh khoa hgc xa hdi, gidi chdc yach khdng hi tham vin cac
nha chuyen mon. Phat bilu sau day ciia mot lanh dao Bd Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe du ndi len khuynh hudng lech lac dd:
s< ...dl lam eac dy an thuy dien, hay quy hoach vi cac muc dich khac nhau phai thye hien viec di ddi dan, nhung lai khdng tinh den van hda, tap quan san xuit. Hau qua la din noi d mdi, ngudi dan khdng cd dit san xuit. Viec td chuc dinh cu, sinh sdng cho hg lai khdng phii hgp vdi truyen thdng ciia hp... Hau qua, ngudi dan khdng thi dinh eu d viing dat mdi nhu da dugc "quy hoach" cho hg, hg phai ty di ddi di noi khae de tim ke sinh nhai va keo theo nhilu he liiy khac. Cd tinh trang nay mgt phan la do cac nha khoa hoc xa hdi am hieu van de thi lai khdng dugc mdi tham gia ciing nghien ciiu, hoach dinh chinh sach» (Thai Nggc, 2010, tai lieu yen mang).
Them vao dd, mdi trudng van hda xa hdi hien nay lai tao ra nhilu bat cap cho KHXH- NV, khien nganh nghien ciiu nay trong mgt chimg muc nao dd bi vd hieu hda, vi phai phuc vu cho nhiing muc dich phi khoa hgc, nhu phat bieu ciia GS. Vien sT Trin Nggc Them trong mpt eude hdi thao:
« Khoa hge xa hdi va nhan van dang bi ap dat. Nghien ciiu la de chi ra cai sai, cai chua hoan thien, cin lam sang td, chu khdng phai nghien ciru la de... khen nhau! Nhieu ea quan quan ly chua tin dung ket qua nghidn ciiu, xem viec nghien ciiu khoa hgc xa hdi nhu vat dd trang tri» (Thai Nggc, 2010, tai Hdu tren mang)
hoac nhu ghi nhan ciia mgt nha bao yong hdi thao ban v6 phuang an sap xep lai he thdng cac td chiic nghien ciiu va dao tao KHXH-NV dugc Bd KH-CN td chuc vao ngay 12/8/2010 tai TP.HCM;
« Khdng it nha khoa hpc da can dam nhan xet: KHXH-NV hien nay chi la minh hoa cho chu truong, chinh sach eua nha nude chii chua lam mdi, lam ro dugc van de gi, nhilu de tai nghien ciru thudc loai vd thudng vd phat»
(Thai Nggc, 2010, tai lieu tren mang).
Theo nh^n xet eiia mpt nha khoa hgc cd tham nidn nghien eiiu va ed tham quyIn, ed
Tap chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hoc Cdn Tha thuc yang dang budn la thi he eac nha khoa hgc trudng thanh yong chiln tranh thi lai cho ra nhung cdng yinh ed chit lugng hon the he hien nay, la thi he dugc hudng nhilu dilu kien thuan lgi cho nghien cuu khoa hge:
« nganh Khoa hgc xa hdi eiia chiing tdi, tdn tai mgt nghich ly la nhimg cdng yinh khoa hgc gia yi, de lai nhieu dau an thi dugc san sinh ra vao nhung nam 60-70 khi chiln tranh dien ra vd cimg ae Het ddi sdng vat chit kho cue, dilu kien nghien ciru thilu thdn. [ngay nay] da khdng cd dii lieu mdi, phat hien mdi, nhieu khi, cac nha khoa hgc lai khdng dam ndi thing, ndi that» (Nguyen van Huy, 2012, tai lieu tren mang).
He qua la san phim ciia nganh KHXH-NV thi nhilu, nhung chit lugng thi chdng chenh, khdng tao nen uy tin khoa hpc yong xa hgi, khdng vuan ra duge the gidi ma chi quanh quan trong cai « ao lang » Viet Nam. Nhan xet sau day cua tac gia Pham Duy Hidn la xac dang:
« Cac nganh xa hdi nhan van chiem ba phan tu sd an pham khoa hge npi dia hau nhu khdng CO mat yen cac tap chi qudc tl. Cac ket qua nghien ciiu nay diing sai den dau, rit kho bilt. Trong nhieu thap ky gan day dien mao khoa hpc xa hpi nhSn van yen thi gidi da thay doi hoan toan nhd cd su xam nhgp ciia toan hpc va cac khoa hgc ty nhien. Nhieu hudng nghien eiiu da nganh xuit hien, khoa hge ty nhien va xa hdi dan xen nhau, khdng thiy dau phan chia rieng rg nhu d ta. Khoa hgc xS hpi nhan van eua ta dang lac Idng khdi thi gidi » (Pham Duy Hiln, 2012, tai lieu tren mang).
Tinh yan^ ty cd lap eua KHXH-NV Viet Nam mpt phan la do cac nha nghien cuu cdn han che ve yinh dp ngoai ngii, nen khdng tilp c ^ duge cac khuynh hudng va phuang phap nghien ciiu eua the gidi, ciing khdng dua kit qua nghien ciiu ciia minh ra khdi lanh tho d l cp xat, kiem nghiem. Cu thi hon. dl giai thich cho tinh trang « tueung ty cip » cua KHXH- NV nude ta, Nguyin van Tuin cho ring nganh nay cdn thilu v l phuong phap khoa hpc trong nghien cihi. yong dd cd phuang phap thdng kg, khiln chit lugng nghien cim cdn han chi:
Phdn C: Khoa hgc Xd hdi. Nhdn vdn vd Gido dye: 26 (2013): 30-45
« Co thi ndi rang phan Idn nhung nghien ciiu khoa hgc xa hdi d Viet Nam chua tan dung nhiing phuang phap khoa hgc (scientific method) va phuang phap thdng ke trong viSc thilt k l nghien ciiu, phan tich dii lieu va diln giai dir lieu [...]. Nhiing thieu sot v l phuong phap dan din chat lugng nghien ciru chua dugc cao va he qua la nhieu cdng trinh kho co CO hpi d l duge cdng bd yen cac Tap ehi Khoa hge xa hdi qudc t e » (Nguyen van Tuan, 201 lb, tai lieu yen mang).
Vay phuong phap khoa hge la gi? Thi nao la tinh khoa hge yong KHXH-NV? Dd la vin d l then chdt can lam sang td de tiing budc nang cao chat lugng nghien ciiu KHXH-NV, gdp phan cai thien dia vi cua khoa hge nude nha yen trudng qudc te.
3 TINH KHOA HOC VA PHirONG PHAP KHOA HOC TRONG KHXH-NV
Khdng it nha nghien ciiru nude ta dudng nhu cdn xa la vdi eac phuang phap nghien ciiu KHXH-NV dugc ap dung d cac nude phuong Tay, hoac bilu chua tudng tan cac vin dl vl khoa hgc luan. Mdt sd khae thi td ra nghi ngd ve kha nang ling dung cac phuong phap nay vao thyc te A Ddng, vdi ly le nhu sau:
« Van hoa phuang Ddng chii ylu la van hoa ndng nghiep nen tu duy mang tinh tdng hgp va do vay phuang Ddng ed truyin thdng manh ve nhiing tri thuc lien quan din con ngudi. Vi mang tinh tdng hgp cho nen nhiing yi thiic nay cd dac diem "vdn sit triet bdt phdn"; vi bat phan nen tuy nhiing tri thuc nay v l co ban chinh la tri thiic KHXH-NV, nhung yong lich su chiing khdng tach dugc ra thanh tiing khoa hge » (Trin Nggc Them, 2007, tai lieu tren mang).
