The che lien ket vung tai Viet Nam:
Mot so ggi y tiF kinh nghiem qudc te
TS. NGUYEN CHIEN THANG
Cugc dieu tra khdo sdt 9 tinh. thdnh a cd 3 mien (Bde Bg. Trung Bg vd Nam Bg) tren todn quoc ve phdn cdp vd lien ket vimg do Vien Kinh te Viet Nam tien hdnh vdo glira ndm 2012 cho thdy, mgt thuc trgng la lien kit vimg hien nay rdt yeu vd cdc the che lien kit vimg hien tgi dang to ra kem hiiu qud. Cdc dia phuang khdo sdt deu mong muon Chinh phit co mot thi chi diiu phoi hiiu qud cdc hogt dgng kinh te cita cdc tinh. thdnh giiip tdng cu&ng lien kit vimg. ngdn chgn xu hu&ng phdt triin tu phdt
"mgnh ai ndy ldm " dang phd va sir phdt triin cdn bdng mang tinh long thi cdp vimg cung nhu cdp quoc gia.
Bdi viet ndy se phdn tich ca s& cho lien kit viing noi chung. eung cdp mgt so kinh nghiim nir&c ngodi ve the ehe lien kit vitng vd tir d& rut ra nhung bdi hgc bo ich cho viic xdy dung the chi lien kit vitng^ co hieu qud doi v&i Viet Nam.
Tur khda: Lien kef vitng, the che. Viet Nam
1. Lien ket viing de Iam gi?
Tir ly ihuyet ve lien kel vimg va thyc le khao sdt lai cac dia phuong cd the chi ra mgl sd ly do de Nhd nudc phai tang cudng chirc ndng dieu phdi tdng the cua minh nham lien ket cac don vj hanh chinh, dja ly vdi nhau:
*Vi?n Kinh teViet Nam
Bac Bp Ha N91, Hai Phong. Quang Ninh; Trung Bo va lay Nguyen: Da NHng. Konlum; Nam Bo: Can Tha, An Giang Hai nhom dia phuong lien ke nhau diroc chii dich chpn (Hai phong - Quang Ninh; CSn Tho - An _ Giang) nham lam rS hon ihuc trang lien kSl viing.
" Kmh nghiem quoc Ie dugc thu Ihap va phan tich lir cuoc khao sal cua Vien Kinh ic Viet Nam tai Dire, Phap va 16 chirc OECD giua nSm 2012 va cac nghien ciru co s^n ve phan cap va lien kel viing
Xu' ly cdc idc ddng ngoai sinh: Cac boat ddng kinh le lai mgt dja phuang nay cd the gay ra nhimg lac dgng lieu cyc khdng mong mudn cho dia phuong ben canh. Chdng han, viec xdy dung cac khu cdng nghiep ma khdng xir ly dugc van de d nhiem mdi Irudng cd the anb budng den sinh boat ciia cac khu dd thi va boat ddng cua cac dy an du Ijch lai dia phuong ben canh. Hoac viec xay cac tram thuy dien tren thugng luu cua cac ddng sdng se anh hudng den sinh ke ciia ngudi dan dudi ha luu.
Nhting can Ihiep cua Nha nudc se giup han che nhting lac dgng ngoai sinh nhu tren.
Cdc van de doi hdi phdi co sir phdi hpj) mang tinh lien viing de gidi quyit nhu anh
68 - Nhung van di KINH T^ VA CHiNH TR| THt Gldl So 5(205) 2013
Nguyen Chi^n Thdng The che lien kel vung tai Viet Nam..
hudng ciia bidn ddi khi hdu, he thdng ket cau ha tdng kel ndi cac dia phuong...
Lai the kinh te theo quy md. Nhtrng boat ddng kinh td quy md nhd, phdn ldn lai cac dja phuang se kem hieu qua so vdi viec dau lu lap Irung vdi quy md Idn, chdng han vigc phdn bd qua nhieu cang bien iren mdt ddi bd bien cd ban s6 khdng hieu qud ve mdt chi phi do thieu lugng hang dii Idn dc van hanh cd hieu qua.
Viec cung cap dich vu cdng nhu y te, gido due, van tdi cdng cdng cung ddi hoi lien kel vimg de dai dugc mgl quy md lanh thd dii ldn giup van hanh cac djch vu dd bidu qua \e mat kinh ti:
Lgi the kinh te theo su da dang. Cac hoat dgng djch vu riri rac, Ihidu kcl ndi bd sung dien ra lai cdc dja phuang lien kc se khd ihu but dugc khdch hang hon so vdi vice cung cap mgl chudi cung img djch vu da dang thda man thi hieu khdch hdng, chdng ban viec thieu ket ndi cac loai hinh djch vy du lich sinh thai, du Ijch uim linh, du Ijch lang nghe, du ijch tam bien...
giira cdc dia phuang lien kc cd the manh cac loai hinh du lich Irdn sc giam sy ibu hiil ddi vdi khach du lich.
Hd tra cho cdc lien ket chudi sdn xudt.
Cac lien kel san xual nhu lien kcl xudi (vi du, ngudn nhan lyc ciia dja phuong nay se cung cap lao dgng cho boat ddng san xual ciia dja phuang ke ben), lien kel ngugc (vi du, boat ddng san xuat lai dja phucmg nay can ngudn nguyen lieu cd lai dia phuang ke ben), lien kel cung img - tieu Ihu (vi dy, ngudi dan d dia phuong nay lieu diing san pham bdng hda dugc san xual tai dta phuang ke ben) cung ddi hdi nhd nudc cd
nhirng can thiep hd irg nham giup cho qua Irinh lien kel chudi dien ra dugc trdi chay, vi ehi cdn mdt khau trong chuoi bi ach lach. ca chuoi se bi anh hudng.
2. The che lion ket viing
Kinh nghiem eua cac nudc cho ihdy, de ho Irg cho lien kel viing cd mdt sd cdng cu, the che hieu qua nhu quy hoach phat men viing (the did mem), cac the che hanh chinh (ihe ehd cirng) nhu md hinh phdn quydn vdi Hoi ddng viing do dan cu hoac md hinh tdn quyen vdi ehinh quyen dai dien cho Chinh phii trung irong.
