^1 KIEM SOAT RLII RO TRONO QUA TRiNtf MUA BAN HANG nOA T l i KtlAU DL/ T H A O tlOP OONO
T
rong thyc tien, cac giao dich mua ban hang hda het sftc da dang, phftc tap va phat triln ngdy cang sdi ddng. Cd rat nhilu ydu td anh hudng vdi chieu hudng, mftc dd tac dgng khac nhau tao nen rfti ro ttong giao dich mua bdn hang hda. Nhung riii ro nay ddi khi keo theo tiiiet hai khdng nhd ve tai san, uy lin, danh dy, dua cac ben vao tinh the khd khan, thdm chi khien thuong nhdn khdng cdn khd nang tilp tyc kinh doanh. Bdi viet nay xin dd cdp den cac ngi dung can luu y nham kidm sodt rui ro ttong qua trinh mua bdn hang hda ngay tir khdu du thao hgp ddng.1. Nen hieu hgp ddng mua ban hang hoa nhu the nao
Mua bdn hang hda la mgt dang boat ddng thuong raw}. Co sd de xac lap boat ddng ndy la thda thuan mua ban hdng hda. Dudi gdc dp phap ly dugc quy dinh ttong Ludt Thuong mai thi hang hda la cac ddng san, ke ca dgng san dugc hinh thdnh ttong tuang lai va nhiing vdt gan Hen vdi dat dai^. Tuy nhidn, Ludt Thuong mai khdng coi quyen sft dyng dat la hang hda ttong thuang mai.
Hgp ddng mua ban hang hda chiu sy didu chinh cua Bd ludt ddn sft*, Irong dd, vide mua ban hang hda mang day du ban chat cfta giao dich ddn sy^; Hgp ddng mua ban hang hda, do
ThS. Nguyin Hodi Thu^
la su thda thuan ty nguyen gifta cac ben ve xac lap, thay ddi hodc chim dftt quyen, nghia vu dan sy; ddng thdi phai chiu sy didu chinh cfta Luat Thuang mgi^. Vdi lu cdeh la lual chuydn nganh, hgp ddng mua ban hdng hda cd thd dugc the hidn bdng ldi ndi, van ban hoac dugc xac lgp bdng hanh vi cy the'. Cd the hieu hgp ddng mua ban hang hda la hgp ddng dan sy*
dugc hinh thanh tren co sd ly nguyen, khdng Ifta ddi gifta cac chu thd cd dft nang lye hdnh vi dan sy nham xac lap, thay ddi, chdm dut quan he mua ban hang hda^.
Ngi dung cua hgp ddng mua ban hang hda thudng gdm nhung didu khoan do cdc ben thda thuan, the hidn quydn vd nghia vu cfta cdc ben trong quan he hgp ddng, cd thd chia thanh cac nhdm, dieu khoan chu ydu co ban chfta nhftng ndi dung quan trgng nhdt cua hgp ddng; dieu khodn thdng thuong gdm nhung qui chidu dp dung qui dinh ciia phap ludt; dieu khodn tity nghi gdm nhftng thda thuan do cdc ben ly thdng nhat vdi nhau theo nguyen tac khdng ttdi dao dftc xa hdi vd qui dinh cfta phap luat.
2. Van de giao ket va thurc hien hop dong mua ban hang hoa
Hgp ddng khi dugc giao ket hgp phap se ldm phdt sinh cac nghta vu cy the cua timg bdn.
' NCS chuyen ng^nh LuSt kinh tg, D^i hoc Lu^t Uk NOi - Khoan 1 Dilu 3 Luat Thuong mai nam 2005 ' Khoan 2 Dilu 3 Luat Thuong mai nam 2005
" BO lu§t Dan syr duac QuIc hOi khOa XI, ky hop thii 7 thOng qua ngky 14/06/2005 5 Dieu 388 BO lu$t Dan sir nam 2005
* Luat Thuong mai dugc Qu6c hpi khoa XI, k^ hop thii 7 thong qua ngdy 14/06/2005
^ Khodn 1 Digu 401 Bo luat Dan su nam 2005 ' Diiu 388 Bo luat Dan sy nam 2005 ' Khodn 8 Dilu 3 LuSt Thirong mai nSm 2005
o
Ddi vdi nhftng hang hda bi han chi kinh doanh, hang hda kinh doanh cd dieu kien, viec mua ban hang hda chi dugc thyc hien khi hang hda va cac bdn mua ban hang hda dap ftng ddy dft cdc dilu kien Iheo quy dinh cfta phdp luat'".