Tu duy « mang tinh tdng hgp » ndi d yen da phin chi dua tren nhiing kiln thiic dugc hinh thanh tir kinh nghiem, true giac, truyen thdng dan tdc, hoac tii quy udc, nilm tin cua mpt cdng ddng, tham chi dd chi la nhimg y tudng cua cac ca nhan va chua dugc chung minh mdt each khoa hgc. Dii cho nhung kiln thiic dd cd xuat sac d i n dau di chang nua, thi do Cling vin chi la kiln thuc « tiin khoa hgc »,
Tap chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn C: Khoa hoc Xd hoi. Nhdn vdn vd Gido due- 26 (2013): 30-45
khdng the dya vao do de lam tieu chi phan biet KHXH-NV Viet Nam va the gidi. Trong mgi xa hdi dii la phuang Ddng hay phuang Tay, trong vd van kiln thiic luu truyin yong xa hgi, CO rat nhilu kiln thiic «tiin khoa hgc », yong sd do cd nhiing kiln thuc dfing, cd nhiing kiln thuc sai. Nhiing kien diuc iy cin phai dugc chiing minh mdi cd thi dugc ggi la kiln thuc khoa hgc. Cung phai ke den trudng hgp ngd nhan do thdi quen ngdn ngu: nhieu ngudi ed thdi quen ggi moi hogt dpng tri 6c yong ITnh vyc xa hdi - nhan van la khoa hpc xa hgi - nhan van ma khdng hi nghT din ndi ham do tir khoa hoc ham chiia.
« ...xua nay, pham lam bat ky viee gi cung ddu phai ddng cham din nhiing hiiu bilt ve con ngudi va cdng ddng ngudi, cho nen kiln thuc KHXH-NV hien huu d khip mgi noi va bao gid, lam viee gi ciing diu cin din. Trong pham vi mdt qudc gia cd dan sd trung binh, mdt cdng yinh nghien cuu vl KHXH-NV thudng cd tdi vai nghin, tham chi vai van ngudi dgc, neu khdng phai la nhilu hon niia » (Trin Nggc Them, 2007, tai lieu tren mang).
Tham chi, nhu nhan xet ciia Nguyin van Tuan, each diing tu « khoa hgc » da yd thanh each ndi thdi thugng cua mdt sd quan chuc ciia nhieu nganh trong xa hdi, nham tang ti'nh thuyet phuc cua y kiln eiia minh:
« Hai ehii "khoa hgc" dang yd thanh mdt loai ngdn ngu thdi thugng ciia mgt sd ngudi mudn tang ygng lugng cho phat bieu cua minh. Cac quan chiic. khdng chi ridng nganh y te, su dung hai chu' dd nhu la mgt dau an cho do tin cay ciia nhiing nhan xet. Nhung tdi e rang hai ehu "khoa hgc" da bi hieu lam, roi tir hieu lim dan din lam dung va lam dung khoa hgc din din viec gay khd khan cho nhieu ngudi va bat binh dang yong xahgi » (Nguyin van Tuin, 201 la, y.37).
Tinh trang yen vd hinh trung chi lam tang thdm su Ion xdn ciia cai ggi la KHXH-NV A Ddng, vi khdng cd mdt quy chuan khoa hgc nao lam kim chi nam, khien ai cung ed the cho ring y kiln cQa minh la khoa hgc, tham chi ai cung cd the trd thanh nha khoa hgc. ^h ed thi mang ten « khoa hge», dii la KHTN hay
KHXH-NV, eac ITnh vyc nghien ciiu can phai tuan thu nhihig yeu cau ma cdng ddng khoa hpc thdng nhat vdi nhau, de bao dam tinh khoa hgc, Trudc khi de cap den tinh khoa hgc va phuang phap khoa hgc yong nghien cuu KHXH-NV, thilt nghi clang can de cap ddn nhiing dac diem eiia nganh nay yong mdi tuong quan vdi khoa hgc ty nhien va cac djnh de ve khoa hgc.
3.1 Bac diim cua KHXH-NV
De xac dinh dac diem eiia KHXH-NV, ngudi ta thudng ddi chieu nd vdi khoa hgc tu nhien. Nam dac didm sau day thudng dugc de cap den:
3.1.1 Doi ttrang nghien cuu
Ddi tugng nghien cuu quy dinh dac diim ciia mgt nganh khoa hpc. That vay, the gidi tu nhien, ddi tugng nghien ciiu eiia khoa hgc ty nhien, la mdt ITnh vyc it bien ddi hem rat nhilu so vdi linh vyc xa hgi va nhan van, ca yong khdng gian lin thdi gian. Hon nira, dd cdn la nhiing ddi tugng cu the, ed thi quan sat true tiep dugc (bang mat thudng hoac bang cdng cu hd ^cf), cd the do ludng dl dang. Dac diem nay cho phep nha nghien ciiu ty nhien cd the su dung dl dang nhiing kien thuc va kinh nghiem ciia cac nha khoa hgc yen the gidi de ap dung vao nghien cuu cua minh.
Ngugc lai, dac diem va hinh thuc eiia hoat ddng va cac mdi quan he cua eon ngudi, la ddi tugng nghien cuu eiia KHXH-NV, thay ddi rit nhanh chdng va rat da dang yong khdng gian va thdi gian. Chang nhiing thi, loai ngudi la chu the cd y thuc. ludn tac ddng vao xa hdi theo yinh dp nhan thuc ciia minh, khiln doi tugng nghien ciiu cang phuc lap hon. M.
Godelier hoan toan ed ly khi luu y rang:
« De hieu dugc ban chat cua khoa hgc xa hdi va nhan van va cac phan nganh ciia nd, cin phai luu y dieu co ban sau day cd the sol rgi tit ca. Loai ngirdi khdng chi sdng thanh xa hdi nhu eac chung loai sdng thanh biy dan khac.
loai ngudi con tao ra xa hpi dl sdng » (Godelier M-, 2002. y.3).
Tap chi Khoa hoc Trudng Dgi hoc Cdn Tha Phdn C. Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Nhdn vdn vd Gido due 26 (2013): 30-45 Han nira, yong bdi canh toan cau hda, xa
hdi ngay cang phiic tap, do su tiep xuc va dung nap ngay cang sau dam ciia nhieu nen van hoa khac biet. Vi thi, nha nghien ciiu xa hdi can phai cd nhimg phuang phap tiep can ddi tugng khae nhau, khdng thi tilp thu rap khudn eac nIn khoa hpc khac yen the gidi.
3.1.2 Phuang phdp nghien cuu
Tu khi C. Bernard cdng bd tac phim Introduction d I'etude de la medecine experimentale^ vao nam 1867, phuang phap nghien ciiu quen thudc trong khoa hgc ty nhien ta phuang phap quan sat va thuc nghiem.