Ngoai bai cdng eu lien kel vimg chii \cu iren cdn cd mdt sd hinh thirc khac nhu tbanh lap hiep hdi vdi sy tham gia ciia cac dja phuong (vi du, Hiep hdi Quy hoach o Dire) hay md binh lien kel lien xa (inlercommunal) giai quyet cac van de trong pham vi lien xa cua Phap. Kinh nghiem mdt sd nudc cung cho thay, cdc \an de tdc ddng ngoai sinh giira cac dja phuang lien ke cd the dugc gidi quyet thdng qua cac quy djnh phap ly chuyen nganh dieu chinh cac hanh vi nay, vi du cac quy djnh phap ly ve mdi Irudng.
Cac van de Men viing cung cd ihe dugc giai quydt Ihdng qua co che tham vdn thudng xuyen lir cac cugc gap gd cua cac lanh dao dia phuang vdi tu each la cac ihanh vien Irong cac iiy ban chuyen nganh ciia Qudc hgi (Uy ban Kinh le, Uy ban Tai chinh, Uy ban Mdi trudng,..) nhu kinh nghiem ciia Dire.
Trong khudn khd ciia bai \iel nay. lac gid se tap Irung pban lich ky hai cdng eu quan trgng nhdt trong lien kel vimg, dd la quy hogeh vimg vd the che hdnh chinh vimg.
2.1. Quy hoach phdt trien vung
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Th^ ch4 Ii6n ket viing lgi Viet Nam.. Nguygn C h i e n j h ^ Quy hoach pbdt trien vitng Id mgl van ban
mang linh phap ly, djnh budng sy phat trien cua cac dia phuong iryc thudc irong ldng the thdng nhdt cua mgl vimg, giup ban che nhting mdu thuan khdng dugc mong dgi trong phat trien gitra cac dja phuang, cung nhu tan dung nhu'ng CO hdi md lien ket cdc dia phuang cd the mang den.
Kinh nghiim cua Dire
(i) Dire, quy hoach phat Irien dugc thiet lap dudi dang Quy hoach khdng gian (Spatial planning). Chinh quyen Lien bang khdng cd quy hoach ma chi lao lap khung khd va cau true chinh sach cho sy Ihdng nhat co ban ve quy hoach ciia bang, viing va dia phuang.
Vdn bdn phap ly "Lual Quy hoach khdng gian lien bang 2008" (Federal spatial planning act in 2008) cho phep chinh quyen dia phuong dugc thiet lap quy hoach khdng gian. Trong Chien lugc Phal Irien khdng gian ciia Dire, cac nhd Idm chinh sdch tinh den yeu td ben vimg, cdng bdng xd hdi, nhan Id EU va chii Irgng ba ITnh vyc: i) Dal ldng irudng va ddi mdi; ii) ddm bao djch vu cdng; iii) bao ldn tai nguyen va giir gin khdng gian vdn hda.
Qua trinh lap quy hoach dugc Id chirc vdi sy tham vdn hai chieu giira cac chinh quyen cap lien bang, bang va thanh phd. Do vdy, quy hoach dugc id chirc trong khudn khd dya tren sy dan xep va .xdy dung dong thudn giii'a cac cap chinh quyen, cho phep cap chinh quyen cao hem cd dugc dau vao va su tham gia cua cdc cdp chinb quyen thap hon khi lap quy hoach, ddng tbdi cac quy hoach dam bao thdng nhat vdi muc lieu, djnh hudng da dugc ddt ra ciia cap chinh
quyen cao hon. Cac tbanh phd dugc the hien tren cap dd \ung. trong khi dd, dai dien cap viing lai cung cdp dau vdo cho cac quy hoach cap bang, va cac bd ciia bang thi dugc tham gia irong qud trinh thidt lap tam nhin vd djnh hudng quy hoach lien bang. Mirc do Irdch nhiem va mirc do chi liel tdng len khi cang xudng cdp chinh quyen thap ban.
Cac nganh dac thii (chdng ban cdc bg giao thdng, nudc, nang lugng) cung cdp dau vao thdng qua quy hoach nganh (sector plans), dgc lap vdi quy hoach khdng gian va sau dd dugc cac ca quan quy hoach tich hop'.
Kinh nghiim ciia Phdp
Phap cung su dung khai nicin quy hoach khdng gian vdi y nghTa nhu mgt quy hoach phat trien. Cbinh sach quy hoach khdng gian cua Phap dugc cbinb quyen trung uong phat tridn khoang 50 nam trudc nham thich irng vdi nhimg thdch thuc do thay ddi ve kinh le, xd hdi va van hda nbii:ng nam sau chien Iranh va budng ldi muc lieu dat dugc su can bdng hon ve dan sd, cdng nghiep, vdn hda,... giiJa cac viing ciia Phap va giam bdt sy qua tap trung vdo vung Paris. Tuy nhien, hien nay mgt sd chinh sdch khdng cdn dugc sir dung nhu hd trg qud Irinh dd thj hda trong Ihap nien 1960 hay hign dai hda ngdnh cdng nghiep cua Phap ihap thien 1970.
Cd 4 bdi canh phal trien ddc biet quan trgng ma nudc Phap tinh den khi lap quy hoach khdng gian vao ndm 2002, dd la: viec phal tridn EU
'http://wv^.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/iniemational /spw/general/germany/mdex e.html
;70.
- NhOng van di KINH Tt VA CHINH TRJ TH^ Gitn S6 5(205) 2013
Nguyen Chiln Th^ng The che lidn ket viing tai Vi$t Nam,..
ddc biel chiu trgng khia canh chinh sach cd kel kmh td va xa hdi; phan cap lai Phdp bat dau nhimg ndm 1980 da lam cho chinb quyen dia phuang tham gia ddy dii vdo qua trinh quy hoach khdng gian; sy quan trgng cua khdi niem phat trien ben vthig; qudc te hda kinh te bat dau tir nhimg ndm 1990. Chinh sach quy hoach hien nay dya tren hai tru cdt:
- Ldm cho nudc Pbdp trd nen canh tranh va hap ddn ban ve kinh le bang each giiip binh thanh nhung cum canh tranh (competitiveness clusters), va irng phd vdi nhQ'ng thay ddi kinh Id bdng each ho trg cac chii the dja phuang phdt trien kinh doanh vd tao viec lam dudi dnh hudng ciia nhtfng Ibay ddi kinh te dd.
- Dam bao linh cd ket xa hgi va binh ddng tren khap nudc Phap bdng each duy tri sy dodn ket xa hgi, hd trg cdc viing yeu the thdng qua cdc dy an quan trgng ve ha lang vien thdng sd va giao thdng, va hien dai hda cac dich vu cdng.
Ben canh quy bo^ch khdng gian qudc gia cd quy hoach khdng gian cap viing va linh, quy hoach dd thj, quy hoach khdng gian ndng thdn, mgt sd quy hoach ngdnh nhu giao thdng, h? tdng ky thual sd, djch vu cdng, gido due d?ii hgc va nghien ciru**.