Khi mgt ben chu thd cd y dinh giao kdt hgp ddng vdi cdc chft thd khdc theo nhftng dilu kidn xac dinh, dl nghi gi^o kdt hgp ddng vdi ban chit la hanh vi phap Iy don phuong dugc bdn dd dua ra nham thd hien rd y dinh giao kit hgp ddng ddng thdi cung chiu sy rang budc vl dl nghi ndy ddi vdi bdn kia" . Theo qui dinh tai Khoan 4 Dilu 404 Bg luat Ddn sy, hgp ddng bdng van ban dugc giao kit vao thdi diem ben sau cftng ky hgp ddng. Thdi diem giao ket hgp ddng bdng ldi ndi la thdi didm cac ben da thda Ihudn vl ngi dung cua hgp ddng'^ . Nhftng giao kit trong hgp ddng mua bdn hang hda cd gid tri rang budc cdc ben ngay khi hgp ddng cd hieu Iyc. Lual Thuang mai khdng quy dinh cy Ihl vl each thftc thuc hien hgp ddng mua ban hang hda nen viec thuc hien hgp ding loai nay dya tren quy dinh chftng vl hgp ddng dugc qui dinh tai cac Dieu 412, Dilu 413, Dilu 414, Dilu 422 Bp lual Dan sy'^. Theo dd, ddi vai hgp ddng don vu, bdn cd nghia vu phai thyc hien nghTa vu dung nhu da thda thudn; chi dugc thuc hien trudc hoac sau thdi han nlu dugc bdn cd quyen ddng y. Ddi vdi hgp ddng song vu thi khi cdc ben da thda thuan thdi han thyc hien nghia vu thi mdi ben phai thyc hien nghTa vy cua minh khi den han. Khi khdng the thyc hien ddng thdi nghTa vy thi nghTa vy nao thyc hien mat nhieu thdi gian hon phai
dugc thuc hidn trudc. Ddi vdi hgp d^
dugc thyc hidn vi Igi ich cfta bdn thft batfe ben thft ba cd quyln tryc tilp yeu cdu 1^
cd nghia vu phai thyc hien nghTa vu. Khi ci tranh chip xay trong qua trinh thuc hienh|
ddng thi ben thu ba khdng cd quyln ydut^
thyc hidn nghTa vy cho din khi tranh ch5[
dugc giai quyet.
3. v i n de kiem scat rui ro khi giao kci hgp ddng
Can cu theo muc dich giao kit hiji ddng, hgp ddng cd the chia thanh cdc lo?i nhu: hgp ddng dat cgc, hgp ddng vay tin dung, hgp ddng tang cho, hgp ddng mija bdn, hgp ddng uy quyln...Thyc tl chotii^y, phap lugt hgp ddng la lual kep (ludt dinhva thda thuan tu nguyen gifta cac ben). DS vdy, khi dy thdo hgp ddng cin luu y thuc hien nhftng budc sau de kiem sodt, giam thieu rui ro:
Thu nhdt, tren co sd quan hd phap lufl va ban chit phap ly cfta hgp ddng, tiln hant xac dinh loai hgp ddng vd ludt chuyen nganl dieu chinh. Tdng hgp cdc thdng tin gdnvl muc dich giao ket cfta hgp ddng, ra soat ol qui dinh lien quan trong Bp ludt dan sy, Lufl Thucmg mai, ludt chuydn nganh va phdn loji theo hudng nhftng ndi dung nao cac luat dw da qui dinh thi loai bd khdng can dua vio trong hgp ddng; nhftng ndi dung ndo lugtci mdu thudn, mdu thudn gifta lugt vd van has dudi ludt Ihi tiln hdnh xdc dinh gidi han loi thidu/tdi da ludt dd qui dinh va chi ro nhifnj npi dung ndo lual chua qui dinh; tren cai do xac dinh cac van de cdn thuong thSu dam phan va the hien trong hgp ddng ty nguyen tac nhiing gi ma ludt da qui dinhi
'»Dieu 25, Dilu 26, D i k 32, Dilu 33 Luat Thuong mai nam 2005
" Dilu 390 BO luat dan sir nam 2005
" Khodn 3 Difiu 404 Bo ludt dan sir nam 2005
" Dieu 4 Ludt Thuong mai nam 2005
^fH
lu khdng thda thuan vdn phat sinh hieu lye;
nuc do cdc ben thda thuan phai ndm trong Dham vi do co gian cho phep cua phap luat;
ihi g^p vin de phap ludt chua qui dinh rd ihi co gang ap dyng thda thudn sao cho cd
•gi nhat; xac dinh che tai nao luat bugc cac pen phai thda thuan thi mdi phat sinh hieu uc, che tai nao chi dp dung vdi mgt bdn, cdc jrudng hgp dugc midn trach nhidm da thda .huan trong hgp ddng, cac ngi dung bdi i.hudng thidt hai trong trudng hgp xay ra vi pham thda thudn hay hgp ddng vd hidu Idm j;o sd cdn nhac dua ra cac dilu khodn bd
^ung cua hgp ddng.
i Thic hai, tim hidu cdc thdng tin cin thilt :fe ddi tac nhu nganh nghe kinh doanh, nang
^yc tai chinh, kha nang thanh toan, dai didn ..heo phap luat... de thilt leip quan he hgp
^idng an toan, danh gid dugc kha nang, sy in nhiem, nhftng hgn chd cfta ddi tac nhim , oai trft hoac han che din mftc tdi thiiu cdc S i , . ,
lat Igi xay ra.
^ Thic ba, dam bdo chu the tham gia giao
•^cet hgp ddng phai cd dft ndng lye hdnh vi va
"hdm quydn. Thuong nhan giao ket hgp long phdi cd dang ky kinh doanh hgp phap.