Nganh nghien cim xa hdi va nhan van tu khi dugc xem nhu la mdt nganh khoa hgc, da tim each xay dyng cho minh nhiing phuang phap phii hgp vdi ddi tugng nghien ciiu dua yen co sd cac phuang phap nghien cdu eua khoa hgc ty nhien. Nhieu nganh, yong dd cd nganh tam ly hgc, ap dung phuang phap thye nghiem va quan sat dl giai thich cac hien tugng yong ITnh vuc ciia minh. Cac nganh khac ap dung cac phuong phap thien v l dinh tinh va tong hgp d l md ta hien tugng yong tdng the. Tir nhiing nSm 1980, sy phat trien manh me cua phuang phap dinh tinh da cung cap cho nhdm nganh nay them nhieu each tiep can mdi, mang tinh tdng hgp va he thdng bang each xem xet ddi tugng yong tit ea cac mdi quan he ciia nd.
« Dl hiiu ban chit eiia KHXH-NV, khi nghien cim, diem xuit phat khdng phai la ca nhan rieng le, [...] ma la cac ca nhan dugc dat yong cac moi quan he xa hpi dac biet yong do hg ra ddi hoac ton tai » (Godelier M.. 2002, tr.4).
Ngoai ra, phai ke den viec irng dung rgng rai khoa hpc thdng ke vao nghien cuu trong nhilu nganh ciia khoa hpc xa hdi va nhan van hien nay. Dd la mdt cdng eu hiiu hieu giiip cac nha nghien cuu xu ly nhilu dii lieu phuc tap trong ITnh virc xa hdi, nhu nhan xet sau day ciia Nguyen van Tuan:
Cd nghia la Nhdp mon ve nghien cuu y hoc thirc nghiim.
« Cac dir lieu tu nghien cuu khoa hpc xa hgi thudng rit phiic tap, vi mang tinh da biln va da chilu. Kham pha nhCrng co ciu va moi lien he giira cac yeu td yong mgt nghien ciiu la mgt thach thiic Idn cho cac nha khoa hgc x§
hgi. Tuy nhien, nhimg phat yien trong khoa hge thdng ke da giiip cho vi?e kham pha dl dang hon [trong viec] thilt k l nghien ciiu va suy luan khoa hpc» (Nguyin van Tuan, 201 lb. tai lieu ydn mang).
3.1.3 Dgc diem ciia kien thu-c
Khoa hgc tu nhien nham xay dung nhOtig quy luat phd quat cd gia yi mgi liic mgi noi, trong khi trong nganh KHXH-NV it cd nhung quy luat nhu vay. Cac hien tugng xa hoi thudng bi chi phdi bdi nhiing quy tic phu thudc vao khdng gian va thdi gian : khi hien tugng xay ra d mpt noi khae, hoac trong mot giai doan khac, thi nhung quy tac dd cd the se thay ddi. Ndi each khac, tinh tuong ddi yong khoa hgc xa hdi va nhan van rat Idn, nen kien thirc thudng mang tinh tam bg vi nhanh chong bi cac ki6n thuc khae thay the hoac dieu chinh cho phii hgp vdi thyc te hon. Ciing chinh vi thi ma trong ITnh vyc nay, kien thirc khoa hpc va kien thiic tien khoa hgc, tham chi kiln thiic phi khoa hgc thudng dan xen nhau, lin vao nhau, cung nhau tham gia vao ddi song xa hdi, khien cho nhieu ngudi cd cam tudng ring minh eiing cd kha nang tao ra kien thiic mdi. Hien tugng nay da dugc M.-A. Tremblay canh bao: vi thieu hieu biet ve nghien ciiu xa hdi, ngudi ta thudng nghi ring minh song yong xa hdi nen duong nhien la da biet the nao la xa hdi va do do khdng can den cac nha nghien eiiu xa hdi nira! (M.-A. Tremblay, 1988 : 8). Nguy hilm hon. khi nhung kiln thuc tu phat nhu the la eua nhiing ngudi co quyen dua ra quyet dinh. Nhiing thi du v l trudng hgp nay diy ray trong xa hgi hien nay, nhit la d cac nude dang phat triln.
Mdt khia canh khac khdng kem phin quan trgng, do la khia canh khoa hgc luan. Trong nhieu trudng hgp, nghien ciiu khoa hgc ty nhien cd thi dijng lai d cip do md ta doi tugng cung cd the cung cip cho xa hgi nhiing kien thuc khoa hgc co ban. Ngugc lai, yong khoa
Tgp ehi Khoa hgc Tnrang Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn C: Khoa hgc Xa hgi. Nhdn vdn vd Gido due: 26 (2013): 30-45
hgc xa hdi va nhan van, nhimg kiln thuc md ta nhu the thudng la chua dii, ma phai hudng din viec giai thich hien tugng, tim hieu hien tugng, tim hieu nguydn nhan, ngudn gdc ciia hien tugng thi mdi cd ich lgi thiet thyc cho xa hdi.
Vi thi, khdng thi chd dgi d KHXH-NV nhirng ket qua cd ich lgi chdng vanh nhu yong KHTN. M.-A. Tremblay da timg len tiing:
« Ve khoa hgc nhan van, se sai lim Idn khi tin rang cd thi dat dugc nhiing ket qua ngoan muc cd the thay ddi mgi thd chi yong vdng hai nam »(1988, y.7).
3.1.4 Cdch tiep can cua nhd nghien cuu Trong khoa hgc ty nhien, tinh khach quan la ySu ciu hang diu ddi vdi nha nghiSn ciiu va bao dam dugc dieu nay cung khong qua khd.
Trong KHXH-NV thi hoan toan khac: tinh khach quan yong nghien ciiu cac hien tugng xa hdi vd cimg tuong ddi, vi ddi tugng nghien ciiu cua KHXH-NV la eon ngudi, cd y thuc, cd suy nghT, cd nilm tin, cd he thdng gia yi rieng..., vi quy yinh nghien cuu cung la mdt loai quan he xa hgi diln ra giiia nha nghien ciiu va ddi tugng nghien ciiu. Nhu M. Godelier da ndi:
« Phan tich cac mdi quan h6 xa hdi khdng thi khdng quan tam din nhung hinh tugng ma cac ca nhan sdng trong eac mdi quan he do cd duge vl chinh hg va ve cac mdi quan he cua hg. Dilu nay cang quan ygng hon vi chinh cac ca nhan va cac nhdm ngudi la nhung dien vien ciia ddi sdng xa hdi; hg tai tab hay bien ddi cac mdi quan he do khi hanh xu yong cdng ddng.
Vi vay se khdng thd ed nghien cuu day du ve xa hgi nlu khdng tinh den cac hinh tugng. hinh anh. gia tri, bilu tugng dugc eac thanh vien yong cdng ddng dd chia se.» (Godelier M., 2002, y.'4).
Hon nfta, nhilu vin dl nghien ciiu ludn ludn tac ddng den ngudi nghien cuu, khien hg khdng thi che diu quan diim, thai do, cua ca nhan hg yong nghidn ciiu. Khi chgn mdt van dl nghien ciiu, hp da cam thay cd su bat on yong hien tugng xa hgi do (cd vin de) va da CO y tudng ve nhiing nguyen nhan can xda bd hay h^n chi, vi the. nha nghien cuu khdng the
trung lap va khach quan nhu yong KHTN dugc. cac nha nghidn ciiu da de ra cac each tien hanh sau day:
- Thay «ti'nh khach quan» bing tinh
«lien chu thi» (intersubjectivite): gidi thieu nhilu quan diim khac nhau, ddi chilu each hiiu tinh hudng cua minh vdi nhilu each hieu eiia ngudi khac cd quan didm khac.