Trong quy trinh xay dung quy hoach khdng gian cua Dire va Phap, sy tham van lan nhau cua cdc cap chinh quyen Id rat quan trgng nhdm tim kiem su ddng thudn cao nhdl. Quy trinh nhu vdy ddi hdi nhieu thdi gian va edng siJrc ban, nhung mgt khi quy hoach da dugc
ban hanh, van ban nay lrd thanh mdt cdng cu phap ly quan trgng huge cac cap chinh quyen phai tuan thii nghiem ngat, va do dd dam bao sy thdng nhdt trong long the pbdt tnen viing.
Ben canh do, ciing vdi qua trinh phan cdp nhieu ban cbo dia phuong va thi irudng, cac chi lieu dinh lugng trong quy hoach cd xu hudng giam di thay vdo dd la cdc chi lieu djnh tinh, mang linh dinh hudng^.
2.2. The che hdnh chinh vitng Kinh nghiem ciia Dire
CJ Dire cd hai hinh thirc the che hanh chinh viing: cbinh quyen hanh ehinh viing tbeo md binh phdn cap vdi Hdi ddng viing do dan bdu;
chinh quyen hanh cbinb viing theo md hinh tan quyen vdi dai dien cua chinh quyen Trung uang bd nhiem.
Mo hlnh phdn cdp
Cho ldi nay d Dire chi cd mdt chinh quyen hanh chinb viing theo md hinh phan cdp: Chinh quyen viing Hannover dugc tbanh lap ndm 2001 til' nhu cdu lien ket ciia Idnh dao ihdnh pbd Hannover va cac dia phuang lan can nhdm giai quyel cdc van de chung.
Tai cdp chinh quyen viing nay, ngudi dan bdu ra Hdi ddng viing (85 tbanh vien) vdi thdi ban la 5 nam vd Chu tich viing vdi thai ban la 8 nam. Chii ticb vimg cd quydn lyc manh va phu trach loan bg bd mdy hanh chinh.
^http.//wv\u.mlil.go.jp/kokudok.eikaku/mlemaiional/
spw/general/france/indexe.html
* Trong th6i ky tai Ihi^l chau Au sau Chien tranh The gioi II, cac quy ho^ch phal inen phan nhieu mang tinh djnh lupng vol ly do nha nuoc can phai n5m lay quyen phan bo ngu6n l^rc khan hiem sau khi phan Ion cac nen kmh tk bj lan pha do chien tranh.
NhCfng vin di KINH Tt VA CHJNH TR] THt GKSTI SO 5(205) 2013 - 71
The ch^ iien kel viing lai Viet Nam Nguyen Chien Thdng^
Co cau chinh quyen hdnb chinh viing gdm Chu tjch va 4 ban phu trach cac mang khac nhau vdi khoang 2.000 nhan vien. Ben canh dd, cd khoang 14.000 nhan vien lam viec lai cac id chirc sy nghiep khac nhu benh vien, giao thdng.
xir ly rac...
Nhiem vu cua chinh quyen vimg duge quy djnh irong Luat.viing Hannover, chii yeu la nhung nhiem vu ddi bdi phai cd sy lien kel cac dia phuong vdi nhau nbu giao thdng trong viing, khuyen khich phat trien kinh tc, day nghe... Vung cd ngdn sach khoang gdn 1,5 ty euro mdi nam, chu yeu chi cho an sinh xa hdi vd liep Iheo la giao Ihdng cdng cdng. Thu ngan sdcb viing lir cac ngudn sau: i) Ddng gdp lii' cac dia phuong thudc dia ban; ii) cac khoan hd trg lir bang. Ben canh dd, ngan sach vimg cdn nhdn dugc sy hd irg lir Lien bang, EU va cac chuang trinh hd trg cd lien quan. Viing khdng cd ngudn Ihu tryc tiep tir ihue, do vay khdng cd kha ndng lac ddng vao ngudn thu ciia minh.
Md hinh tdn quyin
Md hinh nay dugc coi la co quan dai dien cua cap Bang lai mdi vimg va khdng cd ca quan dan cu ma chi la dai dien cua co quan hanh phap bang.
Cd mdt sd bang ihanh lap co quan dai dien bang theo md hinh ndy nhu bang Baden- Wuerlemberg (2005), bang Nordryhein- Weslfalen (2007). Trong khi dd mgl sd bang lai lir bo md hinb nay nbu bang Rheinland-Pfalz (2000). bang Sachsen-Anhall (2003), va mgl sd bang khac. Hien nay md hinh hanh chinb nay chi cdn tdn lai tai 5 bang cd dien lich ldn va nhieu cudc tranh ludn da dien ra xung quanh vice cd nen tiep lue duy tri hay lir bd md binh nay''.
" CN.M (2011): Bao cao khao sal ve lien kel giua cac dja phuong tronu phat Irien \iing tai CHLB Dire.
Kinh nghiem cita Phdp
Td chirc banh chinh ciia Phap dugc phan chia Ihanh 3 cdp: Viing (region), linh (departcment), xa (commune). Mdi don vi banh chinh dugc pbdn chia Iham quyen luong img
\di \ai lrd vd vi tri ciia don v] dd irong nhung ITnh vyc khac nhau.
Vimg la mgl dan vi hanh ehinh iheo lanh thd, dugc quan ly bdi mgl Hgi ddng vimg do dan bau theo nguyen lac phd Ihdng tryc tiep, nhiem ky 4 nam. Hgi ddng viing sau dd bau ra Chii tjch Hdi ddng, giu vai lrd hanh phap. Hien nay. nudc Phap dugc chia ihanh 22 vimg irong lanh Ihd cbinh qudc va 4 viing hdi ngoai (La Guadeloupe, La Martinique, La Guyane, La Reunion).
Ben canh Chu tjch Hgi ddng vimg cd Trudng viing la dai dien cua Nha nudc boat ddng lai vimg nham dam bao viec luan ihii phap luat mgl each loan ven iren lanh tbd.
Tham quyen cua cap viing bao gdm:
Quy hoach dat dai: Thyc hien quy hoach viing, dac biet budng tdi van de mdi trudng, phal Irien ben vimg, co sd ha lang giao Ihdng, (dudng bd va sat), dd thi hda.
LTnh vyc giao d u e : Vimg cd trach nhiem xay d y n g va quan ly boat ddng cac trudng trung hgc.