"'Ddi vdi mua ban hang hda cd dieu kien thi
^huong nhdn can dap ftng dugc cac didu kidn id. Mat khac, can dam bdo dai didn cho cac ten giao kdl hgp ddng cd dft tham quyen
•"hgp ddng do ngudi dai didn theo phap lugt
••fta doanh nghidp hodc ngudi dugc fty '^uyen hgp phap ky).
ii' Thu tu, tuan thu ddy dft cac quy dinh cfta B'hap ludt ve hinh thftc cfta hgp ddng. Loai jSgp ddng ndo dugc phdp lual quy dinh phdi 'i4p thdnh van ban thi triet dd tudn thft. Neu iito quy dinh phdi dang ky hoac cdng chung,
hftng thuc thi khdng vi vd tinh hay cd y ma
bd qua. Ddi vdi logi hgp ddng phdp luat khong bat bugc phai giao kdt bang van ban thi cung nen cd gang van ban hda dd khdng ben nao tft chdi dugc ndi dung thda thudn dd ky (thdng thudng nhung hgp ddng giao ket bdng ldi ndi, neu khdng cd ben thft ba lam chftng s6 tg,o nhidu khd khan trong giai quydt khi xay ra tranh chdp).
Thu ndm, viec sogn thao ngi dung hgp ddng can cd du ngi dung co ban va sft dyng cdc tu ngu phu hgp. Ngdn ngft, van phong trong hgp ddng phai chinh xdc, cy thd rd rang, ddy du y, ttanh dung nhiing tft cd thd hieu theo da nghla, cac tft dia phuang hoac tieng Idng'"".
Thir sdu, chft trgng lya chpn vd dua vdo ndi dung hgp ddng bien phap bao dam thuc hidn nghTa vu dan su'^ nhim rang huge cac bdn vd tao dg an loan cho qua trinh thyc hidn hgp ddng.
Trong giai doan ddi mdi, md cfta kinh le vd hgi nhap hien nay, Ddng va nha nude ta ludn chft trgng phat ttidn kinh tl hang hda nhieu thanh phdn cd su didu tidt cua nha nude, trong dd cd boat dgng thuong mai. Sy phat tridn cua hogt dgng thuang mai vdi viec phan cdng lao dgng va chuyen mdn hoa ve sdn xuat kinh doanh dd gdp phan tich cyc phat trien ndn kinh ll. Tuy nhidn, day la ITnh vuc chfta dyng nhidu rfti ro. Hau qua rfti ro, tdn thdt khdng chi dimg lai d mdt vai doanh nghiep ma ddi khi cdn anh hudng sdu rdng ddn mdt bg phan xd hdi. Vi vay, tim hieu ky cac quy dinh cfta phap luat vd hgp ddng vd cdc ngi dung lien quan din ITnh vyc giao dich Id didu cdn lam ddu tien, cd y nghTa het sftc quan trpng nhim gdp phin gidm thieu rfti ro trong qua trinh thyc hien hgp ddng./.
TS Phan Chi Hiiu, ThS Nguyin Thj Hang Nga, "Gido tnnh ky ndng tu vdn phdp ludt". NXB CAND, 2012, 248-249
Di6u 318 Bo luat dan sir nam 2005
/ Q U Y E N T I E P C A N T H O N G T I N , Q U Y E N TV DO NGON LU^N
VOti VIEC DAM BAO QUYEN Ll/C NHA NlTOtC THUQC VE NHAN DAN d VIET NAM HIEN NAY
GV. DS Thi Hudni
V
iec xdy dftng nha nftdc phap quyen xa hdi chii nghia ciia dan, do dan, vi ddn la mdt muc tieu cd ban ttong qua trinh xdy dftng chd nghia xd hoi d Vipt Nam. Ddc trftng cd ban cfta nha nftdc phdp quyen la khang dinh chu the cfta quyen Iftc nha nftdc la nhdn dan, nhdn dan cd qftyen tham gia quan ly nha nftdc. Trong dd, vide dam bdo quyen tiep can thdng tin, quyen lu* do ngdn ludn cho mgi cdng dan chinh la gdp phan vdo vide dam bao quyen lUc nha nftdc thudc ve nhdn ddn tten thftc t^.1. Vai tro eua quy^n tiep can thdng tin, quyen tijT do ngdn Iuan vdi vi0c dam bao quy^n Iftc nha nifdc thugc v^ nhSn dSn
Quyen tiep cdn thdng tin(rigbt to access to information) la mOt quyen con ngftdi theo Ludt nhan quyen qud'c td', phai sinh tft quyen
"tft do bieu dat" va mdt so tft do chinh tri khac nhft quyen tham gia quan Iy da't nftdc va tiep c$n dich vu cdng. Tuy nhidn xet ve tinh cha't cd the coi "quyen tidp cdn thdng tin" nam ttong ngi ham cua Ift do thdng tin vd thudng dugc hiem bao gdm tft do tim kie'm, tid'p nhan, chia se, trao d6\ va pho bie'n thdng tin^. Quyen tft do ngdn ludn cua cdng dan la quyen tham gia ban bac, thao Iuan, phat bi^u y kid'n, bay td quan di^m ci3a minh vl cdc va'n dl chinh Iri, kinh te, van hda, xd hgi cua da't nftdc. Quyen rid'p can thong tin va quyln Ift do ngon Iuan la cd sd
dam bao quyen Iftc nha nftdc thudc ve nh|i dan the hidn cu th^ nhft sau:
Thit nhd't, cdc quyin tren la ca sd d\
nhdn dan thiet lap nen bg mdy nhd nudc Nhan dan la chu the cfta quyen Iftc nhi nftdc, cd quyen Ifta chgn nhftng ngftdi xiinj dang vao bg may nha nftdc. Tuy nhidn, net khong dam bao quyen tie'p can thdng tir cho ngftdi ddn thl ngftdi dan khd cd tiie M chgn dftdc nhftng ngftdi thftc sft xftng danj d^ dai dien cho minh trong bg may nha nftdc, ehang han ne'u cac cd quan co than quyen khong cung cap day du cac tiidng tii ve ftng cu* vien trong danh sach biu cU, ngftdi dan khdng biet Ifta chpn ngftdi nao.vl vdy, mac du co quyenr Ifta chgn nhiftig ngifcli ddn khdng the thftc hien dftdc quyen naj.