Bao dam su minh bach: thdng bao tat ca cac khia canh Hen quan den quy yinh nghien cuu, CO sd I;^ thuylt va phuang phap luEin ma nha nghien ciiu chgn lya.
3.2 Cac dinh d€ vl khoa hoc
Nen khoa hgc hien dai dua tren mdt sd dinh dl ma mgi ngudi phai mac nhien chap nhan, nlu khdng, khoa hgc khdng the tdn tai. Dd la cac dinh de sau day:
3.2.1. Tinh thdn khoa hpc hay quyet dinh ludn (A.: determinism; P.: determinisme)
Nha nghien cuu triet hgc khoa hgc Alffred North Whitehead (1861-1947) cho ring khoa hgc hien dai dua yen dinh dl diu tien la the gidi du la tu nhien hay xa hdi hoac nhan van diu la thi gidi cd td chuc, nghTa la ed nhung quy luat chi phdi su van ddng ciia nd. Dinh de nay rit cin cho khoa hgc, vi neu khdng chap n h ^ nd, thi khoa hge se khdng ed ly do de Idn tai, bdi le muc dich ciia khoa hge la kham pha nhirng quy luat dd.
Trong KHXH-NV, nha nghien cuu cho rang cac hien tugng xa hdi cung nhu hanh vi eua con ngudi cung tuan theo nhiing quy Iuat nao do, nhung nhiing quy luat iy khdng cd dinh va chat che nhu yong khoa hpc ty nhien.
Mgi sy kien hay hien tugng deu bit ngudn tu nhung nguyen nhan cd the xac dinh dugc. Mgi hanh vi ciia eon ngudi diu cd yat ty va tuan theo nhiing quy tic nhat dinh. Mac dii cac nguyen nhan khdng ludn rd rang va cac hanh vi khong ludn ludn hieu duge, nhung khdng vi the ma cho rang chung khdng cd yat tu. Nhidm vu cua khoa hpc la timg budc kham pha ra yat tu do, dl lam cho kiln thuc vl KHXH-NV ngay cang day dii hon, chinh xac ban.
Tgp chi Khoa hoc Trudng Dgi hoc Cdn Tha 3.2.1 Sic dung die lieu thudng nghiem hay Id
thudng nghiem luan: (A.: empirism; P.:
empirisme)
Khoa hgc dya vao quan sat cu the de tien hanh xac dinh dac didm, dat ten, so sanh, md ta, phan loai nhiing sy vat va su viec. Dd la nhihig dft lidu ed thi quan sat dugc, do ludng duge va cd thi kiem chimg dugc, dugc thu thap tu thi gidi khach quan. Whitehead cho ring quan niem nay ke thua tu phuang phap nghien cuu eua Aristote tu thdi ed dai. Theo quan niem nay, kiln thiic khoa hpc dugc xay dyng tii nhihig quan sat thye te, rdi tu quan sat do ma hinh thanh nen cac gia thuyet. Sau dd, cac gia thuylt duge kiem chiirng iai qua nhieu quan sat khac va dugc khai quat hda thanh nhung quy luat cd gia tn cho nhirng tinh hudng tuang tu.
Cling cin ndi them la vi hai nganh toan hgc va triet hpc khdng su dung dii lieu thudng nghiem ma mdi sd nha khoa hgc khdng ggi dd la cac nganh khoa hge, ma la cac chuyen nganh luan ly.
3.2.2 Tinh ndng dpng cua khoa hpc: khoa hgc ludn duge dieu chinh, bd sung Khoa hpc la mdt no lyc lien tuc. Khoa hpc ludn cd sai sdt va can phai lien tuc xem xet lai cac su viec, l;y thuylt va cac each giai thich dl dieu chinh, bd sung ngay cang hoan thien hon.
Neu khi kiem nghiem, ta thay mdt ly thuylt nao dd la sai thi phai thay ddi ly thuyet ban dau, th£im chi phai xda bd, d l thay bing mgt ly thuyet khac ed nhieu kha nang giai thich hien tugng hon. Ndi each khac, kiln thuc khoa hgc khdng phai la vTnh cuu, ma ludn thay ddi d l cang ngay cang tilp can vdi chan ly. That vay, nha toan hgc ngudi Phap H. Poincare da timg nhan xet:
« cac ly thuylt rit mong manh va lich sii khoa hgc da chung minh rang chiing rit ylu menhj Tuy nhien, chiing khdng chit hoan toan, ma vin cdn sdt lai mdt cai gi diy td chiing. Cai gi day chinh la cai ma chiing ta phai tim each gan Igc ra. bdi vi dd chinh la thuc t l thuc su » (Poincare H.. 1968, tr. 13).
Phdn C Khoa hgc Xd hgi, Nhdn vdn vd Gido dgc: 26 (2013): 30-45 Bh cd thi phat hien ra nhiing bit hgp ly, nha khoa hgc phai ludn ddi chieu thyc t l vdi eac gia thuylt va ly thuylt, cac ly thuylt ddi lap nhau. Chinh vi the mdt ket qua nghien cuu, dii hgp ly din dau chang nQsi, cung cin phai dugc kilm chiing va ddi chieu vdi nhiing nghien cuu khac. Nhiem vu ciia nha khoa hpc khdng phai chi la chiing minh mdt gia thuylt nao dd la diing, ma cin ijhai phan nghiem nd. Dd chinh la nguydn tic eua ly thuylt phan nghiem (A.: Falsificationism; P.:
Falsificationisme, refutationnisme) ma K.
Popper (1902-1994) da d l ra. Theo ong, khoa hpc phat y i l n bing hai each: thu nhat, eac ly thuyet tdt din len nhd sy bd sung, chinh sua cua cac thanh tyu mdi; thii hai, kien thuc cu dugc thay the bang kien thuc mdi cd nhieu iru diim hon, cd nhidu nang luc giai thich hon.
Dua tren su phat trien do, khoa hge tim each xay dung ly thuyet, gdm nh&ng quy tac cd thS giai thich cang nhieu sy viee cang tdt. Mdt ly thuyet tdt la ly thuyet cd the bao quat dugc nhieu quan he giiia cac su vi8c.
Muc dich cudi cung ciia khoa hpc la nhan thuc v l ban chat ciia the gidi ty nhidn va xS hdi, bat dau td quan sat, md ta va phan loai de dan dan phat hien cac nguydn ly va quy lu^t chung. Neu chi cd quan sat va ghi nhan du lieu, thi nbOng quan sat i y cung se cd it gia yi vi khdng riit ra duge nhiing quy luat chi phoi chiing. Trudng hgp sau day minh hga rd rang nhan dinh dd: nha thien van hgc ngudi Dan Mach Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) da danh ca ddi minh de quan sat, ghi chep va md ta nhung vi sao. Nhung khi nghien cuu cac ghi chep dd, ngudi hgc trd cua dng, J. Kepler (1571-1630) mdi la ngudi phat hien ra dugc nhihig quy luat van ddng eiia chiing, ma ngay nay ta ggi la cac dinh luat Kepler.