LTnh vye kinh te: Dd la ITnh vyc ma quyen ban ciia viing la co ban nhat ke lir ngay dugc lap ra. Dao lual nam 2004 da lang thdm quyen trong ITnh vyc nay vd coi viing la thii ITnh tren ITnh vyc kinh le. Cac binh thuc can Ihiep ciia viing la: cap cac khodn trg cap, chinh sach thue.
Mo binh diiu phdi phdt trlen vimg ciia Hdn Quae
Uy ban Tdng thdng ve phat trien viing (Presidential Commiltee on Regional
72 Nhung van di KINH Tt vA CHJNH TRj THt G\Cy\ S6 5(205) 2013
NguySn Chifen Thdng The che lien kel viing tai Viet Nam..
Development) la mdt Uy ban tu van cd muc tieu didu phoi boat dgng cua cac bg chuyen nganh.
Uy ban Tdng thdng bao gdm 9 bd trudng trong ngi cac chinh phu va cac dai dien tir gidi hgc
thuat va xd hdi dan sy. Uy ban nay cd trach nhiem thiet ke tam nhin va xay dung ke hoach cho phat trien viing.
Bdng I: Cdc chuvng trinh doi vdi cac viing chuc ndng
8$ Bk dai, Giao thdng v^ Bi^n BO Kinh t^ tri thirc BO Giao dgc, Khoa hgcva Cdng ngh?
BO An ninh va Hdnh chinh cdng
BO Luang thyc, Ndng nghigp, Lam nghi0p vS Thuy san
BO Van hda. The thao va Du Ijch
5 Sieu viing kinh te Cac dy dn hg tang
Hp-p tdc lien viing kinh te
Vung kinh te 5+2 30 du dn ha t^ng hdng d^u Cdng nghigp hang dau
Nguon nhan lyc cong nghigp hang d^u, dai hgc d dia phuang, cdng vien khoa hgc d dja phuang
H6 trg cdc hgi dong phat trien viing
Hd trg xuat khau ndng nghiep, day manh cac cum viing kinh td (cluster)
Du lich
'functional regions) cua Han Quoc 13 tinh
Cdng nghiep chien luac Cac trung tam R&D viing vd cdng vien khoa hgc viing
163 d|a phuong
'
Cdng nghiep ddc thii vimg
Hd Ira cac cOng dong d|a phuang, cai thign moi trudng sdng Trung tam marketing san pham ndng nghiep
Ho trg cdc festival, the thao a dia phuong Nguon: OECD (2012: Chinh sdch ngdnh vd phdt Iriin Idnh thd: Bdi hoc tic Hdn Qudc,.
li (Economic regions) la cac nen kinh te dia phuong vdi it nhdt 5 trieu nguoi dan, trir hai dia phuong dac biet la Jeju va Gangwon, do vay dugc goi la Viing kinh te 5+2. Trong moi viing, Uy ban Phat triSn Viing kinh \k dugc thanh lap.
Uy ban nay bao gom 15 thanh vien la cac tinh truong va cac dai dien ciia khu vuc doanh Uy ban Tong thong da no luc xae djnh quy
md lanh Ihd hap ly cho viing nham dieu phoi hi?u qua phat trien viing. Hien nay, Han Quoe CO 16 tinh va 232 quan trye thupc. Uy ban xae dinh eo bon loai quy mo doi vcri thiet ke chinh sach tiiy thugc vao hinh thirc can thiep chinh saeh. Truoc hk, Uy ban xae djnh cac Viing kinh
NhOng vin di KINH T t VA CHINH TRj THt GIOI S6 5(205) 2013 - .73
Th^ ch6 lien kit viing tai Vigt Nam.., Nguyen Chi^njhdng^
nghiep. Uy ban cd trach nhiem xay dung quy hoach phat trien kinh le viing nham phan bd ngudn lyc tir Ngdn sdch dgc biit (Special Account). Ngoai ra, ndm Sieu viing kinh te (Supra Economic Regions) cung dugc ihdnh lap nhdm chii ydu bd irg cac dy dn phat trien ha tang va day manh hgp tac lien viing trong phal Iridn cdng nghe. Ben canh dd, cac chuong Irinh cu the cung dugc thiet ke ddi vdi 13 linh mue tieu (trir 3 tinh thugc Vimg thii du), vd 163 dia phuang dugc xdc dinh la kem phdi trien de uu lien ddu tu.
Ngan sdch cho phat trien viing cd xu budng tdng. Ngdn sdch ddc biet eho phat Irien viing ldng lir 5.327 ly won nam 2005 len 9.853 ly won ndm 2011, Idm ldng ty trgng ciia nd Irong ldng chi phi Chinh phii Irung uong lir 2,5% nam 2005 len 3.1% ndm 2011. Ngan sach dac biel nay chia thdnh 3 loai tdi khoan: i) Ngan sach viing Mega (Mega region Account) dugc chia xudng cho cac bd thyc hien cac chuang Irinh myc lieu viing lai 13 tinh; ii) Ngdn sach phal trien viing (regional development account) dugc chuyen thdng xudng cho lal ca cac linh; iii) Ngdn sdch cho dao Jeju. Trong ndm 2011, ty le cua 3 loai ngan sach tren luang img la 59%, 3 7 % v a 4 % .
3. Mgt so ggi y cho Viet Nam tii kinh nghif m qudc te
3.1. Cdch phdn vung
Kinh nghiem phan viing theo chirc nang cua Hdn Qudc la mgl ggi y tdi cho Viel Nam. Theo cdch phan viing nay, Han Qudc cd the phan viing tbeo cac myc tieu chuc ndng khac nhau, chdng han phan viing nham tan dung lgi thd iheo quy md de Id chirc phal trien cac nganh cdng nghiep (cdc viing kinh le vdi il nhdl 5 Irieu dan), phdn viing theo muc tieu phat trien ca sd ha tang giao thdng (sieu vimg kinh te), hodc phan viing tbeo cac dy dn muc lieu xa hgi (cac viing cham phat trien)... Di kem vdi each phdn
vimg nay la chidn lugc phdt trien, quy hoach viing cung dugc id chirc theo hudng quy hoach iheo chuc ndng.
Ddi vdi Vict Nam. bien nay, trong cdng lac xay dyng quy hoach phal irien viing chu yeu van dp dung each pban vung theo dja gioi hdnh chinh (63 tinh, ihanh pho), viing dia ly kinb td (6 viing, vi du vimg Ddng bdng sdng Hdng, vimg Ddng bang sdng Ciru long...), vimg kinh te trgng diem (4 viing, mac dii khai niem "trgng diem" cdn xem lai vi theo thdi gian sd lugng cac tinh, thdnh pbd tbanh vien lai tang len) (Nguyen Van Huan, 2012). Vd tren ciing mdt pham vi vimg tbeo each phan viing tren, nhieu loai quy hoach phdt trien nganh khdc nhau dugc xdy dyng, chang ban quy hoach phdt Irien ngudn nhdn lyc, cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep, dich vu...