Nhan dan thid'l lap ndn bd may nhd niTdc khdng chi thong qua biu eft ma cd the tn/c tiep bang vide thi tuyen vao cac cd quan nay hoac ftng eft. Tuy nhien, neu ngftdi ddn thiei cac thdng tin can thiet, day du vl vide tiiy^B dung cua cac cd quan nay, thi vide tham gi vdo bg may nha nftdc khdng cdn cua donj dao nhan dan ma la "dac quyen" cua mSl
sd' it ngftdi. : Thd hai, cdc quyen trin la ca sd de nMi
ddn tham gia xdy dung he thong chinh sdc^
phdp ludt cila nhd nU&c
La chu the cua quyen Iftc nha nftdc, nhSn dan cd vai Ird quan trgng trong qud trinli
' Giang vien. Hoc vien Chinh tri Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
- Vu Cong giao, Nguyen Minh Tam (2015^, Quyen tiep can thdng tin tren thi gidi vd viic ddm bdo quyin hien ^'i' nay d Viet Nam, trong cuon: Thuc hi$n cdc quyin hien dinh trong Hien phdp ndm 2013. Nxb Hdng Di?c, Tr-SH
o
hoach dinh chinh sach, p h a p ludt cfta nhd nftdc. Q u y e n tft do ngon ludn rd't Id cd sd b a o d a m cho cdng d a n cd d i e u kidn c i n thid't di chi5 dgng va tich cftc tham gia vao cdng viec cua Nha nftdc, trong do cd viec xdy dftng chinh sach mdt cdeh Irftc lie'p hoac gian tie'p. Bdi l e , cong dan cd quyen tft do ngdn ludn nghia la cong dan cd th^
gfti cac bai viet ddng bdo, tap chi de bay to I quan d i e m cua mmh mgt each cdng khai, :trong dd b a y to y kid'n, quan d i e m cua
minh ve chu trftdng, chinh sdch va p h a p (luat cua Nha nftdc; v^ xdy dftng bd m a y Luha nftdc trong sach, vftng manh. Dieu do icd nghla la nhdn ddn cd the tham gia Irftc sti^'p vao viec h o a c h dinh chinh sach, phap I ludt bang viec thftc hi^n phan bien xa hgi, :chi ra nhftng die'm tich cftc va han chd' J trong chinh sach, p h a p l u a t n h a m h o a n 1 thidn cac chinh sach, p h a p ludt cfta nhd
; nftdc. Vdi quyen tft do ngon ludn, nhdn dan
|Cd the t h a m gia gian tie'p vao vide xay
^ dftng chinh sach, phap ludt bang each ddng , gdp y kie'n, kie'n nghi vdi cdc dai bieu
•j Qudc hdi vd Hdi ddng nhan ddn dia phftdng 2 trong dip c a c dai bieu tid'p xftc vdi eft tri d j cd sd hoac cong dan cd Ih^ vid'l thft cho dai
^bi^u Qudc hdi trinh bay, de dat nguyen . v g n g v^ nhftng va'n de minh quan t a m . , Nhftng y kien, kid'n nghi, nguydn vgng cfta ,.nhan ddn se dftdc cac dai bi^u Qudc hdi,
Hdi ddng nhdn ddn ghi nhan trong qud trinh ,:thftc hien quyen xdy dftng ludt, nghi quyet,
|,*chinh sdch cua minh. Nhftng thdng lin, y kie'n phan hdi tft phia ngftdi dan se giftp cac cd quan nha nftdc c a n nhac, Ifta chgn vd dfta ra nhftng quyd't dinh diing dan, phft hdp vdi Idng dan, tang hidu Iftc, hieu qua cua cdng tac quan ly nha nftdc; cac cd quan
nha nftdc se hoat ddng cd hidu qu5 va trach n h i e m hdn. Tuy nhien, sft tham gia vao v i e c x a y dftng hd thd'ng chinh sach, p h a p ludt c u a nhd nftdc cua n h a n ddn dti dftdi hinh thftc trftc tid'p hay gian tiep d e u phai dfta Irdn sft hieu bid't cua nhan ddn. Sft hieu biel nay chu ye'u dftdc hinh thanh tren cd sd cdc thong tin ma cdng dan n a m dftdc thong qua v i e c d a m b a o q u y e n tie'p cdn thong tin cfta minh. Bdi le dan cd bidt thl mdi cd the ban. Thieu thong lin, nhdn dan khdng th^ dfta ra dftdc nhftng phftdng an, chinh sach thftc sft cd hidu qua, mang lai lgi ich cho toan the cgng ddng vd xa hdi.