3.2.3 Su khdch quan ciia nhd nghien cini Mdt dac diem thilt ylu eua khoa hgc la tinh khach quan. Dya tren md hinh nghien eiiu cfia KHTN, Ci. Levi-Syauss da neu len nguyen tSc diu tien v l tinh khach quan cho KHXH-NV:
« Mgi nghien ciiu khoa hgc diu dya y6n dinh de v l sy ddi lap giua ngudi quan sat va ddi tugng quan sat. Trong KHTN, dd la nha
Tap chi Khoa hoc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn C: Khoa hoe Xa hgi, Nhdn vdn vd Gido due: 26 (2013): 30-45 nghien cim va thi gidi tu nhien [...]. Ndu
KHXH-NV mudn thuc sy y d thanh cac nganh khoa hgc, thi nd cin phai giir lai sy ddi lap nay va ehi dich chuyin nd d l dat nd vao giiia con ngudi: mdt su phan tach giiia ngudi quan sat va ngudi bi quan sat » (Levi-Syauss CI., 1964, y.582).
Dieu nay can thilt chang nhiing cho thu thap ma con cho ea phin diln giai dii lieu: nha nghien cdu can phii tien hanh c6 hg thdng, khach quan va hgp Idgi'ch. Nha nghidn cuu khdng dugc d l nilm tin va suy nghT ca nhan cOa minh tac ddng den ket qua quan sat va eac ket luan. Muc di'eh eua vi§c bao dam tinh khach quan la d l phat hien ra kiln thdc mdi, dgc lap vdi y chi eua ca nhan va cdng ddng.
Wallerstein dien giai ti'nh khach quan nhu sau:
« Y nghTa ciia ti'nh chit khach quan gin liln vdi quan niem la kiln thuc khdng phai la tien nghiem, rang nghien ciiu cd the day chiing ta nhieu dieu ma chiing ta chua biet, rang nd cd the dem lgi nhieu ngac nhien so vdi nhihig mong dgi ban d i u » (Wallerstein I., 2006, y.85)
Dieu nay dac bidt quan trgng vi no giiip nha nghien cuu ludn ludn di tim kilm thdc mdi, xda bd mgi dinh kien, co diu dc edi md vdi cac y tudng mdi me ngay ea khi nhiing y tudng dd di ngugc lai suy nghT va quan niem ciia chiing ta.
3.3 Tinh khoa hgc trong KHXH-NV Trong eude sdng, ta thudng lam nhieu
« nghien cuu ». Tuy nhien, khdng phai nghien cuu nao cung la nghien ciiu khoa hgc. Theo ghi nhan cua P. Sagaut, thuat ngi^ « science » thudng dugc nhilu ngudi gan cho nhiing dac tinh tich eye, lam tang gia tri, vi ti'nh tu phai sinh eua nd « scientifique» ham chua cac nghTa « diing », « chat che », « chic chin ». Vi thi, tinh khoa hgc la van de trgng tam cua nganh khoa hgc luan va viec xac dinh eac tieu chi cua tinh khoa hgc giiip phan biet dugc nhihig gi la khoa hgc va nhiing gi la phi khoa hgc (2008, tr.24).
D I xac djnh cac tieu chi ciia tinh khoa hoc, cac nha nghidn ciru phai dua vao cac dac diem
ciia khoa hgc. Neu cac nha nghien ciru de dang thong nhat vdi nhau ve sy can thiet ciia tinh khoa hoc trong nghidn cuu, thi hp lai cd nhieu y kien khae nhau v l cac tieu ehi tao ndn tinh khoa hge. Tiiy theo ITnh vuc nghien cuu va ea gdc do tiep can ma hg d l ra cac tieu chi nay.
Cd tac gia de ra din 9 tieu ehi, cung cd tac gia chi liet ke ra 7 tieu chi, hoac 5 tieu chi ma t h d i : cang nhieu tieu chi thi cang it cdng trinh dap ung dugc.
3.3.1 Mpt so quan ni^m khoa hpc ludn hien dgi ve tinh khoa hpc
ThuySt kidm nghiem (A.: verificationism ; P.: verificationnisme) la mdt quan niem khoa hge luan ciia trudng phai thuc chung luan Idgieh. Thuyet nay phd biln yong cac nganh khoa hgc ty nhien va mdt sd chuyen nganh ciia KHXH-NV. Theo Iy thuylt nay, ngudi ta chi biet mdt cau nao do diing hay sai khi nd cd the dugc kiem chung qua thyc nghiem. Trong Tuyen ngon cua Cdu lac bp Vienne^, R. Camap phan biet ba loai eau ndi: cau quan sat, cau ly thuyet va cau sieu hinh, yong do, loai cau quan sat ed the kiem chung true tilp dugc (thi du nhu c a u : « hoa hdng nay mau dd ») va loai eau ly thuyet cd the kiem chiing mgt each gian tiep, qua trung gian cua loai cau quan sat. Cdn loai cau sieu hinh thi khdng the nao kilm chung dugc (thi du cau: « Thugng ^i ed mat khap nai»). Dieu dd ed nghTa la tinh cd the kilm nghiem dugc (A.: verifiability; P.:
verifiabilite) ciia mgt cau chinh la tieu chi ve tinh khoa hgc.
Bang each lap luan rang co sd thudng nghiem khdng phai la nhiing dii lieu tuyet ddi, ma ehi la nhung kien thuc tam thdi ciia nhan loai ma thdi, K. Popper ket luan ring Iy thuyet kiem nghiem bat luc trong nhilu trudng hgp, do dd, dng d l ra Iy thuyet phan nghiem (A.:
Falsificationism; P.: refutationnisme) yong tac pham Ld^ich ciia su phat kien khoa hoc'.
Popper lay thi du eau ndi « n u d e sdi d 100°C ». De bao dam ti'nh diing din ciia cau
Ban tieng Phap la Le Manifeste du Cercle de Vienne.
' Ban tieng Phap la La logique de la decouverte scientifique.
Tap chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hoc Cdn Tho Phdn C: Khoa hgc Xd hgi. Nhdn vdn vd Gido due 26 (2013): 30-45 ndi nay, ngudi ta phai dun nude mai mai de
kilm nghiem, nlu ehi cd mdt lin nao dd ngudi ta phat hien thay nude sdi d mdt nhiet dd khac thi cau ndi tren cung se sai. Tu dd. Popper cho ring ngudi ta khdng thi chung minh mot cau ndi la diing, ma chi cd thi chiing minh la nd cd sai hay khdng. Tuy nhien, mdt gia thuylt nao chua bi phan nghiem la sai thi cung chua hin la diing. Popper cho ring kien thuc la mdt qua trinh tiin hda va cac ly thuylt ngay cang it xiu hon. Mdt ly thuylt tdt la mdt ly thuylt ed nang lye giai thich tdt ban eac ly thuylt khac, nghTa la nd tuong thich vdi cac hien tugng quan sat tdt hon nhiing ly tliuylt trudc dd va mang lai nhilu kha nang cho chinh su phan nghiem cua nd.