Nen chdng bo sung thim cdch phdn viing theo chirc ndng, ed the tbeo hudng tan dung lgi the iheo quy md va vide xae djnh quy md viing bao nhieu va theo chi lieu nao (dan sd, dien tich,...) la mang lai hieu qua cho viec phat trien cac nganh kinh te cy the can phai dugc nghien cuu mgl each ky ludng. Hodc, cd the phan viing theo muc lieu quy hoach phal trien cac nganh kinh te cu the nhu ha tang giao thdng, du Ijch...
Cach Ihirc phan viing nhu vay cd Ihe lam lang hieu qua ciia viec lien ket vung ddi vdi phat Irien cac nganh kinh le cu the.
3.2. Quy hoach vung
Kinh nghiem Due va Phap cho thay, hai nudc nay da sir dung quy hoach khdng gian viing nhu mdt cdng cu lien ket vimg hieu qua, mdt cdng cy phap ly quan trgng budc cac cdp cbinh quyen phdi tuan thii nghiem ngai, va do dd dam bao sy ihdng nhdt trong tdng tbd phal trien vimg. Ben canh dd, ciing vdi qua Irinh phan cdp nhieu ban cho dia phuang va thj trudng, cdc chi tieu djnh lugng Irong quy hoach cd xu hudng gidm di thay vdo dd la cdc chi lieu dinh linh, mang linh djnh hudng.
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Nguyfen Chien Thang The chd lien kdl viing tai Vigt Nam..
Nhin vao thyc trang quy hoach vimg cua Viel Nam lai 9 linh dugc khao sdt, cd the thay ddy chua the lrd Ihdnh mdt cdng cu iien kel viing hihi hieu do mdt loat bat cap dudi day:
Chat lugng quy hoach cdn yeu, thudng xuyen phdi thay ddi, dieu chinh, lam mdt di ddc tinh CO ban nhdl ciia quy hoach Id tinh dn djnh.
Tinh trang quy hoach treo cdn phd bidn do khdng gdn quy hoach vdi ngudn lyc thyc hien.
Giira cdc loai quy hoach (quy hoach phal irien kinh le - xa hdi, quy hoach nganh, quy hoach sir dung ddt,...) khdng gdn kdl vdi nhau, mai can ddi, ldm giam hieu qua ciia quy hoach. Quy hoach nganh Irong nhidu Irudng hgp lan at quy hoach viing, khien cho cdng ey quy hogeh viing lrd nen kem hi?u qua irong vigc lien kel viing.
Giira cdc dja phuong Irong vimg khdng cd sy Iham vdn, gdn ket trong viec xdy dyng quy hoach, dan den mau thuan trong phat trien, pha vd linh thdng nhdt trong pham vi viing.
Nhieu vimg van cdn chua cd quy hoach phal trien giai doan 2011 - 2020 vdo thdi diem khao sal (thang 4, 5/2012), vi du viing Tay Nguyen, Viing kinh le trgng diem Bde Bd, khien cho cac dia phuang trong vimg lung lung trong vigc xdy dyng quy hoach 201 1 - 2020 cua dia phuang minh do phai dua Iren cdn cir quy hoach viing ciia giai doan trudc 2001 - 2010 de xay dyng. Ddy la bat cap rat Idn ve quy hoach viing, ve nguyen tac, xay dung quy hoach, quy hoach ciia cac dja phuang ndm trong vimg phai thdng nhdt vdi quy hoach ciia cdp cao hon la cap vimg, trong khi quy hoach cap viing lai chua cd. Dieu nay se pha vd linh lien ket, thdng nhat giira cac dja phuang trong viing khi cac dja phuang ty chii ddng xay
dyng quy hoach cua minh khi khdng thd dgi quy hoach ciia vimg hoan ihanh.
Cdng lac giam sal ihyc hien quy hoach vimg cdn nhieu bdl cap do khdng cd mgl co quan hanh chinh cap vung dimg ra dam nhiem vai lrd gidm sat nay.
Viec thyc hien quy hoach cdn chua nghiem, khdng cd che tai xir ly \iec vi pham quy hoach.
dan den pha vd quy hoach.
Nhirng bat cap iren cbo thay. de quy hoach viing thyc sy lrd thanh cdng cu lien kcl viing hieu qua, can phai cd nbirng no lyc hoan ihicn cdng lac quy hoach viing theo budng ddn giam bdl nhirng chi lieu mang linh dinh lugng, tdng nhung chi lieu dinh linh, mang tinh djnh hudng;
tdng cudng gan kel cac dia phuang irong viing, giii'a cac viing vdi nhau Irong viec xay dyng quy hoach; lang cudng gan kel cac loai quy hoach, • quy hoach nganh va quy hoach vimg; day nhanh lien do xay dung quy hoach vimg, quy hoach ndy phai di trudc mdt budc. lam nen ldng cho quy hoach linh, tbanh; thiel lap the cbe giam sal quy hoach viing hiru hieu; nhanh chdng ban hdnh luat Quy hoach nbdm tdng cudng linh phap ly eiia cdng tac quy hoach.
3.3. The che hdnh chinh cap vung Nbu pban Iren da Irinh bay, hien nay lai Dire va Phap ldn lai 2 hinb ihirc ihe che hdnh chinh viing: chinb quyen banh chinb viing iheo md hinh pban cap vdi Hdi ddng vimg do dan bau;
chinh quydn banh cbinh vimg iheo md hinh tdn quyen vdi Dai dien ciia cbinh quyen trung uong bd nhiem. Vdi 2 md hinh the che hanh chinh
"cimg" cap viing nay, cac van de lien kel viing irong pham vi eua viing se dugc giai quyel mdt each de dang ban. Tuy nhien, vice duy tri bd may hanh chinh cap viing nhu vay keo theo nhimg chi phi ngan sdch dang ke
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T h l chl lien kel vimg tai ViOt Nam.. Nguyen ChienJThdng^
Khac vdi 2 nudc tren, Han Qudc dp dyng md hinh Ihd chd hdnh cbinh viing "mdm deo" ban, cu thd ta d cdp qudc gia lap ra Uy ban Tdng thdng vd phal trien viing cd dai dien ciia cdc bd nganh, cdn d dudi cap viing thdnh lap cac Uy ban Phdt tridn Viing kinh le vdi cac ihdnh vien Id cac linh irudng va kbu vyc doanh nghiep. Uy ban cdp qudc gia cd trach nhiem thiet ke lam nhin vd xay dyng kd hoach cho phat trien viing tren pham vi qudc gia, con cac Uy ban cap vimg cd Irdch nhiem xdy dyng quy hoach phdt trien kinh Id viing va giam sal viec thyc hien quy hoach. Mdc dii, md hinh nay ldng leo ban vd bd may ggn nhe ban, nhung vdi phong each lanh dao quydt liel mang thucmg hieu Han Qudc. cac vdn dd lien kdl vimg dugc gidi quyet mdt cdch higu qud tir trung uang xudng dja phuang.