Thdba, ede quyen trin Id ea sd de nhdn ddn thiic hiin quyin kiem sodt quyin lUc nhd nude
Nhan dan la chii the gdc cua quyen Iftc nhd nftdc, nhdn dan uy nhiem quydn Iftc cua minh cho mgt so ngftdi trong bO may nha nftdc. Tuy nhien, nha nftdc dftdc uy nhidm nay Iuon cd xu hftdng lam quyen, Igng quydn, lam trai vdi Idi ich cua ngftdi uy nhiem cho nd la nhan dan "Cac thft Chinh phu trdn ddi, mdt khi nam dftdc quydn Iftc cdng cdng ddu tim cac lam dung, thoan doat quyen Iftc toi cao cua nhan dan. Do vdy y chi rieng thftdng hay tac dgng ngftgc lai ;»?
chi chung, cho ndn Chinh phu cung thftdng hay cd hftdng lam trai vdi quydn Iftc toi cao cua dan chung"^. Do do, dd' dam bdo quydn Iftc nha nftdc thftc sft thugc vd nhdn dan thi nhan dan phai cd quyen k i e m soat quydn Iftc nha nftdc. Tuy nhien, dac trftng cua nha nftdc la linh cftdng che'va kha nang nam bat thdng dn. Dgc quyen cftdng chd' "cgng vdi bat binh dang ve Ihdng tin gifta ddn chung va Nha nftdc tao ra nhftng eg hgi cho cac
l^ Riit x6: Ban ve khe Udc xa hoi, Nxb LLCT, H, 2004, tr 163
cdng chftc xuc lien nhftng ldi ich cua rieng hg hay nhiTng ban be dong minh cua hg, lam thiet hai cho ldi ich chung. Nhftng kha ndn^
kiem Idi vd tham nhftng la rd't Idn"*. Cho nen de nang cao tinh trach nhiem cua bg may nha nftdc, ngdn chan sft xam pham ldi ich chung cua nhan ddn tft phia nha nftdc thl ngftdi dan phai nam bat tiep cdn thdng tin.
Viec dam bao quyen tie'p cdn thdng lin, thftc chai Id dam bao tinh cdng khai, minh bach ttong boat ddng cua bd mdy nhd nftdc, la cd sd de nhan dan cd the kiem soat dftdc quyln Iftc nhd nftdc ma minh da uy nhiem cho Id boat dgng vl Idi ich cua so' ddng, ngan chan tmh trang di ngftdc lai Idi Ich chung cua nhan ddn. Dan cd bidt thi mdi cd the kiem tra. Thftc tdcho tha'y, do khdng cd thdng lin diy du, ngftdi ddn cd the bugc phai chiu dftng tinh ttang vi pham cua cac cd quan cdng quydn, vi pham cac quydn vd Igi ich hgp phap cua hg ma khdng dam da^u ttanh vi cdc cd quan cdng quyen, dac bidt Id cac cd quan hanh chinh nha nftdc da bftng bit cac thong tin. Chang han, nd'u khdng cd thdng tin cdng khai ve tai san cua nghi sT vd cac quan chftc khac cua Nhd nftdc trftdc vd sau cac nhidm k^ biu eft, thi cac eft tri cung khdng thd' bid't dftdc lidu nhftng ngftdi dftdc nhan dan Ifta chgn hoac dftdc cac cd quan nha nftdc ca'p tren bo nhiem vdo nhftng chftc vu nhd't dinh, cd tham nhung hay khdng.
2. Nh^n dan tham gia quan ly nha nftdc th6ng qua vi0c thftc hi$n quydn tie'p
c^n thdng tin, quy^n ti^ do ngdn IudQ<
Vidt Nam
Tham gia quan ly nha nftdc va xa he cda cdng ddn la quydn con ngftdi, quy^
cong dan tren ITnh vtfc chinh tri drfpc gl nhan trong van kidn phap 1^ qudc td, hi^
phdp va hd thdng phap ludt cua nhieu quo gia tren the gidi. d Vidt Nam quyen thar gia quan Iy nha nftdc va xa hdi ciia con]
dan dftgc hinh thdnh vd phat tridn tiioni qua cac giai doan lich sft khac nhau, gai lien vdi sft phdt trien cua each mang Vii Nam va dftdc ghi nhdn trong cac ban Hiei phap, dac bi^t la Hien phap ndm 2013' Ban Hidn phap nay da bd sung day dfi cai hinh thftc dan chu ttftc tidp, gian tie'p dt cong ddn thftc hidn quydn tham gia quanlj nha nftdc va xa hgi.
Tuy nhidn ngftdi dan chi cd the thftc hi^i dftdc quyen tham gia quan Iy nhd nftdc ^ xa hgi cua minh khi hg dftdc dam bao^
quyen tidp cdn thdng tin cftng nhft quyen ti do ngdn Iuan. d Vidt Nam, quyen ttf dc thdng tin, tft do ngon Iuan la quydn hi^[
dinh. Dieu 25, Hidn phap nam 2013 ^ nhan: "Cdng ddn cd quydn tft do ngdn lufn tft do bao chi, tie'p can thdng tin*." Tu) nhien, nftdc ta chfta cd luat rieng ve tie'p cat thdng tin. Dft thao ludt udp can thdng tinS dftdc xay dftng tft nam 2009 nhftng chifl dftdc trinh qudc hgi thdng qua. Hien naj quyen tiep cdn thdng tin cfta cdng chiing chung dftdc quy dinh rai rac ttong r^t nhie?