Trong tac pham Cdu triic cua cdc cupc each mang khoa hpc^, Thomas S. Kuhn (1922- 1996) da trinh bay quan niem cua dng ve sy tiin bd cua khoa hgc. Ong cho rang khoa hgc phat triln qua hai giai doan xen lan nhau: giai doan khoa hgc binh thudng (science normale) va giai doan khoa hge bat thudng (science extraordinaire), Uong do khoa hgc binh tliudng la chii dao, cdn khoa hgc bat thudng la giai doan each mang ciia khoa hgc. Trong khoa hoc binh thudng, mdi chuyen nganh hinh thanh nen mdt khuon mdi^ « nham xac dinh cac van de va cac phuang phap chinh dang, va cho phep dat dugc hieu qua nghien cuu Idn nhat:
mdt ngdn ngii chung tao thuan lgi cho viec phd bien cac cdng trinh va khoi thdng cac nghien cuu». Vi the, mdt khudn mau bao gom cac vin de ve ly thuylt, khai niem, phuong phap, cdng cu, each tiep can... rieng biet. Khi khoa Ban tieng Phap la La structure des revolutions scientifiques.
' Tieng Anh la paradigm, tieng Phap la paradigme.
Tir diln Le Petit Robert (2009) giai thich nhu sau:
«Systeme de representations, de valeurs, de normes qui influent sur la perception du monde » (tarn djch: He thdng nhung hinh tugng, gia tri, chuan myc tac ddng den cam n h ^ vl thi gidi). Co nhieu de nghi vl cich dich tii nay, ching hgn nhu
« h | hinh », « mlu hinh » hay « mSu hinh khoa hpc », « mau chuan », « pham thuc », « md thiic ».
« khudn mau », « mau thuc ». « chuin thiic »,
« khung mlu «... "Tham chi co ngudi con dl nghi gi& nguyen dang tiing nude ngoai.
hgc phat triln vugt ra ngoai cai khuon mau ciia nd se tao ra mgt eude each mang khoa hge.
3.3.2 Cdc tieu chi ca bdn ciia tinh khoa hpc Dii cho CO thi dugc ggi bang nhieu ten khac nhau, nhung tyu trung lai, cac tieu chi sau day dugc nhilu nha nghien cdu xem la nhirng ti§u chi CO ban cua mgi khoa hoc, yong dd cd KHXH-NV: tinh hgp le ndi tai, ti'nh hgp le ngoai tai, tinh trung thyc va tinh dang tin cay (Pourtois J.-P., Desmet H. & Lahaye W., 2001, y.38).
- Tinh hap le npi tgi (validite interne) nhim kilm ya xem cac gia thuylt va viec kilm chiing gia thuyet ed dugc bao dam khdng? Cac quan sat cd dat yeu cau ve sd lugng va chit lugng khdng? Mdi quan hd gitra cac hien tugng quan sat dugc cd chinh xac khdng? Cac quan tam nay nhim lam cho nghien cdu ch|t che han, de bao dam rang cac ket lu^n cua nghien ciiu dugc riit ra tu nhung quan sat thuc sy chu khdng phai tir nhiing yeu td khac can thiep vao qua trinh nghien ciiu.
- Tinh hap le ngogi tgi (validite exteme) nham khao sat do chinh xac ciia nghien cdu dS cd the ap dung ket luan ciia nghien eiiu dd vao • nhilu tinh hudng khac. Vi vay, tieu chi nay nhim kiem soat kha nang va ban che cua viec ap dung md hinh nghien cuu vao nhung doi tugng khae, thdi gian khac, dia diem khac.
Tinh trung thirc (fidelite) do ludng sir dgc lap eua eac quan sat va cac dien giai so vdi nhiing bien ddi ngau nhien hoac cd he thdng.
Nhiing biln ddi nay cd t h i bit ngudn tir nhieu nguyen do, chang ban nhu tu cdng cu hoac dieu kien thu thap du" lieu, td khudn kho thyc nghiem... Tieu chi nay chu ylu nhim tang cudng tinh dn dinh cua cac ket qua nghien cdu.
Tinh ddng tin cgy (fiablilite) nham bao dam dd khach quan cua cac dii Heu thu thap dugc. Nhimg quan sat dugc ggi la khach quan khi chiing cd the dugc tai hien, de ngudi khac cd the kiem chung ghi nh^n ciia ngudi nghien ciiu.
3.3.3 Mot so y kien khdc
Umberto Eeo, mdt giao su ngudi Y, td gdc dd ciia nha nghien ciru nhilu ITnh vyc KHXH-
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn C: Khoa hgc Xd hgi, Nhdn vdn vd Gido due: 26 (2013). 30-45
NV nhu ky hieu hgc, trilt hgc, ngdn ngu hgc va my hgc, da dh ra 4 tieu chi cua tinh khoa hgc cua mgt cdng ymh nghien cdu nhu sau:
« 1- NghiSn ciiu phai chgn ddi tugng nghien cihi xac dinh, ed thi nhan bilt dugc, sao cho ngudi khac cung nhan bilt duoc nd.
2. Ve mdt ddi tugng nhu vay, nghien cuu phai ndi nhiing dilu chua timg 6ugc ndi tdi, hoac phai xem xet lai nd trong mgt nhan quan khac vdi nhung gi da duge cong bd. [...]
3. Nghidn cuu phai cd ich cho ngudi khae.
4. Nghien ciru phai cung cip nhihig ylu td cho phep kiem chiing hoac phan bien cac gia thuylt ma nd dua ra; ndi each khac, nghien ciiu phai cung cap nhiing ylu td cho phep tranh luan cdng Idiai. Dd la mdt ddi hdi co ban »(dan lai tii Fragniere J.-P., 1986, y. 35).
Khi ban ve co sd khoa hpc cua mdt boat ddng thyc tien, tac gia Nguyin van Tuin (201 la) luu -^ rang ehi dugc xem la khoa hpc nlu hdi du it nhit la 3 dieu kien: du lieu that, da duac cong bo va tinh tdi xdc nhdn. Thilu mgt yong ba dieu kien nay khdng thi xem la cd tinh khoa hoc duoc:
« Khoa hgc dya vao sy that hay du" liiu that. Nhung sy that phai dugc quan sat hay thu thap va do ludng bing nhiing phuong phap chuan. Dieu quan trpng va can thiet yong khoa hgc la khdng ehi su that, ma la dir lieu cd lien quan din vin ih dang dugc dilu ya. [...] Khoa hgc khdng dya vao kinh nghiem ca nhan (dii ca nhan dd la chuydn gia) hay suy luan theo cam tinh. [...] Bing chiing khoa hgc la nhiing ket qua va du' lieu nghien ciiu da dugc cong bo yen cac tap san khoa hgc chuyen nganh, cac t ^ san nay cd he thdng binh duyet (phan bien) tu cac chuyen gia. [...] Tat ca ket qua nghien cuu deu phai cd kha nang tdi xdc nh^n » (Nguyin van Tuin, 201 la, y.37-38).
3.4 Pfaurong phap khoa hgc
Mdi ITnh vyc nghien eiiu eo nhiing dac diem rieng, do dd ciing ed nhiing phuong phap nghien ciiu tuong ung vdi cac dac diim do.