Ddi chidu vdi thyc le Viel Nam, hien nay cd 2 md hinh. Mo hinh thir nhdt la Ihanh lap cac Ban chi dao viing true thudc Trung uong Dang, cu thd Id Ban cbi dao Tdy Bac, Ban chi dao Tdy Nguyen, vd Ban chi dao Tdy Nam Bd. Mo hinh thu hat Id thanh lap Ban Chi dao didu phdi cac viing kinh te Irgng diem^. Trudng Ban Chi dao la Phd Thu ludng Chinh phii, chi dao va dieu hanh chung. Bg trudng Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu lam Phd Trudng ban thudng Iryc. Cac thanh vien Ban chi dao la thir trudng bo?c lucmg duong ciia cac bg va co quan ngang bd. Vdn phdng Ban chi dao ddt tai Bd Ke hoach va Dau lu.'
Trong chuyen khao sdt ldm viec vdi lanh dao cdc sd ban ngdnh cua 9 tinh, y kien cua cac sd ban nganh deu cho rang vai trd ciia hai ban chi dao tren trong viec thiic day lien ket viing cdn hel sire md nhat. Ban chi dao "ba Tay" (Tay Bde, Tdy Nguyen, Tdy Nam Bg) theo md hinh thir nhdl chii yeu cd vai trd ddi vdi cac van de an ninh, qudc phdng. Cdn ddi vdi cac vdn de
Bon viing kmh le trong diem la vung kinh te trong diem Bac bO. viing kinh te trong diem Trung bp, vimg kinh te trpng diem Nam bo \ a vung kmh te trpng diem Dong bang song Cuu Long.
kinh le vai trd ciia cac ban nay hau nhu khong cd gi. Cdn Ban chi dao dieu pbdi cac vimg kinh le trgng diem cung hau nhu khdng cd vai tro gi ngoai chirc nang "chi dao" cbung chung ma kbdng cd chuang trinh banh ddng gi cu the.
Trudc linh trang khdng cd nhirng nd lyc hen ket, dieu phdi cbung lir phia cac Ban chi dao ciia Trung uong, mgl sd dja phuong da ty phdt ngdi lai vdi nhau de thao tuan cac van de lien kdt nhdm hgp lac cimg nhau cd lgi, chang ban Iheo sang kien cua Bi thu Da Ndng nam 2011, 7 linh duyen hdi mien Trung da ciing nhau ky ket
"Bien ban cam kdl lien ket phdt trien 7 linb duyen hdi mien Trung", hoac xuat hien mgl sd CO chd hgp ldc da phuang nhu: Didn dan Hgp lac cac linh Ddng bdng sdng Ciru Long; Dien dan Hgp lac cdc linh mien Trung; Hgp tae giija cac tinh trong khudn khd hai hdnh lang, mgl vanh dai: Ldo Cai - Vdn Nam - Hd Ndi - Hai Phong - Quang Ninh. Tuy nhien, nhijng sang kidn nay khd gidi quyel van de lien ket viing mdt each cdn co do ihieu tinh phdp ly va khd dieu phdi do khdng cd vai lrd chi dao cua mdt
"nhac trudng" d cap cao hon. Mac dii vay, sy xudl hien cua nhirng sang kien nhu vay cbo thay nhu cdu rdl buc thiet cua cdc dia phuang ve mdt co ehd lien kel viing ihye sy hieu qua, mang tinh phap ly cao. Cac dia phuong dugc khao sat deu cd nguyen vgng cd mdt "nhac trudng" tir phia Chinh phu dimg ra dieu phdi sy lien kel, hgp tac gi&a cac dja phuang vdi nhau, hon la de lu dja phuang lien kel vdi nhau khong hieu qua. Mdt "nhac trudng" nhu vdy cd the la Bd Ke hoach vd Ddu tu theo de xudt cua mgt sd dja phuang.
Tir kinh nghiem ciia Dire, Phap vd Han Qudc vd lir thyc irang lien kel viing ciia Viet Nam Irong thdi gian vira qua cd the riil ra mdt sd nhdn dinh sau. Thu nhdt, md binh hdnb chinh
"cimg" cua Dire vd Phap gidi quyet cdc vdn dk lien kdl viing triet de han, nhung trong bdi cdnh chung la dang phai lict gidm bd mdy banh cbinh
,76,
- NhOng vin di KINH Tt VA CHINH TRj THt GIOI S6 5(205) 2013
Nguyen Chiln Thdng T h l che lien k l l viing tai Viet Nam,..
do ngdn sach ban hep, lya chgn nay la qua ldn kem cbo ngan sach, khdng kha thi. Thir hai, md hinh the che hdnh chinh "mem" kieu Hdn Qudc cd the ihich hgp vdi thyc le cua chung ta hien nay vi lya chgn nay khdng ddi hdi mgl ngudn lyc ldn de nudi bd may. Tren Ihyc te, md hinh Ban Chi dao dieu phdi cac vitng kinh td Irgng diem hien nay cung cd net tuang ddng vdi md hinh Han Qudc la cd mdt ban cbi dao cdp qudc gia vdi cac thanh vien la dai dien ciia cac bg nganh. Tuy nhien, cd mgl so diem khac biet.
Tru&c hit, ngoai uy ban cap qudc gia, Han Qudc cdn thanb lap cac uy ban cap vimg vdi dai dien la cac tinh trudng cac linh thanh vien va cac dai dien ciia khu vyc doanh nghiep. Kinh nghiem ciia nudc nay cho thay, ndu chi cd mgl iiy ban cdp qudc gia thi khdng thd tridn khai va gidm sal cdc ke hoach phat trien lai cdp vimg mgl each hieu qua. Thu hai, sy chi dao, didu hanh va giam sat thyc hien ciia Idnb dao Han Qudc theo phong each rat quyel Met, do vay mdt khi cac muc lieu, nhiem vu da dugc ddt ra Ihi se dugc tbuc hien mgt each nghiem tuc. Day la ddc diem ma hien nay trong cdng tac chi dao, dieu hdnh cua cbung ta cdn rai thieu.