van ban phap ludt khac nhau lap trung ^
* NgSn h^ng Nha ntfdc (1998), Nha nirdc trong mot thegicSi chuydn ddi, H, 1998. tr 126
' Pham Tug'n Anh, (2015), Quyen tham gia qudn ly nhd nUdc vd xa hoi cda cdng ddn trong Hien phdp 201 trong cuo'n: ThUc hiin cdc quyen hiin dinhtrong Hien phdp 2013, Nxb Hdng Dtfc, tr. 391
* Qudc hoi nvtdc cong h6a xa hgi chu nghla Viet Nam, (2013), Hie'n phdp nude Cpng hda xd lidi chU ngS VietNam , Nxb,Chinh tri quo'c gia, Ir. 18
©
ydu d ba ITnh vtfc; Phap ludl vd bao chi, phap luat ve phong chdng tiiam nhung, phap ludt vd thftc hen ddn chu cd sd.''
vd quyen ttf do ngdn ludn cua cdng dan, hd thong phap lu$t Vidt Nam khang dinh cdng dan dftdc gfti tin, bdi, dnh va tdc pham cho bao chi ma khong chiu sft kiem duydl cua to chftc, ca nhan ndo vd chiu trdch nhidm vd ndi dung thdng tin; dftdc phat bidu y kie'n vd tinh hinh dd't nftdc va thd' gidi;
,tham gia y kien xay dftng va thftc hien ,dtfdng Idi, chii trftdng, chinh sach, phap ludt ,cua Nha nftdc; gdp ^ kidn, phe binh, kien nghi, khieu nai, td' cao tten bao chi dd'i vdi cac td chftc Dangj_cd quan nha nftdc, td chftc
^xd hdi. Cac cd quan bao chi cd ttach nhiem:
dang, phat sdng tac pham, kidn nghi cua cdng ddn; trong trftdng hdp khdng ddng hay phat sdng thi phai tta Idi va ndi rd If dq
Hd thdng phap luat ve quyen tid'p can
^dng tin, quyen ttf do ngon ludn da giftp chu ttftdng "ddn bid'l, ddn ban, dan lam, ddn
•^kidm tta" tftng bftdc di vao cugc sdng. Bao
^chi da truydn tai tieng ndi cua nhdn ddn ddi Kvdi Dang va nha nftdc, gdi S hoac phan bien Imdt each khoa hgc ve nhftng chft trtfdng, .dftdng Idi cua Dang, chinh sdch va phdp luat i^:ua Nhd nftdc. Ddng thdi cdc phftdng tien :;ruyen thdng da ttd thdnh cdng cu hftu hieu ij-rong vide huy ddng sft tham gia cfta dan
*iigtfdi dan vdo viec giam sat boat dgng cfta Bi;dc cd quan cdng quydn. Nhidu vu tham .ihung, nhftng bieu hien tieu cftc cua cdng
^;;hftc vien chftc da da dftdc dfta ra xet xft nhd
^,tf phan anh cua ngtfdi dan. Nhieu hdi thao,
" ldi nghi, tridn lam, nhftng cudc ddi thoai hinh sach vdi sft tham dft cifia cac ting Idp .a hdi, ke ca ngftdi nftdc ngoai dd chia se, rao ddi y kid'n vd nhftng vd'n de dang dat ra
Vu Cong Giao, N g u y i n Minh TSm, (2015J, Quyen tie'p can thong tin tren the gidi vd vifc ddm bdo quyen iUe'n dinh ndy d Viet Nam. trong cuon Thuc hi^n cdc quyin hien dfnh trong Hien phdp ndm 2013, Nxb Hdng
JiJc, tr. 5 2 0 ' • '
vd chinh tii, kinh td', xa hOi, van hda, khoa hoc cdng nghe da dftdc td chftc qua dd gdp phan hodn thien hd thd'ng chinh sach cung nhft hoat ddng ciia cac cd quan nhd nftdc.
Vdi vide dam bao tdt hdn quyen tid'p cdn thdng tin, ttf do ngdn Iuan, ngftdi ddn da tham gia vao boat dgng phan bidn xd hdi tich crfc va cd hidu qua hdn, lam cho hd thdng chinh sach, phap ludt Vidt Nam ngay cang phii hdp vd dam bao ldi ich ci3a da sd nhan dan hdn. Vide dam bao tdt hdn quyen lidp cdn thdng lin va quyen tft do ngdn Iuan cua ngftdi dan da ndng cao linh minh bach trong boat ddng cua bg may nhd nftdc, nhieu bidu hien lieu cftc, vi pham phap ludl tft phia cdc cd quan nhd nftdc dftdc dfta ra dnh sang. Dieu dd gdp phan nang cao tinh trach nhidm tft phia cd quan nha ntfdc cung nhft dam bao nhan dan c6 the chu ddng giam sal cd hieu qua hdn boat ddng cua cac cd quan nha nftdc.
Tuy nhien, nhftng bd't cdp ttong he thdng phap ludt cung nhft viec td chftc thftc hidn lual ve quyen tid'p cdn thdng tin, quyen tft do ngdn lu§n cfta Viet Nam thdi gian qua cung phan nao han chd khd nang tham gia quan Iy nha nftdc cua nhan dan. Trong vide dam bao quyen tid'p can thdng tin cua cdng dan, qua vide nghidn cftu, khao sat hd thdng cac van ban phap ludl cho Ihd'y cac van ban hidn hanh mdi chi dftng lai 5 vide xdc dinh trach nhidm cung cd'p thdng tin cua cac cd quan nha nftdc, quy dinh vd quyen tid'p can thdng tin mang tinh nguydn tac, tinh khai quat hon la tinh thftc tiin. Mdt ttong nhftng bat cdp cua hd thdng phap ludt vd bao dam quydn lidp can thdng lin cua cdng ddn la cdn thidu quy dinh vd cac loai thong tin phai cong bd' cdng khai rgng rdi; cac loai thdng
r(r/^.i.uiiy.iiJiiJ!MA
tin phdi dang trdn trang thdng tin dien tft;
cac loai thdng tin cung cap theo yeu cau.