Tham chi ngay ttong cimg mgt ITnh vuc nghien cuu cung cd nhilu phuang phap khac nhau, tuong ung vdi tinh yang kiln thuc khoa hgc cua cdng ddng ve vin dl ed Hen quan. Bang tdng hgp sau day tdm tat cac phuang phap nghien cuu thudng duge sd dung yong ITnh vyc KHXH-NV yong mdi tuong quan vdi tinh trang kiln thuc va muc tieu nghien cuu:
CAC PHlTONG PHAP NCKH TRONG KHXH-NV Tinh tr^ng
kien thirc LTnh vuc mdi, chua ed
cdng yinh nghien cuu nao
LTnh vyc da cd mgt sd nghien cuu
Muc ti@u
»«
H HB
-«
>
Dac diem - Dilu nghien mdt hien tugng it dugc biet den
- Nhan dang hoac kham pha eac bien quan trgng
- Hinh thanh cac gia thuylt cho cac nghien ciiu sau nay
- Md ta va thu thap dii lieu ve hien tugng
- So sanh cac hien tugng - Khao sat cac hien tugng ddng phuong sai (covariance)
Phuang phap nghien ciru - Chuyen ddi (histoire de vie) - Nghien cuu trudng hgp - Phdng van khdng chinh thuc - Phuang phap Hch su - Quan sat ty nhien - Quan sat tham dy -Phan tich ndi dung - Nghien ciru tai lieu - Phan tich dii lieu thd cap - Phdng van ban dilu khiln - Quan sat cd he thdng - Dieu tra bang bang cau hdi - Phuang phap tuong quan - Phuong phap ban thyc nghiem
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hoc Cdn Tha Phdn C: Khoa hoc Xa hoi. Nhdn vdn vd Gido diic: 26 (2013): 30-45
LTnh vyc da cd nhieu md ta ehi tiet LTnh vuc da
xac dinh duge eac mdi nhan qua cac hien tugng LTnh vyc da phat trien mpt so ling dung
LTnh vuc da ed nhieu kiln
thuc va hiiu k j cang
1 S
5 HQ
'5b
Kiem soat
- Giai thich cac nguyen nhan ciia hien tugng
- Nhan dang eac he thong nguyen nhan cddie
- Md hinh hda hien tugng - Du bao cac chudi hoac cac hau qua eiia rapt hien tugng - Dy bao cac sy kien hoac hanh vi cd thi phat sinh tu mdt hien tugng - Danh gia chat lugng hoac tac ddng eiia mdt hien tugng theo cac tieu chi
- Dilu chinh mdt hien tugng (san pham, dich vu)
- Can thiep vao mdt tinh hudng xa hdi de dieu chinh hay thay ddi - Chinh siia hanh vi cua mdt ca nhan, mdt nhdm, mpt td chuc...
- Phuong phap trudng hgp duy nhat
- Quan sat thuc nghiem • -^^^ | - Phuang phap thuc nghiem - Phuong phap chuoi thdi gian - Phuong phap lui dan
- Dieu y a muc dd hai long - Khao sat nhu cdu - Khao sat tinh kha thi
- Phuong phap lam sang - Nghien ciiu hanh ddng (Action Research)
Tuy nhien, ndi nhu thi khdng cd nghTa la quen rang cac nganh khoa hgc ciing co nhiing d5c diem chung vdi nhau, xuat phat td viec cd cLing sir menh khoa hpc, tu dac diem eiia ddi tugng nghien eiiu, tu ban chit ciia kiln thuc khoa hgc... Viee ed nhieu phuong phap nghien cdu khae nhau khiln viec tun hiiu, thyc hanh cd nhieu khd khan va viee tham dinh, danh gia cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu cd nguy co rdi ren, vi hilm cd chuyen gia nao cd diy du kinh nghiem ve tat ca cac phuang phap ndi yen.
Hon niia, cung nhu mgi kiln thuc khoa hgc, kien thuc v l phuang phap nghien cuu khdng ngimg dugc phat trien cung vdi sy tiin bg eiia loai ngudi. Viee quay lung lai vdi sy tien bd va ddng khung eac nghien ciiu theo mdt khudn mau quen thudc se din din nguy co kim ham sy sang tao ciia ngudi nghien cuu.
Ngugc lai, sy phat triln tiiy tien, khdng kilm soat cung se anh hudng khdng nhd din chat lugng nghien cuu. Vi thi, vin d l dat ra la lam the nao de bao dam tinh khoa hgc eua cdng yinh nghien cuu, dii nd duge tiin hanh d Viet Nam^hay d phuong Tay. Cae nha nghien cuu da CO ging xay dyng rjiiing tieu chi toi thilu dya yen cac tieu ehi v l tinh khoa hgc, chung
cho mgi phuang phap nghien cdu va hg gpi do
\a phuong phdp khoa hpc, ma moi nghien ciiu diu phai tuan theo, dii la KHTN hay KHXH- NV.
Cd nhieu quan niSm khac nhau v l phuang phap khoa hpc va kha nang ung dung eOa no tiiy theo each nhin nhan cua cac tac gia ve vai yd ciia phuong phap thye nghidm. ThSt v$y, sau day la mdt sd quan niem v l phuang phap khoa hgc ma chung tdi nit ra td mdt sd cdng yinh nghien cuu v l KHXH-NV va khoa hoc giao due.
M.-A. Tremblay (1968) xac dinh phuang phap khoa hge bang each liet ke ra cac ti6u chi sau day de mdt phuang phap nghien cdu dugc cdng nhan la phuong phap khoa hpc:
- Cd su dung mgt khung tham chieu (nham xac dinh cae gidi han eiia nghien ciiu va eac bien tac ddng den hien tugng dang nghien cuu),
- c a c dii lieu phai tuang thich vdi he thong ly thuylt (tuong thich ndi tai),
- Cac sy viee thu nhan dugc qua quan sat phai tuong ung vdi thuc t l khach quan (tinh tuong thi'cb ngoai tai).
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phan C- Khoa hgc Xd hgi. Nhdn vdn vd Gido due. 26 (2013): 30-45
~ Dugc kilm nghiem yong gidi chuyen mdn,
~ Co td ehdc thuc nghiem, - Cd lap va kilm soat cac bien, - Do ludng cac hien tugng, - Dy bao,
- Khai quat hoa,
- Thai dd khach quan khoa hgc.
M.-A. Tremblay eiing luu y ring mdt sd tieu chi yen day khdng nhat thilt phai hien dien yong mdt nghien cdu, chang ban nhu tieu chi thye nghiem. TTieo dng, trudc khi loai ngudi phdng ve tinh Spoutnik len quy dao trai dat thi nganh thien van hgc ehi dya vao tinh toan va suy luan nhung vin mang tinh chinh xac khoa hgc cao dii chua thyc nghiem bao gid!
J.-M. Van der Maren (2003, y.I6) so dd hoa phuong phap khoa hge thanh mdt quy trinh bao gdm 6 cdng doan sau day ma bat eu nghien cihi nao ciing deu phai ap dung:
xay dyng mdt van dl De su dung mpt he thdng cdng eu Nhim cho phep thu thap dii lieu - De phan tich va xu ly theo nhieu ky thuat khae nhau
De san sinh ra nhirng ket luan - Ma nha nghien cdu se binh luan hoac dien giai.