Vdi hien trang Men ket viing qud long leo nhu bien nay va linh Irang cue bg dja phuong, manh ai nay lam dang ngay cang nang ne ban, pha vd linh thdng nhdt Iren pham vi viing ndi rieng va pham vi qudc gia ndi chung, da den luc can phai gidi quyel van de lien ket viing mgt each he thdng, mang linh ldng the. Dieu nay hdm y rdng cd le da den luc phai cd rieng mdt Uy ban cap qudc gia ve phat trien vimg (luong ly nhu Uy ban Hgp lac Kinh Id qudc le) mdi luang xung vdi nhung ihach thirc rat nghiem trgng do linh Irang Ihidu Men kdl vung. Mgl uy
ban nhu vay se giai quyel cac vdn dk phdi hgp, lien kdl vung kbdng chi irong pham vi cac vimg kinh le trgng diem, hodc cac vung dia ly kinh Id nhu Tay Nam Bd, Tay Bde. Tay Nguyen, ma ddi vdi bdl ky cac van de lien kdl vimg iheo cac each phdn viing khac. Nhu vay, bd may Ban chi dao "ba Tay" va Ban chi dao dieu phdi cac viing kinh le trgng diem nen sap nhap lai ihanh mgl Uy ban cap qudc gia ve phal trien viing vdi md hinh td chirc Cap qudc gia giir nguyen nhu Ban chi dao dieu phdi cac viing kinh te trgng diem hien nay vdi vai lrd Chii nhiem Uy ban Id Phd thu ludng va Phd Chii nhiem thudng tryc la Bd irudng Bd Ke hoach va dau lu. Bd KH&DT se giif vai lrd "nhac uudng" trong cdng tac didu pbdi.
Ben canh Uy ban Cap qudc gia ciing can pbdi Ihanh lap them cac Uy ban cap viing vdi chu nhiem iiy ban la dai dien do chinh phii trung uong bd nhiem, cac ihanb vien la cac Idnb dao linh Ihanh Irong viing. Chi vdi sy "cam Irich" ciia Irung uang. viec phdi hgp gi&a cac dja phuong vdi nhau mdi thyc bien cd hieu qua.
Trong khi chd dgi mgt the che "cimg" nhu tren cd the trd thanh hien thyc, ma dieu nay khd cd the dugc thyc hien mdt sdm mgl chieu, chung la cd the thyc hien ngay nhtmg the che
"mem" cd tinh kha Ihi cao nhu sdm ban banh Luat Quy hoach cimg vdi viec thyc thi nghiem liic nhimg quy hoach viing da dugc lap ra, xay dyng va tuan Ihii Iriel de cae quy dinh phap ly chuyen nganh dieu chinb cac hanh vi lien quan den lac ddng ngoai sinh nhu cac quy djnh phap ly ve mdi Irudng, ddng thdi tang cudng sy tham van lan nhau giira lanh dao cac dja phuong ve cac van de lien kel viing*
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Thl chl lien kit viing lgi Vi^l Nam.,. NguylnChilnJThar^
Tai Ueu tham khao:
l . O E C D (2012): Industrial Policy and Territorial Development: Lessons from Korea, Development Centre Studies.
2. Nguyen Chien Thdng (2012): Bao cdo chuyen de "Kinh nghiem qudc te vi phdn cdp ? " ^ " (^
nhd nuac giira Trung uang vd dia phuang\ Dy an bdu gia nhap WTO "Tdi da bda lgi ich ciia hdi nhap thdng qua phan cdp hieu qua ke hoach pbdt trien kinh te xa hdi".
3. Nguyen Vdn Hudn (2012): Bao cao chuyen de "Ddnh gid khdo sdt vi tinh lien kit vitng trong phdn cdp ki hoach tgi trung uang vd dia phuang", Dy an hau gia nhdp WTO "Tdi da hda lgi ich ciia hdi nhap thdng qua phan cap hieu qud ke hoach phdt trien kinb te xd bdi".
4. Vien Kinh Id Viet N a m (2012): Bdo cdo chuyen khdo sdt tgi hai nu&e Due. Phdp vd to chirc OECD vi cdc vdn di phdn quyen vd lien kit vimg. 17-22/6.
5. Vien Ngbien ciru Quan ly kinh Id Trung uang (2011): Bdo cdo khdo sdt lien kit giira cdc dia phuang trong phdt trlen viing tgi CHLB Due.
PHV L y c
Mgt so khai nifm vung cua Viet Nam
" V u n g " quan ly hanh chinh
Lanh tbd Viel Nam dugc chia Ihanh 63 don vj qudn ly hanh chinh, ggi la linh hoac thanh phd tryc thudc Trung uong. Mdi tinh/ thanh phd dd cd the coi Id mdt Viing. Tren thyc te dd la thiet che viing chdt che va cd hieu lyc nhat d Viet Nam.
Vung dja ly kinh te ciia Viet Nam duge phan thanh 6 viing tren c a sd bgp tir 63 linh, thanh phd, cu the nhu sau:
Trung du va mien niii phia Bde (14 tinh);
Ddng bdng sdng Hdng (11 tinh/thanh phd);
Bde Trung Bg va duyen hai mien Trung (14 tinh/lhanb phd);
Tay Nguyen (5 linh);
Ddng Nam Bd (06 linh);
Ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long (13 tinh/thanh phd).
Viing kinh te trgng diem
Neu tinh ca \iing trgng diem ddng bang sdng Ciru Long thi Viet Nam cd tdi 4 vung kinh le Irgng diem dd Id: viing trgng diem phia Bac, vung Irgng diem phia Nam, viing trgng diem midn Trung, va vimg trgng diem Ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long. Tdng sd linh thudc cac viing kmh te trgng diem la 23 linh. thdnh phd true thugc trung ucmg (ndu Hd Tdy khdng sal nhdp vao Ha Ndi la 24 linh. thanh phd).