Nhftng quy dinh vd cac trftdng hdp dftdc tft chdi cung ca'p thdng tin hay phai cung cdp Ihdng tin cho cdng ddn va quy trinh ydu c^u, cung cd'p thdng tin chfta ro rdng, cu thd.
Phdp luat cung dang thid'u nhftng quy dinh ve trinh ttf thii tuc bao dam quyen thdng tin cua cdng dan. Trong cac van ban phap ludt hien hdnh ve bao dam quydn tidp can thdng lin cua ngftdi ddn dang thid'u nhftng quy dinh xdc dinh chd tai dp dung khi xay ra nhftng vi pham phdp luat. Cu the la, thid'u cac quy dinh rdng huge ttdch nhiem ciia cac cd quan nha nftdc trong viec cdng khai thdng tin.
Nhftng bSft cdp ndi ttdn ciia phap lual dd ddn de'n tiitfc Id' ngftdi dan gap nhidu khd khan ttong vide tiep can thdng tin do cac cd quan nhd nftdc nam gift. Thdng tin dftdc cung cap thftdng khdng day dft, thid'u chinh xac vd kip thdi. Vide cung cdp Ihdng tin cdn phu thugc vao y chi chu quan cua can bd, cdng chftc.
Didu ndy ddn ddn tinh trang ngftdi dan thftdng rS't khd de tidp can vdi thdng tin ciia cac cd quan cdng quyen. Do dd lam ban chd sft tham gia cua td chftc, cd nhdn vao boat ddng quan ly nhd nftdc vdi tinh chat la ngftdi giam sat, phan bidn. Hidn ttfdng cac cd quan nha ntfdc Igi dung stf ddc quydn ve thdng tin nham tham nhung, xam pham Idi ich cua dan chung vdn cdn tdn tai. Ddi vdi quyen ttf do ngdn ludn, ben canh vide phat huy ddn chii ciia ngftdi dan, ngftdi ddn cd dieu kidn dfta ra nhftng ridng ndi phan bien tich cftc gdp phln nang cao chat Iftdng boat ddng cua bd may nha nftdc, thi vdn cd mdt sdca nhdn sft dung quyen ndy vftdt qud gidi han mdt each vd y hay nghiem trgng hdn la Igi dung quydn tft do ngdn ludn dd xam hai Idi ich hgp phap cua ngftdi khac, cua xa hgi, cdng khai chdng Dang, Nha nftdc, di ngftdc lai ldi ich qudc gia, dan tdc. Vidt Nam vdn chtfa cd
luat phan bien xa hdi, xac dinh ttdch nhisf riep thu nhftng S kidn ddng gdp ciia nhh dan va giai ttinh ve nhftng diem khdng ti^j) thu, tft dd cftng phan nao ban che sft than gia ciia nhdn ddn vao hoat ddng nha nifdo.
3. Giai phap dam bao t6't hftn quy^n Iftc nha nftdc thudc vd nhSn dSn thdng qua vide thftc hidn quyen tie'p cdn thfing tin, quydn tuf do ngdn Iuan
De thftc hidn nguyen t^c quydn Iftc nM^
ntfdc Ihudc ve nhan ddn mdt each thtfcsi/.
trdn thtfc td, tao cd hdi cho mgi ngftdi dSi dftdc tham gia gidm sat boat ddng quan]|
nha nftdc, ddng gdp f kidn vao vide hoach dinh chinh sach cung nhft cdng tac quan \j, didu hdnh cua cac cd quan nha nftdc, bao dam tinh cdng khai, minh bach, trach nhiSm giai trinh cua cdc cd quan nha nftdc; gdp phln giam tham nhung, ddng thdi tdng chS^i Iftdng vd tinh hidu qua cua boat ddng ciia cac cd quan nha nftdc thl chung ta phai dim bao tdt hdn quyen riep cdn thdng tin, quy^B tft do ngdn ludn cho nhan ddn, trftdc hdt can hoan thien he thd'ng cac van ban phap lu|[|
lien quan dd^n quyen ttf do ngdn Iuan, ttf do bao chi, quyen tie'p can thdng tin ciia c6ii|
dan. Ludt tie'p cdn thdng tin cin quy dinhrfi cac cd chd dam bdo quydn tidp cdn thfiSil tin, ttdch nhidm cfia cac cd quan cdng quy^c ttong vide cung cap thdng tin cung nhft cic chd' tai xft phat trong tttfdng hdp vi phani Bd khuye't cac van ban phap luat hidn hant ve trinh tft, thu luc rid'p cdn thdng tin, biet Id dd'i vdi thdng tin khdng cdng bdr§n;
rdi ma se phai dftdc cung ca'p theo yeu clu cua ca nhdn cdng ddn; dd'i vdi cac ITnhvilc chfta cd van ban phap ludt dilu chinh riSng thi se thftc hidn theo cac quy dinh cua LuSf Cftng vdi viec xdy dftng luat tidp can thonj tin thi viec xay dftng cd che' giam sat vi^t thftc hidn quydn tiep cdn thdng tin se dii bao cho quydn dftdc thftc hidn ttdn thtfc te