Trudng phai giao due tien bd d Hoa Ky ehii truong day cho hpc sinh phd thdng phuong phap khoa hgc nhu la phuong phap chung dugc ap dung yong bat cu linh vyc nao, vdi bit eu quy md nao, tu viec giai quyet cac van dl don gian den cac nghien eiiu phuc tap. Peter F. OHva (2006) cu thi hoa phuang phap khoa hgc bing nam budc thuc hien:
« Phuang phap khoa hgc la ky nang can phai dat dugc va phuong thuc tim kilm giai phap cho cac van de. Trong cae thanh phan dan gian nhat cua phuong phap khoa hgc, cd nam budc sau day:
_ Xac djnh mdt van de,
- Hinh thanh mdt gia thuyet hoac nhieu gia thuyet,
- Tap hgp du lieu, - Phan tich dii lieu,
- Rut ra eac kit luan.» (Oliva F. Peter, 2006, y.260).
Qua cac khao sat yen day, chiing ta tiiay ring mac dii each diln dat va khai quat ciia cac tac gia cd khac nhau, nhung tyu trung lai cae tieu chi thilt ylu diu hien dien trong 5 giai doan ma Oliva F. Peter da neu.
Mdt each khai quat hon, Le Thanh Khdi da dinh nghia phuong phap khoa hgc nhu sau:
« Phuang phap khoa hge chu yeu khdng dua ra ket luan nao ma khdng cd chung eu;
phai dya yen nhiing ket qua eu the, dugc kiem soat mdt each khach quan chd khong ^hai dya yen nhung y kien ea nhan thudng xuat phat tu kinh nghiem ban hep; phai phan biet nhirng dii Heu va su dien dich nhiing dii lieu dd. khdng gd cac sy viec vao ly thuyet ma phai dieu chinh ly thuyet cho phii hgp vdi sy viec; phai cd tinh phe phan, nghTa la phai chap nhan viec xem xet lai ly thuyet, du cho no da hoan chinh den dau chang niia» (Le Thanh Khdi, 1981, dan lai tii Tsafak G., 2001, y.77).
Diem ndi bat d dinh nghTa nay so vdi nhieu dinh nghia khae la tac gia nhan manh tam quan trgng cua tinh than phe phan cua nha khoa hgc va vai yd «thudc do » cua hien thye ddi vdi mgi ly thuylt: Iy thuyet phai dugc kiem chung bang each ddi chieu vdi thye te va neu can thi cd the dieu chinh ly thuyet cho nd phu hgp vdi thuc te. Dd la tinh chat khach quan cua khoa hgc. du la KHTN hay KHXH-NV.
4 THAY LOfI KET LUAN: BAI HOC CUA PHI/ONG TAY
Sy khac biet giiia cac nganh khoa hgc hoac giiJa eac nen van hda khac nhau la duong nhien, khdng ai phu nhan. Tuy nhien, bdn canh su khae nhau dd van cd nhftng diem chung vdi nhau, du mong manh den dau chang nira, nhung dd la « sgi ehi do » xuyen sudt mgi qua yinh. Vi the, viee de cao sy khac biet cd nguy
Tap chi Khoa hoc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn C • Khoa hgc Xd hoi. Nhdn vdn vd Gido due: 26 (2013) • 30-45 CO din din « chu nghTa tuong ddi toan dien »,
nghTa la tinh yang bdn ddn yong khoa hgc.
Trong gidi nghien cuu KHXH-NV nude ta, nhilu ngudi chi dya ydn sy khae biet ve van hda A - Au d l giai thi'ch cho su hdi nhap kem eua KHXH-NV Viet Nam vao boat ddng khoa hge eiia cdng ddng the gidi, ma quen mdt yeu td then chdt khien gidi nghien ciiu nude ta vin quanh quan trong cai ao lang: do la thieu viec hgc tap va nghidn ciiu nhiing thanh tuu ve KHXH-NV cua cac nude phuong Tay. Nhugc diem nay the hien rd yong cae chuang yinh dao tao nganh KHXH-NV d eac yudng dai hgc va yong ndi dung sinh boat hpc thuat cua xa hdi ta. Vi thieu nhirng kien thuc do, dac biet la mang kien thuc lien quan den phuang phap nghien cdu khoa hpc, nen hieu qua nghien cuu eua ta chua cao, chua tao duge chd diing tren yudng quoc tl. Chiing tdi rat tan thanh nhan xet sau day cua Nguyin thi Tu Huy (2011:
« Chimg nao ndi dung nghien cdu va giang day d dai hgc cdn chua theo kjp thdi su nghien Clin the gidi, khdng nim bit dugc cac vin d l dang dat ra cho gidi hgc thuat qudc te chimg dd vin chua the ndi tdi viec hdi nhap thi gidi mgt each binh ding »
Tren binh dien khoa hgc luan, thilt nghi chiing ta cung nen nghien cihi bai hpc thanh cdng ciia khoa hgc phuang Tay: theo D. Collin (2005), sd d! khoa hpc phuang Tay, kl ca KHTN va KHXH-NV, da cd budc tiin thin ky la nhd 5 nguyen tic sau day:
« I. Su dung phuang phap phan tich, dugc trinh bay cd dpng trong mgt doan van ndi tiing cua tac phim Biscours de la Methode^^ ciia Descartes: "chia nhung khd khan ma tdi se khao sat thanh nhiing phin nhd din muc ed thi va can thilt de giai quyet chiing tdt nhif';
2. Td bd quan niem nguyen nhan cuoi cimg ciia yilt hgc Aristote" va chgn thuylt nhan
Co nghia la Bdn vephuangphdp.
" Tieng Phap la cause finale, tac gia mudn noi din sieu hinh hpc. Aristote phan biet 4 loai nguyen nhan ciia thi gidi vSt chit: nguyen nhan vat chit (cause materielle), nguyen nhan hinh thuc (cause formelie). nguyen nhSn tac thanh (cause efficiente)
qua hep, dugc Kant dien giai nhu sau: td chiic cae hien tugng bing nhung quy luat chung dilu khien eac mdi quan he eua chung;
3. Tu bd eac van de sieu hinh [...] va chon each giai thfch cae hien tugng dac thii bing eac quy luat chung ("quy luat bao triim" - covering law, nhu Hempel noi), nghia la cai ma ngudi ta thudng ggi la thyc chimg luan;
4. Toan hgc hda cac quy luat nay; vat ly ly thuyet da di vao "con dudng chic chin cua khoa hgc", nhu Kant da tung ndi, bdi vi cac quy luat cua nd ed quy luat toan hgc;
5. Sy dgc lap eua cac khoa hpc ddi vui nhung gia yi ndi chung va ddi vdi nhung giao dieu tdn giao ndi rieng. Dd la yeu sach ciia Weber ve "tinh trung lap gia yi hgc", bao ham su tach rdi triet de giiia khoa hgc va sieu hinh hay tdn giao ».
Hoat ddng khoa hgc la mdt hoat dpng tu duy cao cap, ddi hdi phai cd nhilu diu tu lau dai va CO ban, nhilu bien phap can co, t o ^ dien, giiip gidi khoa hgc ed dugc tinh than coi md, tu do tiep can nhung tinh tiiy cua nhSn loai, ehu khdng the chi hai long ve mdt sd chu truong, chinh sach. Bai vilt nay mong khai d|y d dgc gia nhieu suy nghT, gdc nhin khac, dk gdp phin chinh ddn va phat y i l n hoat ddng KHXH-NV d nude ta.
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