Nhung van di KINH Tt VA CHJNH TRI THt G\Cr\ S6 5(205) 2013
Nguyen Chien Th^ng
Bdng 2: So tinh duwc xep v i o c4c vu
TT
1 2 3 4 5 6
7
Viing KTTB B9 c b9 Ha Noi Hung Yen Hai Phong Quang Ninh Hai Duong Bac Ninh Vfnh Phiic
TT
1 2 3 4 5
Vung KTTD Trung bo Thua Thien HuS
Da N3ng Quang Nam Quang Ngai Binh Dinh
The che lien ket ng kinh te trong diem sau
TT
1 2 3 4 5 6
7
Vung KTTD Nam bo TP. H6 Chi Minh
Binh Duong Ba Ria - Vung Tau
Dong Nai Tay Ninh Binh Phucrc Long An
vung lai Viet Nam nam 2009
TT
1 2 3 4
Viing KTTD dong bang SCL Can Tho An Giang Kien Giang Ca Mau
Viing Hinh lang kinh te
Trong xu th^ hoi nhap ngay cang dugc mo rpng, Viet Nam thay ro co hoi phat trien kinh te tir vi?c hgp tac voi cac quoc gia lang gieng. Mpt so hanh lang kinh te dupc Viet Nam xay dung va buoc dau hinh thanh thong qua hop tac giira cac tinh ciia Viet Nam vol cac tinh cua cac quoc gia co cung bien gioi d6 la:
Hdnh lang kinh li Ddng - Tdy di qua 13 linh ciia 4 nucjc Viet Nam, Lao, Thai Lan, Myanmar, la mpt trong 5 Hanh lang Kinh tS thupc Tieu viing Me Kong mo rpng (CMS), da dupc Ihao luan va nhk tri thong qua tai Hpi nghj Bo trudng CMS i k thir 8 thang 10/1998. Muc dich ciia viec hinh Ihanh va xay dung tuySn hanh lang kinh IS Dong Tay nhSm lang cucmg lien kel giaa viing nay voi nhimg khu virc khac trong ASEAN v6 thuang mai, diu lu va du Hch, Ihu hiit dau lu true liep nuoc ngoai tir trong va ngoai khu virc giup cac tinh mien Trung Viet Nam phal trien va giam ngheo doi.
Hdnh lang kinh li Hd Ndi - Ldo Cai - Hdi Phdng - Qudng Ninh - Vdn Nam (Trung Qudc) Dupc khoi dpng tir n5m 2004 voi muc dich nhSm dSy manh phat trien kinh le va giao luu Ihuong mai, dJu tu cua cac tinh phia Dong giap voi Trung Qu6c va lao ra mpt true giao thong noi lien toi Quang Ninh va Hai Phong nhSm thu hiit khach du Ijch lir phia Trung Quoc.
Nam 2008, Thii tuong Chinh phii ban hanh Quygt djnh 98/2008/QD-TTg phe duyet Quy hoach phat trien Hdnh lang kinh li Lgng Scm - Hd Noi - Hdi Phdng - Qudng Ninh den nam 2020 tren quan di^m hpp tac phat triSn "Hai hanh lang, mpl vanh dai kinh ll" Viel Nam - Trung Quoc va tinh tdi phal trien toan tuySn di chau Au va cac nuoc ASEAN.
NhOng vin d^ KINH 16 VA CHJNH TR| THE GI&I So 5(205) 2013 - 79,
The chl Ii6n kit viing lgi Vigt Nam... Nguygn Chien Thing Die khu kinh te, khu kinh te mo'(khu kinh te ven bien).
Khu kinh te md cd nhimg diem tuong lu nhu cac khu cdng nghiep, khu che xual nhu: cd vj tri rat thuan lpi cho viec san xuat va lieu thu, phal trien hudng ngoai, chinh sach mi dai hip dan. Tuy nhien, diem khac biet ciia khu kinh te md dd la md hinh "khu trong khu" bdi trong dd cd ca cac khu cong nghi?p, cac khu ndng nghidp sinh thai, khu che xuat, khu cdng nghe cao, khu du lich, khu do thj, khu dan cu ndng Ihdn, Iham chi san bay.
Khu kinh le md dau tien dupc thanh lap tai Viet Nam nam 2003 sau khi Chinh phu cd Quyet djnh sd 108/2003/QD-TTg Vg viec thinh lap va ban hanh Quy che hoai dpng ciia Khu kinh te md Chu Lai, tinh Quang Nam. Tir dd tdi nay, da co 14 KKT dupc Ihanh lap, gdm: 2 KKT d vimg Ddng bang sdng Hdng la: Van Ddn (tinh Quang Ninh) va Dinh Vu - Cat Hai (thanh phd Hai Phong); 10 KKT d vimg Duyen hai mi jn Trung li Nghi Scm (tinh Thanh Hda), Ddng Nam Nghe An (tinh Nghe An), Vung Ang (tinh Hi Tinh), Hon La (tinh Quang Binh), Chan May-Ling Co (tinh Thira Thien Hue), Chu Lai (tinh Quang Nam), Dung Quit (linh Quang Ngai), Nhon Hpi (linh Binh Djnh), Van Phong (tinh Khanh Hoa) va Nam Phu Yen (tinh Phil Yen); va 2 KKT d mign Nam la KKT dao Phu, Quoc va cum dao Nam An Thdi (linh Kien Giang) vi Djnh An (tinh Tra Vinh). Tdng dien tich mSt dat va m?l nudc bign cua 14 KKT la 627.633 ha (Vu Quan ly cac Khu kinh tg, 2010).
Ngoii ra, Viet Nam cdn cd 26 khu kinh le cira khdu dpc tuygn bign gidi voi Trung Qudc, Lao, Cam pu chia.
Tam giic ting tru'O'ng hay phit trien.
Tam gidc phdt trien Vi^t Nam - Ldo - Campuchia la mpt tam giac phat trien nim d khu vuc ngi ba bign gidi ciia ba nudc Viet Nam, Lao va Campuchia. Pham vi ciia Tam giac phal trign nay bao Iriim 10 tinh, dd li Ratanakiri, Slung Treng, Mondulkiri d miin Ddng Campuchia, Altapu, Salavan, Xekong d mien Nam Lao. Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Die Lac vi Die Ndng thudc viing Tay Nguyen Vigt Nam. Sang kien thanh lip Tam giac phal triin li cua Thii tudng Chinh phii Hoang gia Campuchia Hun Sen dua ra lai Cupc hpp cap cao ba Thu tudng Viet Nam-Lao-Campuchia lin thir nhit tai Vieng Chin nam 1999.
Nguon: Nguyen Van Huin (2012):, Bao cao chuyen de "Lien kit viing trong bdi cdnh phdn cdp".
80 - NhOng vin de KINH I t VA CHINH TR! THt 0\tn S6 5(205) 2013