A
Dd'i vdi cd che' giai quye'l khie'u nai hidn nay thftdng mang tinh hinh thtfc it cd gia tri Ihtfc thi ttong thftc tidn do cac cac cd quan giai quydt khidu nai thftdng cd xu hftdng ftng hd cac quyd't dinh tft chd'i hodc tri hoan viec cung ca'p thdng tin cfta chinh minh hoac cua cd quan ca'p dftdi. Vi vay khieu nai vdi quydn tiep can thong tin nen xay dftng mgt cd chd gidi quyd't ridng biet cd sft ddc lap vdi cac chu thd cd ttach nhidm cung ca'p thdng tin, cd quydn han nhat dinh dd dam bao nhftng quyet dinh cd tlm anh hftdng.*
! Vdi phdp luat quyln ttf do ngdn ludn, ttf do bao chi can hoan thidn theo htfdng cu the ihda trach nhiem cua Nha nftdc trong viec bao dam thftc hidn quydn tft do ngdn Iu§n
;cho cdng dan, trach nhiem tie'p thu nhftng iddng gdp ciia nhdn ddn cung nhft gidi tnnh .khi khdng tie'p thu, ddng thdi de cao ttach mhidm chinh Iri va dao dftc ciia ngftdi sft [dung quydn tft do ngdn ludn, cd chd dd ttdch
^nhidm phap ly nghidm minh va lap thdi, tren juguyen tac, cac thdng tin dftdc dtfa ra phai idam bao tdn ttgng stf that khach quan, ddng jthdi nhftng thdng tin dd khdng dftdc xam jpham de'n Idi ich chinh dang cua ngftdi khac ,ikhdng xam pham dd^n an ninh qudc gia, ttdt gtft cdng cOng, sftc khde cdng ddng, dao dftc ,.xa hdi. Vide xay dftng luat bdo chi, ttf do jigdn ludn can quy dinh rd nhftng gidi han -dd'i viec thftc hidn cac quyen nay dd Iranh
^ttftdng hdp Idi dung quyen Ift do ngdn Iuan, tft do bao chl lam xdm hai dd'n cac quyen ,con ngftdi khac cua cdng ddn, lam ton hai ' M ninh qudc gia, sftc khde cgng ddng. Dong
^hdi dd ngdn chdn vide cac cd quan cdng
^qyen lam dung quydn ban ciia minh ngan ,;;an ngftdi dan thftc hidn quyen tft do ngdn 'ludn, tft do bao chi.
Dd dam bao nguyen tac quyen Iftc nha nftdc thftc sir thudc ve nhan ddn thi viec thtfc hien tdt quyen tidp can thdng tin, quydn ttf do ngdn ludn cua cdng dan Id mdt yeu cdu td't ye'u. Nhftng nd Iftc cua Dang, Nha nftdc va nhdn dan ta thdi gian qua da gdp phln lam cho nguydn tac nay din dtfdc hien thftc hda. Tuy nhidn, dam bao quyen Iftc nha nftdc thftc sft thudc ve nhan dan Iren thftc td la mdt qua trinh. Trong hdnh trinh di de'n muc tidu dd vide khdng ngftng tlm kidm cac giai phap lam cho ngftdi dan Viet Nam thftc sft cd quydn tid'p cdn thdng tin, quyen tft do ngdn ludn la mdt cdng viec thftdng xuydn.
Kdt Iu§n
Mac du nhidu ngftdi cd the coi ban than tft do ngdn Iuan va tft do bao chi la muc dich cud'i ciing, mdt thft quyen khdng the chuyen nhftdng ma chinh phii khdng the tftdc doat cua cdng ddn nhftng chftng ta cin phai bid't rang thftc hien quydn ttf do ngdn ludn, quyen tiep can thdng lin khdng phdi chi vi do la mdt quydn cd ban cua con ngftdi da dftdc luat hda ma cdn bdi do la cdng cu, phftdng tidn de dat dftdc nhftng muc dich khac quan ttgng khdng kem. Vide dam bao quydn Ift do ngdn ludn, tft do bao chi, tid'p cdn thdng tin khdng chi khien cho viec lam dung quydn Iftc ciia chinh phu bdt nghidm ttgng ma cdn tang cftdng kha nang dap ftng cdc nhu cau xa hdi cd ban cua ngtfdi ddn.
La qua trinh thftc thi dan chii vd huy ddng stf tham gia cua ngftdi dan vdo qua trinh hoach dinh va thftc thi chinh sach. Do do nd gdp phan khdng nhd cho qud tiinh phat tridn kinh le' xd hdi ,theo htfdng dam bao cdng bang va binh dang. Dd la cd sd de thftc hidn quyen tham gia qudn Iy nha nftdc va xa hdi cua cdng dan./.
[i^ Vu C6ng Giao- N g u y i n Minh T3m, (2015J, Quyin ti^p can thong tin tren thi gidi vd viec dam bdo quyen Men dfnh ndy d Viit Nam, trong cudn Thuc hi$n cdc quyin hiin dinh trong Hien phdp ndm 2013, Nxb Hdng
E)i?c, tr. 525
